Poutsma (878) ˡ1;ʣ̤̾ˡȤ royal_we ꤬夲Ƥ롥ѸȤƤ "Plural of Majesty or Plural of Dignity" ѤƤ롥
As in Dutch, the plural of the first person is sometimes used by sovereigns, especially in public utterances, when speaking of themselves.
About this Plural of Majesty or Plural of Dignity, as it is commonly called, Sweet (N. E. Gr., §2095) observes: "We see the beginnings of this usage in Old-English laws, where the king speaks of himself as iċ, and then goes on to say wē bebēodath .. 'we command ..', the wē being meant to include the witan or councillors." Compare also Kellner, Hist. Outl. of Eng. Synt., §276; Onions, Advanced Eng. Synt., §221.
We were not born to sue, but to command. Rich. II, ii, 1, 196.
Fair and noble hostess, | We are your guest to-night. Macb., I, 6, 24.
Should our host murder us on this spot --- us, his king and his kinsman, ...our fate will be little lightened, but, on the contrary greatly aggravatated, by your stirring, Scott, Quent. Durw., Ch. XXVII, 354.
The Queen said ...: "We are this day fortunate --- we enjoy the company of our amiable hostess at an unusual hour. Id., Abbot, Ch. XXI, 225.
Note. This practice seems to have become unusual or extinct in the personal utterances of sovereigns to their audiences, having been preserved only in public instruments.
Thus King George V in his reply to the address of the Corporation of Bombay uses I, etc.:
You have rightly said that I am no stranger among you [etc.]. Times, No. 1823, 974b.
Similarly in his Address on the occasion of the opening of the Coronation Durbar:
It is with genuine feelings of thankfulness and satisfaction that I stand here to-day among you [etc.]. Id., No. 1824, 1001d.
But in the instrument announcing the fact that the seat of the Government of India will be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi, we find we, etc.: We are pleased to announce to Our People [etc.]. Ib.
20ƬޤǤ royal we ϻ¾äƤȤǧǤ롥Ȥ뤳Ȥˤ衤ŪˡΧʸˤŪˡȤƤǤꡤ쥸ϤƸꤵƤȤ狼롥
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1B. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1916.
Voicy heldio ˤ#961. ɾ if you like ֤ƤӤСꤷơѽХե졼 if you like Ϥ
¤ϻ伫Ȥ˺ƤΤˤĤƤ hellog ǡ#4593. Ū if you like ֤äƤ褱СפȯŸ ([2021-11-23-1]) ȤƼ夲ƤβεǤ⻲ȡѤ Brinton ʸɤľif you like ɽˤĤƶ̣Ū¤ΤäΤǡ˵Ƥ
Brinton ŪѤ if you choose/like/prefer/want/wish त "if-ellipitical clauses" (= "if-ECs") ̾դƤ (273) ̣δ顤2 if-ECs ̤롥1ĤϾάƤŪ줬ΥƥȤŪ䤨륿פǤ ("elliptical form") 2ĤŪΥƥȤ䤦ȤϤǤäѤŪȤѤ륿פǤ ("metalinguistic parenthetical") ƥפˤĤơBrinton (281) ˥ѥ齦ä1ĤĵƤߤ褦
1. I said no, they are copper, but if you choose, you shall have them (1763 John Routh, Violent Theft; OBP)
2. I ought to occupy the foreground of the picture; that being the hero of the piece, or (if you choose) the criminal at the bar, my body should be had into court. (1822 De Quincy, Confessions of an English Opium Eater; CLMETEV)
choose ȤưѤǤ롥Ԥ if you choose to have them Τ褦˥ƥȤ˴ŤŪ䤦ȤǤ뤬ԤϤΤ褦ˤ䤨ʤޤǥŪ if you choose to say so ۤɤްդƤˡ
ŪˤϡԤΥפ㤬ưؤĤ18--19˽ФƤ롥ơ⤷ȤˡԤΥפ㤬θǯ100ǯۤ٤ƽФƤ롥ΤȤƤϡư줬«ˤʤäơäȻ褦ˡγĥ뤲Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Brinton (282) "Dating of if-ECs" ꤹɽǤ褦Ѹ͡ʥѥѤǯĴη̤Ǥ롥
| Earliest elliptical form | Earliest metalinguistic parenthetical | |
| if you choose | 1763 | 1822 |
| if you like | 1723 | 1823 |
| if you wish | 1819 | 1902/PDE |
| if you prefer | 1848 | 1900 |
| if you want | 1677/1824 | 1934 |
ˤ⤷ΤϡŪˡνؤ if you choose ϡߤޤǤ˿͵äƤ뤳ȤǤ⿷ if you want ŪˡȤƤ٤Ωʤ괶ΤΤϤ¾3like, wish, prefer դΤǤ롥ư줬«ˤʤäɽˡȯŸƤȤƤ⡤ΰ괶˺ФΤϤʤʤΤȤƤⶽ̣
Brinton, Laurel J. "If you choose/like/prefer/want/wish: The Origin of Metalinguistic and Politeness Functions." Late Modern English Syntax. Ed. Marianne Hundt. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.
ε#5274. 19ΥɱѸ椹յ ([2023-10-05-1]) Ǽ夲Ѹˤ Görlach ˤ19ɱѸƬˤϡ19ȤѸ˾ζڤˤϡä˼ҲŪŪʺ櫓ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥̤ (DeKeyser) ˤСϼ1ĤΥԡǤ1795ǯ Murray ˤʸˡȡ⤦1ĤΥԡǤ1906ǯ Fowler ˤ King's English ˶ޤ줿ȤŤƤϤ褦ղε̣Ϥ (Görlach 5)
ȤϤGörlach Ȥ⡤19ΥɱѸ椹ݤǰƬˤƤ٤̶ʬƤ뤷ϢҲʸŪʽŦƤ롥̶ʬȤơĹ19פ4ʬƤ (6)
1776--1800 William Pitt's coalitions; the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution; the separation of the United States; the colonization of Australia and occupation of Ceylon and Malta; the start of the Romantic Movement; th end of Irish independence; 1800--1830 The final phase of the Hanoverian reign, predating the great reforms; Napoleonic wars and the Regency; Romantic poetry; 1830--1870 The great reforms; the Chartist movements; the heyday of capitalist industrialism; the expansion of literacy and printed matter; increased mobility as a consequence of railways; 1870--1914 Late Victorian imperialism and the last phase of global 'stability'; general education; modern communication.
嵭β̶ʬȤ̤ˡ19˵äҲŪʴްդΤάǯɽηǼƤ (6) ⻲ͤޤǤ˵Ƥ
1824 the repeal of the Combination Acts; 1828 the emancipation of the Nonconformists; 1832 the First Reform Bill, which can be seen as a triumph of the middle class; 1833 the first important Factory Act restricting child work; 1834 the abolition of slavery; 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act; 1838--48 the Chartist movement; publication of the People's Charter; 1846 the repeal of the Corn Laws; 1855 the final repeal of the Stamp Act of 1712 (making cheap newspapers available); 1867 the Second Reform Bill (1 million new voters) and Factory Acts; 1870 the Elementary Education Act (establishing compulsory education in the 1870s); 1884--5 the Third Reform Bill (2 million new voters)
Τ褦άǯɽį19ɤϼͳȤȤƤ褯ʬ롥λϡѸȤ줬Ū˳礷ƤǤȤȤˡǤ罰ŸƤäȤȤ館Ƥ褤
Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.
19ΥɱѸ椹ȤΤϤɤȤΤ100ǯʾαѸǤϤˤ衤ˤȸƤ֤ˤϿ뤷ºݤ̤ۤɤळȤǤ롥19αʸؤѹʸ˴ؿȤΤǤʬ뤬19αѸ줽ΤΤ˴ؿͯȤΤϤɤȤ
µ줿Ѹˤ Manfred Görlach ϡ嵭Τ褦ɾ뤳Ȥ¿19ΥɱѸ˿øΩ1999ǯ˰ܤ路Ф English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction Ǥ롥ܤƬ "Motivations for the present book" Ǥ롥ޤѤ褦 (1)
Interest in the history of English has recently focused on more modern periods than the traditionally favoured ones of OE and ME. However, whereas EModE is becoming a well-researched field, the investigation of the language after 1700 has been more patchy. The 18th century has, for various reasons, received more attention than the period between 1800 and 1900.
No comprehensive description of 19th-century English --- in particular that of England --- has ever been attempted. And yet such a study promises to yield important insights, for the following reasons:
19ΥɱѸܤ٤3Ĥͳ³ (1--5)
(1) The sociolinguistic foundations of PDE were laid in a period when the population expanded tremendously, especially in the industrial urban centres . . . , when the standard form of the language (St E) spread from the limited number of 'refined' speakers in the 18th century to a considerable section of the Victorian middle classes, and when general education began to level speech forms to an extent that is impossible to imagine for earlier periods.
(2) Comparisons between varieties of English in England and overseas are likely to provide evidence of the drifting apart of the colonial Englishes in spite of the retarding influences of British administration, the schools, and the influence of the high prestige of London English on educated speakers world-wide. Moreover, a description of the BrE of the time is a necessary precondition for evaluating the British linguistic input in overseas Englishes --- in regions where English is a native language (= ENL), like the American West, Upper Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the Cape and Natal, and in the great number of varieties of English used as a second language (= ESL) in Africa and Asia.
(3) A comparison of English in England with standard languages on the continent may well permit interlinguistic insights into parallels and differences in development within the framework of an increasingly similar West European material culture. Such comparisons might also prompt new questions and the application of new methods in cases where it has proved fruitful to look at sociolinguistic conditions in one culture which have been neglected in another.
3ĤλϤä꼡Τ褦ʼݤɤ
(1) 20ʹߤΥɱѸ߽ФھΤ
(2) ˳Ȼ ENL ESL μΤ
(3) 衼åѤνμҲŪоȤ
Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.

6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲǤޤ¼Ļر̾ˤˤǤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮƤޤ
Τӡܽ5ϡ19ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿滳ʿؤۤȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤ19ϡѸΤߤȸ˶ᤤǤΤǡۤ礭ʰ㤤ϤʤȻפ줬ǤΤ˸ѸɤΤǤ19αѸ⤪褽ɤƤޤȤΤϻ¤Ǥ餳ʰ㤤ᤴƤޤ礭ʸ˴٤äƤޤΤǤƤˡȤˤϤޤʤ褦տռŪʴѻɬפȤȤˤʤޤդλ19αѸȤˤİޤ#806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡Ǥɤİ褯27ʬۤɤβۿǤˡ
滳ȤϡޤǤ2 heldio ̤ԤʤۿƤޤ
#803. 滳ˤȤäƱѸȤϲǤ --- ֱѸϡǤ״δϢ̲2023/08/12 ۿ
#323. 滳Ȥ̡singular "they" 19Ǥ̤˻ȤƤ (2022/04/19 ۿ)
⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡǤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡʲꤴȤйǤ
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---
hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤäޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
Joseph Wright ˤ English Dialect Dictionary Υ饤ǤǤ EDD Online ˤĤơManfred Markus Ψ Innsbruck ؤΥब饤ץȤκǽʳ̤Ȥ Version 4.0 ɽȤξޤInnsbruck EDD Online 4.0 Based on Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (1898--1905) Ǥ

Ϥޤ EDD Online ˭٤ʵǽȤʤƤʤΤǤβǧǤꡤϿ˼Ƥ줿вεǽ¤ƤݤǤ
Markus ˤȤΥȥư5ʬˤ⤢ޤΤǻİᤷޤʼȤϴطޤưκǸΥ֥åηʿ˿åƺȥꥢ˹Ԥʤɤۡˡ
EDD ˤĤƤϡhellog ǤϰʲεǼ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȳ
#869. Wright's English Dialect Dictionary ([2011-09-13-1])
#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1])
#2694. EDD Online (2) ([2016-09-11-1]) ȡ
ε#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1]) ǡȯ䤵줿ܤҲ𤷤ޤƱˤĤƤϡYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפκǿǤ夲Ƥޤ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---Ǥɤ
YouTube ǤϡƱ4ϡ18ʸˡŪʸŪѲסʻܻҤɮ줿ϡˤθȾεҤ˥ԥ졼ơʤʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ҤƤϵϼ (prescriptivism)18Ȥߥ夬äΤˤĤƤäƤޤºݤˤ͡װΤǤƱϤ˴ŤȤ櫓ȳ̿ (industrial_revolution) ȤȼҲѲܤƤޤܤϡܽɤǤФȻפޤ
4ϤμɮԤǤ뻳ܻҤĻرءˤϡܽνǤˤµޤѸ˳ưhelˤμԤˤơϤԤıԤǤ⤢ޤǯνա2022ǯ46ˤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤб餤ޤ#310. ܻȤ̡Ѹ춵ܻؤؤαѸˤΤİܻҤαѸ˸ؤΤ˿դĤġꤴ̽ʡꤤޤ
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
Ѹ -ism Ȥ (suffix) Ϲ⤤äƤ롥racism, sexism, ageism, lookism ʤɼҲ̤˴ؤ븽Ūǿȶñ¿Ȥ褯 Buddhism, Calvinism, Catholicism, Judaism ʤɤ뤫ȻפСۤȤ Liberalism, Machiavellism, Platonism, Puritanism ʤɤ롥
嵭Τ褦ˡּפΰ̣Τäñ줬¿ǡaphorism, criticism, mechanism, parallelism ʤɤ̾̾⤢ǤϤʤޤ Americanism Britishism ʤɤΡ֡ˡפΰ̣ñ¿cf. #2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles ([2015-06-16-1])ˡơǤǤϤʤΩȤƤ ism ¸ߤcf. #2576. æʸˡȸò ([2016-05-16-1])ˡ
-ism θ츻ϥꥷ -ismos Ǥ롥ꥷư -izein ʱѸ -ize θˤб̾Ǥ롥Ѹʸ̮Ǥϡư -ize б̾Ȥ -ization פ⤫֤츻Ūˤ -ism Τۤͳ̾ȤȤˤʤ롥ʱѸ -ize/-ise ˤĤƤϡεåȡ
ꥷ -ismos ƥ졤եˤ줾 -ismus, -isme ȤƼѤ졤줬ѸˤäƤơѸʹߤ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤäȤ櫓Ѹˡޤꡤ¿ο줬иGörlach (121) -ism ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The 19th century can be seen as a battleground of ideologies and factions; at least, such is the impression created by the frequency of derivatives ending in -ism (often from a personal name, and accompanied by -ist for the adherent, and -istic/-ian for adjectival uses). The year 1831 alone saw the new words animism, dynamism, humorism, industrialism, narcotism, philistinism, servilism, socialism and spiritualism (CED).
λ۾ʬǤʹԤƤ21 -ism ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤ
Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.
ε#4821. something of a(n) ϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤ ([2022-07-09-1]) ³ơ˴ؤꡥϤˤꤿ
OED ˤȡsomething, n. (and adj.) and adv. θ2cˤˡƤ롥Ф1711ǯǡŪ
c. something of a(n), to a certain extent or degree a (person or thing of the kind specified).
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 106. ¶6 Sir Roger, amidst all his good Qualities, is something of an Humourist.
1780 Mirror No. 70 As he was something of a sportsman, my guardians often permitted me to accompany him to the field.
1801 M. Edgeworth Prussian Vase in Moral Tales III. 46 I am something of a judge of china myself.
1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey I. ii. xiv. 195 Dormer, who was..something of an epicure, looked rather annoyed.
1931 R. Campbell Georgiad iii. 55 Even the devil dwindles to a duiker, Who prides himself as something of a spiker.
1939 R. G. Collingwood Autobiogr. iv. 27 I had become something of a specialist in Aristotle.
1959 Listener 17 Dec. 1083/3 It had been, I admit, something of a party.
1978 Lancashire Life Sept. 51/1 During the last war he became something of a legend, working incredible hours and doing general and orthopaedic surgery, as well as obstetrics.
1711ǯνФʬäʾϡޤ1710--1920ǯαѸС륳ѥ CLMET3.0 ν֤Ǥ롥® CLMET something of a(n) Υ饤1 (1710--80) 24㡤2 (1780-1850) 59㡤3 (1850--1920) 80ȡ֤ȤȤ¤㤬äƤ롥
饤äįơsomething of a(n) ΰ̣Ȥ⤤褯äƤ1ĤΤǡƤ
When we hear the Epithets of a fine Gentleman, a pretty Gentleman, much of a Gentleman, Gentlemanlike, something of a Gentleman, nothing of a Gentleman, and so forth; all these different Appellations must intend a Peculiarity annexed to the Ideas of those who express them; though no two of them, as I said, may agree in the constituent Qualities of the Character they have formed in their own Mind.
Ǥϡε褦ˡnothing of a(n) Ȥ something of a(n) Ƥ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥
ܸʤѸʤΡʸˡפȤΤϡüԽĤˤΤʤǰ˺夲ߤ˽äƤδǤΰ̣ǤϡܸʤѸʤˤ餫ʸˡפäȤȤϤޤǤ⤢ޤʹֽĤäȤǤϸ̩ˤäƿŪʸˡǤˤϰ㤤ޤۤɰռŪˤ館ʸˡǤϤʤȤʤŪʸˡ餷ΤǤäƤȤθСޤǼȯŪʸˡȤޤ
ФưռޤäƤζˤƤϡʸ̤Ūʸˡ館ȤưФƤޤꥹǤ¾㴳٤ޤ18ޤˤλǤ٤ϤȤưռŪ˺줿ʸˡȤ̣ǵʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ȸƤФޤλˤǤäֵϱʸˡפϰŪ˻ٻ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ˻ޤǡֱʸˡפȤСǥեȤǤλˤǤäƸ˼Ѥ줿ʸˡؤȤȤˤʤäƤޤܤμʸˡ TOEIC αʸˡ⤳Ǥ
Τ褦Ūʻ𤬤äȤƧޤϤɸΤ褦ˡ֡رʸˡ٤250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿פȽҤ٤뤳ȤˤƤޤ䤿ǥեȤƤֱʸˡפȤΤϡ250ǯۤ˥ꥹμ֤ͤͭǡֱʸˡפ尴͡˼줿ִ֤ˡޤ줿ȤäƤǤϤޤĤޤֱʸˡפȤϡ餬ֱʸˡפ夲ִ֤ˤǤäʪȤȤˤʤޤˤϡֱʸˡפϤʤäΤǤ
ո줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ19Ƥֱʸˡʤߤʤˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡȤȥǤήǴط̾ˤϤᡤ18εʸˡλäڤӤޤ
ơ YouTube Ƥơäʤäʬ٤κī Voicy Ǥ18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡꤷơϢ뤳Ȥäޤεʸˡλˤǽʪ Robert Lowth ȤͤǤ
ܤϡ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) ϤȤ lowth 뤤 prescriptive_grammar γƵ
äƤ顤αѸˤǤФȤƤ18ᵬϼλפв褦ˤʤäƤ18ᵬϼλפȤŪѤʤεʸˡȤ٤ϡʬŪˤϵŪ¦̤ʤꤢäߤδ֤˲ٺ⤢äȤä˺ɾʤǤΤǤ롥ηˤĤƤϡ#2815. 18εϼκɾˤĤ (1) ([2017-01-10-1])#2816. 18εϼκɾˤĤ (2) ([2017-01-11-1]) ǿ줿
ŪˤϡRobert Lowth (1710--1787) A Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762) ǶŪ٤ΤФơ饤Хطˤä Joseph Priestley (1733--1804) The Rudiments of English Grammar; Adapted to the Use of Schools with Observations on Style (1761) DzǵŪ٤Ȥ椵Τä
ԸȤ (100) ˤȡֵʸˡȤ˶ᤤѤͭƤȤ Priestley ⡤ǤǤϡprescriptive comment Ϥ鷺 22 comments Ǥä2ǤǤϡ238 comments10ܰʾäǧƤפȤLowth ܤˤơǤä Priestley εʸˡȤžȤȤˤ⸫롥̤ˡ֥饤Хطפˤäȸ뤬¤ Priestley Lowth ˥饤Х뤷ƤȤȤΤ褦ʻܡp. 98ˡ
Ĥʸˡܤ夲 Lowth Priestley ΰоȤ塤 (108) ϼΤ褦äƤ롥
Lowth Priestly ɮʸˡϡȤ˵ŪǤꡤŪǤäȤϸޤǤʤά͡ŪʻˤĤƤϡŪʤΤǤ뤳Ȥǧ줿ʸˡϡʸˡܤˤäưۤʤ뵬ϤŬѤƤǤʤεϤϻѶŪˡˤϾöŪǤäȤܹƤǤLowth ϡط̾ξάˤĤơηǡδ侩ʤĤޤ궯Ū٤Priestley ϴط̾ that λѤˤĤơLowth ˶ŪΩȤäƤư̾ˤĤƤϡξԤȤѶŪ˵ŪʥȤȯƤ뤬ӤФƤϡLowth ϡŪΩPriestley ϡŪΩ줾ȤäΤ褦ˡLowth Priestley ʸˡˤϡʸˡܤФ more proscriptive more descriptive ǤϤʤmore proscriptive less proscriptive Ȥäܺ٤٤ޤȿǤƤ18εʸˡθζ̣1ĤϡʸˡȤθѤ̯õ᤹뤳Ȥˤȸ롥
ҡ2ͤεʸˡȡRobert Lowth Joseph PriestleyסĻرءʹֲʳס10桤2019ǯ93--111ǡ
ε#4643. 19--20λ̡軨Ȥ Punch ([2022-01-12-1]) ǡ19--20ɽ뼫ɲ軨 Punch Ҳ𤷤λϿο߽Фʤ뤤ϴ¸ΥѥȤΤήԤ餻ˤȤǤͭ̾ǡѸ˾塤̵뤹뤳ȤǤʤƶϤƤ
OED Punch Ȥñơ˸Ƥߤ227줬ҥåȤ㤨Сbi-monthly (adj., n,. adv.), brunch (v.), Chunnel (n.), gushy (adj.), hanky-panky (n.), punmanship (n.), snobbism (n.), thought control (n.), trendy (adj., n.), washerette (n.) ʤɡߤΤΤޤƿθ줬Ƥ롥
Punch ˤȤ꤬ȯͤȤʤä㡤ĤޤλȤ٤⤢롥curate's egg ʶк¡ɤȤⰭȤ⤢Ρˤϡ1895ǯ119 Punch ꡤβäޤ줿ΤȤ롥ʤ OED ˤСθλϼºݤΤȤƱǯ522 Judy 郎ȽƤ褦Punch ˤ̾äƤäȤդ⡤ƶϤ礭碌롥
Right Reverend Host: I'm afraid you've got a bad Egg, Mr. Jones!
The Curate: Oh no, my Lord, I assure you! Parts of it are excellent!
ȿФƤǤ롥
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
19ˤϱƤǥ桼⥢ɤäפʪϤäΤʤǤȴƿ͵äΤ Punch Ǥ롥Ԥ Henry Mayhew, Mark Lemon, Joseph Stirling Coyne DzȤ Ebeneze Landells Ǥ롥ե Charivari ʸ츻ԾܡˤȤɻ郎Ƥꡤˤ䤫ä The London Charivari ȤΤۤϡ֥ݥΤ褦ʺʪפȤʤ뤳Ȥտޤ Punch 줿cf. #35. finger θ츻 ([2009-06-02-1])ˡ1841ǯϴ1992ǯޤǵ٤ळȤʤȯԤ줿1996ǯ2002ǯޤήȺˤꡤĤѴȤʤä
λϱѸŪˤͤ⤤ȤΤ⡤Ѹ鸽Ѹˤơ͡αѸʤ뤤ϸˤФҲŪ٤ʤΤǤäɤ̤ƶƤ뵮Ťʻפˡθ콬̤ФäΤǤ (Crystal 93)
Punch εɤΤϡ¤ϤȤƤɤˤϡλλŪμɬפ¤αѸϤǤɤ߲ʤȤ¿ʸ̤ "philological" μɬפȤ롥äơѸʤαѸˡˤζȤƤϤäƤĤȤȤˤʤ롥
ʲϡ1841ǯ71ڡˤϴɽڡ1ڡ
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if you like/choose/prefer/want/wish/will Ȥɽϡif you wish it to be so called ֤äƤ褱Сפۤɤΰ̣ǡȤƸǤ褯Ѥ롥Ūˤ if ѤŪ˵ƤȷӤĤ櫓ǤϤʤޤǥŪѤ롥3ĤۤʸƤߤ褦
It was, if you like, an error of judgment.
He, or She, if you prefer, could do better than that.
Music, if you will, is medicine.
Τ褦ʸŪʻȤΡif you + ưʸBrinton (273) "if-EC" (= if-elliptical clause) ȸƤǤ롥ιʸȯŪѸΤȤ餷θȤ Call it cruelty if you like, not mercy. Τ褦 "call it X" ʸäΤǤϤʤƤƤ롥ʸ (constructionalisation) ǰƬ֤Brinton (290) ͤηѤ褦
In conclusion, elliptical if-ECs --- if you choose/like/prefer/want/wish --- all serve metalinguistic and politeness functions in PDE; like and prefer are particularly common in these functions. The clauses make their appearance in the LModE period. Semantically the metalinguistic meanings of if-ECs can be seen as developing from the concrete propositional meaning 'if you choose to do X'. The syntactic derivation of these clauses is problematic, however, because it is impossible to trace their origin back to bipartite (protasis-apodosis) structures where the valency of the verbs is complete. Reconstruction of the complement of the verb in the if-clause proves difficult because of the varied complement structures found historically and the rarity of such structures with metalinguistic meaning. While if-ECs in their propositional meaning typically occur with an explicit apodosis (if you want, open the window), apodoses never occur when the if-ECs function metalinguistically (it's large, even gargantuan, if you wish [*you may say so]). Despite its rather late attestation, a more plausible source for the if-EC is the 'call it X' pattern, which is inherently metalinguistic. Metalinguistic if-ECs may result from constructionalisation of the 'call it X' pattern in conjunction with explicitly metalinguistic if you V- clauses.
˴ؤιȤ٤Ǥ롥
Brinton, Laurel. "If you choose/like/prefer/want/wish: The Origin of Metalinguistic and Politeness Functions." Late Modern English Syntax. Ed. Marianne Hundt. Cambridge: CUP, 2014. 271--90.
4̤ƤֱѸƳ2021⡤ޤ֤ˤɤ夭ޤرȳαѸ˥ߤΥСֱѸ˥ƥġפȤǯٽΥڡŸƤޤ
46˸ɽ줿ƥĤϡ#4362. ֱѸƳ2021פץޤ ([2021-04-06-1]) ǾҲ𤷤be surprised atäȶäΤϤ⤦Ť1ˡǤѸؽԤï⤬ be surprised at ǤǶǤ be surprised by ¿ʤäƤȤλ¡ʡˤŦرˤ륳ƥĤǤ
ƺåפ줿ΤϡƱˤ2be surprised atäȶäΤϤ⤦Ť2ˡǤϸѸνѼ˾ƤֶŪפƤǤϤ褤ѸỤ̄Ȥ⤤̻ŪפʥץǤʬϤǤʤΤȤäλ¤餫ˤʤޤѸƳȤƥʥǤҤɤ
⤽ƶ˻ɷ18--19դʬۤϤɤäΤȡѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 ǤäȸƤߤޤ70ǯߤ3ʬ(be ưϤƻꤻsurprised at surprised by ǥҥåȿñӤƤߤޤ
| Period | surprised at | surprised by |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 | 158 | 40 |
| 1780--1850 | 189 | 55 |
| 1850--1920 | 157 | 30 |
ر궵ä19濴Ȥ륤ꥹʸؤΥ饤ѥ The CLiC web app Ҳ𡥱ʸػ˾塤Ȥ櫓Ѹ쾮˾ȤƤפƱξⷲ¿ϿƤ롥פԤƤߤȡAnne Brontë, Anthony Trollope, Arthur Conan Doyle, Beatrix Potter, Benjamin Disraeli, Bram Stoker, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, Emily Brontë, George Eliot, Henry James, Jane Austen, John Ruskin, Joseph Conrad, Lewis Carroll, Mary Shelley, Oscar Wilde, Robert Louis Stevenson, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy, William Makepeace Thackeray Ȳڡ
ʸǰƬˤѥǡʤԤȤ˥֥ѥǤ롥ޤܳŪ˻ȤäƤʤ嵭ե仡ˡ㤨мΤ褦ʤȤǤ
Texts ֤ˤꡤƥȤΤΤɽǤ
⳰ΥƥȡϤʸˤ̤ƸоݤȤƻǤ
Keywords ֤ˤꡤȥѥꤷĤġʡʷˤ keywords Ǥ
Clusters ֤ˤꡤn-gram ˤ붦ɽθǤ
ϡơޤˤꡤθΩĥѥ¸ߤ뤫뤤ǽȤ䤤 Yes ǤСɤΤ褦˻Ȥ뤫Ū˹ͤƼºݤ˻ȤäƤߤȤΤŪʼȤʤ뿷ѥĤ顤ϤɤʥѥǡǤʤǤʤˤΤ䤦ƤߤơξǡʸݤˤϻȤʡդƤդμ⡤Ȥͭ
#4268. -ly 2³ -lily ϵǤ ([2021-01-02-1]) εǡ -ly 2ĤĤ -lily η֤줬ѸˤƤϵǤ뤳ȤǧĴԹˤ haplology ʽŲæˤθ̤ȤߤƤ褤
ŤѸˤƤƱĴԹפƤɤĴ٤ʤФʤʤȤΤϡѸƥȤɤǤȡ-lily Τ褦˽вȤޤޤ뤫ˤβ haplology Ф֤ŪˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȡϵäƤ롥
ޤϡľλǤѸˤĤĴ٤ƤߤƱΥѥ CLMET3.0 о줷Ƥ餪ΥѥФơʤԺˤɤĤ"\B(?<!s)l[iy]l[yi](ch?)?(e(r|st)?)?\b" Ȥ Perl бɽˤƸƤߤη̤3ĤλȤΤʲǤ롥
11710--1780ǯ: surlily (11 times), livelily (3), sillily (2), immortalily (1), jollily (1) --- total 18 examples
21780--1850ǯ: surlily (13), holily (3), jollily (2), sillily (2), lovelily (1) --- total 21 examples
31850--1920ǯ: sillily (2), surlily (2), jollily (1), melancholily (1), lovelily (1), oilily (1), statelily (1) --- total 9 examples
ε ([2021-01-02-1]) ǼѸ BNCweb Ф٤Ƥߤʬ褦ˡѸˤ -lily ȤƸμˤϴˤꤽjollily, sillily, surlily ʤɤ٤ʤ⡤ɤλˤ⸽Ƥ롥
1줫ʤ BNCweb ФΤϼ¼Ū15㡤3,400줫ʤ CLMET ФΤ48㡥ñĴӤǰŪ˷Ť뤳ȤϤǤʤѸǤϸѸ -lily 줬ƤʵƤƤˤ褦ˤߤ롥
ε#3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ ([2020-02-05-1]) ˰³Minkova (108) ˰͵ʤ h ˴ؤ
ɸѸǸƬ h ȯʤȤƤΤ heir, honest, honour, hour 䤽δϢʤɾ˸¤Ƥ뤬h ̵ͭɤȤȤǤ herb, historical, humour ʤɤɲä롥ºݡ#461. OANC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-01-1])#462. BNC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-02-1]) Ĵ٤ƤߤȤˤȡɤλϾʤʤ
ŪˤΤ褦ɤ줬ߤȤȤϡ̻Ūˤ͡ѰۤѲäȤͽۤ롥ºݡŪǶȤ⤤Ѹ˾ʤäƤߤƤ⡤Ȥϰۤʤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥200ǯۤεŪȯǤФ John Walker Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (46) ȤƤߤ褦Ƭ h ϾȯȤȤˤʤäƤ뤬θˤƤ㳰Ū h ȯʤȤơ15줬Ƥ롥
heir, heiress, honest, honesty, honour, honourable, herb, herbage, hospital, hostler, hour, humble, humour, humorous, humoursome
ˤϸ h ̵ͭɤޤޤƤ뤬ΤȤƤȸεϤ礭ۤʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤʤǤ hospital humble ˴ؤƤϡѸǤ /h/ ȯΤ̤Ĥޤꡤ200ǯۤɤδ֤ˡʤȤ⤳2˴ؤƤȯʤεϡˤѤäȤȤʤޤǵϤѲǤäơºݤαѸüԤȯѲΤɤĴ٤ɬפ뤳Ȥաˡ
200ǯδ֤δˤ䤫ʵϤѲ̣Τʤ¾θǤϤʤ hospital humble ѲΤʤϻĤ롥ѸȸѸȤѲƤʤΤϡλˤƤ⡤<h> ֤ʤ /h/ ȯʤθ줬뤳ȡƤΤäƤ뤳ȤܤξڤǤȤȤ⺣⡤h Henry Sweet Ȥ "an almost infallible test of education and refinement" Ǥ⤢ꡤLynda Mugglestone "symbol of the social divide" Ǥ⤢³ƤΤ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Walker, John. Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. London: Robinson and Cadell, 1971.
Is it 'Dreamed' or 'Dreamt'? ꤹ Merriam-Webster θˡɤdream βʤӲʬˤ dreamt dreamed ؤȵ§Ƥḽˤ˾ƤƤ롥
إꥢࡦ֥ѱѼŵ٤ޤतĤμǤϡdreamed ֻΤȤ /ˈdrɛmt, ˈdriːmd/ 2ĤȯܤƤ롥ϡư dream βʬȤ dreamt/dreamed ξ֤زǽǤ뤳ȤȿǤʻѡѤȤ dreamt ֤ä /ˈdriːmd/ ȯݤεҤϤʤdreamt ȯû첻ˤĤƤϡ#2290. ƻޤĹ첻û ([2015-08-04-1]) ȡ
θˡˤϡ19ȾˤϤǤ dreamed ͥȤʤäƤȤεҤäΤǡΤ٤Ѹ쥳ѥ CLMET3.0 ʸƤߤʸ̤Υƥȥեˡ٤פ̤ϼ̤ꡥ
| Period (subcorpus size) | dreamt | dreamed |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 55 | 54 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 75 | 137 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 71 | 242 |
#3300. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (3) ([2018-05-10-1]) ǡ/f/ ǽ̾Ĥʣ -f -ves Τ뤫뤤ξԤμɤˤĤƴñˤޤȤ
Mondorf ˤѸη˴ؤʸϤɤǤơλδ֤ˡԵ§פ scarves, hooves ĥֵ§פ scarfs, hoofs Ū˸ƤƤȤҤ˽вää scarves ϡ18ˤ20%ۤɤΨä2080%ޤ礭ʤhooves 180%191ΨФơ20ˤ30%ޤǿͤФƤ褦
촴ѷñ -s դȤֵ§ŪפȸΤǤС̾ǵäƤ뤳ȤϡԵ§פȤʤ뤬촴 -f -v Ȥ -es Ȥѥϡ־§פȤƳΤ¸ߤȤ⤤롥ĤޤꡤθݤϸˤäƤϡԵ§פȤ־§פȤ⡤ˤäƤϡֵ§פȤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʻϡʬϼԤ̻ΤδȤ뤫ˤäƤ̯ʱƶΤǡ갷
ѲϤΤ褦ʲη֤ǤϤ롥1Ĥ絬§˼ǿʤǤ뤫Ȼפ䡤Ťʣξ§ΩƤ롥ȤȤäƸηϤ̵ˤʤ뤫ȤФʤ餺षߤʬۤ졤̤߽Ф롤絬§Ⱦ§δطˤĤƤϡ#1596. ʬˤβ ([2013-09-09-1]) Ȥ줿
Mondorf, Britta. "Late Modern English: Morphology." Chapter 53 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 843--69.
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