hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ڡ / page 9 (17)

syntax - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-08-29 Thu

#3776. ǽζȼ岻 (2) [phonetics][lexicology][syntax]

#3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡǽˤñǶȼäƤΤ¿ơɤΤ褦ʾѤ뤫ϡȤƤŪ˱Ʒꤵ롥ŪˤСñΤѤȤʸ˵Ȥˤ϶ʳξˤϼѤΤ§Ǥ롥顤٤ȤưŪ˾äƤ뤳Ȥ狼ŵŪ (121) 󤲤褦

 ñʸʸ
am[æm]Indeed I am [æm].I am [əm/m] leaving today.
is[ɪz]I think she is [ɪz].The grass is [əz/z] wet.
do[duː]You earn more than I do [duː].What do [də] they know?
will[wɪl]No more than you will [wɪl].That will [wəl/wl̩/əl/l̩] do.
can[kæn]But you can [kæn].George can [kən/kn̩] go.
at[æt]Who're you looking at [æt]?Look at [ət] that.
for[fɔr]What did you do it for [fɔr]?They did it for [fər/fr̩] fun.
to[tuː]The one we are talking to [tuː].They're going to [tə] Spain.
of[ɑːv]What are you thinking of [ɑːv]?a lot of [əv/ə] apples


ʸȤΤŪˤϸ̩ǤϤʤΤˤСľ˶ (empty category) Ǥ롥äơ"Readyi I am ___i [æm] to help you." "I left the meetingi she stayed at [æt] ___i till then." ˤƤ϶뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

ҡ3ϡ٥β׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ106--32ǡ

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2019-08-18 Sun

#3765.رѸ춵٤Ϣ6֤ʤưεʸʸˤ do Τ [rensai][notice][word_order][syntax][syntax][do-periphrasis][grammaticalisation][interrogative][negative][auxiliary_verb][sociolinguistics][sobokunagimon]

814ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ9ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ6Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤưεʸʸˤ do ΤפǤ do λѤϡѸ礤ʤȤäƤ褤ΤǤŪˤߤƤ⡤ʤΤ褦ɽdo ˡȸƤӤޤˤиΤˤĤƤ͡ʲ⤬ꡤʤǮоݤˤʤäƤޤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ9



ѸޤǤϡʸʸ뵬§ñǤưμˤ餺ʸǤϼư֤ʸǤưΤȤ꼭źФ褫äΤǤѸ be ưưϡޤˤΤ褦쵬§ݤ³ƤޤΤǡѸޤǤϰưƱ§˽äƤ򤹤Ф褤Ǥ礦16ʹߡưεʸʸˤϡdo ˡѤȤʵ§ȯãΩƤäΤǤdo εǽܤСdo ֤롤Ԥʤפ̣ư줫顤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤФƽưؤȯãѲȤȤ館ޤ
ǤϤʤ do ˡΩ礷Τʤ16Ȥߥ󥰤äΤʤɤ˿ޤ褯ʬäƤʤȤ¿Τ¤ǤκǸǤϡ֤⤷ꥶ٥1뺧ѻ̤ĤƤʤС do ˡϤɤΤ褦ȯŸƤȤˤΡ֤⤷פƤߤޤɤɤ
ܥ֥δϢ뵭ȤƤϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1]) ϤȤ do-periphrasis ε

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ6󡡤ʤưεʸʸˤ do ΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ9桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ81462--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-14-1]

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2019-08-18 Sun

#3765.رѸ춵٤Ϣ6֤ʤưεʸʸˤ do Τ [rensai][notice][word_order][syntax][syntax][do-periphrasis][grammaticalisation][interrogative][negative][auxiliary_verb][sociolinguistics][sobokunagimon]

814ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ9ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ6Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤưεʸʸˤ do ΤפǤ do λѤϡѸ礤ʤȤäƤ褤ΤǤŪˤߤƤ⡤ʤΤ褦ɽdo ˡȸƤӤޤˤиΤˤĤƤ͡ʲ⤬ꡤʤǮоݤˤʤäƤޤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ9



ѸޤǤϡʸʸ뵬§ñǤưμˤ餺ʸǤϼư֤ʸǤưΤȤ꼭źФ褫äΤǤѸ be ưưϡޤˤΤ褦쵬§ݤ³ƤޤΤǡѸޤǤϰưƱ§˽äƤ򤹤Ф褤Ǥ礦16ʹߡưεʸʸˤϡdo ˡѤȤʵ§ȯãΩƤäΤǤdo εǽܤСdo ֤롤Ԥʤפ̣ư줫顤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤФƽưؤȯãѲȤȤ館ޤ
ǤϤʤ do ˡΩ礷Τʤ16Ȥߥ󥰤äΤʤɤ˿ޤ褯ʬäƤʤȤ¿Τ¤ǤκǸǤϡ֤⤷ꥶ٥1뺧ѻ̤ĤƤʤС do ˡϤɤΤ褦ȯŸƤȤˤΡ֤⤷פƤߤޤɤɤ
ܥ֥δϢ뵭ȤƤϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1]) ϤȤ do-periphrasis ε

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ6󡡤ʤưεʸʸˤ do ΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ9桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ81462--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-14-1]

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2019-08-07 Wed

#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤ [celtic][borrowing][syntax][contact][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][do-periphrasis][reflexive_pronoun][be][nptr][fricative_voicing][cleft_sentence]

20ǯۤɤδ֤ˡ֥ȸ첾 ("the Celtic hypothesis") ˴ؤ븦椬ƤѸϸðʳˤƤ⡤ͤƤʾˡ֥ƥδظǤ륱Ƚ줫鶯ƶƤȤ1δظƶȤäƤ褤cf. #1342. ظƶؤȽ ([2012-12-29-1])ˡŪˤʤäƤŪˤɤΤ褦ʹ¤Ūʸबȸ줫αƶȤߤʤƤΤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦ʲDurkin (87--90) ˤڤˤ뤬Durkin Ȥ⥱ȸ첾ФƤϤȲŪ٤򼨤Ƥ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ

űѸˤ be ư bēon ̤ȿꡤ³򼨤Ѥˡ륺 be ư줬¸ߤ롥
-self κƵ̾ȯãcf. #1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1])
be + -ing οʹԷ¤ȯã
do ѤŪ¤ (do-periphrasis) ȯã
ŪͭԹ¤ŪͭԹ¤ؤΰܹ (ex. he as a pimple on the nose he has a pimple on his nose)
"Northern Subject Rule" ȯãcf. #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])
ط줢뤤ܿ٤
it Ѥʬʸ (cleft sentence) ȯã (ex. It was a bike that he bought (not a car).) ʤե󥹸бʬʸ⥱ȸαƶȤȤ (Durkin 87)
/f/ /v/, /θ/ /ð/ βŪΩȯãݻcf. #3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) 2ܡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-07-18 Thu

#3734. ٥ȸ VSO ε [word_order][syntax][celtic][generative_grammar][world_languages][reanalysis]

ĸδܸ SOV äȹͤƤ뤬Ǥϴܸ礬ѲΤ⤢롥Ѹĸ줫饲ޥĸФ˻˵ڤĹˤΤʤǡܸ SVO ؤѲƤʸˡήˤСO ΰư (movement) Ȥ櫓 (fronting) η̤ȤƤθ礬ǥեȤȤ夷Τȹͤ뤳ȤǤ

#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1])
#3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡס ([2017-11-22-1])
#3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡס ([2017-12-21-1])
#3733.رѸ춵٤Ϣ5֤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤס ([2019-07-17-1])

O ǤϤʤ V ֤줿 VSO ȤѰŪʸ礬䤬ƥǥեȤȤ夷줬롥٥ȸ (Insular Celtic) Fortson (144) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

If verb-initial order generated in this way [= by fronting] becomes stereotyped, it can be reanalyzed by learners as the neutral order; and in fact in Insular Celtic, VSO order became the norm for precisely this reason (the perhaps older verb-final order is still the rule in the Continental Celtic language Celtiberian). A similar reanalysis happened in Lycian . . . .


βǤȡ餯ŪװˤѰ۸1ĤˤʤäΤǥեȤθȤƺʬ (reanalysis) 졤夷ȤȤˤʤȡġΰˤܸϡ褽 SOV ƳФ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ʿʸ VSO ȤߤΤʤȤȤƤϡʤưǻϤޤȤФϥޥĤʤȤ#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡVSO θΤʤǤ褷ƵʸǤϤʤθδܸˤĤƤϰʲ⻲ȡ

#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])
#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])
#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])
#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])
#3129. ܸ෿ (4) ([2017-11-20-1])

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.

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2019-07-17 Wed

#3733.رѸ춵٤Ϣ5֤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤ [rensai][notice][word_order][old_norse][syntax][contact][synthesis_to_analysis][sociolinguistics][sobokunagimon][link]

714ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ8ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱܵѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ5֤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤפǺܤƤޤɤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ8



ɸ䤤üŪʤС (1) űѸζޤŪͳѸˤƿहȤȤˡ(2) 쳰ŪͳĤޤꥤ󥰥ɤ轱󥰤ǤťΥɸȤ̤ܿơޤοब¥ʤ줿顤Ȥʤޤ
ˤĤƤϡرѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡؽ2011ǯˤ54ǤޤΤǡ⤴ȤϡΤ褦ʼҲŪװˤä礭Ѥꤹ뤳ȤΤǤ
Ϣơʲεɤ

#1170. ťΥɸȤθܿȶޤο ([2012-07-10-1])
#3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡס ([2017-11-22-1])
#3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡס ([2017-12-21-1])

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ5󡡤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ8桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ71462--63ǡ
δ졡رѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ

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2019-06-05 Wed

#3691. ޻Ǥܿ̾̾ν [romaji][syntax][onomastics][personal_name][japanese]

̾ϡδפѸ򽬤Ϥ᤿Ȥ޻񤭤Ǥ Ryuichi Hotta Ƚ³ƤѸζʽǤܿ̾ϤΤ褦ʽäѸǤϡ̾פȤ§ȤʤСä˵ȤʤäǯˤʤäƤ褯ͤƤߤȡ̾ϡδġפǤϤʤޤǡδפǤ롥޻ǽ񤯤ˤ衤¤ӽޤ᤿ Hotta Ryuichi ȤΤ̾ʤΤǤϤʤȤΤȤ˵Ť̾ˤ̾˥å͡ʤɤ̾äƤ褤Ǥ̾νؤꥢȤäƤ褤̾ȤʤСϤ Hotta Ryuichi ʤΤʤȡǤϻפäƤ롥
轵ʸģܿ̾Υ޻ɽ̾νǽ񤯤褦ˤȴģƻؤʤɤΤФȤʹ򤤤Ĥɤ¤ϡĤƤ褦ʤ줬Ф줿Ȥä2000ǯʸʡ쿳IJ񤬡θ¿ռƤ٤ȤˤΤȤˡ̾Υ޻ɽ˾ޤΤǤ롥2000ǯ˼줿夷ʤäκǶκdzϡϺλüȯ褦νʿ (Xi Jinping) ڹʸ (Moon Jae-in) ʤɤϱѸǤ̾ɽƤΤˡܿͤƼ˹碌ƤΤ̯ǤϤʤȤ櫓꼫Ȥϡ̾ɤʤɤǤϻ̤̾ˤƤ뤬ͤǴĥäƤƤ̵̣ȤơƤʤ뤳ȤˤȤ
ܿ̾Υ޻ɽ̾δԤϡͽ̤ꡤβΰĤä餷¿ƾ (1854) Ǥ̾ǥ󤵤ƤȴҶ밸ƤαѸμ Tomomi Iwakura ǧʤɡ̾⸽褦ˤʤäǤ1870ǯޤǤϤޤ̾¿ä褦ǡ̾ƤΤϡ³80ǯ塤90ǯˤʤäƤȤ
ǯưȤƤϡ2001ǯٰرѸ춵ʽǤ̾ǼʾҲ𤹤褦ʱʸ̤ä2002ǯٰʸ2000ǯ̾ȤʤäƤȤޤΤˤäƤⴷԤϰۤʤ褦ȤܥåǤ2012ǯ̾ˤ뤳Ȥȯɽ쥸åȥɤʤɤǤ̾ޤŪǤ롥ŷȥ西ư֤Τ褦ʹݴȤ̾Ȥ
2000ǯǤ夷ʤäʸģκĩոΤʤߤˡ伫ȤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ʸ񤭤 HOTTA Ryuichi ʤɤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ľʤȤ򤤤ػ˺ޤ줿æĤĤ Ryuichi Hotta Ƚ񤤤Ƥ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤ롥
⤽ѸܸȤǤʤ̾νۤʤΤȤϡ̣Ȥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) ɤ

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2019-03-17 Sun

#3611. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤ [infinitive][syntax][passive][voice][construction][sobokunagimon]

ɸ He is to blame. ϡդ٤ˤǤפȤ̣Υե졼̩ (voice) θСפϡդΩǤ뤫 He is to be blamed. Ȥˤʤ٤Ȼפ뤫⤷ʤºݡԤǤ̣̤뤷ʸˡŪʤΤŪʥե졼ȤƤԤѤ롥ʤ
ϡư̾ˤĤƲ⤷#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1]) ȡ#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1]) Ȥط롥ư̾Ʊͤ (infinitive) ư̾첽ȤǽäƤ롥ư̾ˤư줬̾첽ȡȤȤư줬äƤ֤Ω¤ǽưưζ̤ʤѤ褦ˤʤ롥to blame ϡäƤηǽưŪˡ񤹤٤פȤʤ뤷ưŪˡ񤵤٤פȤʤΤǤ롥̤¤ƤȤȤϡʸ̮ˤꤤˤᤷȤȤǤ⤢롥He is to blame. ξˤϡ̣塤ȤȤƲᤵȤ櫓There is a house to let. I have something to say. Τ褦ʡַƻŪˡפ⡤֤¤Ȥȯۤͳ褹硤p. 238ˡ
ʤư̾ˤ֤¤ϡޤǤ줬̾ݤäƤħǤ롥ʹߡʤư̾ˤϤषưŪʤ򶯤ƤƤꡤ¤Ƥ֤Ω褷ƤƤ롥η̡ŪǤϤʤȤϤ He is to be blamed. ʸˡŪ˵Ƥ褦ˤʤäɸΤ褦ʹʸϡŤħФΤ褦¸ߤʤΤǤ롥

ʸͺرѸȯãˡǡٴȽŹ2005ǯ

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2019-03-10 Sun

#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ [syntax][gerund][participle][passive][voice][category][construction][sobokunagimon]

ɸʸϸɽǤϤ뤬ߤǤȤ뤳Ȥ롥ֲȤƤƤȤפȤưŪʰ̣бˤϡưʹԷѤ The house is being built. Ȥʤ٤ǤϤʤΤȵ˻פ뤫⤷ʤεϤäȤǤꡤΤ˸ԤμưʹԷιʸɸŪǤϤ롥Ǥʤɸ The house is building. ϲǽŪˤϤष̤äǽư֤ȼư֤Ȥ (voice) ζ̤ˤ뤵ϤαѸǡʤɸʸΤ
ŪˤϡThe house is building. building ϸʬǤϤʤư̾Ǥ롥Ʊ -ing ʤΤʶ路ξԤϵǽޤäۤʤ롥The house is building. ʳˤ The house is a-building. Ȥʸꡤˤʳˤ The house is on building. ȤʸäĤޤꡤbuilding build ư̾Ǥꡤ줬ֻ on ŪȤʤäƤȤ칽¤ʤΤǤ롥̣ŪˤϤޤˡַפȤȤˤʤ롥ֻ on 岽ƬŪ a- Ȥʤꡤ줬˼岽ǽŪˤϾüƤޤäˡ⸽߿ʹԷʸΤ褦ʸɤˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ롥
ư̾ưͳǤ뤫ưŪǻĤƤȤϤȤƤ̾Ǥ롥֤ȤܼŪưˤʸˡƤǤꡤ̾ˤϴͿʤäơư̾פȤƤ building ǤϡַƤפȡַƤפ֤Ω¤Ƥ롥ޤܸΡַۡפԤä꤯褦ʰ̣äƤΤֻ on ȼäơַפΰդȤʤΤϼ
Τ褦ʹʸϡȤϤߤǤѤ뤳Ȥ뤷Ѹޤ̤Ф褯ߤ줿Ȥơʲ󤲤Ƥ硤pp. 229--30ˡ

The whilst this play is playing --- Hamlet, III. ii. 93.
While grace is saying -- Merch. V., II. ii. 202
What's doing here?
The dinner is cooking.
The book is printing.
The tea is drawing.
The history which is making about us.

ɸ䤤 the house ȡbuilding Τʤ˼ޤäƤȤȤư build ȤϡŪˤľŪطˤ櫓ǤϤʤ򤫤Сbuild the house ȤưȤʸǤϤʤȤȤɸŪ The house is being built. ϡưȤʸǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ2ĤιʸϵޤäۤʤäƤꡤ٤ƹäƤ⤷ʤʪʤΤǤ롥
ʬư̾줬ޤäۤʤ뵡ǽʤ⡤Ʊ -ing ȤʤäƤŪаޤˤĤƤϡ#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

ʸͺرѸȯãˡǡٴȽŹ2005ǯ

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2019-02-11 Mon

#3577. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ʸˡ [aave][variation][variety][morphology][syntax][negative][be][auxiliary_verb][tense][aspect][inversion]

ε#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ ([2019-02-10-1]) ˰³McArthur ˰͵򤷤 AAVE θŪħˤĤơʸˡܤ롥

(1) ¾αѸѼˤߤ뤬¿̤Ѥ롥No way no girl can't wear no platform shoes to no amusement park.

(2) ¸߹ʸ there ǤϤʤ it Ѥ롥It ain't no food here.

(3) ʣͭʷ3ñ -s -ed ʤɤά뤳Ȥ롥He got three cent. / That's my brother book. / She like new clothes. / They talk all night.

(4) ʸ֤ʤʤȤ롥What it is? / How you are?

(5) be ư do Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥It don't all be her fault.

(6) be νˡThey be fightin. / He be laughing.

(7) Τ been ˤ󤤲νŪʹ԰٤ɽ魯I béen see dat movie. / She béen had dat hat.

(8) ˾ a ˤջ֤ɽ魯I'm a shoot you. (= I'm going to shoot you.)

(9) steady ʹԷ֤䡤ʸΰ֤ˤƶȼäŪʰ̣ɽ魯We be steady rappin. / We steady be rappin. / We be rappin stéady. (= We are always talking.) / They steady be high. / They be stady high. / They be high stéady.. (= They are always intoxicated.)

(10) Come ˽ưȤѤ롥He come tellin me some story. (= He told me a lie.) / They come comin in here like they own de place. (= They came in here like they owned the place.)

(11) like ֤ۤȤɡפΰ̣ŪѤ롥I like to die(d). (= I almost died.) / He like to hit his head on that branch. (= He almost hit his head on that branch.)

ΤˤΤ褦ʱѸäС狼ϤʸʹʤȻפ롥ۤʤȤۤɤεΥǤϤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥AAVE ΰ֤ŤǮӤӤ櫓

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-12-1]

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2019-01-26 Sat

#3561. ǫ򼨤ɸ please ȯã (3) [pragmatic_marker][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics][politeness][syntax][impersonal_verb][reanalysis][adverb][comment_clause]

[2019-01-24-1], [2019-01-25-1] ˰³Ƥꡥǫʰꡦ̿ɽ魯ɸ (pragmatic_marker) ȤƤ please ȯãνˤĤƤߤƤȯã˴ؤ2Ĥβ (1) Please (it) you that . . . ʤɤˤꡤưǤ please ʲڤΥƸɸȤȡ(2) if you please, . . . ʤɤˤꡤɽ魯° please ΩƸɸȤ⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥(1) ϼᤫȯã(2) Ͻ°ᤫȯãȤȤˤʤꡤоŪʲΤ褦ˤߤ롥
Brinton (21) ⡤ɤ餫ٻ櫓ǤʤAllen θ˴ŤξŪ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

An early study looking at an adverbial comment clause is Allen's argument that the politeness marker please originated in the adverbial clause if you please (1995; see also Chen 1998: 25--27). Traditionally, please has been assumed to originate in the impersonal construction please it you 'may it please you' > please you > please (OED: s.v. please, adv. and int.; cf. please, v., def. 3b). Such a structure would suggest the existence of a subordinate that-clause (subject) and argue for a version of the matrix clause hypothesis. However, the OED allows that please may also be seen as a shortened form of if you please (s.v. please, adv. and int.; cf. please, v., def. 6c). Allen notes that the personal construction if/when you please does not arise through reanalysis of the impersonal if it please you; rather, the two constructions exist independently and are already clearly differentiated in Shakespeare's time. The impersonal becomes recessive and is lost, while the personal form is routinized as a polite formula and ultimately (at the beginning of the twentieth century) shortened to please.


ɸ please θϤɤʤΤ뤤ξȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤˤϡѸˤξԤζ٤ܤĴɬפꤽ

Brinton, Laurel J. The Evolution of Pragmatic Markers in English: Pathways of Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Allen, Cynthia L. "On Doing as You Please." Historical Pragmatics: Pragmatic Developments in the History of English. Ed. Andreas H. Jucker. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995. 275--309.
Chen, Guohua. "The Degrammaticalization of Addressee-Satisfaction Conditionals in Early Modern English." Advances in English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Marcin Krygier. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998. 23--32.

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2019-01-25 Fri

#3560. ǫ򼨤ɸ please ȯã (2) [pragmatic_marker][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics][politeness][syntax][impersonal_verb][reanalysis][adverb]

ε ([2019-01-24-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥθɸ (pragmatic_marker) ȤƤ please ϡưθ³ǫʰꡦ̿ɽ魯Ūˤ please ˸³Τưθˤ餺͡ʥѥ󤬤ꤨOED please, v. 6d ˡ;ŪˡȤơ͡ѥεҤ롥

d. orig. Sc. In imperative or optative use: 'may it (or let it) please you', used chiefly to introduce a respectful request. Formerly with bare infinitive, that-clause, or and followed by imperative. Now only with to-infinitive (chiefly regional).

Examples with bare infinitive complement are now usually analysed as please adv. followed by an imperative. This change probably dates from the development of the adverb, which may stand at the beginning of a clause modifying a main verb in the imperative.


1543 in A. I. Cameron Sc. Corr. Mary of Lorraine (1927) 8 Mademe..pleis wit I have spokin with my lord governour.
1568 D. Lindsay Satyre (Bannatyne) 3615 in Wks. (1931) II. 331 Schir pleis ȝe that we twa invaid thame And ȝe sell se vs sone degraid thame.
1617 in L. B. Taylor Aberdeen Council Lett. (1942) I. 144 Pleis ressave the contract.
1667 Milton Paradise Lost v. 397 Heav'nly stranger, please to taste These bounties which our Nourisher,..To us for food and for delight hath caus'd The Earth to yeild.
1688 J. Bloome Let. 7 Mar. in R. Law Eng. in W. Afr. (2001) II. 149 Please to procure mee weights, scales, blow panns and sifters.
1716 J. Steuart Let.-bk. (1915) 36 Please and forward the inclosed for Hamburg.
1757 W. Provoost Let. 25 Aug. in Beekman Mercantile Papers (1956) II. 659 Please to send me the following things Vizt. 1 Dozen of Black mitts. 1 piece of Black Durant fine.
1798 T. Holcroft Inquisitor iv. viii. 49 Please, Sir, to read, and be convinced.
1805 E. Cavanagh Let. 20 Aug. in M. Wilmot & C. Wilmot Russ. Jrnls. (1934) ii. 183 Will you plaise to tell them down below that I never makes free with any Body.
1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 88 Please then to take my place.
1926 N.E.D. at Way sb.1 There lies your way, please to go away.
1973 Punch 3 Oct. Please to shut up!
1997 P. Melville Ventriloquist's Tale (1998) ii. 140 Please to keep quiet and mime the songs, chile.


ʸ狼褦ˡthat , to 졤졤and do ʤɤΥѥǧ롥Τ줬³ΤΰŪǫʰꡦ̿ɽ魯ˡȤƹޤäƤäΤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-26-1]

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2019-01-24 Thu

#3559. ǫ򼨤ɸ please ȯã (1) [pragmatic_marker][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics][politeness][syntax][comment_clause][impersonal_verb][reanalysis][adverb]

ǫʰꡦ̿ɽ魯졦ȤƤ please ϡǽŪˤϥݥ饤ȥͥ (politeness) ̤ɸ (pragmatic_marker) ȤäƤ褤ȤȤϡ?Ф롤?˵פΰդưǤꡤưȤƤˡϸߤߤ줬ˤƸɸƤäΤOED please, adv. and int. θ츻ˤСƻڤȤƤ2̤꤬ͤȤ

As a request for the attention or indulgence of the hearer, probably originally short for please you (your honour, etc.) (see please v. 3b(b)), but subsequently understood as short for if you please (see please v. 6c). As a request for action, in immediate proximity to a verb in the imperative, probably shortened from the imperative or optative please followed by the to-infinitive (see please v. 6d).


ͤƻڤ1Ĥϡ;ưȤѤƤ please (it) you ʤɤޤäȤΤǤꡤ⤦1Ĥϡ;ưȤѤƤ if you please ޤäȤΤǤ롥ȤƤԤ᤯ԤԤ˴ŤΤǡ1530ǯ˽ФƤ롥;ưȤƤ please ˡϡ15˥åȥɤκȤˤäѤФΤǤ롥Τ줫ɽޤäΤŪʸɸȤƽƸΤϡOED ˤ1771ǯǤ롥

1771 P. Davies Let. 26 Sept. in F. Mason John Norton & Sons (1968) 192 Please send the inclosed to the Port office.


Ūˡ please ɽȯãΤꤹΤ񤷤ȤʤꤨɽϾ嵭2Τۤˤ⡤͡ɽäǤ롥㤨СۤƱȤ if it please you (cf. F s'il vous plaît), may it please you, so please you, please to, please it you, please you ʤɤäˡϡΤʤ뤤Ϥ٤ơˤ˵ĤȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-26-1] [2019-01-25-1]

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2019-01-15 Tue

#3550. ܸز϶ֱ may ʸˤĤäޤ [notice][optative][auxiliary_verb][syntax][word_order][academic_conference][may]

Ȥаޤˤꡤ119ڡˤ15ػĥѥ446ֶˤˤơܸز϶ιֱˤƤä뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤȥϡֱѸ may ʸεȯãפǤס̵ǤΤǡؿθϤӤ
May the Force be with you! ʥեˤ󤳤Ȥ򡪡ˤɽ may ѤʸˤˤĤƤϡǯ֡ؿ³ƤޤرѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡʸҡ2016ǯˤ4.5Ǥ夲ޤܥ֥Ǥ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) ʤ optative γƵˤƤ̤Ǥ
ʤˤä may Ȥư줬ѤƤΤʤ VS ˤʤɬפΤʤɡŪ椬¿ʤΤǤ̻ŪˤߤȤ٤ͳʬäƤޤ̻ŪˤߤƤȤʬ¿ĤäƤꡤ;ϤޤܳŪĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפΩäΤŪǶǤΤǡ٤ιֱǤϤޤǤʬäƤ뤳ȤޤȤ᤿ꡤܲͤƤȤäȤȤˤʤޤԲĻ׵Ĥ̥ŪʹʸˤĤơŪʻޤĤĵƤߤȻפäƤޤ
ȤۤȯɽϤˤΤǤʸƱνǤꡤܸز϶ڤƤʼΥץå⤢Ҳ𤷤Ƥߤޤʤߤ˰ϡǯ121--2˳Ťܸز212ܤ˹Ԥʤ줿1󡡸ץˤơʤͥޤԤǤαξμ̿򻲾ȡ

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2018-12-24 Mon

#3528. ˡưŤͤ줿 [auxiliary_verb][grammaticalisation][speed_of_change][syntax]

ѸǤϡwill, shall, can, may ʤɤˡưŤͤѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤˡư1ĤΤߤѤ졤θưθ³ȤƤʤĤˡư2ĽŤͤ뤳ȤǤ夬ä
(350) 򻲾Ȥ (89--90) ꡤѸ줫򼨤

a. Shall ̤ + Will ְջ֡
   whase wilenn shall þiss boc efft oþerr sitþe written
   'whoever shall wish to write this book afterwards another time' (?c1200 Orm D. 95)
b. Shall ̤ + Can ǽϡ
   I shal not konne answere.
   'I shall not be able to answer.' (c1386 Chaucer, C. T. B 2902)
c. Shall ̤ + May ǽϡ
   Hu sal ani man ðe mugen deren?
   'How shall any man be able to injure thee?' (c1250 Gen & Ex 1818)
d. May ֲǽ + Can ǽϡ
   it may not kon worche þis work bot ȝif it be illuminid by grace
   'it may not be able to do this work unless it be illumined by grace' (?a1400 Cloud 116, 14)


ߤˡưϤȤȤϰưˤʤäŪˡưؤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ƥаޤ롥ư줫ˡưؤƤΰܹԤϡˤڤؤ櫓ǤϤʤ饸奢ʲäˡΰܹԴˤƤϾ嵭Τ褦ξƤ碌ä褦ʡ2ĽŤ͡פƤ줿ȤȤѸʹߡι¤ѤƤ
ʸǤϡ2ˡưˤĤơġνư֤ˡư첽®٤ۤʤäƤȤطʤˤȵƤ롥ۤʤΩ줫δϢȤƤϡ#1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1])#1670. ˡưȯã V-to-I movement ([2013-11-22-1]) 򻲾ȡ

סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ
͵4ϡʬˤʸˡʬ --- ˡưȯã濴 ---סʸˡ --- Ÿ ---ٽ ¼ݺ ƻͺԡˡĬҡ2005ǯ75--108ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-26-1]

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2018-12-18 Tue

#3522. Ѹˤˤ֤εǽ [syntax][word_order][inversion][pragmatics]

Stein ϱѸ2 (inversion) Ȥꤢ줾줬Ūˤʤ뵡ǽѲ뤲ƤƤ롥Stein (135, 139) ΰäֹ¤ϡ type A type B Ǥ type A ϿƳ̤type B 򶯤̤ѸƬƤΤǤꡤűѸֹ¤ľܤ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤϤʤ

[ type A ]

In came Chomsky.
Down with the rebound comes . . .
Beyond it rose the peopled hills.
Developing offshore drilling in California are two Texas oil men.

[ type B ]

Rarely did I hear such overtones of gratitude as went into the utterance of this compound noun.
Not until the Book of Splendour did appear in Spain in the thirteenth century did a formidable metaphysical text on cabalism appear.
Often did she visit the inhabitants of that gloomy village
Only of late have I learned about the complexities of subjectivity
Never did I hear about cabalism.

ֹ¤ŪܤϡStein (146--47) ˤм̤Ǥ롥

Prior to the central structural process, the grammaticalisation of SVO, inversion (or not) did have non-propositional meaning, which is best described as 'textual' or discourse meaning, but no affective meaning. . . After the dissolution of the Old English types of inversions, the late Middle English situation shows an incipient tendency for use as a focussing device. The modern developments include the rise of the B type (the emotional type), expressive and subjective in meaning, as well as the rise of the A type, with a discourse-cum-affective type of meaning. The latter type is in part a renaissance of a discourse meaning that was present in the Old English (VSO) pattern, which did not have the affective component. To that extent the development has gone full circle.


ʾޤȤСŪ˸礬ŪͳäűѸǤϡ֤εǽŪʤΤòƤSVOظѸǤŪǽϼƾεǽȯãSVO礬ΩˤƤϴŪʵǽ̤ǽФƤȤȤˡʬŪŪʵǽ褷ƤȤή
֤ηǤϤʤǽŪܤȤΤ⡤ͤùǤȤ⤷ʤ񤷤ˤ

Stein, Dieter. "Subjective Meanings and the History of Inversions." Subjectivity and Sbujectivisation: Linguistic Perspective. Ed. Dieter Stein and Susan Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 129--50.

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2018-12-15 Sat

#3519. ???????????????????????????? [optative][interrogative][exclamation][tag_question][syntax][word_order][construction_grammar][inversion]

2֤ε#3517. if Ȥ鷺 V + S Ȥ ([2018-12-13-1])#3518. ȵʸζᤵ ([2018-12-14-1]) ǡỤ̄Ūʴֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פõäƤ֤ˡ⤦1ġִòפȤɤ⻲ä
òʸǤϡʸŵŪ˵ V + S θ礬ФкѤ롥Jespersen (499) ʸ󤲤褦

Sh Merch II. 2. 106 Lord, how art thou chang'd
Sh Merch II. 3.16 Alacke, what heinous sinne is it in me To be ashamed to be my Fathers childe
BJo 3.133 what a vile wretch was I
Farquhar B 321 What a rogue is my father!
Defoe G 44 what fool must he be now that they have given him a place!
Goldsm 658 What a fool was I, to think a young man could learn modesty by travelling
Macaulay H 2.209 What a generation of vipers do we live among!
Thack N 180 What a festival is that day to her | What (how great) was my surprise when they were engaged!
Bennett C 2.12 What a night, isn't it?


ǸʸǤղõ䤬ĤƤ뤬ʤɤϤޤ˴òʸȵʸͻȤ⤤٤òȵ䤬蘆ä#2258. òʸ ([2015-07-03-1]) 㤬˭٤Ǥ롥
ޤòȴ˾ߤ˶ᤷȤפʤmay ʸ V + S 򼨤Τ⡤ò V + S Ȳ餫δط뤫餫⤷ʤ
may ʸȴϢơJespersen (502) ˡDickinson, European Anarchy 74 ζ̣ʸäΤǵ󤲤Ƥ

"The war may come", says one party. "Yes", says the other; and secretly mutters, "May the war come!"


may ϡʸŵŪ V + S 򡤴˾䴶òΤ˥ꥯ롼ȤȹͤƤߤΤ⤪⤷

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

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2018-12-14 Fri

#3518. ȵʸζᤵ [conditional][word_order][syntax][assertion][construction_grammar]

ε#3517. if Ȥ鷺 V + S Ȥ ([2018-12-13-1]) ǡV + S ξưŵŪ³ˡˤȯãˤĤƼꤢѸǺǤ̤ V + S θȤΤϵʸǤ롥Ȥȡȵʸδ֤˲餫ΤʤΤȤ䤬ͯˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦
ȵʸϡΤ˶ᤤطˤ롥ޤܵƳ³ if Ѥ뤳ȤפHe asked if I liked Chinese food. ϻȿҤͤפ Let me know if she is coming 뤫Τ餻ƤפʤɡԤǤ if ?ɤפ̾ƳΤ?ʤСפƳΤʸ̮˱ưۤʤȤξŪޤˤξ־פȡֵפȤʤΤǤ롥ܸ˸뷸֤פ⡤ŵŪ˵ɽ魯Ȥա
̣Ū뤤ŪˤС⵿ʸ "nonassertive" ǤȤǶ̤Ƥ롥Ĥޤꡤ̿ˤĤꤷƤʤȤȤǤ롥̿Ȥ̤βǽްդȤǡ"alternative possible worlds" ȤƤȸƤ褤ξԤۤʤΤϡϤǤϲȯù԰٤ˤʤʤʸǤϤǡֵ䡦פȤȯù԰٤Ȥʤ뤳ȤĤǤˤСִ˾פ̿ɽ魯֤ޤäƤʤȤȤΤ nonassertion Τ⤦1ĤŵǤ롥may ʸʤɤñȤǡִ˾פȯù԰٤Ȥʤǵʸȶ̤롥
Τ褦˹ͤƤȡʤ᤬ʸƱͤ V + S θȤΤܤʤξԤƤΤǤϤʤεǤ⼨̤ꡤֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פȤɤϸߤ˥󥯤Ƥ褦
(non)assertion ˤĤƤϡ#679. assertion and nonassertion (1) ([2011-03-07-1])#680. assertion and nonassertion (2) ([2011-03-08-1])#950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3) ([2011-12-03-1]) ε򻲾Ȥ줿

Leuschner, Torsten and Daan Van den Nest. "Asynchronous Grammaticalization: V1-Conditionals in Present-Day English and German." Languages in Contrast 15 (2015): 34--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-15-1]

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2018-12-13 Thu

#3517. if Ȥ鷺 V + S Ȥ [syntax][word_order][conjunction][construction_grammar][conditional][subjunctive][inversion]

Ѹˤϡɽ魯Τ if Ѥˡư֤Ѥ빽ʸ롥ʸ󤲤褦

Were I to take over my father's business, I would make a drastic reform.
Had World War II ended two years earlier, how many lives would have been saved!
Should anything happen to him, call me at once.


ѸǤϡwere, should, had ǻϤޤΤ˸ꤵƤꡤ̣ŪˤȿŪ˶Ƥ뤬ĤƤϵʸηƱͤ˰̤ư줬֤뤳Ȥ⤢äΩŪˤѤ줿Leuschner and Nest (2) ꡤűѸѸ줫󤲤褦

Fulga nu se mete ðære wambe willan, & sio wamb ðæs metes, ðonne towyrpð God ægðer. (YCOE: Cura Pastoralis, late 9th cent.)
"If the food now follow.SUBJ the will of the belly and the belly that of the food, God annihilates both."
Do þu hit eanes awei; ne schalt tu neauer nan oðer swuch acourin. (PPCME2: Hali Meidhad, c. 1225)
"If you get rid of it once, you will never (re)gain anything like it."
Deceyueth me the foxe / so haue I ylle lerned my casus (PPCME2: Caxton's History of Reynard the Fox, 1481)
"If the fox deceives me, I have learned my lesson badly."


ǽ2Ĥʸˤơ֤Ƥư³ˡηǤ롥
ʤɽ魯Τ֤ΤȤˤĤƤϡJespersen (373--74) ֵʸҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

A condition is very often denoted by a clause without any conjunction, but containing a verb placed before its subject. This construction, which is found in all the Gothonic language, is often explained from a question with implied positive answer: Will you come? [Yes, then] we can start at once.---A clear instance of this is AV 1. Cor. 7.27 Art thou bound vnto a wife? seeke not to bee loosed. Art thou loosed from a wife? seeke not a wife.


Jespersen (374) ϡֵʸǤʤȤͤƤꡤ³ơ³ˡȤƤˡβǽˤڤƤ롥

But interrogative sentences, though undoubtedly explaining much, are not the only sources of our construction. Pretty frequently we find a subjunctive used in such a way that it cannot have arisen from a question, but must be due to a main sentence expressing a desire, permission, or the like: AR 164 uor beo hit enes tobroken, ibet ne bið hit neuer | Towneley 171 Gett I those land lepars, I breke ilka bone | Sh Merch III. 2.61 Liue thou, I liue with much more dismay | Cymb IV. 3.30 come more, for more you're ready | John III. 3.31 and creep the time nere so slow, Yet it shall come, for me to doe these good.


ֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פȤɤ餫ηǸߤ˷ӤĤƤȤФ롥VS ȯãϡǶ夲Ƥ may ȯãˤꤲƤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. #3515. Ѹεʸ2 [2018-12-11-1]#3516. ˡ may Ʊ ([2018-12-12-1]))

Leuschner, Torsten and Daan Van den Nest. "Asynchronous Grammaticalization: V1-Conditionals in Present-Day English and German." Languages in Contrast 15 (2015): 34--63.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-15-1] [2018-12-14-1]

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2018-12-11 Tue

#3515. Ѹεʸ2 [optative][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][syntax][word_order][punctuation][may]

ٹ (158--59) ˤСѸˤϡߤޤ̤Ρ֤Ҥʴꤤפɽ魯ˡ (optative) ηȤơ2郎ǧ롥1ĤϲˡŪ³ˡ (subjunctive)ˤѤˡʰʲ (a)ˡ⤦1ĤϸƬ may ΩƤơּưפ³ˡǤʰʲ (b)ˡ줾򼨤

(a) ̾ʸƬΩơˡߤưҸȤ롥κݶΤƻ졦ʤɤΩƼȽҸȤž֤뤳Ȥ¿ȤС
   Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done.---Matthew, vi. 10.
   God bless and reward you for all your kindness.---Stowe.
   God forgive me!---Miss Mulock.
   Long live the Duke!---Charles Reade.
   Mine be a cot beside the hill!---Rogers.
   So be it, O Queen!---H. Hoggard.
   So help me God!---Hardy.
Τ褦ʤΤΤϾѤ줿ǤϤ뤬ǤϻӾθꤷΤۤϤޤ¿Ѥʤ˰äդ٤ϡΤ褦ʼͤθǤϺʤ̤ѤȤȤǤ롥
   Murrain take thee!---Scott.
   Devil take me!---Lamb.
   Generosity be hanged!---Thackeray.
   Dauphin be damned!---Shaw.
(b) ξ硤ˡѤȤ mayѤ롥ξ may ϤĤΩĤΤǤ롥ȤС
   May no evil dream disturb my rest!---Evening Hymn.
   May he rest in peace!---Irving.
   So may it be for ages!---William Morris.


ˡѤˤˡư may Ѥˤ衤ˡ (mood) ؤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ФСˡ (optative mood) ȸƤФʤǤ롥ޤ(a) ξϿդ(b) ξɬ֤ȤħŪϡ̾νҤǤϤʤȤͭɸȯù԰٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤ޡȤƵǽƤΤǤϤʤȻפ롥񤭸դǤϡ̾ﴶò (exclamation mark) ȼȤħ⤢롥
ʤmay бɥĸ mögen ³ˡ1⡤may ƱͤŪ񤤤򼨤ȤСMöge das neue Jahr viel Glück bringen! ʿǯ¿Ǥޤ褦ˡסMöge er glücklich werden! ˹졪ˤʤɡ

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-13-1] [2018-12-12-1]

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