20ǯۤɤδ֡ä21äƤ顤ѸˤʬǤϸѸ (Late Modern English; 18--19αѸ) ؤδؿޤäƤƤ롥դˤСѸ³ǤֶᤤαѸ줬ޤɾƤʤäȤǤθϡ18--19αѸ츦ɽ Charles Jones ͭ̾ʶ "the Cinderellas of English historical linguistic study" üŪɽ蘆Ƥ (Jones, Charles. A History of English Phonology. London: Longman, 1989. p. 279)
Ѹ˴ؤܳŪʸ1990ǯ夫鸽Ϥᡤ2001ǯˤϥǥХؤǤλ˾ƤƤιݳزʤɡˤ狼˳趷褷ƤζǯαѸ˸Ĭήϡä˵Τ
Beal (xi--xii) ˤС2ĤͳȤ1Ĥϥߥ˥ࡤ⤦1Ĥ˼ҲؤȥѥؤȯãȽǤ롥ԤˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Perhaps the most obvious clue is in the millennium itself: the nineteenth century is no longer 'the last century', so that there is the perception that a 'safe' distance now exists between the 'Later Modern' period the the present day.
פˡԤ19ˡפȤªλֺȿ;͵ȤȤˤʤİ˲ΤΤȤʤäȤǧǤ롥2ܤθػŪĬή˴ؤƤϡBeal (xii) ϼΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥
A second explanation for the recent upsurge in interest in this period lies in the change of emphasis within historical linguistics from the purely theoretical to socio-historical and corpus-based approaches to the study of language.
"socio-historical" "historical sociolinguistic" ɽ蘆˼ҲءפȤɽΤŪΤǤꡤޤ夷ĤIJˤˤʤ1Ĥͭ˾ΰǤȤϻοƤ (cf. #2883. HiSoPra* ˻ä (1) ([2017-03-19-1])#2884. HiSoPra* ˻ä (2) ([2017-03-20-1])) ޤѥؤμˡȯãȤƥȤŻҲĤϡѸ˸ԤͳˤޤDZۤƤȤǽˤ̤ȤŪäѸ츦δָ뤳Ȥ˹Ȥʡ#368. ѥϸβǽ ([2010-04-30-1]) ȡˡѸˤϡȸߴ뤳ȤΤǤֽвξפȤƤԤƤ롥
Ѹ˸夬ߤƤѸˡܤǤ롥
Beal, Joan C. English in Modern Times: 1700--1945. Arnold: OUP, 2004.
Ѹ˾塤18 "doctrine of correctness" ħŤ줿ϼλǤɾƤΤˤˤϡȾ50ۤɤΡȾˤ200ĶʸˡǤ졤ϱʸˡȤäƤǤϤʤ
Beal ϡ5 "Grammars and Grammarians" ˤơ18Ϳ줿ŪɾˤĤƺƹͤ¥Beal (90) ϡ18ˤϵϼĬΤϴְ㤤ʤäΤΡȤΩϡŪ䥤ǥ˱͡ʣǤꡤñ˵ŪȤäɾǤԽʬǤƤ롥
[E]ighteenth-century grammarians had a range of motives for writing their grammars, and . . . these and later grammars, far from being uniformly 'prescriptive', would be better described as occupying different points on a prescriptive-descriptive continuum.
Ѹ˴ؤΤȤϡơŪѸˤĤȯƤ㤨СSwift Ann ȷȤݼʪư⤷Ƥޤ1707ǯ֥ƥϢ粦ΩơɸŪʱѸѸᡤåȥɿͤʤɤˤ餹ɬⴶƤϼطʤˤϡŪǤäΤǤ (Beal 97)
Whilst it is perfectly valid to see eighteenth- and nineteenth-century grammars both as the necessary agents of codification and as self-help guides for the aspiring middle classes, it cannot be denied that many of the authors of these works were politically and/or ideologically motivated.
Beal (111) ϡФΩ Lowth Priestley ˤڤξԤΰ㤤ΰ㤤ʴްդȤŪΰ㤤ˤǤȤƤ롥
These two grammarians [= Lowth and Priestley] were writing within a year of each other, so any norms of usage to which they refer must have been the same. Although both used a classical system of parts of speech, neither is influenced by Latin here: they both describe preposition-stranding as a naturally occurring feature of English, more suited to informal usage. The difference between Lowth and Priestley is one of emphasis only, far from the prescriptive-descriptive polarization which we have been led to expect.
18ʵڤӤʹߡˤθŪϼˤĤơɤäƤȤ¤ܤ٤ȤˤǼ줿Beal κɾɤǡɾ礭ۤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦˻פ줿Ǥϡ18ϵϼλǤȤ¤Фơ礭ʽϲäƤʤBeal Ǥ "prescriptive-descriptive continuum" ȤɽʤƤ뤬ϡִܤ prescriptive Ǥꡤ prescription Ȥ reason-usage continuum äפȹͤ뤳Ȥϡ³ǤǤ롥λä "descriptive" ȤƻѤ뤳Ȥϡޤ᤹ΤǤϤʤ
Ϣơ#141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1])#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡȡ ([2016-12-04-1])#2796. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡ (2) ([2016-12-22-1]) ȡ
Beal, Joan C. English in Modern Times: 1700--1945. Arnold: OUP, 2004.
#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡJoseph Wright ˤ The English Dialect Dictionary ŻҲץȤ Innsbruck ؤǿʤƤĤǶᴰȤΤ餻ޤǥ־ΥӥǤϥȼɬפäľܼͳ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤä EDD Online ɤ

ǽ⽼¤Ƥꡤ㤨оΥåȤΤ褦ˡȴϢƼ˸ڤƤϰϿdzǧǤ뵡ǽ롥礦ɸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˴ؤĴδطǡڤƤϰ褬ϿdzǧǤȻפäƤäΤǡ
ޤΤθ The English Dialect Dictionary ΥڡȤƳǧ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡdialect area, part of speech, phonetic, etymology, usage label, source, morphemic, time span ʤɳƼ參ƥˤ륵ǽ
ѥޥ˥奢ǤΤǡȤʤ餢줳ȤäƤߤ뤳Ȥ᤹롥
Wright, Joseph, ed. The English Dialect Dictionary. 6 vols. Henry Frowde, 1898--1905.
#2333. a lot of ([2015-09-16-1]) ǡѸǶˤ٤ι⤤ζ (phrasal determiner) ˤ200ǯ;Ǥ뤳Ȥߤ19ޤǤϡζˤ lot ϡְ컳ȡġ췲פۤɤθѤƤꡤθ塤褦䤯¿¿̡פθȤȤäǡѸˤ a lot of lots of ǧ٤CLMET3.0 ʸäƤߤʸ̤Υƥȥե
1 (1710--1780) Υ֥ѥ10,480,431ˤ4㤬ҥåȤ¿?פ̣ȤƤѤƤʤa lot of my own drawing Ǥϡ¿פǤϤʤְ컳פθȤѤƤꡤ"Annuities for lives have occasionally been granted in two different ways; either upon separate lives, or upon lots of lives" Ǥ餫ˡֽġפθǽʤɤǤϡ¿פؤȯŸƤʷϵϴ롥
2 (1780--1850) Υ֥ѥ11,285,587ˤ22㤬줿ͽ̤ꡤˡǻȤƤΤۤȸФĤʸ褦
You know when a lot of servants gets together they like to talk about their betters; and some, for a bit of swagger, likes to make it appear as though they knew more than they do, and to throw out hints and things just to astonish the others. (Anne Brontë, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848))
Therell be lots to speak for her! (ibid.)
. . . there's a high fender, and an iron safe, and some cards about ships that are going to sail, and an almanack, and some desks and stools, and an inkbottle, and some books, and some boxes, and a lot of cobwebs, . . . (Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son (1844))
. . . I ran on through a lot of alleys and back-slums, until I got somewhere in St. Giles's, and here I took a cab. (Punch, Vol. 1 (1841))
a lot of οΰפȽǤǤʸϾʤä1ʸ̣ a lot of servants Ф gets ȼƤ뤬ư -s ϡ³ some . . . likes ȽǤƤ⡤ʣ˰פʣߤ -s ȹͤΤʣ -s ˤĤƤ 3pp γƵȡˡ
3 (1850--1920) Υ֥ѥ12,620,207ˤϡɽټΤ384㤬ҥåȤlot(s) θѤƤ⾯ߤ뤬ŪˤϸѸ¤ȵ̤ۤˡ¿?פΰ̣ѤƤ롥1800ǯ˽Фθǯǰ쵤˹ޤäήԸˡǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Ѹ˾3ñ -s 3ʣ -s ˤĤơ3sp 3pp ¿εǤ줾ƤǡޤΩʤ3ñΥȤ꤬롥褯ΤƤΤϡ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1])#1889. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s (2) ([2014-06-29-1]) Ǽ夲褦 AAVE Ǥ -s æȤݤ뤷ɤǤ East Anglia Υѥˤƿ;Ρˤ餺¤ߥȤȤ㤬롥
Wright (119) ˤ3ñΥ˴ؤˤγάˤСEast Anglia ˤ3ñΥε15ˤΤܤꡤŪʲˤС¾ο;θΥ3ñŪ˳ĥΤȤ뤬ܿαƶǤϤʤȤ⤢롥16ȾޤǤˤϡNorfolk β²41--77%ȤΨ -th ˥ѤƤȤ𤬤ꡤEast Midland Ϥθ3ñΥ濴ϤǤ³Ƥ롥Helsinki Corpus ĴˤСŪˤߤ3ñΥ2%Ȥ㤤Ψʤ East Anglia ˸¤餺ʬۤƤΤ¤ǤꡤŤѸʸˤƤޤ˽вȤϤ롥
Wright κǿʸϡ19Ⱦ West Oxfordshire пȤΤ뽾ͤˤѥȤĴ21%Ȥͽ۰ʾι⤤Ψ3ñΥѤƤ뤳ȤͤߤWright ϡEast Anglia ȤŪˤΥ줿ϰǡ餯λ˸ꤷơ3ñΥʬۤƤΤǤϤʤȿ¬ޤΰŪʬۤϡľ do ˡ (do-periphrasis) षľɸŪ -s 礷Ƥäޤ˰ܹԴκˤߤ줿ĤʤŪʬۤȷŤ
Wright εϹäƤ뤬ʤȤѸΤϤ¤ꡤ˱͡ʥѥबƤϾäƤäȤϳΤǤꡤ19Ⱦ West Oxfordshire ˸Ū˾嵭Τ褦ʾäȤƤ⡤äˤϤʤ
Wright, Laura. "Some More on the History of Present-Tense -s, do and Zero: West Oxfordshire, 1837." Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 1.1 (2015): 111--30.
衼åѤμפʸΤʤǡɥĸϱѸμѸ쥽ȤưճΩʤŪˤ٤εϤǥɥļѸ줬ΤϸѸ줫Ǥꡤ϶ϾǤ롥Ѹɥĸ⥲ޥ (Germanic) °̤εĤȤȤΤƤˤϡξ֤ǼѤȤδطϴǤ롥
Ѹ˥ɥĸθŪƶʤȤ Jespersen (143) ڤۤ (258) ʤɤαѸ˳ǤƤ̤ɥĸѤʤȤϤäƤեƥ٤ƤäǤäơºݤˤϤ٤οϼȤѸȤäƤƤ롥ǯˤƤΤ褦 (Algeo 80; #874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬۡ ([2011-09-18-1])) #2162. OED ˤե졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Wordorigins.org "Where Do English Words Come From?" Ǥ⡤Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Other European languages remain steady, contributing 3--4% of new words throughout the centuries. The exception is German, which starting in the eighteenth century begins to increase its contribution to English vocabulary, reaching 3% of new words all by itself, and nosing ahead of French by the twentieth century.
Ʊꤷ OED ˴ŤפǥɥļѸŪܤղȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

켣 (115--17) ˤСɥĤ16˹ۻѤѤĹƤΤǡαƶ17--18ˤѸäȿǤƤʥդǤμ㴳ιޤ16Ǥˡ17ʹߤϿ̾μѤ¿ޤɥĤ19ůؤؤޤŪȯŸ뤲ᡤŪѸ䳵ǰѸؤήʥվ19˥ԡޤˡ̾μѤΤۤ (loan_translation) ¿Τɥĸ줫μѤħȤ뤫⤷ʤʲʬ̤˥ɥļѸѤޤˤ褦
ιۻ
cobalt, gneiss, meerschaum, quartz, zinc
ůءʸɾ
folksong, gestalt, leitmotif, nihilism, objective, subjective, superman, transcendental, zeitgeist
Ӹء
ablaut, schwa, strong [weak] (declension), Umlaut
ζ١
kindergarten, semester, seminar
ʪءء
aniline, dynamo, ohm, protein, relativity, saccharine, sarin, uranium
ΰءء
aspirin, heroin, pepsin, Roentgen-ray [X-ray]
οʡ
delicatessen, frankfurter, hamburger, lager, noodle, pumpernickel, sauerkraut, schnitzel
ɥļѸˤĤƻ䤤ƤѸ˳¿ʤCarr, Charles T. The German Influence on the English Vocabulary. London: Clarendon, 1934. Ȥ褦Ǥ롥
Ϣơ#150. ꥫѸؤΥɥĸι ([2009-09-24-1])#756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ʸ嵭2015/09/06(Sun)Begoña Crespo ("Historical Background of Multilingualism and Its Impact." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britan. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. p. 29.) ˤСǤѸ15ˤ⡤ϥɥĸ줫ιʪؤ˴ؤѸ줬äƤȤ
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ
Algeo, John. "Vocabulary." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 57--91.
Ѹθ츻Ūֻ˴ؤϡ̾ͥΥƥǮν껺ǤȤƸ롥Ĥ٤ܤϡͥǯʾƧ߸ǤƤƥֻǤꡤѸե줫줿ǤϤʤǤƥܲȤη˶Ť٤ȡƤߤȡѸϡľΤܤƤեɤĤɤۤȤΤʤǡʤߤˤƥΰҸܻؤƤȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϡեϤϤѸֻϤͿ褦¸ߤǤϤʤʤäƤȤȤ㤨СեѸʤɤˤƥեֻ˴Ť֤ʤȤݤϤʤäΤ
ƥ˴Ť츻ŪֻαƤΩʤΤ褦ϸѸ˸롥#594. ѸʹߤΥեѸħ ([2010-12-12-1]) ڤӡ#678. ƥ衼åŪ18ΥեѸ ([2011-03-06-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡ17Ⱦ18ˤƤϡեͼեʸήԤǤ롥κѸؼѤ줿եñϡեֻȯΤޤޤǼ츽ߤ˻äƤΤ¿ȤħĤᤤʳ˱ѸؼѤƤեñ줬ƶե֤ʤȤ⤢ä
㤨СHorobin (134) ϡbisket biscuit ءblew blue ֤ʤ줿ΤϡΥեֻȤ줿ȤƤ롥ºݤˤϡbiscuit 19֤ʤblue 18֤ʤǤ롥ǵäȤƱΥեֻȤ֤ʤˤƥλˤʤäơָ츻ŪֻפȸƤ֤ΤɬΤǤϤʤषե줫κƼѤȾΤƤ٤Τ⤷ʤɽŪˤϡָ츻ŪֻפȻ¦̤궽̣ǽŪ˥ե켰ֻΤ夷Ȥơ#299. explain ˤʤ <i> Τ ([2010-02-20-1])#300. explain ˤʤ <i> Τ (2) ([2010-02-21-1]) Ǽ夲 <explain> ⤢ΤǡȤ줿
Ͼʤ褦˻פ롥ۤμʤĴ٤㤬äȽФƤ뤫⤷ʤΤĴ٤֤17Ⱦ19Ⱦ餤ޤǤδ֤ȤȤȤΤϡѸΥեѤήԴ18ԡǤꡤΥե̿ʸϡ²ΰҿή餬ƬƤˤäƥեͼήԤϲФˤʤä
츻ŪֻȤظˤ븶ưϤ1ĤϡήԤȰҿθˡǤ⤢䤫ꤿȻפƴεǤ롥ˤƤϡѸΥƥ١θ츻ŪֻѸΥե١Ρָ츻Ūֻפⶦ̤Ƥ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#2088. gauge ֻȯ ([2015-01-14-1]) ơ<gauge> vs <gage> ΰֻʬۤˤĤŪĴ٤Ƥߤ롥ޤϡѸɤξEEBO (Early English Books Online) ˴Ťƥȡǡ١ˤ긫Ƥߤ褦
| Period (subcorpus size) | <gage> etc. | <gauge> etc. |
|---|---|---|
| 1451--1500 (244,602 words) | 0 wpm (0 times) | 0 wpm (0 times) |
| 1501--1550 (328,7691 words) | 3.35 (11) | 0.00 (0) |
| 1551--1600 (13,166,673 words) | 6.84 (90) | 0.076 (1) |
| 1601--1650 (48,784,537 words) | 3.01 (147) | 0.35 (17) |
| 1651--1700 (83,777,910 words) | 0.060 (5) | 0.19 (5) |
| 1701--1750 (90,945 words) | 0.00 (0) | 0.00 (0) |
| Period (subcorpus size) | <gage> etc. | <gauge> etc. |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 5 | 1 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 19 | 20 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 2 | 49 |
| ID | WORD | 1961 | 1991--92 | ca 2006 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown (AmE) | LOB (BrE) | Frown (AmE) | FLOB (BrE) | AmE06 (AmE) | BE06 (BrE) | ||
| 1 | gage | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 2 | gages | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 3 | gaging | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | gauge | 16 | 15 | 10 | 6 | 16 | 21 |
| 5 | gauged | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 6 | gauges | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 7 | gauging | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
#2088. gauge ֻȯ ([2015-01-14-1]) ǿ줿ꥫѸǤ <gage> ֻŪϢ³ˤĤƤϡޤ餫ˤȤޤǹԤäƤʤ<gage> ѤƤطʤϵˤʤȤꥫѸ¿Ȥֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) θ̤ʤΤ
[ | ѥڡ ]
#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1]) εθȾǡư <pronounce> Ф̾ <pronunciation> ֤ͳ˿줿ḽѸֻϤɽŪʤΤˤɽַǡŪˤηϤؤȯŸƤŪɽ¿ʬ˻ĤäƤꡤΤ褦 <ou> = /aʊ/, <u> = /ʌ/ δطƤ륱롥
طˤư̾θ촴ʬ˰ۤʤ첻ۤʤ첻ȤΤʤȤˤϰ㤤ʤǡפ褦Ȥߵᡤ뤤ϰѤ뤳ȤϼԤǤ롥̾ <pronounciation> ֤äꡤ/prəˌnaʊnsiˈeɪʃən/ ȯߤԤƤλߤϤФеϼԤѤȥåƥŽƤդˤСۤɤ褯Ѥ뤳ȤȤȤHorobin (247) ˤ⡤"commonly misspelled pronounciation" ȤƸڤ롥OED ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The forms pronouncyacyon, pronounciacion, pronountiation, pronounciation show the influence of PRONOUNCE v. This influence is also seen in the pronunciation Brit. /prəˌnaʊnsɪˈeɪʃn/, U.S. /prəˌnaʊnsiˈeɪʃ(ə)n/, which has frequently been criticized in usage guides.
̾ˤ /aʊ/ ȯϡWeb3 Ǥ "substandard" ȥ졼٥뤬ŽƤꡤLongman Pronunciation Dictionary ǤդƤ롥
̾첻ɽ魯ֻˤĤƤϡθ줬ե줫Ѥ줿Ѹ <u> ̤äOED ˤ <ou> İ֤꤬15ԤƤȤǡEEBO (Early English Books Online) ˴Ťƥȡǡ١Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ16--17ˤϳΤ˥ѥѥ <ou> 㤬롥¿ΰ۷ޤƸ̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ
| Period (subcorpus size) | <pronunciation> etc. | <pronounciation> etc. |
|---|---|---|
| 1451--1500 (244,602 words) | 0 wpm (0 times) | 0 wpm (0 times) |
| 1501--1550 (328,7691 words) | 9.73 (32) | 0.30 (1) |
| 1551--1600 (13,166,673 words) | 1.14 (15) | 0.30 (4) |
| 1601--1650 (48,784,537 words) | 1.35 (66) | 0.12 (6) |
| 1651--1700 (83,777,910 words) | 1.38 (116) | 0.19 (16) |
| 1701--1750 (90,945 words) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Period (subcorpus size) | <pronunciation> etc. | <pronounciation> etc. |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 31 | 2 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 43 | 0 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 64 | 0 |
ε#2044. ʤ mayn't ȤʤΤ (1) ([2014-12-01-1]) ˰³ɸꡥŪʻ¤롥OED ˤȡû̷ mayn't 16㤬ߤȤȤƺǤᤤΤ17 Milton ΤΤ
1631 Milton On Univ. Carrier ii. 18 If I mayn't carry, sure I'll ne'er be fetched.
OED ˴Ťȡܤ٤ϽѸʸȤȤˤʤ롥 EEBO (Early English Books Online) ١ǸĿŪ˺äƤƥȡǡ١ˤ٤ԤäȤΤ褦ʷ̤Фmai nat ʤɤΰ۷ޤƸˡƻΥ֥ѥεϤۤʤΤǡ100 (wpm) Ӥ줿
| Period (subcorpus size) | mayn't | may not |
|---|---|---|
| 1451--1500 (244,602 words) | 0 wpm (0 times) | 474.24 wpm (116 times) |
| 1501--1550 (328,7691 words) | 0 (0) | 133.22 (438) |
| 1551--1600 (13,166,673 words) | 0 (0) | 107.01 (1,409) |
| 1601--1650 (48,784,537 words) | 0.020 (1) | 131.85 (6,432) |
| 1651--1700 (83,777,910 words) | 1.03 (86) | 131.54 (11,020) |
| 1701--1750 (90,945 words) | 0 (0) | 109.96 (10) |
| Period (subcorpus size) | mayn't | may not |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 33 | 859 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 21 | 703 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 68 | 601 |

#872. -ick or -ic ([2011-09-16-1]) εǡ<public> <publick> ֻʬ̻ۤŪѲˤĤơGoogle Books Ngram Viewer Google Books: American English ѤƴʰĴ-ic -ick ˾ѰۤˤĤƤϡJohnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ǤԤޤƤWebster The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) ǤϸԤؤɤڤäƤȰҤ٤ΰϾɬפΤ褦
#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 CLMET3.0 ѤơѸμ礿 -ic(k) ֻĴƤߤ1710--1920ǯδ֤3ʬơ줾ֻ٤Ȥä̤ʲ˷Ǥ褦
| Spelling pair | Period 1 (1710--1780) | Period 2 (1780--1850) | Period 3 (1850--1920) |
|---|---|---|---|
| angelick / angelic | 6 / 50 | 0 / 68 | 0 / 50 |
| antick / antic | 4 / 10 | 1 / 6 | 0 / 3 |
| apoplectick / apoplectic | 0 / 10 | 1 / 19 | 0 / 14 |
| aquatick / aquatic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 35 | 0 / 56 |
| arabick / arabic | 2 / 101 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 115 |
| archbishoprick / archbishopric | 4 / 7 | 2 / 2 | 0 / 8 |
| arctick / arctic | 1 / 5 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 93 |
| arithmetick / arithmetic | 9 / 32 | 0 / 77 | 0 / 98 |
| aromatick / aromatic | 4 / 14 | 0 / 29 | 0 / 36 |
| asiatick / asiatic | 1 / 101 | 0 / 48 | 0 / 76 |
| attick / attic | 1 / 32 | 0 / 34 | 0 / 71 |
| authentick / authentic | 4 / 160 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 68 |
| balsamick / balsamic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 1 |
| baltick / baltic | 4 / 50 | 0 / 33 | 0 / 43 |
| bishoprick / bishopric | 3 / 28 | 2 / 9 | 0 / 19 |
| bombastick / bombastic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 4 |
| cathartick / cathartic | 0 / 1 | 1 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| catholick / catholic | 7 / 291 | 0 / 342 | 0 / 296 |
| caustick / caustic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 20 |
| characteristick / characteristic | 8 / 92 | 0 / 354 | 0 / 687 |
| cholick / cholic | 1 / 13 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 1 |
| comick / comic | 1 / 68 | 0 / 67 | 0 / 165 |
| coptick / coptic | 1 / 11 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 35 |
| critick / critic | 12 / 153 | 0 / 168 | 0 / 155 |
| despotick / despotic | 9 / 66 | 0 / 51 | 0 / 65 |
| dialectick / dialectic | 1 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 6 |
| didactick / didactic | 0 / 10 | 1 / 20 | 0 / 23 |
| domestick / domestic | 46 / 733 | 0 / 736 | 0 / 488 |
| dominick / dominic | 4 / 11 | 0 / 14 | 1 / 3 |
| dramatick / dramatic | 8 / 214 | 0 / 206 | 0 / 216 |
| elliptick / elliptic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 2 |
| emetick / emetic | 4 / 5 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 5 |
| epick / epic | 1 / 68 | 0 / 83 | 1 / 38 |
| ethick / ethic | 1 / 6 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 3 |
| exotick / exotic | 2 / 7 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 38 |
| fabrick / fabric | 15 / 116 | 1 / 84 | 0 / 111 |
| fantastick / fantastic | 9 / 45 | 0 / 157 | 0 / 198 |
| frantick / frantic | 5 / 88 | 2 / 163 | 0 / 124 |
| frolick / frolic | 19 / 44 | 0 / 46 | 0 / 32 |
| gaelick / gaelic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 64 |
| gallick / gallic | 1 / 75 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 10 |
| gothick / gothic | 2 / 498 | 0 / 131 | 0 / 66 |
| heretick / heretic | 2 / 31 | 0 / 37 | 0 / 24 |
| heroick / heroic | 17 / 201 | 2 / 224 | 0 / 211 |
| hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic | 2 / 4 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 8 |
| hysterick / hysteric | 1 / 9 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 6 |
| laconick / laconic | 2 / 13 | 0 / 14 | 0 / 7 |
| lethargick / lethargic | 1 / 12 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 14 |
| logick / logic | 4 / 62 | 0 / 361 | 0 / 367 |
| lunatick / lunatic | 2 / 32 | 0 / 34 | 0 / 77 |
| lyrick / lyric | 3 / 15 | 0 / 26 | 0 / 37 |
| magick / magic | 9 / 110 | 0 / 296 | 0 / 292 |
| majestick / majestic | 4 / 73 | 0 / 149 | 1 / 115 |
| mechanick / mechanic | 6 / 79 | 0 / 47 | 0 / 58 |
| metallick / metallic | 1 / 9 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 137 |
| metaphysick / metaphysic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 9 |
| mimick / mimic | 2 / 25 | 1 / 46 | 0 / 23 |
| musick / music | 87 / 549 | 3 / 1220 | 3 / 1684 |
| mystick / mystic | 1 / 39 | 0 / 92 | 0 / 167 |
| obstetrick / obstetric | 1 / 2 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 0 |
| panegyrick / panegyric | 19 / 121 | 0 / 43 | 0 / 16 |
| panick / panic | 14 / 58 | 1 / 90 | 0 / 314 |
| paralytick / paralytic | 1 / 15 | 0 / 41 | 0 / 14 |
| pedantick / pedantic | 3 / 31 | 0 / 28 | 0 / 29 |
| philippick / philippic | 2 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 2 |
| philosophick / philosophic | 1 / 140 | 0 / 80 | 0 / 155 |
| physick / physic | 35 / 157 | 4 / 51 | 3 / 38 |
| plastick / plastic | 1 / 4 | 0 / 19 | 0 / 32 |
| platonick / platonic | 5 / 48 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 22 |
| politick / politic | 8 / 40 | 2 / 37 | 0 / 51 |
| prognostick / prognostic | 2 / 18 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 1 |
| publick / public | 767 / 3350 | 1 / 3171 | 2 / 2606 |
| relick / relic | 1 / 26 | 4 / 56 | 0 / 65 |
| republick / republic | 12 / 515 | 0 / 185 | 0 / 171 |
| rhetorick / rhetoric | 26 / 109 | 2 / 40 | 0 / 65 |
| rheumatick / rheumatic | 1 / 7 | 0 / 33 | 0 / 30 |
| romantick / romantic | 32 / 191 | 0 / 346 | 0 / 322 |
| rustick / rustic | 3 / 102 | 0 / 157 | 0 / 80 |
| sarcastick / sarcastic | 1 / 37 | 0 / 66 | 0 / 60 |
| sceptick / sceptic | 3 / 26 | 0 / 19 | 0 / 26 |
| scholastick / scholastic | 2 / 24 | 0 / 42 | 0 / 46 |
| sciatick / sciatic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 3 |
| scientifick / scientific | 2 / 16 | 0 / 451 | 0 / 814 |
| stoick / stoic | 5 / 34 | 1 / 15 | 0 / 26 |
| sympathetick / sympathetic | 3 / 26 | 0 / 70 | 0 / 248 |
| systematick / systematic | 1 / 13 | 0 / 64 | 0 / 104 |
| topick / topic | 12 / 128 | 0 / 177 | 0 / 176 |
| traffick / traffic | 80 / 67 | 1 / 164 | 0 / 203 |
| tragick / tragic | 4 / 65 | 0 / 65 | 0 / 209 |
| tropick / tropic | 12 / 37 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 23 |
#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1]) ǡѰư (mutative verb) ϡ18ޤǡ̾ be + ʬȤǴλäƤȤѸˤǤϡ be λ18դ˿ΰӤɤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤƤ롥#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 CLMET3.0 ϡ1710--1920ǯС3,400줫ʤ緿ХѥǤꡤμθѲɤˤϺŬʥȻפΤǡѤ be λοǧƤߤ
ϡεǤ夲7ĤѰư (arrive, become, come, fall, flee, grow; go) ˸ꤷCLMET3.0 3Ĥλʬ (1710--1780, 1780--1850, 1850--1920) 6ĤΥʬ (Narrative fiction, Narrative non-fiction, Drama, Letters, Treatise, Other) ˤäơѥä3ĤλΥ֥ѥεϤϤ褽Ʊ٤̤Υ֥ѥϡ[2013-10-20-1]ɽǼ褦ˡNarrative fiction 礭ФäƤΤǡβˤդפ롥ʲ(1)--(7) ˳ư˴ؤܤѤ߾夲ա(8), (9) 7ưҤä̡ư̤ΥѤ߾夲դ(1)--(6) ˤĤƤϡӤΤYκͤ·Ƥ롥ǡեɽϥHTMLȤ줿

ưˤäƿΥԡɤ˼㴳ΰ㤤ߤ뤬ΤȤƵ˿षȤϡŪ䤫ˡ¤˿षƤäȤݤ롥(7) go ϡʸѸǤ be gone ǥಽƻĤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ褦ˡ˸ѸˤϤۤǤ餺¾ư礭äƤ뤿ˡ(8) (9) ˼褦 be λο¿ʤȤĤƤ뤳Ȥˤդɬפ롥
ǯ3 Leuven ؤ Hendrik De Smet ˤ The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, version 3.0 (CLMET3.0) 줿ԼԤ˥ǻѵĤ館̵ǥɤѤǤ롥1710--1920ǯΥꥹѸ쥳ѥǡ3,400줫ʤ른ХѥǤ CLMETEV 1500줫˳ˡץ졼ƥȤȥդƥȤۤƤꡤ70ǯ֤ʬ3ĤλʬȤ˥ҥåȿ Perl ץȤ°ƤꡤȤꤢȤΤǤ롥ѥιϰʲ̤ꡥ
| Sub-period | Number of authors | Number of texts | Number of words |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 | 51 | 88 | 10,480,431 |
| 1780--1850 | 70 | 99 | 11,285,587 |
| 1850--1920 | 91 | 146 | 12,620,207 |
| TOTAL | 212 | 333 | 34,386,225 |
| Genre | 1710--1780 | 1780--1850 | 1850--1920 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Narrative fiction | 4,642,670 words | 4,830,718 | 6,311,301 |
| Narrative non-fiction | 1,863,855 | 1,940,245 | 958,410 |
| Drama | 407,885 | 347,493 | 607,401 |
| Letters | 1,016,745 | 714,343 | 479,724 |
| Treatise | 1,114,521 | 1,692,992 | 1,782,124 |
| Other | 1,434,755 | 1,759,796 | 2,481,247 |
| Sub-period | between | betwixt |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 | 4,869 words (464.58 wpm) | 657 (62.69 wpm) |
| 1780--1850 | 5,457 (483.54 wpm) | 109 (9.66 wpm) |
| 1850--1920 | 7,672 (607.91 wpm) | 51 (4.04 wpm) |
ʸˡʤɤɬФ빽ʸɽ˲ˡλιʸ롥ư줬3ĤФƤʤζʸǤ롥
If I had missed the train, I would have had no chance to see the woman of destiny.
Ǥ had + ʬ줬ᤵ졤Ǥ would have + ʬ줬ᤵΤ§Ǥ롥ξǰۤʤưʤȤ߹碌ˤᤵΤdzؽԤˤȤäƺ𤷤䤹
ؽԤʤ餺ȤѸüԤˤȤäƤʹʸ餫Leech et al. (63) ˤȡAmE ǼΤ褦ʹʸʹȸ롥
If I would have missed the train, I would have had no chance to see the woman of destiny.
ιʸǤϼȽ°ξ would have ȤƱưȤ߹碌֤ƤꡤñǤ롥ƱʸϡDenison (300) ˤɸθѸǤѻȤ
Certainly, non-standard examples like the following are not uncommon, especially where there is some trace of a volitional meaning in would, (595a), or a non-English substratum, though Fillmore regards . . . it as common in current American usage:
(595) a. I think if he would have let me just look at things quietly . . . it would have been all right (1877 Sewell, Black Beauty xxxix. 123)
b. If I would have known that, I would have acted differently.
ޤɸŪʶäΰ۷ʤΤ켫ΤʤȤ100ǯʾˤäʸǤ뤳ȤˤդƤȵ would have done ͭ嵭Τۤhad done ͭѸˤϸ줿parallel structure ؤλָϡ夤ʤ˺ѤƤϤȹͤΤǤϤʤ
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Denison, David. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Ed. Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 92--329.
ε#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1]) ³Ȥơä첻εŪȯ [ði] ˤĤդäεƤȤˤޤɤǤ Foster ˡüԤľ˴Ťͤˤʤڤä
When the ensuing word begins with a vowel, as 'the apple'. (This seems to be something which has deliberately to be instilled into schoolchildren, who left to themselves will happily pronounce 'th' apple' in Shakespearean fashion.) . . . An odd belief of many naïve speakers is that 'thee' is somehow more easily understood than 'the', so that it is especially favoured when carefully enunciating a name or address, thus producing 'Thee Pines' or 'Thee Mount', to the bewilderment of at least one listener [the author himself]. (259)
ѸѸޤǤ첻 the Ȥ첻Ȥܼ (proclitic) ȤѤƤȤˤĤƤϺˤϼʲȯãΤ褦˻פ롥ȤŪˤĺ餫꤫ǤϤʤ褽Ѹ顤ȿ褦 [ði] ǧ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ȿ褦ήȤС֤Ƥ̤ȯȤ spelling pronunciation Ĭή˻פ⤫֤֡ߤʤֻ̤˲άȯޤ礦Ǥ<the apple> ȯ [ðæpl] ǤϤʤ [ði ˈæpl] ǤפȤʥꥫΡ˾عζʤΤʤи⤷ζۤˤ줬ȤСߤ첻 the ȯ⡤¿ʸˡܤƱͤˡѸˤ뵬ŪʱѸѤν껺ȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ
Foster, Brian. The Changing English Language. London: Macmillan, 1968. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970.
εEDD Online ([2011-09-12-1]) EDD Online Ҳ𤷤ޤ English Dialect Dictionary ΤΤˤĤΤäƤʤлȤʤʤȤΤȤ˵Ťǡˤ狼Ĵ٤
Joseph Wright (1855--1930) ϡOxford ؤ Max Müller θǤȤӸؤٳؤǤ롥ɥĤ Heidelberg ؤˤƥꥷ첻θιѹäϥޥӸؤűѸ졤Ѹʸŵ¿ɮɥӸؤοѹӤ礭ɾƤ롥
Wright αѸؤˤιϡSkeat Furnivall Խ졤λꤸƴ EDD ǤȤäƴְ㤤ʤ65400Ǥˤ10θФ50ʸޤޤ졤OED 䴰Ѹ켭ȤߤʤȤǤ롥Wright Ȥ Preface (v) ǽҤ٤Ƥ "the largest and most comprehensive Dialect Dictionary ever published in any country" ϡߤǤѤ⤤EDD ϿƤΤϡդεҤˤ "COMPLETE VOCABULARY OF ALL DIALECT WORDS STILL IN USE, OR KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN IN USE DURING THE LAST TWO HUNDRED YEARS" Ǥ롥ȤƤ϶ѸäݤʤäƤ롥
Markus Wright's English Dialect Dictionary computerised: towards a new source of information ˤȡEDD β͡ƥǥ벽줿 EDD Online ΰյϡ3ĤʬعǤǽƤˤȤ3ʬȤϡhistorical dialectology, historical spoken English, historical linguistics (esp. lexicology) Ǥ롥ѸˤǤϼŪȤƤʬͳϸԤδؿηǡȤϡ椹뤿ƻΩƤѰդƤʤäȤƶƤȻפ롥ƻǽˤʤäȤäɬ⤽ʬ夬ȤȤǤϤʤʤȤ⤳ޤǰʾ®٤Ǥʬθ椬ʤƤ椯ȤˤϤʤ³ĿͤȤƤѤǤ륷ͤƤ椭
ʤߤˡEDD ʸˡפ English Dialect Grammar (1905) ȤƴԤƤꡤWright ʬǤ벻ȷ֤ѲƤꡤͤ⤤
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1905. Repr. 1968.
ۤ reference corner ˡŤᤫˤμΤƤʬǤϤޤȤȤϤʤʤȻפäƤǯʸ˴Ϣ eyes ʡܡפʣˤбѸνѸ丽ѸǤɤΤ褦ȯãʬۤѲƤĴ٤ɬפꡤΤȤˤμΤƤä褦˻פʤ̤ Hotta (2005) ˤꡥ[2009-12-02-1]εeyes ɽ172ֻ̤פ⻲ȡˡJoseph Wright ˤ6Τμ The English Dialect Dictionary (EDD) Ǥ롥
ʹߤ⤿ޤ˳Ϥääزǡμ饤줿Τäפ֤ EDD ˿ɤȻפ®Ƥߤ뤳ȤˤInnsbruck ؤ Prof. Manfred Markus ǤԤ̳ SPEED (Spoken English in Early Dialects) ץȤ̤ EDD Online beta-version Ǥ롥ǤϴǤǤϤʤȤĤĤ⡤Ǥ˸εǽ˭٤˼Ƥ˭٤ƳѻڤʤۤɡˡؽѸѤ˻ѵĤ̵ǥǤ롥ѥޥ˥奢⻲ȡ
®ѵĤƥƤߤĴ٤बʤˤȤäƤϡڤ˿ǭ˾ȽᤷʡФ측 eye Ƥߤꤷơʢǰʡˡʤ"structured view" ɽȡǤꤺäȸ䤹ΤǤǤͭѡˡMarkus زǤƤ̤ꡤ͡ʸǽΤ褦Ǥ롥Ф측ʸϤΤȡdialect area ǤϸˤäƤ county ٥ϰǤ롥usage label Ǥ٥٥롤̣٥denotation, simile, synonym ʤɡˡѥ٥derogatory, slang ʤɡˤξ꤬ǽǤ롥etymology εǽäƤ롥Ȥ߹碌Сϰθ줫μѸäδطʤɤƤ뤫⤷ʤˡͤäƤϡޤ EDD ɤΤ褦ʼEDD Online ɤΤ褦ʵǽƤΤؤФʤС
EDD ΤΤˤĤƤϡVARIENG (Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English) ˷ǺܤƤ롤Markus ˤ Wright's English Dialect Dictionary computerised: towards a new source of information 褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥
ʸ嵭2022/10/21(Fri)EDD SPEED ؤΥڤƤΤȯEDD Ͽɤ
Hotta, Ryuichi. "A Historical Study on 'eyes' in English from a Panchronic Point of View." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 20 (2005): 75--100.
Wright, Joseph, ed. The English Dialect Dictionary. 6 vols. Henry Frowde, 1898--1905.
ܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥ2Ĥ˱Ѹ쥳ѥ PPCMBE ( Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English; see [2010-03-03-1]. ) COHA ( Corpus of Historical American English; see [2010-09-19-1]. ) ˤĤơܻرѸ쥳ѥ٤κǿ˸ΡȤȯɽƤ롥ξԤȤ2010ǯ˸줿ѸΥѥ줾ѼǤ뤳ȡޤԻŪۤʤ뤳Ȥ٤ӤоݤˤŬʤɽϤȤ륳ѥΰŪħ٤뤳Ȥϰ̣
PPCMBE 1700--1914ǯΥꥹѸƥ949,000ǹƤꡤParsed Corpora of Historical English 1ʤƱͤ˹ʸϤ줿Ťб륳ѥȤ³ռǤ롥ͭǥǡꤹɬפ롥COHA 1810--2009ǯΥꥫѸƥ4Ͽ祳ѥǤ롥ϡʸϤϤƤʤCOHA ̵ǥ饤Ǥ뤿Ȥ䤹եꤵƤΤǽʥǡǤʤȤ롥
ѥεϤȤط뤬PPCMBE ɽ (representativeness) 롥PPCMBE ΥѥƥȤ18غ٤ʬषƥǯ10ǯߤǤȤȡȤʤޥܤ¿롥ϡʬ٤ͭյʬϷ̤ФʤȤȤǤꡤѤ˺ݤդפ롥
COHA ΥѥƥȤ Fiction, Popular Magazines, Newspapers, Non-Fiction Books 4绨Ĥ˶ʬƤ롥٤ʬθˤѤǤʤ10ǯߤǤƥޥܤŬڤʥΥƥȤۤƤꡤɽϤ褯ݤƤ롥Fiction ιΨɤλ50%ƤꡤFiction θħä˸áˤѥΤθħ˱ƶͿƤȹͤ졤ʬϤκݤˤϤդפ롥
ܻϡξѥΰʾħѸˤƻӵ顦ǾˤäƼƤ롥CONCE (Corpus of Nineteenth-Century English) Ѥ Kytö and Romaine ԸˤС19δ֡ӵαФγϡ30ǯߤƬ57.1%67.8%ؤäƤȤƱͤĴ COHA PPCMBE 10ǯߤ˻ܤȤԤǤ1810ǯ64.7%1910ǯ74.3%¤äƤ뤳ȤΤ줿ԤǤ1810ǯ79.4%1910ǯ78.0%ޤɤ줬㤷äȤܡp. 56ˡCONCEƱͤ30ǯߤʬϤľȡPPCMBE ǤͭդѲܴۤѻǤۤɤη̤ǤȤ
ѥϤ줾ȼħäƤ롥褯İѤɬפ뤳ȤǧϢơ[2010-06-04-1]εή˵դäƤӵˡפȡ
2ĤλŦѥ---ɽסرѸ쥳ѥ18桤Ѹ쥳ѥز2011ǯ49--59ǡ
Kytö, M. and S. Romaine. "Adjective Comparison in Nineteenth-Century English." Nineteenth-Century English: Stability and Change. Ed. M. Kytö, M. Rydén, and E. Smitterberg. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 194--214.
ε[2010-09-17-1]³ԡDracula ˸ƱΩɽ³3۷ while, whilst, whiles ٤20ȾʹߤαѼˤ٤٤뤳Ȥˤäơ60?110ǯ餤δ֤˵äѲΰüָѤѥϰʲ̤ꡥ
(1) Dracula ( Gutenberg ǥƥ ): 1897ǯꥹѸ졥
(2) LOB Corpus ( see also [2010-06-29-1] ): 1961ǯꥹѸ졥
(3) BNC ( The British National Corpus ): late twentieth centuryꥹѸ졥
(4) Brown Corpus ( see also [2010-06-29-1] ): 1961ǯꥫѸ졥
(5) OANC (Open American National Corpus): 1990ǯʹߡꥫѸ졥
(6) Corpus of Contemporary American English (BYU-COCA): 1990--2010ǯꥫѸ졥
ƥѥˤ³ȤƤ while, whilst, whiles ٿ3Դ֤Ψϰʲ̤ꡥ
| while | whilst | whiles | |
| (1) Dracula | 14 (12.61%) | 95 (85.59%) | 2 (1.80%) |
| (2) LOB | 517 (88.68%) | 66 (11.32%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| (3) BNC | 48,761 (89.41%) | 5,773 (10.59%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| (4) Brown | 592 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| (5) OANC | 7,893 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| (6) COCA | 246,207 (99.82%) | 447 (0.18%) | 0 (0.00%) |
ϥι˻֤ƤޤȤꡤܤ⤹٤ɤ٤ƤΤǺäȤäӹŹˤϱѸܤޤʤäΤʥϥɤʤΤǡˡ Penguin Popular Classics ΰ֤Ƥäʪ̡ɺ Bram Stoker (1847-1912) ˤ̾ Dracula ص۷쵴ɥ饭 (1897) ˼äΥɥ饭ߤϥ롼ޥ˥ Transylvania ʥϥ鹭ϰˤξȤǤꡤιˤդ路Ȼפ줿450ڡΤǻ٤Ūˤ⤫ʤԵܳŪɤϤᡤ⿲˾ɤ³Ƥ뤬ޤɤ߽ʤ
ʪϤ⤷Τǰޤ뤬̣ɽȤϤˤʤѸɽˤܤαޤ롥ˤʤ뤳Ȥ1Ĥˡ³ whilst ٤Ǹ뤳Ȥ롥³ whilst ϸߤǤϥꥹѸʸħŪʷĥäǡwhile ٤٤㤤Ǥ Longman μˤ while Ϻ1000٥⡤whilst Ϻ2000٥ˡʤˤ while Ф뤬 whilst ٤ΤۤŪ˹⤯ǸߤΥꥹʸξȤϰۤʤ롥 whiles ʤɽǤϤ뤬졤Ĵ٤ʤФȻפΩäۤ1δ֤ˡ³ȤƤ while, whiles, whilst Τ줾٤ϤɤΤ褦ѲƤΤ
٤ͻϤˡƱΩɽ°³ȤƵǽ3η֤εƤߤäȤŪѤ while ϡ[2010-06-18-1]ˤ褦˸űѸǤϡֻ֡פ̣̾ˤʤä줬ʸˡ ( grammaticalisation ) Ф³ȤƤεǽȯŸƤǽŪȯŸȤǤ whiles whilst while ƱͤǤꡤ̾ while ȹͤƤ褤2ϷŪˤɬפǤ롥
whiles θ -s [2009-07-18-1]ˤŪ° ( adverbial genitive ) Ǥ롥whiles 13˽Ƹ졤ñȤǤ뤤ʣŪˡ?ΤȤˡפɽ³Ȥ̤˸褦ˤʤäߤǤϥåȥǡֻפΰ̣ɽޤŸȤƤ while ƱѤ뤬ŪˤѸȤʤäȹͤƤ褤ϢȤƤϡϤŸȤƤ otherwhile(s) somewhile(s) 롥
whilst [waɪlst] Ͼ嵭 whiles -t ĤΤǡȤƤ14顤³ȤƤ16餪ʤƤ롥-t ղäˤĤƤϰβؤȤͤ뤬̣䵡ǽǴϢŤ against, amidst, amongst, betwixt ʤɤθθߤ˱ƶä̤ǤϤʤȤ롥θϤŪ°ʤ -s ꡤĺǾ -st ȤϢۤƯˡ-st Ĥ褦ˤʤäȹͤƤܸǤ?κˡפʤɤȤˡҤ褦ˡwhilst ϸߤǤϥꥹѸʸ˸¤졤ĥäǤ롥while Ӥ٤Ϲ⤯ʤʸϤǤܤˤ뵡Ϸ빽롥
³ while variants Ȥ whiles whilst η֤ˤߤȤǡ Dracula αѸȿ岼äѼǤγƷ֤٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦
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