ε#4994. There is no accounting for tastes ס ([2022-12-29-1]) Ǽ夲ϡ褯Τ줿 there is no ---ing ---뤳ȤϤǤʤפư̾칽ʸȤʤäƤ롥One cannot account for tastes. It is impossible to account for tastes. ȸ̣
θ18˽ФŪΤȤ뤬there is no ---ing ư̾칽ʸΤΤϡɤΤ餤Ťޤˤ̤ΤOED no, adj. ˤȡ13νƻޥ˥奢 Ancrene Riwle ˽Ф롥ʸȤƤ it is no ---ing ʤɤѰ۷ߤ (cf. #4790. there they Ѹ it ˡ ([2022-06-08-1])) ʲ OED ΰѤʸ嶽̣ʬ֤ǼƤߤ
4. Modifying a verbal noun or gerund used as the predicate, denoting the impossibility of the action specified. Chiefly with non-referential there (also it) as subject.
[c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 149 Hwen þe delit iþe lust is igan se ouerforð þet ter nere nan wiðseggunge ȝef þer were eise to fulle þe dede.]
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 23812 (MED) Quen we it proue þat es to late, Es þar na mending þan þe state.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccclxxxvi. 657 It is no goynge thyder, without ye wyll lose all.
1560 Bible (Geneva) Nahum iii. 19 There is no healing of thy wounde.
a1593 C. Marlowe Edward II (1594) sig. D4v Cosin it is no dealing with him now.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) ii. i. 146 Val. No, beleeue me. Speed. No beleeuing you indeed sir.
a1643 J. Shute Sarah & Hagar (1649) 108 So the people were so impetuously set upon their lusts, that there was no speaking to them.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 39 There was no keeping Friday in the Boat.
1753 Gray's Inn Jrnl. No. 54 There is no going any where without meeting Pretenders in this Way.
1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. vii. 117 Do what they might, there was no keeping down the butcher.
1849 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. xv. 138 There's no accounting for tastes, sir.
1895 A. I. Shand Life E. B. Hamley I. ii. 21 There was no mistaking the meaning of the invitation, and there was no declining it.
1954 A. Thirkell What did it Mean? 87 There would be no getting hold of the girls as the evenings got longer.
1975 Times 6 Dec. 8/5 Try Village Prospects..R 3 again, I fear, but no avoiding it.
2001 Financial Times 27 Jan. 8/4 There is no mistaking African anger at the external barriers they confront.
űѸ줫餹ǤȯãƤ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ȡѸˤ褦䤯ȯãϤư̾줬Τޤ줿ʸȤäƤ褤¸ʸˤĤƤϡ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1]) ȡ#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) ȡ
#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1])#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä ([2022-12-14-1]) ήʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤƱѸ˾Τ⤷¤1ĵ
ʬΥѤῼʹ֤ infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤǻؤ뤳Ȥε ([2022-12-11-1]) dzǧOED 1927ǯˤθƾΤνФϿƤ롥infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤƸꤺä5̤äˡѸ˾ο "infinitive-splitter" ¸ߤ륺οؼ Reginald Pecock (1395?--1460) Ǥ롥
ʬΥλ14ʤ뤤13ˤ긫ФȤ뤬ˤˤ Pecock ۤɤζڶ infinitive-splitter ϤʤΩ Chaucer ϤۤȤɻȤʤäLayamon Wyclif Ϥ⤦¿ȤäΤѤ櫓ǤϤʤ Shakespeare Kyd ԻѤä18ˤƤ褦䤯٤ޤäƤȤήѸѸˤƤλˡPecock infinitive-splitter ȤƻȵƤΤʤबʬΥ¿ѤΤʬʤVisser (II, § 977; p. 1036) ⡤Τ褦˸ǤäƤ롥
Quite apart, however, stands Reginald Pecock, who in his Reule (c 1443), Donet (c 1445), Repressor (c. 1449), Folewer (c 1454) and Book of Faith (c 1456) not only makes such an overwhelmingly frequent use of it that he surpasses in this respect all other authors writing after him, but also outdoes them in the boldness of his 'splitting'. For apart from such patterns as 'to ech dai make him ready', 'for to in some tyme, take', 'for to the better serve thee', which are extremely common in his prose, he repeatedly inserts between to and the infinitive adverbial adjuncts and even adverbial clauses of extraordinary length, e.g. Donet 31, 17, 'What is it for to lyue þankingly to god ...? Sone, it is forto at sum whiles, whanne oþire profitabler seruycis of god schulen not þerbi be lettid, and whanne a man in his semyng haþ nede to quyke him silf in þe seid lovis to god and to him silf and nameliche to moral desires (whiche y clepe here 'loves' or 'willingnis') vpon goodis to come and to be had, seie and be aknowe to god ... þat he haþ receyued benefte or benefetis of god.') . . .
It is not ascertainable what it was that brought Pecock, to this consistent deliberate and profuse use of the split infinitive, which in his predecessors and contemporaries only occurred occasionally, and more or less haphazardly. Neither can the fact be accounted for that he had no followers in this respect, although his works were widely read and studied.
˵ƤʸǤϡޡ forto ư츶 seie and be δ֤ˤʤ57줬ޤƤ롥Pecock ˻˾Ƕ infinitive-splitter ȤξιͿ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1]) ³ʬΥ (split_infinitive) 夲ƤδϢ Jespersen ɳƤơto ư츶δ֤ not never ä륿פʬΥλ㤬ŪˤäȤΤäʸˡǤ not to do θ礬§ȤƤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤäȤˤʤ롥Jespersen Ѥ롥
§20.48. Not and never are often placed before to: Wilde P 38 one of the things I shall have to teach myself is not to be ashamed of it (but to not be would have been clearer) | she wished never to see him again (here never belongs to the inf., but in she never wished . . . it would belong to wished; the sentences are parallel to wished not to . . . : did not wish to . . .) | Maugham MS 140 I trained myself never to show it | Hardy L 77 they thought it best to accept, so as not to needlessly provoke him (note the place of the second adverb) | Macaulay H 1.84 he bound himself never again to raise money without the consent of the Houses | Bromfield ModHero 154 long since she had come never to speak of her at all.
But the opposite word-order is also found: Lewis MS 140 having the sense to not go out | id B 137 I might uv expected you to not stand by me | Browning l.521 And make him swear to never kiss the girls (rhythm!).
ʬΥФ櫓Ϥ⤷ȡ˸¤餺ưʶ˽θޤǹϤƤߤȡäȤ⤷ʤΤǤϤʤˤС꼭֤ȤѸ˾礭ˤ⡤ɬŪ˴ؤäƤ˰㤤ʤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
ε#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤơJespersen Τ褦ƳͿƤ롥 "split" ǤϤʤȡ20Ⱦ Jespersen λˤäƤʬΥؤϴ¤ƤƤ뤳ȡ14ߤ뤬äΤ19ȾФǤ뤳ȤʤɤƤ롥
§20.41. The term 'split infinitive' is generally accepted for the insertion of some word or words between to and an infinitive---which thus is not really 'split', but only separated from the particle that usually comes immediately before it.
While the phenomenon was formerly blamed by grammarians ("barbarous practice" Skeat in Ch MP 355) and rigorously persecuted in schools, it is now looked upon with more lenient eyes ("We will split infinitives sooner than be ambiguous or artificial" Fowler MEU 560), and even regarded as an improvement (Curme). It is as old as the 14th c. and is found sporadically in many writers of repute, especially after the middle of the 19th c.; examples abound in modern novels and in serious writings, not perhaps so often in newspapers, as journalists are warned against it by their editors in chief and are often under the influence of what they have learned as 'correct' at school. Curme is right in saying that it has never been characteristic of popular speech.
ʬΥˤ to ư츶δ֤˳äǤϡۤȤɤξ硤ʶˤѸ줫νˤĤƤϡưŪȤʤ̾ʶˤ֤to + Ū + ưפȤʤΤäȤդ Jespersen ꤤĤߤƤߤ褦θ϶ḽǤϤˤߤʤ
§20.44. In ME we sometimes find an object between to and the infinitive: Ch MP 6.128 Wel lever is me lyken yow and deye Than for to any thing or thinke or seye That mighten yow offende in any tyme | Nut-Brown Maid in Specimens III. x. 180 Moche more ought they to god obey, and serue but hym alone.
This seems never to be found in ModE, but we sometimes find an apposition to the subject inserted: Aumonier Q 194 Then they seemed to all stop suddenly.
ʬΥȤäƤ⡤ѸŪˤߤȽ꤬äƤ⤷
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) Ǥڤ褦ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ϵʸˡΤʤǤ١ʰ̾ˤι⤤ˡǤ롥ϡto boldly go Τ褦ˡto to ưθȤδ֤ʤ¾Ǥǡ줬ʬΥפƤޤˡΤȤ"cleft infinitive" Ȥ̾⤢롥
Ūˤϡ#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1]) Ǥߤ褦Ѹ㤬ߤ졤̾ʸϵҤˤäƻѤƤаޤ뤬εʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤѤȤ졤ߤ˻ޤԤȤưƤ롥OED ˤȡʬΥλѤˤ infinitive-splitting Ȥ̾դƤꡤκͤ infinitive-splitter ȤƸؤؤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤʾСˡ
infinitive-splitting n.
1926 H. W. Fowler Dict. Mod. Eng. Usage 447/1 They were obsessed by fear of infinitive-splitting.
infinitive-splitter n.
1927 Glasgow Herald 1 Nov. 8/7 A competition..to discover the most distinguished infinitive-splitters.
ʤʸˡȤФΤȤȡƥʸˡȤΤƥǤ϶ޤˤ īre (to go) Τ褦1ɽ蘆롥äơѸΤ褦 to ưθ2줫ʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡʬΥ褦ʤΤ褦ˤ⤽ʬΥʤƥʸˡϤȤơʬΥƤϤʤʤȤ§ѸȤۤʤƤϤ褦ȤƤΤ顤ȤƤäˤʤʤ˻ޤǥƥʸˡΰҿäˡʸˡϤ鼫Ω뤳ȤʤʤǤˤΤǤ롥ơ;Ȥϸˤ³Ƥ롥
ǤϡʬΥѤȤ뵬ϼŪʰϤϤɤɤޤäƤƤ롥äβս뤳ȤʸդΤˤΤͭפʾˤϡʤƤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥2--3ΤʬΥդƤ (stigma) ĤȤƤΤ䤿ܤˤƤΤǤ롥ޤ˱Ѹˤΰ롥
ʬΥˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary Usage Notes split infinitive ɤߤΤ⤬Τǡ⻲ȡ
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơޤˤ̤#557. ޤˤ̡supply A with B with äפޤ --- إ˥¼ŵٿǤӡꤷơsupply provide ʤɤư줬 give Ʊ褦 SVOOʤ2Ū칽ʸư (ditransitive_verb) ˤʤĤĤȤѲˤĤơοǤӤʤ鴿̤
ȴϢơѸ2Ūư졤Ӽ줽ǼʤưֻѤɬפΤưʤɡˤƤߤŪʰ뤳Ȥܻؤ櫓ǤϤʤHuddleston and Pullum (309) ʬȻѤˤʤ
ޤʸ2Ĥι give פưʸȤ5ʬह롥
| Oi + Od | Od + NON-CORE COMP | |
| i a. I gave her the key. | b. I gave the key to her. | [Oi or to] |
| ii a. *I explained her the problem. | b. I explained the problem to her. | [to only] |
| iii a. I bought her a hat. | b. I bought a hat for her. | [Oi or for] |
| iv a. *I borrowed her the money. | b. I borrowed the money for her. | [for only] |
| v a. I spared her the trouble. | b. *I spared the trouble to/for her. | [Oi only] |
pay, provide, serve, tell; bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, promise, read, send, show, teach, throw; do, find, make, order, reserve, save, spare; ask, envy, excuse, forgive; allow, charge, fine, refuse, wish
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
#2233. ŪʶϤȤƤ I not say. ([2015-06-08-1]) ǰټ夲Ѹ˾Ωʤθ˴ؤ˺Ƥܤ
űѸ줫Ѹˤơ꼭Ȥ ne ѤˤϡS + ne + Vפθ礬§Ūä꼭Ȥ not Ѥ褦ˤʤȡS + V + notפθ礬§ȤʤꡤS + not + Vפˤޤʹ¤Ȥʤä"Jespersen's cycle" ȾΤ깽¤̻ŪѲΤʤǤS + not + VפϤޤ֤ŤƤ餺褯ƤŪʰˤȤɤޤ롥
Visser (III, §1440) ϡType 'He not spoke (those words)' ι¤ˤĤƤ⤦ǫ˥ȤƤꡤʸ50ʾ彸Ƥ롥ȤѤ褦
Before 1500 this type is only sporadically met with, but after 1500 its currency increases and it becomes pretty common in Shakespeare's time. After c1700 a decline sets in and in Present-day English, where the type 'he did not command' is the rule, the idiom is chiefly restricted to poetry. . . . According to Smith (Mod. Språ 27, 1933) it is still used in Modern literary English in order to contrast a verb with a preceding one, e.g. 'The wise mother suggests the duty, not commands it'. The frequency of the use of this type in the 16th and 17th centuries seems to have escaped the attention of grammarians. Thus 1951 Söderlind (p. 218) calls a quotation from Dryden's prose containing this construction "a unique instance of not preceding the finite verb", and 1953 (Ellegård (p. 198) states: "not hardly ever occurred before the finite verb." Poutsma's earliest example (1928 I, i p. 102) is a quotation from Shakespeare. The following statement is interesting, ignoring as it does the occurrence of the idiom between "O.E." (=?perhaps: Middle English) and modern poetry: 1876 Ernest Adams, The Elements of the English Language p. 217: "Frequently in O.E. and, rarely, in modern poetry, do and the infinitive are not employed in negative propositions: I not repent my courtesies---Ford; I not dislike the course.---Ibid.; I swear it would not ruffle me so much As you that not obey me---Tennyson."
ΥȤθ1400ǯ20˻ޤǤʸ¿Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓Ѹܤ EEBO ʤɤε祳ѥĴСʤʸΤǤϤʤ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
Ρ#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall ([2022-11-10-1]) ӺΡ#4946. 侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall Ū ([2022-11-11-1]) ε˰³°³ˡʲˡ˸ߤǤʤ should Ǥʤճ shall ѤƤŪŪäȽƤߤޤ
OED Ĵ٤ȡˡ shall, v. θ11aޤ
11. In clauses expressing the purposed result of some action, or the object of a desire, intention, command, or request. (Often admitting of being replaced by may; in Old English, and occasionally as late as the 17th cent., the present subjunctive was used as in Latin.)
a. in clause of purpose usually introduced by that.
In this use modern idiom prefers should (22a): see quot. 1611 below, and the appended remarks.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7640, 1 Þiss child iss borenn her to þann Þatt fele shulenn fallenn. & fele sHulenn risenn upp.
c1250 Owl & Night. 445 Bit me þat ich shulle singe vor hire luue one skentinge.
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 213 Thei gon under proteccioun, That love and his affeccioun Ne schal noght take hem be the slieve.
c1450 Mirk's Festial 289 I wil..schew ȝow what þis sacrament is, þat ȝe schullon in tyme comyng drede God þe more.
1470--85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur xiii. xv. 633 What wille ye that I shalle doo sayd Galahad.
1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) i. 156 I sall do swa thow sall be king.
1558 in J. M. Stone Hist. Mary I App. 518 My mynd and will ys, that the said Codicell shall be accepted.
1611 Bible (King James) Luke xviii. 41 What wilt thou that I shall doe vnto thee? View more context for this quotation
a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 70 Were it not better you shall cast away a few words, than I loose my Life.
1698 in J. O. Payne Rec. Eng. Catholics 1715 (1889) 111 To the intent they shall see my will executed.
1829 T. B. Macaulay Mill on Govt. in Edinb. Rev. Mar. 177 Mr. Mill recommends that all males of mature age..shall have votes.
1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxiv. 199 We shall have the first of the fight, Sir; and depend on it Boney will take care that it shall be a hard one.
1879 M. Pattison Milton xiii. 167 At the age of nine and twenty, Milton has already determined that this lifework shall be..an epic poem.
Ȥ櫓1829ǯ1847ǯϡ侩ɽ魯ˡ˶ޤ
MED shulen v.(1) θ4a(b)21b(ab)դˤ⡤˥ԥåǤϤʤˤ㤬Ƥޤ
Ūʴ餹ȡ侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall ˡΡָפϡˤѸޤǤϤɤȤǤơʪĤܥϥ֥ե륾ιͤƤФȻפޤ
3֤ hellog ΤޤȤȤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#530. ܥϥظˤѸǸǧ嵬§ shall ˡˤĤơ夲ޤ⤼Ҥİ
ε#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall ([2022-11-10-1]) ˰³ɸˤĤơŪΩ줫饳Ȥޤ
Ūˤߤȡthat ޤཾ°ˤơ̾Ǥ³ˡʲˡ˸ߤ뤤 should ѤĶǡճˡư shall 륱ϡޤäʤä櫓ǤϤޤ
Visser (III, 1513) Ĵ٤ƤߤȡϢܤߤĤꡤ¿ŪʸƤޤϡ mandative_subjunctive Ȥ³ˡߤˡȡѤȤƤ should λѤ˴ؤȤߤǵƤ櫓ǤVisser ʸˤϤ#2647. Ӥä should ([2016-07-26-1]) ѤȤƤ shall ޤޤƤޤ
űѸ줫Ѹ˻ޤ¿ʸƤޤιͻ˴ͿʸΤߤԥååפưѤޤ
1513---Type 'It (this) is a sori tale, þæt þet ancre hus schal beon i ueied to þeo ilke þreo studen'
There is a rather small number of constructions in which shall is employed in a clause depending on such formulae as 'it is a wonderful thing', 'this is a sorry tale', 'alas!' Usually one finds should used in this case, or, in older English, modally marked forms.
. . . | c1396 Hilton, Scale of Perfection (MS Hrl) 1, 37, 22b, þanne sendiþ he to some men temptacions of lecherie . . . þei schul þinke hit impossible . . . þat þey ne shulle nedinges fallen but if þei han help. . . . | 1528 St. Th. More, Wks. (1557) 126 D10, Than said he ferther that yt was meruayle that the fyre shall make yron to ronne as siluer or led dothe. | 1711 Steele, Spect. no. 100, It is a wonderful thing, that so many, and they not reckoned absurd, shall entertain those with whome they converse by giving them the History of their Pains and Aches. | 1879 Thomas Escott, England III, 39, He has to judge whether it is advisable that repairs in any farm-buildings shall be undertaken this year or shall be postponed until the next (P.).
Ǹ "it is advisable that . . . shall . . . ." ʤɤϻͤˤʤޤ shall ˡϡŪˤߤƤ⤪餯٤ȤƤ㤫äΤǤϤʤȵޤ
ʤߤˡѸ BNCweb ǾĤƤߤȤ"An Islay notebook. Sample containing about 46775 words from a book (domain: world affairs)" ȤܤΤʤ1ijߤĤޤֻϰѼԤˤˡ
802 "This Meeting being informed that Cart Drivers are very inattentive as to their Conduct upon the road with Carts It is now recommended that all Travellers upon the road shall take to the Left in all situations, and that when a Traveller upon the road shall loose a shew of his horse, the Parochial Blacksmith shall be obliged to give preference to the Traveller. "
餯ˡʤΤǤ礦δĶǤ shall λѤϳ̵ǤϤʤʤƤʤäˤȤϳǧޤ
ʪĤܥϥ֥ե륾ιͤƤߤƤ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#464. ޤˤȤ̡ơ̿ᡦɽ魯ư that Ǥ should + ⤷ϸβˤĤơꥹʡʸ˴ؤ뤪⤷Ƥޤ
118ۿYahoo!˥塼ʪĤܥϥ֥ե륾ιꡥȯü嵬§ΡȲɤˤäǧ嵬§20212.01˵Υ쥤Ȥ˴ؤ뵬꤬ꡤܥϥब̳ƻ˷ο줬ε˰ääƤȤƷǤ
ǧ嵬§2021ϡѸǸǧ嵬§ Offical Baseball Rules (2021 edition) ȤʤäƤޤ¿ȼյϤޤ§ȤƤǤȤʤäƤΤ Rule 2.01 б뼡βսǤоȤǰѤޤ
It is recommended that the distance from home base to the backstop, and from the base lines to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on foul territory shall be 60 feet or more.
ݤХåȥåפޤǤεΥե륰饦ɤˤեɤޤϥץ쥤˸ˤʤߤޤǤεΥϡեȡʣȥ˰ʾɬפȤ롥
ʸ It is recommended . . . ȤʤäƤޤʸǤϡֿ侩פǤϤʤɬפȤפȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤʸ⸷ε§ȤʤäƤΤǤϸˤʤΤǤ礦
It is recommended that . . . Τ褦ʹʸǤС̾ that ³ˡʲˡ˸ߤ뤤 should λѤŪǤˤХꥫѸȤƤԤΤۤä̤ǤθʸǤ shall Ȥͽˡư줬ѤƤޤ˺ݤơ shall ζβ˵줿ΤǤ礦̤ȤơɬפȤפƤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
εϤƤǤϤʤʸ shall Ȥˡư줬ѤƤΤˤĤƹͤƤߤȻפޤβսΤߤʤ餺 Rule 2.01 Τʸ̮įƤߤޤ礦ŬüޤʤѤޤ
The field shall be laid out according to the instructions below, supplemented by the diagrams in Appendices 1, 2, and 3. The infield shall be a 90-foot square. The outfield shall be the area between two foul lines formed by extending two sides of the square, as in diagram in Appendix 1 (page 158). The distance from home base to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on fair territory shall be 250 feet or more. . . .
It is desirable that the line from home base through the pitcher's plate to second base shall run East-Northeast.
It is recommended that the distance from home base to the backstop, and from the base lines to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on foul territory shall be 60 feet or more. See Appendix 1.
When location of home base is determined, with a steel tape measure 127 feet, 33?8 inches in desired direction to establish second base. . . . All measurements from home base shall be taken from the point where the first and third base lines intersect.
ΤȤơˡΧ§ʸΤˤդ路 shall ѤʸϢ³Ƥޤε§ɽ魯 shall ˡǤμ shall ʸϢ³ΤʤˡIt is desirable that . . . It is recommended that . . . Ȥۤʤ빽ʸĶ߹ޤƤޤ that Τʤǰ shall ѤƤ櫓ǤϢ³Ƹ shall ʸΤ褦ʤΤȹͤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ʤߤˡIt is desirable that . . . . бʸϡݤĤФݤ˸ϡ˸äƤ뤳ȤۤȤ롥פȤꡤdesirable äФƤޤǤ recommended ΥȤϰۤʤޤ
ϤꤽǤ̤ΥȤȤܵǤΤ褦 that ˡưԡ˻ѤˤĤƤϡεå
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡꥹʡ줿˲#517. Ū줬ˤʤư֤Ѹȯ --- He was given a book.ۿޤҤİ
§ȤƸűѸǤưľŪ줬Ȥʤưʸ¸ߤޤǤȤ³ѸˤʤꡤưδŪֻŪޤǤ⤬ȤʤưʸǽȤʤäƤޤʳפ (125--31) ˡϤۿؤȤʤޤ
Fischer ˤСѸǤϼΤ٤ƤμưʸǽǤ
1 The book was selected by the committee
2 Nicaragua was given the opportunity to protest
3 His plans were laughed at
4 The library was set fire to by accident
Ѹ˸Ǥϡμưʸγ˴ؤ¿ʤƤޤĤιͤΤΡͼư (passivisation) ˴ؤ쵬§ŬϰϤѲƤȤȤ館¿褦Ǥפˡưоݤ֤ȤȤưľŪ줫ŪءֻŪس礷ƤȤǤ
1ĤβǤ⤷ȤƤ⡤ʤʤΤȤŪɬפޤưȤϰۤʤ뤱ɤⲿ餫Ǵط츽ݤˤƤѲ礬äƤȤСȹ碌ƹͻɬפޤդλ Fischer (384) ˸äƤ餤ޤ礦
There are two general paths along which one could look for an explanation of these developments. One can hypothesise that there was a change in the nature of the rule that generates passive constructions . . . Another possibility is that there was a change in the application of the rule due to changes having taken place elsewhere in the system of the language . . . The latter course seems to be the one now more generally followed. Additional factors that may have influenced the spread of passive construction are the gradual loss of the Old English active construction with indefinite man . . . (this construction could most easily be replaced by a passive) and the change in word order . . . .
ѲβȸڤϡʤʤưפǤϤޤΤ˱ѸˤȤʬꡤ椬³ƤΤǤ
ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.
Fischer, Olga. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 207--408.
Ĥߤγȡ֥鹽ʸפȯͤˤĤƵˤʤäΤȤϡĴ٤Ƥߤͤ͡⤷͡äƤ⤽֥鹽ʸפȤϡˤܤαѸ춵ʼѸȳˤͭ jargon ݤʳưϰ̤ΤʤȻפäƤΤƳΤϺƣϺ Practical English Grammar (1898--99) 餷ƣܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ p. 112 ˼Τ褦ˤäʸ̮碌ưѤ롥
ĤŤƻˤƤ⡤Ȥߤ§Ƨ줿ǡ˴ޤޤɽΰ̣Ż뤵줿㤨Сפɽ certain some, any ΰ㤤Τۤ(a) few (a) little ˡˤ every, each, all, ever, always, since, ago, often, either, nearly, almost, still, same ʤɤˡ椵뤫Dz⤵줿ΤǤ롥
廊ơ㤨зƻ other ˡϢươ'one after the other' 'one after another' ʤɤɽҲ𤵤줿Ȥ˾ħ褦ˡġɽ˴Ϣ륤ǥ乽ʸ̤ηϲ뤳Ȥˤʤäη̡ΤˤȤäƤʤ߿ 'would rather A than B' 'no / not more /less than' Ϥᡤ'A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.', 'He saves what little money he earns.' Ȥä֤ʸƳ줿
ܤαʸˡˤ˻ȵ鹽ʸоǤ롥
ΤֹʸפȤäƤߤȡƤζ˶äŵ٤1ĤιʸȤܤ˸ΤǡƶϤ礭ΤֱѸεʸˡפȤǰ18ɤμڤʪ켫Τ绨ĤŪǤ롥ƣϺήΡ֥ǥפȤ֤ήȡߥΤ褦˺٤졤ġζŪʡֹʸפȤʤäƽФƤ롥ޤǶŪñ̤Ȥޤʤ¤ꡤѸȤʤؽԤˤȤäơֵʸˡפʤɤޤȤ˳ؤ֤ȤϤǤʤܿͳؽԤοäƺƣϺ꼰ΡֹʸפκǤͭ̾ʤΤ1ġ줬֥鹽ʸפʤΤǤϤʤ
ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
ϢƣܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ѡȤƤ롥
ܤΡֳؽʸˡפܱѳسε͡פȤΤƣϺ (1866--1929) μ1Ĥ Practical English Grammar (1898--99) 롥ƣʸˡνפħ1ĤȤơʻȤˤγʧäȤ롥ƣ (110) Ѥ롥
ޤΤ˴ؤ뤳ȤȤơŪʡʻʸפȡפζ̤űѤ줿Ȥܤ롥ʤ༫ȤθդڤС'In learning a language so slightly inflected as English, the study of form should go hand in hand with that of meaning. There is no need of separating English Syntax from English Etymology. The student must know the use and meaning of the different forms' ȤΤǤʺƣϺ Practical English Lessons, No. 2 (Fourth Year) ǡ1901ǯˡ
ĤޤƣϡѸηŪФθ顤ηϤۤƤֽijפȿѤˡַ ('form') ȡְ̣ ('meaning') ˤȤŤηϤȤƲŪʸˡݤªƤΤǤ롥
#4917. 2500ǯ˵ڤֳ֡ؽʸˡפο̮ --- ƣˡܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ ([2022-10-13-1]) dzǧ褦ˡܤˤʸˡϡŪˤΤΥꥷƥʸˡ̤롥θŵ϶Ǥ뤫顤ʸˡʤ礭͵ΤǤäʹߤαѸ϶ȤƤ˼Ȥ˰¸ʸˡĤ˻äƤˤ⤫餺ʸˡϷ˽Ť֤ˤߤĤƤˡȤϥʱʸˡۤȤʤä
ԤȴʤȤʤзζ̤ʤ̵ѤˤƤޤȸäΤܿͤǤƣϺä櫓ʤʤ˲äǤϤʤ
ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
δñѸ in English٤11椬ȯ䤵ޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ20ȤʤޤϤʤʤܼŪ䤤֤ʤѸʸˤϼ줬ɬפʤΡפ夲Ƥޤ

ѤʵǤ뤫餳줤ΤǤ͡äܸϼ줬ʤƺѤΤۤ¿ΤǡоȤȡѸΡּФ¸ߤʤФʤʤפȤʶ̾ˤǤ⤷ˤ櫓ǤʤѸϤʤ˼¸ߤˤ뤵Τȡ
ȤѸˤ֤äƤߤȡűѸѸȤŤˤϡɬ줬¸ߤʤʸ⤢äΤǤ⡤¸ߤ٤ʤΤ˾άƤȤǤʤ⤽¸ߤꤵƤʤʤĤޤά褦ˤά٤Τʤ˥餢äΤǤ
ϢܵǤϡդλޤκǸǤϡʸǼưҤä֤ꡤ̿ʸǼά쵬§ˤĤƤڤޤ11˼äƤߤƤ
#2278. ̣ۣ ([2015-07-23-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡۣȤäƤ͡ʥפ롥פ1Ĥξ (ambiguity) 롥ơξΤˤ͡ʥפ롥εǤŪʤΤȸŪʤΤϤ⤦٤ߤƤߤ褦Cruse (66) ˤС4郎Ȥ
(1) Pure syntactic ambiguity:
old men and women
French silk underwear
(2) Quasi-syntactic ambiguity:
The astronaut entered the atmosphere again.
a red pencil
(3) Lexico-syntactic ambiguity:
We saw her duck.
I saw the door open.
(4) Pure lexical ambiguity:
He reached the bank.
What is his position?
줾ɽˤɤΤ褦ξǤ뤫ʬ
(1) ˤĤƤϡ(old men) and women ʤΤ old (men and women) ʤΤ(French silk) underwear ʤΤ French (silk underwear) ʤΤȤ칽¤ζڤΰ㤤ˤξͿƤ롥
(2) ˤĤƤϡ絤ؤϵؤεԡˤ1ܤʤΤ2ܤʤΤ֤ɮפʤΤֱɮפʤΤȤξؤäƤ롥츫ŪΤ褦ˤ⸫뤷뤤ϸŪˤ⸫뤫⤷ʤºݤˤϤɤȤ⤤ʤȤⰷŤ餤פξʤˤĤƤ Cruse ˤ¿εˡ
(3) ξϡΥҥΤΤΤ⤬ƤΤΤ⤬ΤΤΰ㤤˴ط롥ǤŪװȸŪװåȤǺѤƤ롥
(4) ξϡbank ڼʤΤԤʤΤposition ʬʤΤʤΤȤ˸¿˴ŤΤǤ롥
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ#464. ޤˤȤ̡ơ̿ᡦɽ魯ư that Ǥ should + ⤷ϸסꤷֲˡߡפ should ˤĤơܽθűѸ YouTuber ʡˤǤޤˤ (masanyan) ȥեޥ˴̤ޤʤˤĤƤϡŪ hellog å⤴
ŵŪʸȡΤ褦ˤʤޤ
I suggest that John go to see a doctor. ʥꥫѸǤϡֲˡߡסʤŪˤϡָס
I suggest that John should go to see a doctor. ʥꥹѸǤϡshould + ס
λüŪ1ԤǵҤС
I suggest that John (should) go to see a doctor. ʥꥹѸǤ should Ѥ뤬ꥫѸǤ should Ѥʤ
ȤʤǤ礦üŪ褦ȻפС֥ꥫѸǤ should άפȸäƺѤޤ뤳ȤǤޤ
δάäơ־άפȤɽѤƤߤޤäƤʸ̮ǡ־άפȤˤϡŪΩˤä͡ʰ̣礤դƤΤդɬפǤ
嵭Τ褦˱ʸˡΩ줫ȤʬʬۤάäƤϡshould ξάפȤɽȻϹͤƤޤŪʱƺüŪ˵ҡŦǤޤ1ĤιŪʹԤȻפޤֲˡߡפȤŪޥʡѸФ˺ѤޤȤ⤢ޤʸˡоݥ٥ˤޤʸˡΤηŪҤδϵޤ1ĤιԤǤϤȤΩǤ
伫Ȥ칶ѸˤΩ졤뤤Ū̻ŪѸؤΩ줫餹ȡ־άפȤϸޤǤƤ褦ˡѸˤꡤŪʸ̮ǡֲˡߡפ should ξʸڤƤꡤɤ餬ŪΩɽʤΤϤäȳΤ뤳ȤǤʤǤŪȤơshould ά줿Τ뤤ϵդ줿ΤȤ褦ʻɤ뤳ȤǤʤΤǤäȤСѸˤӸؤλ餤С¾ȤϹͤƤޤֲˡߡפϷŪʸݡshould ѤɽŪʸݤȤ̡ǤꡤľŪϤʤȹͤΤŪǤξɽߤزǽä夬ĹΤ褦 variation δطäȲᤷޤĤޤꡤ¾櫓ǤϤʤȲᤷޤǤ顤̻ŪȤƤΡ־άפϤʤäǤˤäƤ⡤ϤäȳǧƤʤȤΩޤ
ˡŪΩ줫ߤȤɤǤ礦㤨ʸˡˤʬϤǰƬˤȡꥫѸήΡֲˡߡפ IP μ V ΰ֤뤱ɡꥹѸή should IP μ I ΰ֤ȤξԤΰ㤤ɽΤꤵޤǤΰ㤤߽ФƤ븶ưϤʤΤʸˡȤǤϤʤˤʬޤʤȤ־άפȸƤФΤǤϤʤޤ
ۤˤۤʤΩ֤ϤǤ
ܤŪʸ̮αʸˡѸȤƤФѤ־άפϡŪΩ֤ˤä¿ȤʤΤƤȤפȻפޤʤȤ⡤ŪѰۤҤˡȤƤΡ־άפѤƤǡŪ̻ŪȤƻǰƬ֤־άפ⤢ޤɤΤ褦Ω֤־άפȽҤ٤ƤΤפȹͤƤޤơơΩ֤ιͤʤƤȤƱͤ˽פȹͤƤޤ
ֱѸءץ Day 3 ǤϡѸ (syntax) ܤޤ1950ǯȾ Noam Chomsky ư衤ޤǤϤۤܤƤʤä椬Ȥߤ˳ȯޤʸˡ (generative_grammar) ӤȡǤΥȤ George Lakoff Ronald W. Langacker Ƴ1980ǯȾǧʸˡδޤϤǤܤ³ޤcf. #3532. ǧθΩη ([2018-12-28-1])ˡ
Ȥ櫓ѸϡָθפʤΤϽפǤѸȤΰû֤ǰ˾褦ȤΤ̵ΤǤŪΰ̤Ϥ̣äƤߤȻפޤ
1. ʸˡ
1.1 ĥ
1.2 #1820. c-command ([2014-04-21-1])
1.3 #2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬϡ ([2015-03-03-1])
1.4 #4860. ʸˡǤμưʸκ ([2022-08-17-1])
2. ǽŪʸ
2.1 ¤ȴ: #3831. ʤѸˤϴ줬ΤǤ ([2019-10-23-1])
2.2 #4641. ΥǥեȤν --- ֡֡տ ([2022-01-10-1])
2.3 #4864. ưȻ ([2022-08-21-1])
3. ѸθȤ: #4527. ѸθˤѤǤͤҲ ([2021-09-18-1])
4. heldio #450. ѸءѸˤεå
عʸˡǤϡǽưʸʤǤSVOʸˤưʸݤˡȤǽưʸμŪbe ưäꡤưʬˤꡤֻ by äȡʤȤȲ⤵롥
the teacher scolded John
John was scolded by the teacher
ʸˡǤϡΤ褦ǽưʸưʸ뤳ȤϤʤع¤ (D-structure) ˤƤǤȼι¤ꤷŪǤ֤˰ưȤͤ롥
Τ褦˹ͤϼ̤Ǥ롥ع¤Ǥϡǽưʸʤ [V' scolded John] Ȥ¤ꤵƤ롥̾Ǥ scold Ȥ¾ư줬 John гʤͿϤscolded Τ褦˲ʬˤʤȳͿǽϤȹͤ졤John ϳͿʤޤޤ֤Ȥʤ롥ȡJohn Τ褦̾ɬͿʤФʤʤפȤʥե륿 (case filter) θƤޤᡤ뤿 John ϳʤͿƤ館֡Ĥޤ꿼ع¤Ƭ ___ ؤȰưƤΰ֤ϡư was ˤäƼʤͿƤ館֤Ǥ롥ơǤɽع¤Ƴ롥
ʸˡήλųݤˤ͡ߤƤꡤʤ뤳ȤʤΤϡ˵ʤФʤʤ㤫顤ʸˡħ1ĤȤƳͿŻ뤹뤳Ȥʬʾ塤 (79) Ȥ
졡3ϡʸˡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
ΩʣȤ߹碌ơ1ĤθФʣ (compounding) ȤΤ褦ˤƷ줿Τʣ (compound) ȤʣʸˤʬˤĤƤϡ#924. ʣʬ ([2011-11-07-1])#2652. ʣ̾ΰ̣Ūʬ ([2016-07-31-1]) Ȥ줿
ϡʣȶ (phrase) ɤΤ褦˶̤ΤȤ夲롥ξԤȤΩʣȤ߹碌ƺȤǤƱ̤ʣϷŪñ̤ǤꡤŪñ̤Ǥȶ̤ƤȤ館롥㤨Сblack board ʹġˤ϶ blackboard ʹġˤʣȽǤ뤬ɤΤ褦˶̤Τʤֻ2Ǵ֤˥ڡ֤Ƥ뤫ɤϴŪˡˤܼŪʷȤϤʤʤȤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ
ʣǧˤĤơ (39) 3
a. ̣˴ؤŪʤΡ
2ġʤޤϤʾˤñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤΤΰ̣ʬΰ̣Ūʤ硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥ʰ̣
b. ֤˴ؤŪʤΡ
2Ĥñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤξԤδ֤¾Ǥʤ䡤ǽñΤߤñ줬դʤ硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥ʷŪʶ̩
c. Ūʴʸ̸ͭǡǤϱѸξ
2Ĥñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤ1ǽñ֤硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥
black board blackboard ζŪʥڥǾ嵭δǧƤߤ褦black ʹˤ board ġˤȤ2ĤΩñȤΰ̣ΤäƤС̣ˤ black board ΰֹ̣ġפưפ˳ФȤǤ롥blackboard ϰŪʹĤǤϤʤعǤμȤʤӤΤ˻ȤΤˤĤ줿̾Ǥ롥顤ºݤˤп˶ᤫäȤƤ blackboard ȤȤǤ롥blackboard ñʰ̣ˤäͽۤ뤳ȤǤʤüʰ̣ĤΤǤʰ̣ˡ
ˡǤ black board ˤĤƤ very black board blacker board Τ褦 black ΰ̣ĴӤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ʣǤ blackboard ˤĤƤ *very blackboard *blackerboard Τ褦ˤ뤳Ȥϵʤʣ2Ǥδطޤ˶̩ǤʷŪʶ̩ˡ
Ǹˡ blàck bóard ʣ bláckbòard ȤǤϡ֤ʬۤʤ롥ԤϰŪʶζѥ˽ԤϰŪʸζѥ˽äƤ롥
嵭ʣǧϡʤ (word) ΤΤǧȽŤʤȤ¿δϢˤĤƤϡ#910. ʤ (1) ([2011-10-24-1])#911. ʤ (2) ([2011-10-25-1])#912. ʤ (3) ([2011-10-26-1])#921. ʤ (4) ([2011-11-04-1])#922. ʤ (5) ([2011-11-05-1]) ȡ
2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
ε#4837. worth, (un)like, due, near ֻݤƻ ([2022-07-25-1]) ˰³worth ʻʬˤĤơHuddleston and Pullum (607) ˤȡޤ worth 㳰ŪʷƻǤȤεҤ롥
As an adjective, . . . worth is highly exceptional. Most importantly for present purposes, it licenses an NP complement, as in The paintings are [worth thousands of dollars]. In this respect, it is like a preposition, but overall the case for analysing it as an adjective is strong.
ǤϡHuddleston and Pullum ϲä worth ƻŪȷŤƤΤޤǽŪȤ2ŦƤ롥1ĤϡŵŪʷƻ餷 become ˤʤȤȡ⤦1Ĥϡʬ칽ʸŪˡ˽ҸȤƵǽǤȤȤǤ롥줾ʲ2ĤʸˤäƼ롤ֻǤϤʤȤȤ
What might have been a $200 first edition suddenly became [worth perhaps 10 times that amount].
[Worth over a million dollars,] the jewels were kept under surveillance by a veritable army of security guards.
ѲӽȤߤȡworth Ϸƻ餷ʤIt was more worth the effort than I'd expected it to be. Τ褦ӵʸϲǽǤϤ뤬worth 켫Τΰ̣ˤĤӤƤΤɤˤĤƤϵ롥ƱͤˡIt was very much worth the effort. Τ褦 worth ĴƤ뤫Τ褦ʸϤ뤬ζĴ worth ٤ĴƤΤ롥
⤦1ġ̯ŪʬϤ롥worth ֻǤдط̾ź뤳ȤǤ뤬ƻǤͽۤ롥ơͽۤäƤΤ
This was far less than the amount [which she thought the land was now worth].
*This was far less than the amount [worth which she thought the land was now].
嵭ƤŪɾʤСworth ŵŪʷƻȤϤֻŪħĤΤΡǤɤ餫ȤзƻȤȤˤʤꤽʪޤäǤ뤳ȤϾΤĤġ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
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