if you like/choose/prefer/want/wish/will Ȥɽϡif you wish it to be so called ֤äƤ褱Сפۤɤΰ̣ǡȤƸǤ褯Ѥ롥Ūˤ if ѤŪ˵ƤȷӤĤ櫓ǤϤʤޤǥŪѤ롥3ĤۤʸƤߤ褦
It was, if you like, an error of judgment.
He, or She, if you prefer, could do better than that.
Music, if you will, is medicine.
Τ褦ʸŪʻȤΡif you + ưʸBrinton (273) "if-EC" (= if-elliptical clause) ȸƤǤ롥ιʸȯŪѸΤȤ餷θȤ Call it cruelty if you like, not mercy. Τ褦 "call it X" ʸäΤǤϤʤƤƤ롥ʸ (constructionalisation) ǰƬ֤Brinton (290) ͤηѤ褦
In conclusion, elliptical if-ECs --- if you choose/like/prefer/want/wish --- all serve metalinguistic and politeness functions in PDE; like and prefer are particularly common in these functions. The clauses make their appearance in the LModE period. Semantically the metalinguistic meanings of if-ECs can be seen as developing from the concrete propositional meaning 'if you choose to do X'. The syntactic derivation of these clauses is problematic, however, because it is impossible to trace their origin back to bipartite (protasis-apodosis) structures where the valency of the verbs is complete. Reconstruction of the complement of the verb in the if-clause proves difficult because of the varied complement structures found historically and the rarity of such structures with metalinguistic meaning. While if-ECs in their propositional meaning typically occur with an explicit apodosis (if you want, open the window), apodoses never occur when the if-ECs function metalinguistically (it's large, even gargantuan, if you wish [*you may say so]). Despite its rather late attestation, a more plausible source for the if-EC is the 'call it X' pattern, which is inherently metalinguistic. Metalinguistic if-ECs may result from constructionalisation of the 'call it X' pattern in conjunction with explicitly metalinguistic if you V- clauses.
˴ؤιȤ٤Ǥ롥
Brinton, Laurel. "If you choose/like/prefer/want/wish: The Origin of Metalinguistic and Politeness Functions." Late Modern English Syntax. Ed. Marianne Hundt. Cambridge: CUP, 2014. 271--90.
NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ12ΥƥȤȯȤʤޤϢΡֱѸΥܥʵפ9ϡ֤ʤѸθ SVO ʤΡפˤĤƼ夲ޤ

6ᤫʤ뺣ϢܵξФϤ줾ʲ̤Ǥ
1. ֻסäޤסֱѸ
2. θθ
3. ܸȤϡ
4. ΤαѸ SVO ФǤϤʤä
5. ֽפΤäƤޤä
6. ȤΤϡȥƥȡ
ѸϸθǤܸ͡ˤĤƤʸˡѸ¿Τ餺Ȥ⡤ѸˤĤơ5ʸפSVOפʤɤѸʹȤΤʤͤϤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ʸˡȤиʸˡΤȤȤä礭ʴְ㤤Ϥޤ¤äޤäƤΤѸȤħǤ
ǤΤ˸αѸϸθȤäƤ褤ΤǤˤ̤äƸŤѸƤߤȡ¤ϸŪͳäΤǤѸΤ褽ǯλѤǤűѸ (Old English) Ǥ SVO ϳΤͥǤϤäΤΡSOV ̤ˤߤޤ VSO ʤɤ⤢ޤۤɥ˸礬ޤäƤǤϤʤäΤǤ
Ƥλ¤ΤäȤˤϹȴˤʤޤ͡ѸϺǽ餫θä櫓ǤϤʤˤ̤ƸθѲƤȤȤʤΤǤ
ǤϡġɤΤ褦ˤơʤθȤʤäΤϱѸˤˤǤפ1ĤǤꡤμդȹ碌ƺʤ³Ƥޤ
ϢܵǤϡѸˤˤ뤳̥Ūʤ٤פҲ𤷤ޤɤ줯餤Ƥ뤫ʬޤʤȤ p. 132 θűѸνإ١ա٤ˤʤ١դȲʪǥΥ饹Ȥɬʢ饹ȥ졼ΥХĤ⤢꤬Ȥޤ
ѸˤˤƤϡˤƸ (word_order) ѲƤȤ䤤1ĤνפʸȤʤäƤ롥űѸǤϤ⤽ SVO ʤɤθǤϤʤŪͳä櫓ʤɤΤ褦ˤƸθ礬ȯãƤΤȤΤ礭Ȥʤ롥
ޤűѸǤϼ켫ΤɬܤǤϤʤ礤ʸȤפǤ롥ǤϡʤˤˤƼ줬ɬܤȤʤäΤŪȤʤ櫓
Τ褦ˡѸ˸ˤˤƸѲ (syntax) ˤδؿǤ³ƤȤǤ롤Ȥ츫ΤȤ館⿵Ť˺ƸƤɬפ롥ϳΤǤϤ뤬Ʊˤƾ¤ (information_structure) ˴ؤǤ⤢뤫Fischer et al. (211) ϡŪѲäϤκǸǡΤ褦˷Ǥ롥
Word order sits at the cross-roads between syntax and information structure. On the one hand, syntax provides the basic templates that speakers can draw on to manage the information flow in and between clauses. On the other hand, the repertoire of syntactic structures available to speakers is attuned to the demands of information management. Unsurprisingly, then, it is by taking into account information structure that most recent progress in understanding word order and word-order change has been made.
¤¦ߤȡűѸΤ褦˸礬ŪǤСν𤵤椨ɽμͳ٤褬롥礬경ȡ¤ݤ졤ˤԼͳ䤦ˡ̤θŪפɬפȤʤäƤ롥
ѸؽԤǤ䤿ϱѸθŪѲ䶦ŪѰۤñ˽䤹ˤȤȤ館ƤޤˤȤäƸȤϡΤȾʬŪŪǤϤ뤬⤦ȾʬϾ¤ä˴ؤǤ뤳ȤǧƤ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
̾ŲؤιⶶͤꡤҤĤ˼Ǥ줿 ԡˡμȤ˳褫ְ̣ױѸƳŪطʤȼȼ١ʤҤĤ˼2021ǯˤܤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ְ̣פˤѸƳˡȤΤˤĤƤϡٶμޤǤְ̣פʸˡѤĸѸΤ褦ʸˤȤäƤä꤯ΤȤȤ褯ʬޤ
ѸˤȤΩ줫ϡⶶμɮ4ϡѸˤߤذ̣١פȤ櫓⤷ɤߤޤ⤿ʤűѸˡְ̣פŬѤȡäɤʤΤޤ礬ΩѸ줫ѸˤƤưŪʻϡְ̣פǤϤɤȤ館Τְ̣פ̻˾褻ƤߤŪ¸Ȥɤߤޤ
4ϤϡݤȤƤϡְ̣ͤǤϤޤ¤ϱѸθˤûʬ䤹⤷ƤֱѸפˤʤäƤޤѸˤϸѤ˭٤ǡʤȤ˭٤ơˡʤʤѤʤΤǤ褯Ф줿ԸؤθڤˤФƤꡤΥơޤȤɤळȤǤȻפޤ礦̷ǸˤˤĤƽƤȤ⤢ꡤˤȤäƥǤ
ä hellog ȤơʲƤޤ¾ˤ word_order γƵȤ
#132. űѸ줫Ѹؤθȯã ([2009-09-06-1])
#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])
#2975. ޤοȸθ경ζϴط ([2017-06-19-1])
#3124. ܸ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])
#3125. ܸ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])
#3128. ܸ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])
#3129. ܸ (4) ([2017-11-20-1])
#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1])
#3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡס ([2017-11-22-1])
#3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡס ([2017-12-21-1])
#3733.رѸ춵٤Ϣ5֤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤס ([2019-07-17-1])
#4385. Ѹ줬Τ SV θäȻפäƤޤ ([2021-04-29-1])
ԡˡμȤ˳褫ְ̣ױѸƳŪطʤȼȼ١ҤĤ˼2021ǯ
ⶶ ͤ4ϡѸˤߤذ̣١ ԡˡμȤ˳褫ְ̣ױѸƳŪطʤȼȼסҤĤ˼2021ǯ87-113ǡ
§Ȥ¾ưȤѤư줬Ūȼʤޤޤ롥ʸ̮Ū줬餫ʾ礬¿ˡ̤ˤʤȡϤָ§Ȥ¾ưפȤ٥Ķơּưˡ⤢פذܹԤȤȤ館ۤʾ⤢դϾήưŪǤ롥
Quirk ʡ10.4) ꡤŵŪ¾ưȤѤưˤŪ줬ά4פ褦
(1) A specific object is recoverable from the preceding linguistic context:
A: Show me your essay. B: I'll show you later.
Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you dry.
In such instances the verb may be analysed as genuinely transitive with ellipsis of the direct object.
(2) A specific object is understood from the situational context:
Keep off [sign on grass]
Shake well before use.
Watch!
Don't touch.
The tie doesn't fit.
(3) A specific reflexive object is understood when the verb allows such an object . . . .:
I'm shaving.
They're dressing.
Some verbs allow omission of either a reflexive or a nonreflexive object: She's washing (herself or the clothes).
(4) A nonspecific object is semantically entailed . . .:
Are you eating again?
Do you drink?
He teaches.
I don't want to catch you smoking again.
They can't spell.
I can't come now, because I'm cleaning.
I don't want to read.
The range of understood nonspecific objects is restricted with some verbs when they are used intransitively. For example, Do you drink? refers to the drinking of alcoholic drinks, I'm cleaning refers to domestic cleaning and not (say) to cleaning teeth or cleaning a pipe, and to catch you smoking again normally excludes (say) smoking fish.
Τ褦ʿŪ¾ưˤϡŪʸ줬¿ȤդŪǤФɤפȤä鲿ɤΤŵŪʤΤְפȤä鲿ΤŵŪʤΤȤҲŪʥե졼䥹ץȤƱ춦ƱǼΤΤȤƶͭƤ뤫դ˸СɤŪ줬άƤ뤫Ĵ̤ơҲΥץȥŪʹư֤Ф뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Ѹ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ȤСThere is/are . . . . ιʸפ⤫̤֡ be ư There ϷΥߡμȤȤ館졤̣ομ be ưθ̾롥μ줬ưθȤΤϡѸ̾θ˾Ȥ餻㳰ŪȤۤʤư˷餷ΤʤФʤʤȤѸΰŪ쵬§ϡߡ there ˤäƽ餵Ƥ롥ˤ衤̤ǤʤפιʸǤ뤳Ȥ餫
Moro (149--50) ˤȡJespersen (155) ϱѸޤ¿θĴ¸ʸפˤ¸ԡˤưθ뤳ȡŵŪʼ餷ʤȤŦ
Whether or not a word like there is used to introduce [existential sentences], the verb precedes the subject, and the latter is hardly treated grammatically like a real subject.
㤨СɥĸǤ Es gibt viele Kartoffeln "(lit.) it gives many potatoes; There are many potatoes" Τ褦ˡϷŪˤŪȤɽ蘆롥եǤ Il y a beaucoup de livres. "(lit.) it there has lots of books; There are many books" Τ褦ɽϤ꿿ŪȤɽ롥롼ޥ˥Ǥ Sunt probleme "(lit.) are problems; There are problems" Ȥʤꡤthere ΤϤʤϤ꿿ưθ֤롥Ǥ You gui "(lit.) you have ghosts; There are ghosts" Ȥʤ롥
Moro ϱѸ there is/are ¸ʸˤߤ֤ϡष be ưΥǥեȤŪħݻ̤ǤȤƤ롥̤ be ưʸμ졤㤨 John is in the garden ʤ John is a student John ϡʤư֤櫓Ūư˸֤ƤΤˤäƷ夲 (raising) 줿̤ǤȤΩȤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥;ư (impersonal_verb) ȤƤ be ưȤ˴ŤؿΤϡܤ Moro 3ϤȤ줿
¸ʸΤϡ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1]) ȡ#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Moro, Andrea. A Brief History of the Verb To Be. Trans. by Bonnie McClellan-Broussard. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. P, 2017.
Jespersen, O. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: Allen and Unwin, 1924.
ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸ˤơΤαѸǤϼ줬ɬܤʤäޤűѸѸǤϼ줬ʤʸȤ夲ޤ¤ϸѸǤ귿ʸˤƤϡʸˡʸ̮䤦ȤΤǤ뼫ʼ줬ά뤳ȤϡʤޤQuirk (12.47ˤꡤ;̤˼줬άѥƤޤ
1;μξά
(I) Beg your pardon.
(I) Told you so.
(I) Wonder what they're doing.
(I) Hope he's there.
(I) Don't know what to say.
(I) Think I'll go now.
2;μξά
(You) Got back all right?
(You) Had a good time, did you?
(You) Want a drink?
(You) Want a drink, do you?
3;μξά
(He/She) Doesn't look too well.
(He/She/They) Can't play at all.
(It) Serves you right.
(It) Looks like rain.
(It) Doesn't matter.
(It) Must be hot in Panama.
(It) Seems full.
(It) Makes too much noise.
(It) Sounds fine to me.
(It) Won't be any use.
(There) Ought to be some coffee in the pot.
(There) Must be somebody waiting for you.
(There) May be some children outside.
(There) Appears to be a big crowd in the hall.
(There) Won't be anything left for supper.
פä¿¿ͤʼάʤȤݤǤϤʤǤ礦2;ΤǤϵʸܤǤꡤ3;ΤǤ it there 㤬¿ʤɡηǧޤ
ѸǤϸ§ȤƼ줬ɬܤǤ롤ȤȤϱѸؽǤʶ̾ȤƤޤǤ⡤Τ褦˼άλϳΤˤޤѸŪˤάϷ褷ƵǤϤʤäȤȤϡƤǽҤ٤ƤȻפޤ
ɸ breath-taking man-made तʣƻؤ2ǤȤƸʬȤN + V-ing פȲʬȤN + V-ed פ2ब롥̾ʬˤʤäƤưȤ̣ŪطˤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤΤ (100--01) ȤơηˤĤ롥碌ơOED ǯդ
ΡN + V-ing
(1) N V ŪȤʤ
breath-taking (1840), man-eating (1607), fact-finding (1833), habit-forming (1899), time-consuming (1600), English-speaking (1798); self-defeating (1812), self-sacrificing (1654), self-respecting (1597)
(2) N ɽ̲ƤʤֻŪȤʤʰʲǤϴͿֻ䤦
ocean-going [across] (1854), fist-fighting [with] (1950), law-abiding [by] (1839)
ΡN + V-ed
(3) "V-ed by [at, in, with] N" ȥѥե졼ǤطʰʲǤϴͿֻ䤦
moth-eaten [by] (c1400), self-taught [by] (1586), man-made [by] (1845), home-made [at] (1547), country-bred [in] (1620), star-spangled [with] (1600)
įƤߤȡʣƻǤȤʤ̾ưʬˤŪطϡˤ¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥СʣƻϡŪŸ줿ե졼٤ȡǴ֤ΰ̣طŪǤʤȤ⤤褦Τ褦¿ˤĤķȤƤΥѥȤƤ뤳Ȥʣƻ¸߰յʤΤȤϻפ
夲פʣƻŪȯ˴ؤƤϡ嵭νǯį¤ꡤѸΤΤۤȤɤǤ롥ᤤѸѤƤϤɤΤõƤߤʤä
ط١ҡ1988ǯ
NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in EnglishפΥƥȤˤơֱѸΥܥʵפϢܤƤޤ7ΥƥȤȯޤ4Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤʸ do ΡפǤ

be ư줪ӽưѤʸϡʸΤ˼ȤΡʽưҤä֤ Are you Japanese? Ȥ Can you cook? ȤФ褤ΤǤ¾ΰưѤʸξˤ do ʤ뤤Ŭ does, didˤͩΤȤޤ˸ޤѸؼԤǤСϲʤΤȸʤȤǤ͡
äȤˡŤϰư⡤ȤҤä֤Ȥˤ굿ʸäƤΤǤĤޤ Do you speak English? ǤϤʤ Speak you English? ä櫓Ǥưμˤ餺1ĤΥ롼ǰӤƤΤạ̇̄ǴñäȤˤʤޤȤ16ʹߡѸˡư˴ؤƤ do ѤȤ䤳ˡޤäƤޤʤΤ褦ݤȤΤϢܵǤϤޤ
ܥ֥ǤϢƤޤʲεˤŪˤ do-periphrasis εɤߤ
#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])
#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1])
Ѹ쿷ʹ˴ؤŪˤˤĤơFries γɤѥȤʤޤȤޤäƤꡤʬܳŪʴؿȤϤʤäΤΡƤ⤷ʬǧ뤳ȤǤä˴ؿäΤϸФ (headline) ̻ŪѲǤ롥ʲˡFries (1070--71) ƤҲ𤷤
ʹθФ70ǯĶˤͭ롥ָФפȤäƤ⡤䤿Ƥ륿פθФ (headline proper) Τۤˤ⤤Ĥμब롥1718ƬˤƤϡνн (dateline) äƸФȤ봷̤ä
ޤ̾Ի̾̾ʤɤ1, 2üŪɽหФ (section heading) Ūä (ex. "LONDON", "AUSTRIA", "BIRTHS", "SHIP NEWS") οʹǤСڡξ1ǰƤơޤΤȹͤ롥
20νᤫϡ³Ω渫Ф (crosshead) ⸽Ƥ
䤿Ƥ̾θФ (headline proper) ϡ¤ϸŤΤ褦ˤä櫓ǤϤʤ18ޤǤϾ嵭Τ褦˸ФȤ dateline §Ǥꡤheadline proper Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤΤ19äƤǤ롥θ塤¤ʬۤäƤʿѸ12٤7ĹˤޤĹ
headline proper ϡŪˤ̾ŪФưŪФʬ롥̾ŪФȤ The earthquakes, The Russian epidemic, Surrender of General Johnston, Brazil and Portugal, Russian and India Τ褦ʥפؤ
ưŪФˤϡTo cease fire, Normal life returning to Krefeld, Recall suggested Τ褦ưѤΤ⤢СGerman Cabinet resigns Τ褦ưѤΤ⤢롥19ޤǤϤۤȤɸ줺ưŪФϤƸŪħȤäƤ褤
ŪȤϰ̣Ūʴ鸫ФʬहȡArrival of the La Plata, Destructive Fires, Prices up Τ褦 "relational" ʥפȡA Scotch Ghost Τ褦ʽ˾˴ؤ̾Ūʡ"regional" ʥפʬ롥
ʹϡǥȤƤȯŸȤȤˡθŪħ礭ѲƤѸνפʥȤơʹѸŪˤ礭ʲǽꤽ
Fries, Udo. "English and the Media: Newspapers." Chapter 68 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1063--75.
˸ز2019ǯΥݥֿʲؤؤξԡפǤδĴֱ˴Ťʸ˸ء٤κǿ˷ǺܤƤ롥ʲؤȤʬˤĤƻ伫Ȥ糰ƣʸֳŪȡʼʡ˲ܲפɤߡΤ褦ʵʤƤΤȶ̣ФƱʸϡƬ (p. 69) ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
äˡʹָ礭ħȤʤäƤŪŪˤĤơ줬ʪΤȤ߹碌γŬŪʲˤȤֱư浯 (Fujita 2009, 2017, ƣ 2012 ¾ˤ֤ꡤǻĤƤ֡ʼʡ˲ܲ ((self-)-domestication)פδ褹ǽˤĤƹͻƤߤ
ʲؤʸˡˤơʻ (merger) ϡ2ĤΡʸùܤӸùܤʤ뽸ˤȤ߹碌1Ĥ̵ (unordered set) Ū黻סƣġp. 71ˤؤ꼰ȡMerge(, ¡ {, } ȤȤ2ĤΤǤȤ߹碌ñ1षʤʤ "Pairing Strategy" ȸƤФˡ3ĤΤȤʤȡάפϤäʣˤʤ롥
A ʾ, B , C ˤ3ĤΥåפꤷ褦3ĤΥåפäݤϤ2̤ꤢ롥B C ˤϤᡤǸ˺Ǿ A 碌ƤϤȤ1 ("Pot Strategy") ⤦1Ĥϡ A B ˤϤƤΰβΤ C ˤϤȤ ("Subassembly Strategy")
ƣĤβˤСάοʲϡ"Pairing Strategy" "Pot Strategy" "Subassembly Strategy" νǵäƤΤǤϤʤȤΤ褦ʡֹưʸˡפοʲϢưǡΤʻʲƤΤǤϤʤȡơβΤȤֱư浯פȸƤǤ롥
"Subassembly Strategy" κħϡ˷ߤƤΤʬʤȤƺѤסƣġp. 76ˤˤ롥ȿٱ䤵ǽϡʿкȤϤȤȤ館Ƥ褤⤷ʤϿʹ֤椹ǽϤ˴ؤΤǡּʲܲפȤФƤȤ
糰ȤƸѤˤĤޤޤ줿뤬ʲؤεʷϵΤ뤳ȤǤ
ƣ ̻ʡֳŪȡʼʡ˲ܲס˸ء9˸زԡˡ2020ǯ69--85ǡ
ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿ʹԷ ing äƸʬʤΡư̾ʤΡǤưοʹԷˤҤȤϸʬιʸήǤ뤬ǽư̾ιʸήǤ뤳ȤŦƥĤǤ
be + -ing ȤɽʹԷ (progressive form) εȯãˤĤƤϡѸ˾¿εʤƤޤʶȤƤꡤʤȸƤ٤Τ뤫ɤǤˤˤĤƤ Mustanoja (584--90) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤޤʲ˰͵ƳάҤ٤ޤ礦
űѸˤϡѸ be + -ing ΤȤ٤ʸȤ wesan/beon + -ende ޤθʬ -ende Ȥ֤äƤꡤ˹ä -ing ֤줿Ȥаޤޤcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])ˡűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϡΤ˷³ްդʸ̮Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤǤʤȤ¿ǽŪˤϸοʹԷľܤĤʤΤɤԳΤǤޤȤƤϥƥб빽ʸǤȤƤޤѸȡιʸϤषΩʤʤޤˤäƤ٤Ф꤬ߤޤѸˤ¤ĹϤᡤḽѸοʹԷϢʤήФޤŵŪ˷³ɽ魯ŪˡȯãΩΤϡ16ʹߤΤȤǤ
ʹԷεȯãäȳѤޤξܺ٤ϼ¤ʣǡѸ˸塤ε깭ƤޤűѸбʸ³ȯãǤȤ⤢СΡon + ư̾פιʸǤȤ⤢ޤ2ĤȤ߹碌3ƤƤꡤ줬ƤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ
¾줫αƶˤȯãȤ¿ޤҤ̤ꡤűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϥƥбʸ路ΤǤȤΤͭϤǤѸǤλѤˤĤƤϡťեбʸαƶ⵿ƤޤˡȸƶޤƤƤޤcf. #3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])ˡ
ʹԷϡΤ褦˱Ѹ˸̥ŪǤ³Ƥޤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ɸϡϥåŪǤ뤳Ȥǧʤ⡤ѸŪˤϿ˹ͤƤơޤǤ
̤ʸʿʸˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸˤ̤Ƽ (S) ư (V) Ȥ SV 礬ͥäȤϴְ㤤ޤߡܴۤ SV ǸǤޤäƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦ǯۤθűѸˤƤƱͤ SV ܴۤʤǥեȸäȤ뤫Ȥȡɬ⤽ǤϤޤVS 礬ޤ줿Ǥ
ֱܲѸƳ2021ʹǤرˤɽ줿ƥĤϤդŪ˰äƤޤֱѸθ SV ǤϤʤä
ΥƥǤϡ1֤ۤΡ#4378. űѸؤ褦 --- ֥Х٥פθűѸǤ ([2021-04-22-1]) Ǥ夲줿֥Х٥פθűѸǡѸǡѸǡѸǤѤ̻ŪӤʤƤޤ (cf. #2929. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ7ɤ١ ([2017-05-04-1])ˡƻǤΡ֥Х٥פΤ˴ؤơʸθǫӤΤǤη̡ŤǤФۤ VS 礬иƤ뤳ȤǧޤŤȤơʿʸδܸ礬 SV äȤϳΤʤΤǤޥΥƥʤ VS ǽäΤǤ
λ¤¿αѸؽԤˤȤäƾŪǤϤʤǤ礦Ѹδܸ SV ǤȤޤƤϤǤͤƤߤиѸˤŪȤϤ Here comes (V) the train (S). In no other part of the world is (V) more tea (S) consumed than in Britain. Τ褦ˡ礬ʸƬ˸ʿʸˤƸ礬 VS Ȥʤ¸ߤޤ
嵭鲿Ǥ礦Υƥˤ̤ꡤѸΡʸפȤ8ʸ5ʸʤ͡ʬबޤ꼰줿ˤ̤ƸǤޤäƤΤǤꡤŤϤäȼͳ٤⤫äȤȤǤʿʸǤ SV ʤ VS ٤¸ߴƤ夬ꡤԤ;ϸѸˤŪʤĤäƤȤפǤ
ˤˤƤϡȤŪʹܤǤ顤Ѳ뤳ȤȤȤǤ䤬Ƥλ¤ΤäΤΤȤäǤ礦ȴˤʤޤ
οܤϰǤϤ˱ơޤǤñ˷ŪˤȤɤޤ餺ꥺ¤ʤ͡ʴͻ٤ŪʤΤǤ
å ofפȸƤФˡ乽ʸˤĤơ#1775. rob A of B ([2014-03-07-1]) εDZѸˤδ龯ͤƤߤʤʤǡѸŪˤ⤭줤ˤϲ褷Ƥʤ褦Ǥ롥
Blake (134) (case) ̣ (semantic_role) δ餳äƤߤĤΤǡѤ
(39) a. The vandals stripped the branches off the tree agent patient source b. The vandals stripped the tree of its branches agent source patient
The roles appropriate for (39a) are noncontroversial. The vandals are clearly the agent, the branches patient and the tree source. Of the two sentences (39a) would appear to be unmarked, since it exhibits a normal association of role and relation: patient with direct object and source with a noncore or peripheral relation. The ascription of roles in (39b) is more problematic. Under a common interpretation of constructions like this the tree in (39b) would still be the source and the branches the patient. But note the different in meaning. (39a) presents the situation from the point of view of the effect of the activity on the branches, whereas (39b) emphasises the fate of the tree. In fact, the phrase of its branches can be omitted from (39b). This makes it problematic for those who claim that every clause has a patient. The problem could be avoided by claiming that the tree in (39b) has been reinterpreted as a patient, but that creates the further problem of finding a different role for the branches.
åιʸˤĤƳʤŪΤ褽䤿ľŪռ̤ȤʤäƤꡤɤΤȤ̤ʤΤǤ롥Ǹ˿Ƥ褦ˡ(39b) ˤ the tree ΰ̣ patient ȤΤǤСof its branches ΰ̣ϲˤʤΤơΰ̣ô碌ֻ of ΰ̣ˡϤʤΤǤꡤ of θ¾μɤΤ褦Τȹͤ٤ʤΤ
1ĵˤʤΤϡξʸѤƤֻ줬Ʊ off of Ǥ뤳ȤʤԤ from ǤˡξƱ쵯ˤĤƤϡ#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#4095. 2Ÿʬ ([2020-07-13-1]) ȡ
Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
ɸϡŪʷȤƻŦƤ롥ܸʤɤ SO ĸϡ餫ηŪʳɸIJǽ⤤Ȥºݡܸˤϡ֤ס֤ס֤Ρפʤɤγʽ줬ꡤ̾˸ܤ뤳ȤdzʤɸȤߤѸŵȤ SV ĸϡΤ褦ʷŪɸʸˤϡˤ⤿ʤȤѸˤ;̾ˤϤʤγѲϤ뤷̾ˤ 's Ȥͭʤɸʤ뤬ŪˤзŪʳɸλȤߤϼȤäƤ褤ѸŤϸ礬 SV ɬꤵƤ餺SO ʤɤθ⤢Τ嵭ͽ¬̤ꡤϷŪʳɸλȤߤ⸲˵ǽƤ
嵭λŦϡBlake ɤǤܤˤȤޤäΤȤȤ Greenberg ˴ŤΤΤ褦Blake (15) طսѤ롥
It has frequently been observed that there is a correlation between the presence of case marking on noun phrases for the subject-object distinction and flexible word order and this would appear to hold true. From the work of Greenberg it would also appear that there is a tendency for languages that mark the subject-object distinction on noun phrases to have a basic order of subject-object-verb (SOV), and conversely a tendency for languages lacking such a distinction to have the order subject-verb-object (SVO) . . . . The following figures are based on a sample of 100 languages. They show the relationship between case and marking for the 85 languages in the sample that exhibit one of the more commonly attested basic word orders. The notation [+ case] in this context means having some kind of marking, including appositions, on noun phrases to mark the subject-object distinction . . . .
| VSO | [+ case] | 3 | SVO | [+ case] | 9 | SOV | [+ case] | 34 |
| [- case] | 6 | [- case] | 26 | [- case] | 7 |
The SVO 'caseless' languages are concentrated in western Europe (e.g. English), southern Africa (e.g. Swahili) and east and southeast Asia (e.g. Chinese and Vietnamese).
ŪŪʰյϲʤΤ
Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
ε#4312. ָƳʡפǧ뤫ݤ ([2021-02-15-1]) ˤ褦ˡƳ (vocative) ϡŪʰӸؤǤ1ĤΩʤȤǧƤƥʤɤθŵǤ顤2Ѥ -us ǽñˤΤΩƳʷǧˤʳǤϷŪ˼ʤͻ (syncretism) Ƥ롥ָƳʡפȤּʤθƤӤˡפȹͤۤåꤹȤΤ¤Ǥ롥
Τ褦˸ƳʤŪ˼ʤͻ礷ƤȤǧǡŪǽδָƤӤפȶᤤطˤȤܤִò (exclamation) ˤƤϡषгʤͳ褹֤Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥħ˴ؿƤ롥Poor me! Lucky you! Τ褦ɽǤ롥
ٹ (157--58) ꡤŪ˲餫ξάؤ7Ĥδòʸʸ̾ϷŪˤ̳ʤȤ٤ǽŪˤƤʤСʤгʤ³ơٹβѤ롥
How unlike their Belgic sires of old!---Goldsmith.
Wonderful civility this!---Charlotte Brontë.
A lively lad that!---Lord Lytton.
A theatrical people, the French?---Galsworthy.
Strange institution, the English club.---Albington.
This wish I have, then ten times happy me!---Shakespeare.
κǸ me ϸʸμǤ٤Τɽ魯ΤǤ뤬;ñ̾ϴưʸǤϼʤгʤѤ뤳ȤΤǡˤϼͳ餷ʡ130ȡˤƥθˡޤͤȤ츶Ǥäȸ롥ȤС
Me miserable!---Milton, Paradise Lost, IV. 73.
ƥ Me miserum! (Ovid, Heroides, V. 149) Ȱפ롥
ѺǸΥƥ me miserum ȴϢơBlake γʤ˴ؤ "ungoverned case" ꤹ1ѤƤ (9)
In case languages one sometimes encounters phrases in an oblique case used as interjections, i.e. apart from sentence constructions. Mel'cuk (1986: 46) gives a Russian example Aristokratov na fonar! 'Aristocrats on the street-lamps!' where Aristokratov is accusative. One would guess that some expressions of this type have developed from governed expressions, but that the governor has been lost. A standard Latin example is mē miserum (1SG.ACC miserable.ACC) 'Oh, unhappy me!' As the translation illustrates, English uses the oblique form of pronouns in exclamations, and outside constructions generally.
˵Τ褦ʷʸˤäƤ#4284. ʸϤۤȤ̵ ([2021-01-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ¿ϡŪˤϼư줬ά졤гʤ̾礫ʤäƤΤ
ŪǽδǴϢȤܤƤӤòȤ롼פǤꡤ˷Ū˶̤ƳʡʡгʤȤФ륰롼פ¾Ǥ롥դδطʣˤơ⤷
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
methinks --- إ٤ΥեȤ櫓ޥǤ衼 (Yoda) ΥեǤСƤޤʤɽϡĤƤ;ư (impersonal_verb) ФǤ롥Ǥϡޥʳθȯ뤳ȤϤʤȤФǤʤ BNCweb Ǥϡ methought 碌ơ¤72㤬ҥåȤĤƤߤ褦
'Nay, on the contrary --- it is but the beginning methinks.'
'Heaven alone knows --- but --- the lady doth protest too much, methinks.'
Methinks the lady doth protest, as old Bill put it.'
'Methought you knew all about it,' pointed out Joan.
I was given the news last midnight and methought I would drown in the sorrow of my tears!'
äȤ⡤ʸ̮įФŪ뤤ϵŪˡʬΤǡޤʸŪˤͭɸɽȤäƤ褤
methinks ϡ̤ɽǤ I think (that) It seems to me (that) 롥Ūˤϡ1 me 1;ñ̾ͿʤǤꡤthinks "it seems" ̣űѸο;ư þynċan ˤΤܤ롥Ūˤ̣Ūˤ⸽Ѹ think ʻפͤˡʸűѸ þenċanˤȹƤꡤŤ鿼طˤϤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤOED ʤɤŪʼǤξưϤƤ̰ȤʤäƤΤǡ̤ƤȤ館ƤΤ褤
;ư졦ʸȤˤˤĤƤϡ#204. ;ιʸ ([2009-11-17-1]) դεɤǤñˤмᤷʤư졦ʸΤȤǤ롥ѸǤϡȤŪǤ졤ȤˤΩƤʤʸΩʤűѸѸǤϡΩƤɬפΤʤʤȤ⡤ΩƤ뤳ȤΤʤ˹ʸǤ¸ߤ줬άƤΤǤϤʤǽ餫ΩĤȤȤƤʤʸǤ롥Τ褦ʹʸǤϡѸǤмȤΩĤ褦ʻͿԤͿʤɽ㤨 I ǤϤʤ meˤΤŵŪǤ롥ʤ줬ʤˤ⤫餺ư3;ñб롥
methinks ϤΤ褦;ιʸŵǤꡤ٤⤤ˡͿ me ư thinks 夷 methinks ֤褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥ɤޤǤäƤŪ줬ʤΤǡѸȯۤʬϤ褦ȤȲȤ夫ʤΤºݤˤʬϤ뤳Ȥʤꤷե졼ȤƵƤˤʤ
Ƕᡤ;ưˤˤĤĴ٤ɬפޤ Helsinki Corpus ˤŪƤߤ뤳ȤˤԺ "\bm[ie]+c? ?(th|@t|@d)([eiy]ng?[ck]+|[ou]+([gh]|@g)*t)" ʤɽȤߡXML Helsinki Corpus Browser case-insensitive ǸˤꡤҤȤޤ authentic 㤬111ʥߤ⤢뤫⤷ʤˤ뤳ȤǤؿΤϡҤ
I wish you a merry Christmas! Ȥά Merry Christmas! ȤʤꡤI wish you a good morning. ά Good morning! Ȥʤ롥ȶ᤹Ƶα뤳Ȥʤ⤷ʤΤ褦ʷʸ (formula) ̾ؾάˤϡڤȤȤ¿ֻʤɤȼ A merry Christmas to you! Τ褦˴줬Ĥ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤϳ餵̥롼ǤϤʤΤΡʸ⤱й⤤ۤɴޤǴޤƾά褦òŪ Charming couple!, Dirty place!, Excellent meal!, Poor thing!, Good idea!, Lovely evening! Ȥ̤礦¾ Cigarette?, Good flight?, Next slide? ʤɤεˤ̤봧ξάȤ롥ɽŪʷʸQuirk et al (11.54) 褦
GREETINGS: Good morning, Good afternoon, Good evening <all formal>; Hello; Hi <familiar>
FAREWELLS: Goodbye, Good night, All the best <informal>, Cheers, Cheerio <BrE, familiar>, See you <familiar>, Bye(-bye) <familiar>, So long <familiar>
INTRODUCTIONS: How do you do? <formal>, How are you?, Glad to meet you, Hi <familiar>
REACTION SIGNALS:
(a) assent, agreement: Yes, Yeah /je/; All right, OK <informal>, Certainly, Absolutely, Right, Exactly, Quite <BrE>, Sure <esp AmE>
(b) denial, disagreement: No, Certainly not, Definitely not, Not at all, Not likely
THANKS: Thank you (very much), Thanks (very much), Many thanks, Ta <BrE slang>, Thanks a lot, Cheers <familiar BrE>
TOASTS: Good health <formal>, Your good health <formal>, Cheers <familiar>, Here's to you, Here's to the future, Here's to your new job
SEASONAL GREETINGS: Merry Christmas, Happy New Year, Happy Birthday, Many happy returns (of your birthday), Happy Anniversary
ALARM CALLS: Help! Fire!
WARNINGS: Mind, (Be) careful!, Watch out!, Watch it! <familiar>
APOLOGIES: (I'm) sorry, (I beg your) pardon <formal>, My mistake
RESPONSES TO APOLOGIES: That's OK <informal>, Don't mention it, Not matter <formal>, Never mind, No hard feelings <informal>
CONGRATULATIONS: Congratulations, Well done, Right on <AmE slang>
EXPRESSIONS OF ANGER OR DISMISSAL (familiar; graded in order from expressions of dismissal to taboo curses): Beat it <esp AmE>, Get lost, Blast you <BrE>, Damn you, Go to hell, Bugger off <BrE>, Fuck off, Fuck you
EXPLETIVES (familiar; likewise graded in order of increasing strength): My Gosh, (By) Golly, (Good) Heavens, Doggone (it) <AmE>, Darn (it), Heck, Blast (it) <BrE>, Good Lord, (Good) God, Christ Almighty, Oh hell, Damn (it), Bugger (it) <esp BrE>, Shit, Fuck (it)
MISCELLANEOUS EXCLAMATIONS: Shame <familiar>, Encore, Hear, hear, Over my dead body <familiar>, Nothing doing <informal>, Big deal <familiar, ironic>, Oh dear, Goal, Checkmate
ʸ¿ϲ餫ŪάФΤǤꡤǤԵ§ȸ뤬ä͡ŪݤȤħ⤢롥㤨Сˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ̤ο;ΤѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤܵळȤǤʤĤΤ¿ʸȤΤǡ(A) happy new year! Τ褦ˡ괧̵ͭʤɤ˴ؤ variation ĤΤ⤢ȹͤƤ롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε ([2020-12-28-1]) ˰³³ʤɤΥȥѤɸɽˤĤơܤǤʸȤʤäƤ뤬꤬ĤäΤˤʤäƤĤ˥ѥǤäĴ٤ƤߤΤ2ĤҲ
ޤˤۤɶᤤ顥ѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 ǸƤߤȡ3 (1850--1929) "Atheism made easy" äƤˤΤܤä1 (1710--1780) Farriery made Easy ʤ㤬줿
ȤʤСäᤤƽѸ EEBO corpus äƤߤʤ롥õФΤThomas Edwards (1599--1647) ʤԤ1644ǯ˽Ф "Antapologia, or, A full answer to the Apologeticall narration of Mr. Goodwin, Mr. Nye, Mr. Sympson, Mr. Burroughs, Mr. Bridge, members of the Assembly of Divines wherein is handled many of the controversies of these times, viz. ... : humbly also submitted to the honourable Houses of Parliament" ȤܤܤϡȥȤȤ٤Τ褦ĹΤ¿ˡΰѤ롥
dialling made easy: or, tables calculated [.] # for the latitude of oxford, (but will serve without sensible difference for most parts of england:) by the help of which, and a line of chords, the hour-lines may quickly and exactly be described upon most sorts of useful dials: [.] # with some brief directions for making two sorts of spot-dials:
EEBO Фʸ̮ϴʤΤǤϤʤΤˤʬʤȤ⤢Τdialling ספˤ¬̤εѤΤȤΤ褦Ǥ XXX Made Easy Τ褦ʸˤʤäƤɤϲˤ衤1Ȥߤ뤳ȤϤǤΤ⤷ʤ
ѸޤǤΤܤäƤߤ褦Ȼפäǻڤ졥ޤǤǤ⽽ʬˤΤܤäꡥ
˥δ֤夬äҲ𤷤Time The Best Inventions of 2020 ˡϳĴ Chef iQ Smart Cooker Ȥʤ夲ƤȤΥڡǥե㡼Ƥ뤬ϤΥȥ "Meals Made Easy" Ǥ롥ϤɤΤ褦ʹʸǤꡤɤΤ褦ʰ̣ʤΤ
֡Τ͡˵ʤ졤Ѥ⤷äʤȤǤϤ졤ΤʤϪǵȤΤϡȤƤθ餷
Ǥϡˡä礤η̡Ф줿ո͡äִñ˺줿פȤ̣ easy ϼ¤ñ (flat_adverb) ʤΤǤʤȤФ줿 make μȹʸǤ easy ϤޤǷƻȤѤƤִñˤ줿פۤɤǤȤ⤢äΤȤơֳڤӡפۤɤΥ˥奢ȤȤϳ狼äƤ뤱ɤ⡤ʸˡŪǼΤȤäȤǵǤߤȤʤä
餤Сϻ make μȹʸǤ롥ʸˡǤ5ʸ SVOC ١ȤʤäƤ롥(This cooker) makes meals easy. ۤɤǰƬˤȤ褤Ȥˤ "Meals are made easy (by this cooker)." Ȥʤ롥ȥȤΤ̾ˤ٤meals Ȥ "Meals Made Easy" Ȥ櫓
ǤϤäỌ̇̄ʬʤȤгΤˤmake ϡ?פθǤϤʤޤǻΡ?ĤˤפθѤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫make meals ֿפʤäʬ䤹ʤ collocation ⤢ޤʤ褦ˡǤϤʤ make meals easy = cause meals to be easy ȤطĤޤֿñˤפȤȤʤΤǤ롥̤θ meals = easy Ȥطˤʤ롥ֿסִñפȤΤϤɤȤֿѰաסִñפȤΤǤСȤƤ褯ʬ롥ϰäʤ
¤ XXX Made Easy ȤɽϡʤɤΥȥ˾Ѥ귿Ǥ롥ܸǤСء١ïǤ狼١ñ٤ȤäȤXXX ˤϡ롤̣ܡܤʤ͡ʸ礬롥BNCweb ˤ "made easy" ñ㸡Ǥ⡤̤ᤤΤԲʤΤޤǡȵäƤ롥
Harvesting and storing made easy
MIDDLE EAST DISTRIBUTION MADE EASY
Suicide made easy
FLOOR TILING MADE EASY
COSMETICS MADE EASY
Sheep counting made easy
Financial Analysis Made Easy
Mechanics Made Easy
ºݤ˽ǤƤܤΥȥǤСܥӥΤ Word Power Made Easy ⤢СMath Made Easy ʤɤγزʤΤ֤Japanese cookbook for beginners: 100 Classic and Modern Recipes Made Easy Τ褦Τ¿AUSTRALIAN COOKBOOK: BOOK1, FOR BEGINNERS MADE EASY STEP BY STEP դϹʸ䤹ΤǤϤʤXXX Made Simple XXX Simplified õиĤ롥
嵭 XXX ϡֺ (make) оݤǤɬפϤޤäʤष餫ΰ̣ǽ٤оݤǤвǤ褤ȤȤǡ"Meals Made Easy" ֤עֳڤӡפۤɤȤʤ櫓Ǥ롥
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