ȺX Ƕᴩؤʤ٤ΥȥΰĤȤ2ĤƤݥȤޤˡդ礤Ƥ볧꤬ȤޤεǤϡΥȥƤƤ hellog ξǤ⿶֤ĤġѸˡŪʻ龯äƤߤȻפޤ
夲ơޤϡ㤯Ҥۤʡˡ3ñ sפΤΤǤعʸˡǤФΥ롼Ȥáޤ뤳 s ǤɸѸ줫⳰˽ФαѸѼWorld EnglishesˤܤܤȡۤʤʤäƤޤ
#4902. eWAVE 3.0 ξҲ --- ѸθŪħǼǡ١ ([2022-09-28-1]) ǤߤѸθŪħǼǡ١ eWAVE 3.0 (= The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English) ˴Ťơο;Τľˡߤưη֤˴ؤŪסagreementˤ˴ؤŪʿͤƤߤޤ礦eWAVE Υǡ١ꡤArea եɤ agreement ꤹȡŪפ͡ʸݤˤĤƤξޤΤʤǡѸ3ñ˴ؤ붽̣¤⸫Ƥޤ
ޤ줬3;ñǤäƤư s Ĥʤ3ñΥפˤĤƤǤ No. 170 "Invariant present tense forms due to zero marking for the third person singular" ȡʲΤ褦ʶä٤ͤƤޤ
Attestation ʸΨ: 69%
Pervasiveness Ψ: 72%
eWAVE 3.0 ĴоݤȤƤ77Ѽ69%ǡ3ñΥפ1ʾֳǧ (Attestation) 졤٤ˤŤդθǤΡʿŪʡΨ (Pervasiveness) 72%ãȤΤǤɸѸStandard EnglishˤμҲŪʡֽŤߡפϤǤ̵ˤѸѼΤʤ1ĤѼȤʿ˥ȤʤСs Ĥʤ3ñΥפΤۤ¿ɤˤʤ뤳Ȥη̤ϼޤʤeWAVE 3.0 ˤ Attestation Pervasiveness ӿͤΰˤĤƤϽʬƤɬפΤǡ Introduction ǧˡ
ǤϡդΥѥϤɤǤ礦ľˡߤǤСֿ;Τˤ餺ȤˤˤǤ s ĤפȤѼNo. 171 "Invariant present tense forms due to generalization of 3rd person ?s to all persons"ˤΥǡ⸫Ƥߤޤ礦
Attestation: 35%
Pervasiveness: 45%
줬 I Ǥ they Ǥ s ̲ƤޤѼ⡤Ѽ35%dzǧƤꡤΨ45%˵ڤӤޤη̤ˡפä̤ˤʡȤݤä¿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
˸ؤδͤȡI love, he loveˤ줹Τ⡤ sI loves, he lovesˤ줹Τ⡤;Υѥ̤ưݤ뤿ᡤåꤷηϤǤȤϤޤ
˰䤿Ū˻ȤäƤɸѸΡ3ñ s ĤפȤȾüʥѥϡƵҴŪįȡƥХӤĤʥƥǤɸѸϡŪˤϡ̤Ǥʤ̯ѼǤȤ虜ޤʤɸѸ줬ӤĤʷ虜虜ݻƤΤȤѸˤ̣ȻפޤˤĤƤϤޤƵƤФȻפޤ
ؤʤ٥ȥƤϺ³ޤSNS Ǥϥå奿 #ʤ դơҰ夲ƤйǤ
δ رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ NHKǡNHKǿӡ2026ǯ
θδܸȤ櫓 S, V, O 3Ǥ¤ӽΥѥˤĤơʲεʤɤǰäƤ
#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])
#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1])
#3124. ܸ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])
#3125. ܸ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])
#3128. ܸ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])
#3129. ܸ (4) ([2017-11-20-1])
#4316. ܸ췿 SOV ϷŪɸѸ췿 SVO Ϥ⤿ʤ ([2021-02-19-1])
#3734. ٥ȸ VSO ε ([2019-07-18-1])
#5585. ػҶβʳء9Ǿ5Ρ֤ʤܸȱѸǤϸ礬㤦ΤǤפ˲ޤ ([2024-08-11-1])
ϡThe World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) Feature 81A: Order of Subject, Object and Verb ˴ŤƺɽǤ#3128. ܸ (3) ([2017-11-19-1]) ǤƱݤεϿŪʸ⤤ĤźΤǡ껲Ȥ䤹ʤäƤȻפ
| SOV | 41% | ܸ졤̸졤ȥ륳졤ҥǥ졤Х |
| SVO | 35% | Ѹ졤졤եɸ졤ҥ졤٥ȥʥ |
| VSO | 7% | ɸ졤ϥ磻졤ޥ |
| VOS, OVS, OSV | 3% | ޥ饬졨ĥХ졨ȥХƥ |
| ܸʤ | 14% | ϥ졤ե졤졤Х |
μͭץåȥե mond ˼μ䤬ϤޤӾΡwith O CפϤɤΤ褦ˤޤ줿ΤǤ

¿ȿƤޤŪʰ̣ѲȳŪʱƶȤ2ĤλޤҤɤߤС
ŪʱƶȤΤϡűѸ˥ƥ줫˺ݤơƥΩ°ʹʸ (absolute ablative) mid ѤűѸιʸ˰ܤؤ줿Ȥ˴ŤƤޤ줬Ѹʹߤ with ӾιʸˡɤΤ褦˷ӤĤƤΤϡޤ̤ǤѸŪˤϡΤȤȻפޤ
ѸζŪʴѻȤƤϡQuirk et al. (§9.55, pp. 704--05) ˡӾ withפؤθڤޤѸѸȤƤ "accompanying circumstances" "contingency" ʤɤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ǤεΤˡޤӾ withפɤΤ褦ʻȤΤɤäʸǧƤޤ礦
[T]hey [= with and without] can introduce finite (sic) and verbless clauses as adverbial:
He wandered in without shoes or socks on.
With so many essays to write, I won't have time to go out tonight.
The fuller clausal equivalent is a participial adverbial clause expressing contingency (cf 15.46):
Having so many essays to write, I won't have time to go out tonight.
Since with and without in these functions introduce clauses, they are subordinators, not prepositions. The nonfinite clause may also be a to-infinitive. Compare:
With Mary being away
With no one to talk to
With Mary away John felt miserable.
With the house empty
Without anyone to talk to
with Τߤʤ餺 without Ӿʸ⤢뤳ȡֻθư̾줬ľ³ȤϤʤȤʤɡħ뤳ȤʬޤŪˤ̻Ūˤⶽ̣οԤʤʸǤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Ūʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ߤƤȡबʸˡȤΤϤĤɤ㤬гμ¤ʸˡȸڤ뤫Ȥ˽Ф魯롥ʸˡϷǤƱ˰̣Ǥ⤢뤬̣ϸԤԹ褯ɤ߹פȤǤƤޤäơ֤ʸǤʸˡǤƤפȼĥ뤿ˤϡʤ٤ѤӤơҴŪ˳ǧǤϤΤŪɬפ롥ä˷Ūʴ鼨ȥ٥ȤǤ롥
㤨С one ϤĤ괧 (indefinite article) ʸˡΤȤͤƤߤ롥ŪˤϸűѸ ān ޤä an a ȤʤäȤȹͤʤ뤬ѸˤϸϢʤ one ޤᡤ¿¿ͤʶƤꡤ줾줬Ȥ괧ȤǤ㤬ꡤ夬Ĥʤ1200ǯ˽줿Ƥ The Owl and the Nightingale ll. 3--4 "Iherde ich holde grete tale / An hule and one niȝtingale." ʤɤȤ줿
Ūʴˡꤽɸ an one man Τ褦ˡ2Ĥ "one" ¤Ǹ륱ξ硤1Ĥ an 괧ǡ2Ĥ one Ǥ롤ȷŤΤϼǤϤʤԤϡֽС¸ߡפɸʸˡŪʵǽôäƤΤФԤϡ1͡Ŀ͡פ̣ȤƵǽƤȤƲǤ롥ϲͶζǤϤʤMustanoja Ѹ Gower ºߤɽǤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ (291)
For thei be manye, and he [i.e., the king] is on; And rathere schal an one man With fals conseil, for oght he can, From his wisdom be maad to falle (Gower CA vii 4161)
ѸǤϡ괧 a + one + ̾פȤϵʤѸˤϤ줬ߤ줿ʤäȤ⡤ˤޤäȤ Mustanoja (291) Ҥ٤Ƥ뤬ˡʤߤˡ괧 the + one + ̾פϸѸǤ on the one hand, the one thing, the one exception ʤɤ̤ˤߤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
#5936. Ѹν³ ([2025-07-28-1]) ΥꥹȤؽ³ʤ뤤ؽ°³ (correlative subordinators) ĤǤؤ뤤ϸƱȤϡŵŪˤ³ȤбʶˤڥǸ츽ݤؤʶˤɬܤ⤢Сץ⤢롥εǵΤΤۤܤĴ٤ȥޥʡʤΤޤƤäȤ褦Quirk et al. (§14.13) 褦
CORRELATIVE SUBORDINATORS
(a) as . . . so (b) as . . . as so such so . . . (that) such less . . . than more(/-er) no sooner . . . than, when barely . . . when, than hardly scarcely (c) the . . . the (d) whether . . . or if (e) subordinator plus optional conjunct although . . . yet, nevertheless, etc even if (even) though while if . . . then, in that case once since [reason] unless because . . . therefore seeing (that)
ۤˤʸŪʸΤǤ where . . . there when . . . then ʤɤ롥бʶˤץξˤϡղä뤳Ȥǡ³ΰ̣ꤹ̤ȤǤΤǡ°Ĺ䡤Ūطμ¤˼ˤȤ櫓Ѥ롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ʼȱĤƤ YouTube ֤ͥΤۤإͥϡޤ¿ˤƤޤǿ#381. It is important for you to . . . It is kind of you to . . . äƻʸȻפ줬Ǥ롼Ĥޤäޤϡİ4ʾȹĴǤ¿Ūɷ㤹뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤȴפäƤޤϡưƤ hellog ȤĤġơޤȤʤäʸäƤޤ
ơιʸ It is kind of you to come. ɽ롤ͤιưɾƻѤʸǤعʸˡǤϡΰ̣μȼʸȤơŪ It is important for you to go. ιʸȥåȤdzؽ뤳Ȥ¿Ȼפޤơkind, foolish, wise Τ褦ʿʪɾηƻξˤֻȤ of important necessary Τ褦ʾˤ for Ѥ롤Ƴؽ⤤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦ʻ伫ȤޤˤǤˡ
ʤʪɾηƻ˸¤ä of ѤΤȤͳޤƧ߹Ƕ뤳ȤϾʤǤ礦ưǤŦƤ̤ꡤξԤɽŪˤֻ줬ؤʿŪʹʸ˸ޤŪʥ롼ĤϤޤäۤʤΤǤ
ޤimportant for you ιʸˤĤơϡȤ it is important for you ֤ϤʤˤȤäƽפפ to go ֹԤȤפȤ2ĤǤȤ߹蘆äƤǤΤǤĤޤꡤfor you important ŪˤֻäΤǤ֤ʤˤȤäơʽפˡפȤȤǤ͡Ȥyou ³ to go ΰ̣μǤ⤢뤳Ȥ顤ФˤĤ for you to go Τ1Ĥ礭ʼΤ褦˺Ʋᤵ褦ˤʤޤΰʬ (metanalysis) ȸƤФ븽ݤŵǤ
kind of you ιʸϤɤǤ礦ϰʬϤǤĤޤʤʤ顤of you Ǥϡ֤ʤˤȤäơʿڤˡפΰ̣ˤϤʤʤǤڤʤΤϡ֤ʤȤʤΤǤꡤΰ̣طªˤ̤βõɬפΤǤ
of ΤϡǤܥ֥ε#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ ([2020-08-03-1]) #4117. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡŪˤϡֹټԡס ([2020-08-04-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤֹټԡפ of ȹͤΤǤŪǤѸǤϼư֤ιټԤ by ǼΤ̤ǤѸ줫ѸˤƤ of ͥǤĤޤꡤof you "(done) by you" ʤʤˤäƤʤ줿ˤ˶ᤤ̣礤ƤΤǤ
OED ҤȤȡιʸθ It was a kind thing of you to come. Τ褦ʡƻ줬̾ thing act, part ʤɤäȤ狼ޤθˡֹټԤ ofפŬѤСa kind thing (done) by you ֤ʤˤäƤʤ줿ڤʤȡפȥࡼ˲ǤޤιʸȤ뤦ˡ֤ˤ thing Τ褦̾줬ά졤It was kind of you... Ȥη˲вƤäȤΤΤ褦Ǥ
Τ褦ˡ츫Ȼ̤ä2ĤιʸޤäۤʤȯηаޤäƤȤΤϡ⤷ȤǤ͡عʸˡǽвѤʵ¿ϡˤ̤뤳ȤǡΤ褦祤Ĥ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ줳Ѹ˸̣Ǥ
ˤĤơܤϾ嵭 YouTube ưйǤޤǥ Voicy heldio ǤϢΤǡ碌Ƥİ
heldio: #91. It's kind of you to come. of
heldio: #387. It is important to study. ιʸˤĤƱѸˤƤߤޤ
ΤȤ³ (conjunction) ˴ؿƤ롥̸Ū³뤳ȤɤޤDzǽʤΤʬʤΤʤȤ̸ˤơ³פʻ褦ȤߤϤʤƤ
ȤϤ㤨ܸˤ³ɤΤ褦˰ˤĤƤ顤ŪʲޤߡޤߤǤ롥ۤɰˤǤ⤢ΤϤҤȤޤܸʸˡ缭ŵ (387) 국ҤΰѤνȯȤ
³ ʤĤˡʻΰġΩdzѤʤñȤ³Ȥʤ롥ԤɽˤƤƸԤɽʸˤ˴طŤʤ³롥³줬³Τϡʸ˰֤硤ññ졤ʸϢʸˤʸϢʸˡʸƬ˰֤硤ʸʸܤǤ롥①ññֻޤۤ②ʸʸɮ뤤ڥǽ③ʸʸϤɤϤޤߤäƤ④Ȥ³硤³ϸƬѤ롥ŪˡȤơʸΤƸʸΤ³ꡤʸƸ³ꤹʤɡΥꥨ롥ʤΤ³ˤä³ʸϡ³ǤǤ⡤ʸʤȹͤ٤⤷ʤ
³줬³뤫ȤˤĤơʤ뤤ϡ˵ƤϤʤܼʤɤθ̤ηǤǤ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤȤʷŪñ̤顤Ȥ礭Ūñ̤ˤޤǵڤ֤ȤȤϡճä³ϡɤñ̤Ǥ³ǤȤħ餷Τ
ܸˤ衤Ѹޤθˤ衤ŪʻʬȤΤ뤬ΤʤǤ³Ϥʤü褦˻פƤ2İʾθǤĤʤǽǤˡֶ֤ʤʻȺǧĤĤ롥
桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١2001ǯ
³ (conjunction) ˤĴ٤Τ Fischer et al. ȤƤȤ̲ (insubordination) Ȥ̣Τä (187) ³Ƴ뽾ȼ鷺ΩѤ礬롥
Sometimes clauses with the formal markings of subordination are used without a proper main clause --- which is what Evans (2007) refers to as 'insubordination'.
(70) O that I were a Gloue vpon that hand (Shakespeare, Romeo & Juliet, II.2)
It is typical for such insubordinate clauses to come with specialized functions --- the insubordinate that-clause in (70) expresses a wish. It is still an unresolved issue, however, exactly how insubordinate clauses originate and develop, and how formal and functional change interact in this.
ϡMay the force be with you! Τ褦ʵ ˡȯãεˤؤפƶmay ιʸϡ³ȼ鷺֤Ȥʤˤ꽾äƤ뤫Τ褦ǡǤϾѤäפǤϤΤΡȤü첽ǽפƤ롥̲λ֤ӸϤޤʤƤʤ褦ȯãλˤ϶Τ⤷ʤϢơ#5937. ³ʳ˽Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤϡ ([2025-07-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Fischer et al. (184) ˤСƳ³ (conjunction) μϡѸˤ̤ŪƤȤΥԡȤСѸǤϤʤϽѸȤ
The most striking development is probably the expansion of the inventory of subordinators over time, described by Kortmann (1997). There is in PDE a core of high-frequency monomorphemic subordinators --- as, when, if, where, because, while, before, since, after, until and so on (cf. Kortmann, 1997: 131) --- which, from a historical point of view, is both old and relatively stable. The subordinators that make up this core already functioned as subordinators in OE (as, if, while, since) or else came to do so no later than ME (when, where, because, before, after, until). Remarkably, they also tend to be the subordinators that are first acquired by children. Outside this core, however, fluctuations in the subordinator inventory are more pronounced. Throughout the history o English, the trend has been for the inventory of subordinators to grow. PDE has almost twice as many subordinators as OE, though eModE had even more (Kortmann, 1997: 294). At the same time, many new additions --- especially, it appears, the ones that entered the grammar in eModE --- again disappeared, witness the subordinators in (63), all of which are now obsolete.
(63) a The Lyons . . . brake all their bones in pieces or euer [= 'well before'] they came at the bottome of the den. (1611, OED)
b Such of them as . . . had a desire to stay in Spain . . . were suffered to do so . . . conditions, that [= 'provided that'] they would be Christened. (1622--62, OED)
c The Parts of Musick are in all but four, howsoever [= 'even though'] some skilful Musicians have composed songs of twenty [. . .] parts. (1674, OED)
Ĥפ°³μबŪƤȤ¤ϡդƤޤȤ˹ͤƤߤȤϤʤạ̈Τϡ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡϤĤ°ֻ (preposition) ŪƤƤꡤѸˤȤ櫓äȤΰפ϶ʤΤɬʤΤ⤷оݤˤʤꤽ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Kortmann, B. Adverbial Subordination: A Typology and History of Adverbial Subordinators Based on European Languages. Berlin: mouton de Gruyter, 1997.
ε#5936. Ѹν³ ([2025-07-28-1]) Ǽ夲³ (subordinator = subordinating conjunction) ˤĤĴ٤ʤǡ³Ѥʳˤ⽾Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤ¿뤳ȤΤäQuirk et al. (§§11.12) 4Ĥˡ˸ڤƤ롥
(a) wh-
ܵʸطᡤʤɤƳŪˤ who/whom/whose, which, where, when, whether, how, what, why; whoever, whomever (rare), whichever, wherever, whenever, whatever, however ʤɤѤ롥ˤäƳΤʤǼ졤Ū졤졤ղøʤɤ̤̩ʰ̣ǤΡ³פȤϤʤΤΡ³ŪʵǽͭȤϤ롥
(b) ط that
³ that ȤϡŪ䤬ۤʤ롥
(c) VS
ΤᤤHad I known more, I would have refused the job. Τ褦ʸȾʬˤ֤ϡIf I had known more ȥѥե졼뤳ȤǤŪ˽ƱȤʤ롥
Sad though/as I was Τ褦Ե§ʸιʸ⡤˽स롥
(d) ʬ칽ʸ
ֽפˤ뤬The match will take place tomorrow, weather permitting. Τ褦ˡư줬Ѥ륱θ뤳ȤǤ롥
ۤˤϡƳ뽾롥㤨С³Ȥơ뤤ϴطȤƤ that ϡФоάΤǡȤʤ (ex. I suppose (that) you're right) ޤɾǤϡYou're right, I suppose. Τ褦ˡŪʥޡ礯Ȥ¿
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
ε#5935. Ѹ³ ([2025-07-27-1]) ³³ (conjunction) ΤʤǤ³ (subordinator = subordinating conjunction) ܤΰǤȤΤ Quirk et al. (§§11.9--11) Ǥ롥
[ñ㽾³졡]
after, (al)though, as, because, before, but (that), if, how(ever), like (familiar), once, since, that, till, unless, until, when(ever), where(ver), whereas, whereby, whereupon, while, whilst (especially BrE)
[ʣ罾³졡]
that ǽ
in that, so that, in order that†, such that, except that, for all that, save that (literary)
that ץΤ
now (that), providing (that), provided (that), supposing (that), considering (that), given (that), granting (that), granted (that), admitting (that), assuming (that), presuming (that), seeing (that), immediately (that), directly (that)
as ǽ
as far as, as long as, as soon as, so long as, insofar as, so far as, inasmuch as (formal), according as, so as (+ to + infinitive)
than ǽ
sooner than (+ infinitive), rather than (+ infinitive)
¾
as if, as though, in case
[ؽ³졡]
if . . . then, (al)though . . . yet/nevertheless, as . . . so
more/-er/less . . . than, as . . . as, so . . . as, so . . . (that), such . . . as, such . . . (that), no sooner . . . than
whether . . . or
the . . . the
ۤ˸Ťᤫ³Ȥ albeit, lest, whence, whither äƤ褤
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1]) ³ŵŪǽ (function word) Ȥ³ (conjunction) ΰǤ³ˤ³ (coordinator = coordinating conjunction) ³ (subordinator = subordinating conjunction) ꡤԤΰȤΤ Quirk et al. (§9.28) Ǥ롥
Ρ³졡
and, or, but
Ρ³˶ᤤ³졡
for, so that
ȤۤɤοǤϤʤ¤ϤǿԤƤޤ
³줫ɤΤ1 for ˤĤƤϡ#1542. ³ȤƤ for ([2013-07-17-1]) Ȥ줿
ۤ nor ȤƤ뤫⤷ʤand ʤ̤³줬Ԥǡ³ȤϤʤboth, either, neither 3ˤĤƤϡand, or, but ȤȤ˹³ (correlative conjunction) ΰˤȤɤޤ뤳ȡnor Ʊ̤ͤ³줬Ԥ뤳Ȥ顤³ȤϤʤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
#5931. but ͡ˡ --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-22-1]) ӡ#5932. but ͡ˡɤɾ뤫 --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-24-1]) ǿ줿but ˤ but what Ȥ̯ˡ롥but that ȤƤ⡤뤤 but ñΤȤƤǧˡɤ櫓 but what ȤƤ⸽롥Ūˤ that . . . not ΰդɽ路ްդ뽾°ƳˡPoutsma (793) ˲⤬롥
In good colloquial language, and even in ordinary Standard English, but what often takes the place of but that; thus in:
- I don't say but what he's as free as ever. Dick., Bleak House, Ch. XLIX, 410.
- Who knew but what he might yet be lingering in the neighbourhood? Mrs. Gask., Cranf., Ch. X, 187.
It is difficult to find a grammatical explanation of this construction. Possibly it is due to the influence of but what, often found at the head of attributive adnominal clauses, although also here there is a serious grammatical anomaly, viz. the use of what when the reference is to persons (Ch. XVI, 12), as in:
- He had no visible friends, but what had been acquired at Highbury. Jane Austen, Emma, Ch. III, 22.
- There's no Tulliver but what's honest. G. Eliot, Mill, III, Ch. IX, 243.
According to the O. E. D. (s.v. but, 30), "but what often occurs for but that in various senses and is still dial. and colloq."
what ʸˡŪ˲᤹ΤʤС°ƳεǽǵȤߤʤƤ褤Ϣơ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1]) ⻲ȡ
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, II. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1926.

ǯī㡼ɶˤơѸˤΥֺ¤˰٤٤dz֤Ƥޤǯ٤ΥΥȥ˾äȤԻĤʱñǤ1˭ˤȴߤñ夲رѸ츻ŵʸҡˤ俷رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤʤɤʸȤʤ顤Ѹˤ̥Ϥޤ
726ڡˤβϡƴνȤʤޤǽ but ܤͽǤBUTbut ιֺ¤90ʬĤΤǤ礦ޤäۤޤbut ˤޤĤϡ90ʬǤϸ꤭ʤۤ˭ǤϤȥ꤬ʤۤɤǤ
but εȯã
but ¿͡ˡ³졤°³졤ֻ졤졤̾졤ư
"only" ̣ but ˡȯãᤰ
but θ
but
but ˤޤĤθѡʤ˴ؤ
but ħŤȤϲ
but ¾³Ȥ
but ֤פȤȤä礦ʤɡΤʤǤޤΤޤʵˡҰ˹ͤƤߤޤ
ַϡɶǤ̼֤˲ä饤֤ǽǤޤ2ָθƨۿ⤴ѤǤޤԹΤ褤ˡǻäйǤֺ¤ξܺ١ߤīΥڡɤͤΥȥꤪԤƤޤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/07/23(Wed)
ֺܹ¤ͽˤĤƤ heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤȤƤäƤޤҤ⤪İ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

77μͼkhelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ٥12椬־ǸޤPDFǼͳ˱ɤǤޤ
顤ͼᡤɮؤԽؤϤƽʤƤޤˤäƸϤ꤮ޤǺǽĴɤƤޤǤä̤ˤĤƤϡɤ¿̤ΥƥĤܤǤ衤ɮԽȺ˴ؤä٤Ƥ khelf СˡޤϫȴդθդҤ٤Ȼפޤ褯ĥäƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ơ4̹ȤʤäƤޤɤΤ褦ʵǺܤƤ뤫Ū˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦ޤ1̤ϡͼθ˹碌ʤ츻ᤰפꤹޥåʴƬǤɮԤϡܥ֥ heldio Ǥ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˴ؤ븦ǤߤΡkhelf ߷Ǥɧʤ路¤Υ륿ˤȿɱʤȺ¤Υ٥ˤˤʤߡ2Ĥ¤ˤޤĤñˤɤޤ֤Ⱥ¡ (Lyra) ˴ؤƤϡlyre ֤꤬Ѹ lire 顤츻Υꥷ˶Ť뤿16 y Ѥѹ줿Ȥ츻ŪֻμˤƤꡤɮԤμ褫줿ȤʤäƤޤ
³2̤εϡwh Ϥޤط̾ˡפǤϳ4ǯ Y. T. ˤܳŪʱѸ˥ƥĤǤ䤿Τ褦˻ȤäƤ who which ϡűѸλˤϡïס֤ɤפ̣뵿ǤޤǤط̾ȤƤϻؼͳ褹 that ʤɤѤƤޤѸʹߡwhich ڤ wh 줬ط̾ˡƤޤwho ˤĤƤϡط̾Ȥ夹Τϰճˤ17äƤȡŪ٤ΤǤβϴˤϡShakespeare κʤǡͤԻˤȤ which Ūʸ̮ѤƤޤط̾ᤰˤˤϡñʤʸˡ§ѲˤȤɤޤʤҲŪ˥ʥߥåѲβؤäƤΤǤ
3̤ξˤߤΤϡֱѸ˥饦 by khelfפϢܥʡǤϡĻرؤλ߷ؤΥӥ塼θԤϤޤɮԤ khelf ĹڵǤ߷Ρֿ䤷ܡפȤơʸͺرѸȯãˡ٤ H. Bradley رѸȯãˡ٤ʤɡѸ˸ˤŵŪ̾ʣҲ𤵤ޤޤѸˤؤ̥ϤˤĤơפǽ餺֤ʤפ䤤³뤳Ȥν⤫ƤꡤԤ֤ˤä˼٤ƤȤʤäƤޤ
ơ3̤βǤϡ2̤ǤäȽꤵƤֱѸ˥ BASICפȾܤɤळȤǤޤѸθäˤѸγ˴ؤ륯Ǥ䤤⡤ҵɤƤСɮԤϡرξĹʿǤ
Ǹ4̤ˤϡرɥij̴ˤܳŪʱѸˤεNot ΡֶĴ!?~Jespersen's Cycle ȡָԡפȤƤθ~פǺܤƤޤϡѸʸȯã "Jespersen's Cycle" ˴ؤͤǤǾҲ𤵤꼭μ岽ĴɲâĴ꼭פȤϥեɥĸǤ⸫븽ݤǤǤϤˡ奢ꥫѸΥ squat (: Claudia saw squat.) λ夲Υ뤬塤̤ؤ³ƤǽƤޤ
Τ褦ˡ⤹٤Ƥε khelf СǮդõ濴η뾽ǤѸˤ椹ܵǺ夲رѸ˿ʹ12ҤäȤɤߤйǤ
Ǹˡhellog ɼԤγ1ޤ⤷عμȤʤɤθŪʵʤ뤤ϡ¾νऺ뵡ˤˤơرѸ˿ʹ٤ѤˤϡҾ嵭 heldio ۿΥꡤ뤤Υե̤ƤޤȹǤkhelf γưӤȤʤۤԽѰˤȤäƤߤȤʤޤΤǡϤΤۤɤꤤޤϤع̾Ŀ̾ʤɤξˤĤޤƤϡkhelf μİŪΤߤ˸¤ꡤԤεĤʤ̤˸ʤɤι٤ϰڹԤʤʤݡޤեɥХå̤khelf ˤֱѸˤδ֤ˡפαѸ˳ưhelˤؤλƱޤȹǤ
ǸˡرѸ˿ʹ٤ΥХåʥСʹ泰ޤˤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ碌Ƥɤkhelf HP ΥڡˤХåʥСޤˡ
رѸ˿ʹ1ϴ2022ǯ41
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰12022ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ22022ǯ711
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰22022ǯ718
رѸ˿ʹ32022ǯ103
رѸ˿ʹ42023ǯ111
رѸ˿ʹ52023ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ62023ǯ814
رѸ˿ʹ72023ǯ1030
رѸ˿ʹ82024ǯ34
رѸ˿ʹ92024ǯ512
رѸ˿ʹ102024ǯ98
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰32024ǯ98
رѸ˿ʹ112024ǯ1230
21פΤȤѸDzȤ twenty-one Ǥ롥ŪˤϰۤʤɽˡäŪˤ one and twenty ̤äȤ twenty and one ⤢äʣϡ1ΰ̤10ΰ̤οΤɤ֤Τ³ and ѤΤȤäõȡɤưƤˤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ȶʣ椷Ƥرꡤ⤳ˤϥƥʤĥäƤΤڤ˭٤ˤʤȤݤäƤ롥
2ʣˤĤơJespersen (§§17.14--6) ˾ѲѰۤѤƤ롥ͻϤȤơѤƤ
17.14. In additions of 'tens' and 'ones' this 'one' now generally follows the 'ten' (twenty-one), but originally it always preceded it: one-and-twenty, a word-order which is still used except in numerals above 50.
The only examples I have noticed of the latter word-order in numerals above 50 are the following: Sheridan 197 she's six-and-fifty if she's an hour | Coleridge 452 in Köhln . . . I counted two and seventy stenches | Wells TB 163 Fifty-three days I had outward . . . three and fifty days of life cooped up | Walpole ST 285 never in all his five-and-fifty years.
17.15. We may find both types of word-order in close proximity: Sh H5 1.2.57 Untill foure hundred one and twentie yeeres . . . ib 61 Foure hundred twentie six | Defoe R 330 eight and twenty years . . . thirty and five years | Thack E 1.147 accepted the Thirty-nine Articles with all his heart, and would have signed and sworn to other nine-and-thirty with an entire obedience | Kipling PT 43 She was two-and-twenty, and he was thirty-three | Caine M 131 you are still so young. Let me see, is it eight-and-twenty? --- Twenty-six, said Philip | Jerome T 37 P. was forty-seven ... W. was three-and-twenty | Wells N 142 He was six and twenty, and I twenty-two | ib 199 I grew ... between three and twenty and twenty-seven.
Mr. Walt Arneson states: "Used in U.S. only occasionally, for stylistic effect or facetiously."
17.16. Compounds of two numerals denoting a number below one hundred have and between the two members if the small numeral precedes: one-and-twenty. If it follows the higher numeral, there is generally no connecting word: twenty-one. Especially in early authors we may find the type twenty-and-two, e.g. Malory 101 xx & viij knyghtes | AV Luke 15.7 ninety and nine iust persons | Swift P 132 there are thirty-and-two good bits in a shoulder of veal | Fielding T 1.17 | Goldsm 645 | Carlyle S 16 | Bennett A 50.
If two neighbouring numerals are to be used, the type with the small number first is commonest, as in this case the higher numeral need not be repeated: Thack E 2.150 though now five or six and forty years | Locke CA 315 Between Nadia and him there was but a separation of two or three years; between Nadia and myself two or three and twenty | Crofts Cask 220 a girl of perhaps two or three-and-twenty.
ǤɽȤѤ one-and-twenty 50ʾοˤĤƤϡ줬ʤȤΤԲĻĤǤ롥ޤƱʸ̮ǰۤʤѥʣ줬ȤΤ϶̣ǤʤˤؤäƤꡤΰ֤ŤˤĤƤͻͤ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 7. Syntax. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
My family is a large one. Τ褦ʸˤ one Τ褦ʸ (prop_word) ȸƤФ롥ֻפȤȯۤϡ줬ʤȹʸȤΩ椫ʤɬܹȤȤǡΤ褦 one ҤβĻ̾ؼ졤켫Τΰ̣Ƥ϶äݤȤΤǡǤϡֻפȤϤޤͭǤʤ褦˻פ롥
ѸȤƤ prop ȤϲCrystal Ѹ켭ŵ prop Ƥߤ
prop (adj.) A term used in some GRAMMATICAL descriptions to refer to a meaningless ELEMENT introduced into a structure to ensure its GRAMMATICALITY, e.g. the it in it's a lovely day. Such words are also referred to as EMPTY, because they lack any SEMANTICALLY independent MEANING. SUBSTITUTE WORDS, which refer back to a previously occurring element of structure, are also often called prop words, e.g. one or do in he's found one, he does, etc.
̣Ūʴϡ嵭Τ褦 substitute word ѸˤȸƤ֤Τʬ䤹
̣Τʤ it ʤɤؤ "prop" ȸƤ֤ȤʤС"empty", "expletive", "dummy" ʤɤηƻˤᤷº McArthur Ѹ켭ŵˤС"prop" ιܤ "dummy" ػȤ¥롥4ܤѤʤǤä one ȤƵƤʤˡ
DUMMY [16c: from dumb and -y]. . . . (4) In grammar, an item that has little or no meaning but fills an obligatory position: prop it, which functions as subject with expressions of time (It's late), distance (It's a long way to Tipperary), and weather (It's raining); anticipatory it, which functions as subject (It's a pity that you're not here) or object (I find it hard to understand what's meant) when the subject or object of a clause is moved to a later position in the sentence, and is the subject in cleft sentences (It was Peter who had an accident); existential there, which functions as subject in an existential sentence (There's nobody at the door); the dummy auxiliary do, which is introduced, in the absence of any other auxiliary, to form questions (Do you know them?).
̣Ūˤ϶¤ɬܤȤǡ줬 prop κŪȤäƤ褤one ¾üˡˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȡ
#1815. ̾ one ˡϥեαƶ ([2014-04-16-1])
#5170. 3;ñ̾Ūˡ ([2023-06-23-1])
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

ܲꥹȥեСʡɡˡرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ʸҡ2025ǯ (Kenkyusha's Thesaurus of English Phrasal Verbs) ꤷѥѥɤǤޤƱԤˤرѸưʸ㼭ŵ: ֻ졦ʬʸԡ2002ǯˤ˲ɮä줿ܤǤư (phrasal_verb) ΡּŵפǤϤΤǤ˭٤ʸįĤĺǽ餫ɤǤʤ̣ǤɤꤷƤ˶ưؽȤ٤ΤǤ
äȤäƤɤǤ⤤ʤäˤȤäƤϡŵ⿷Ȥǡʸ̤˿θ̣äƤޤŬڤ˥ӥ塼뤿ˤϡٻȤǡμŵѤƤΤۤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפĤĤ⡤ޤ϶äƤȻפäǤζäܤפĤޤޤ˲վƤߤޤ
ưʬμ缴ưǤϤʤ졦ֻɽ蘆˥ѡƥ (particle) ֤Ƥ롥
ܶᡦ塦ˬסֲ֤סʬΥΩפʤ33Ρ֥ơޡפߤƤ롥ŪΥơޤǤޤȤ夲뤳ȤǤȤȼΤäݥȡ
ưΤȤѥɤ߲䤹Ǽʤɡλ¡ʤ̤꤬ߤ롥
ܼʥơ̡ˡѡƥ-оȺѡƥ̱оȺʤɡŵʣΰѰդƤ롥
˭٤˵ƤʸϡⲻɤʤΤФꡥ
֤ޤ (p. 5) Ƭˡܼŵ϶ư켭ŵǤ뤬ˡʸ§˴ŤƤ롥Τᡤ¤ӻˤƤˡʼŵȤʤäƤפȽҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸưΤˡƤΤ˥ˡԤޤ줿ŵȤۤʤ͵ΰ
СʡɡꥹȥեرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ҡ2025ǯ
1β heldio ˤ#1413. ʤűѸθ絬§ϴˤäΤǯٽۿΥˡۿˤȤۿޤ (word_order) ȤˤưŪʤΤǡؿ⤿줿ΤǤ礦ޤǤβʿѤ¿İ褵Ƥޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ѸˤʬǡָפȤСѸǤϸ絬§ΤˡűѸǤϸ礬ŪˤäȤ椬ˤʤޤʤ֤ϤʤפȤѤʵ䤬ͯƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ϡεľΤǤϤʤФᤫΥץǤϤޤȤϲȤŪˤϿ̤ȤǤȻפޤ
ʲʸϤݤޤ촶Τ륪ꥸʥβۿˤƤİФȻפޤ
1. ⤽ָפȤϲ --- (linearity)
䤿ϡؽä˱Ѹؽ̤ơνؤӤޤѸ SVO ܤǤꡤỌ̇̄ѤäꡤʸˡŪˤʤäꤹȶäƤޤ㤨 I eat a banana. ɸŪǤꡤ*Eat I a banana. *A banana I eat. ̾ƤޤʶĴʤɤüʸ̮Ͻޤˡ
ܸǤϡֻϥХʥʤ٤ (SOV) Ǥ֥ХʥʤϿ٤ (OSV) ֿ٤롤ϥХʥʤ (VSO) ʤɤ⡤ԼϤˤ衤ʸˡŪ˴ְ㤤Ȥϸڤޤ
ǤϡʤˤϸȤΤ¸ߤΤǤ礦ϡ줬ʤ뤤ʸˤּ˱äľŪ¤٤뤳ȤˤäΩƤ뤫ǤȸƤӤޤ䤿ȯﴱʤȤ櫓ӡˤϴŪ1ĤʤΤǡʣñƱȯ뤳ȤϤǤޤäơñ֤¤٤뤷ʤΤǤϸˤʤǤꡤʪؤˤϤΤª뤳ȤǤޤ
While the dog is running in the yard, the cat is sleeping on the hot carpet. ʸäƤ֡ǭϥۥåȥڥåȤξǿƤˤȤʸϡƱ˵äƤɽ路Ƥޤ顤ɤ餫˸虜ޤ⤷˿ʹ֤2ĤӤƱ2Ĥñȯ뤳ȤǤʤ顤ι¤ۤʤäƤȤǤ礦
2. 絬§2Ĥθ
ñ֤¤٤ʤФʤʤȤ¸ͳʬޤϡ֤ɤΤ褦¤٤뤫פȤ絬§ǤθϤȡθ絬§ظˤϡ礭ʬ2Ĥΰۤʤ븶¸ߤ褦˻פޤ
(1) ʸˡθ絬§
ʸʥƥǡʼ졤ư졤Ūʤɡˤ֤ꤹ븶
ǤʸˡŪʵǽʼʤΤŪʤΤˤˤäƼ
ŵ㡧Ѹ (SVO) (SVO) ʤ
ʸˡŪʴطˤäΤˤʤȿ̡μͳ٤㤤
(2) ʸ̮θ絬§
ʸʥƥˤʸ̮áˤˤήŻ뤹븶
¿ξ硤ꡦơޡ³ǽҡ졼ޡ֤뷹
ŵ㡧ܸ졤űѸ
ή줬ˤʤʸθŪͳǡִˤפȸʤ䤹
ܸΡΡȤˡȤФޤؼǴˡפȤФͤƤߤޤ礦ǽʸǤϡθ塤Ǥ֤ȤФפ֤פȼäƸޤʸǤϡΤȤʤä֤פ֤ϡסʼˤȼäʸƬơʻؼǴ˹Ԥäȡˤ³ޤΤ褦ˡܸʸ̮ξήʼꢪҡơޢ졼ޡˤˤäɽ뤳ȤʤΤǤ
3. űѸܸ췿ä
ơǸűѸܤƤߤޤ礦ʤűѸθ絬§ϴˤäΤϡűѸ줬ѸΤ褦ʡʸˡθ絬§פ1ȤǤϤʤषܸ˶ᤤʸ̮θ絬§פŻ뤹äǤ
űѸǤϡʸ̮˱ơȸʤǤʸƬ֤³Ȥ礬ޤޤΤᡤʸ¤ȡSVO SOV VSO ǽǤꡤѸüԤλ鸫ȡ礬ꤵƤ餺ˤȴ櫓Ǥϡֵ§ʤפ櫓ǤϤʤۤʤθ˴ŤƤΤ٤ΤʤΤǤ
4. 縶žȱѸ˾Ѳ
ѸˤϡΡʸ̮θ絬§פŻ뤹륿פʸˡθ絬§פŻ뤹륿פؤȡδŪʤ礭žˤǤª뤳ȤǤޤžϡѸ˸ˤʤꡤѸˤƸ경Ƥޤ礭ʸžϡñ˸ǤʤѸ¾͡ʸˡܤˤϢŪʱƶڤܤޤ
(article) ȯãűѸˤⴧ˨ϤޤѸۤηŪʥƥǤϤޤǤ괧 the 䡤괧 a/an ȯãƤΤϡޤ˾¤ (information_structure) ʳˡǼɬޤäȤȴϢƤȹͤޤ
Ĵʸ (cleft_sentence) ȯãűѸǤϡĴǤŪͳʸƬ˰ư뤳ȤǽǤ礬경ȡΤ褦ʰư¤ޤȤơIt is ... that ... Τ褦ʶĴʸȯãǤΩ뵡ǽĤ褦ˤʤޤ
ư (passive) ¿ѡűѸˤư֤¸ߤޤ٤ϸѸۤɹ⤯ޤǤ礬경ǡŪȤʤǡʿˤʤ䤹ǡˤȤʸƬ֤ˡư֤֤ȤˤѤ褦ˤʤäƤΤȹͤޤ㤨СŪʸƬ֤ OSV θ礬ȤˤʤäˡŪˤʸƬ֤ư֤ޤ褦ˤʤäȤǤ
5. ޤȤ
űѸθ礬Ѹ줫鸫ơִˤפΤϡ絬§ʤäǤϤʤѸȤϰۤʤʸ̮θ絬§פȤŻ뤷ƤǤθϡܸȶ̤ʬ¿ޤѸˤϡδܸ礭žʥߥåʲǤꡤαƶϱʸˡ͡¦̤˵ڤǤΤǤ
űѸؤֺݤˤϡѸθŪʸѤöΥ졤־ήפȤĤȤäνˤʤ뤫⤷ޤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡषߤ䤹¦̤⤢ȤǤ礦Ȥڤ顤ѸαˤõᤷƤߤΤ⡤⤷ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ε#5783. ꥷϢ뼭 (connective) -o- ȥƥϢ뼭 -i- ([2025-02-25-1]) Ǽ夲 -o- ˤĤơKruisinga (II. 3, p. 7) ʤ˱ԤȤŦƤ롥
1587. In literary English there is a formal way of distinguishing compounds from groups: the use of the Greek and Latin suffix -o to the first element:
Anglo-Indian, Anglo-Catholic, the Franco-German war, the Russo-Japanese war.
Of course, this use, though quite common, is of a learned character, clearly contrary to the natural structure of English words.
Ƭ "a formal way of distinguishing compounds from groups" Ǥ롥ñǤ2¤٤硤ŪȤ߹碌ʣ (compound) ȤʤꡤŪȤ߹碌 (phrase) Ȥʤ롥̤θȡʣ12Ǥ롥ؾ¸ߤλۤʤΤŪ˲ۤʤΤȡΤ˾֤פ롥
ȯƤߤС֤ۤʤȤϤ褯Ǥ bláckbòard ʹġˤʣblack bóard ʹġˤ϶Ǥcf. #4855. ʣǧ --- blackboard ʣ black board ϶ ([2022-08-12-1])ˡֻǤ⥹ڡ뤫ݤȤ̤롥ϱΧˡˤ̤Ǥꡤζ̤Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤʣȶʬˡϡճȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
դˤΤȤ˵դƤ줿ΤΰѤäʤۤɡϢ뼭 -o- 2Ǵ֤ƤСΤ϶ǤϤʤʣǤȽǤǤ롥ޤŪʶȤˡ֤ĤʤפȤ -o- Ѥ¸ߤʤʾʤȤ⡤פ⤫٤ʤˡȡϢ뼭 -o- ϤƷŪǤǤɸǤ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
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