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brown - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-02-26 Fri

#4323. "subjunctive-friendly" ʥꥫѸ [subjunctive][ame_bre][brown][corpus][contact][mandative_subjunctive]

ˡߤˡ "mandative subjunctive" 奢ꥫѸǰŪѤƤ¤ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ̻ŪʴʲεǼ夲Ƥ#325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1])#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1])#345. "mandative subjunctive" Υꥹȡ ([2010-04-07-1])#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1])#3351. ꥫѸǤ "mandative subjunctive" λѤ "colonial lag" ǤϤʤפ ([2018-06-30-1])
ˤĤ Hundt (595--97) Brown ϥѥѤƹԤʤäĴγפɤൡ񤬤ä (cf. #428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])) 1930ǯ夫1991ǯޤǤαξѼʽ񤭸աˤ̻ĴǤ롥should Ѥ٤Ƥ mandative subjunctive ѤγϡꥫѸǤϤǤ1930ǯ8˶Ť⤤ͤ򼨤Ƥꡤ1991ǯˤϤۤ9ãƤ롥ꥹѸǤϡ1930ǯ2Ķ٤ͤǤꡤθäȤϤ1991ǯλ4ˤȤɤޤäƤ롥mandative subjunctive λѤˤĤƤϡŪˤ̻Ūˤ⥢ꥫѸΤۤȤäƤ褤
Övergaard ԸˤȡꥫѸǤ mandative subjunctive ä1900ǯ1920ǯˤƵäƤꡤطʤȤƥɥĸ졤ե󥹸졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɲˡݻƤȤΰ̱¸ߤŦƤ (Hundt 597)
⤷Τϡ嵭ΡֲˡߡפΤߤʤ餺If I were you Τ褦ʡֲˡפ were λ¸ˤĤƤ⡤Ѽ֤ǻ褦ʷߤ뤳ȤꥹѸǤϡ1930ǯˤ were Ѥ8ۤɤä1990ǯˤ5䶯ؤ礭餷Ƥ롥ꥫѸǤ1930ǯ83.4%1990ǯ74%ƤȤϤϾ
λ㤫⡤20ΥꥫѸʽ񤭸աˤ "a relatively 'subjunctive-friendly' variety" (Hundt 597) Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Hundt, Marianne. "Change in Grammar." Chapter 27 of The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Ed. Bas Aarts, Jill Bowie and Gergana Popova. Oxford: OUP, 2020. 581--603.
Övergaard, Gerd. The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th Century. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1995.

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2019-12-22 Sun

#3891. Ѹ͡ʶɵλ [punctuation][alphabet][diacritical_mark][net_speak][brown][corpus][frequency][statistics][exclamation_mark]

ѸƱޥ󡦥ե٥åȤѤʸΤʤǤ⡤ˡ (punctuation) ˴ؤƤŪñ롥Ūʶɵ椬ФäΤ500ǯ餤Ǥꡤο¿ʤ (cf. #575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])) ޤʸΤΤ26ʸʤˡե󥹸ɥĸʤɤˤߤ롤ʸμդդüȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])) ⸶§ȤѤʤˡΰʸǤ϶ɵ椬˻Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤƤȤ롥net_speak ʤɤǤϡʶɵλˡ߽ФƤ뤳ȤΤǤꡤˡȯŸߤޤäƤޤä櫓ǤϤʤ褦 (cf. #808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1]))
ơ100ΥꥫѸν񤭸եѥ Brown Corpus ѤĴˤȡѸμפʶɵλ (%) ϼ̤Ȥ (Cook 92)

Commas47
Full stops45
Dashes2
Parentheses2
Semi-colons2
Question marks1
Colons1
Exclamation marks1


ѤƤɵ9ʾ夬 <,> <.> ǤȤΤϡѸɤ߼ꡦ񤭼ľȤƤʤŤ롥Ѹɤ߽񤭳ؽδ餤СޤϤ2Ĥζɵ˽Ϥ뤳ȤؤФ褤Ȥˤʤ롥
ޥ󡦥ե٥åʸζɵѰۤˤĤƴؿΤϡCharacter design standards - Punctuation for Latin 1 ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-26-1] [2022-12-21-1]

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2015-04-22 Wed

#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡ [link][corpus][brown][ame_bre]

420դǡWEBޥ Lingua 졼Ϣܡdzؤ֥ѥѽˡμɮ֥ѥõѸαƺԡεǺܤޤϡΥ졼ϢܤȻεˤĤƾҲ𤷤ޤ  *
Ϣܡּdzؤ֥ѥѽѡפϥѥѽ鿴ԸΥ˥Хǡ͡ʸظԤо줷פļŪ˥ѥѤˡ⤷Ƥ椯꡼ǤǤ20εǺܤƤꡤѥδܤϤޤꡤƼΥѥξҲѤΥġ㸦桤˻ޤǡѥ˴Ϣ͡ʻǫ˲⤵ƤޤʲˡƵؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

1. ʤѥ ֿܡ
2. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ԡ а桡
3. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ʸԡ а桡
4. Google 򥳡ѥ˸ΩƤ ʿβʡ
5. פδáԡˡ ٺθ ʾӡͺϺ
6. פδáʸԡˡ ʾӡͺϺ
7. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
8. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
9. ؽԥѥȤϲ ʳҡΡ
10. ؽԥѥDzǤΤ ʳҡΡ
11. ѥ륳ѥβǽ ʿβʡ
12. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷Ѷˡ ġץꥷ
13. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷ѶѲǽ ġץꥷ
14. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
15. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
16. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
17. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
18. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ1ɸ well, I mean, kind of, like λȤ ʻ
19. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ2㤤ʪǤ׵ɽ ʻ
20. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ëľˡʢ2015/05/18(Mon)˥󥯤ɲá
21. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ֻ졦ư ëľˡʢ2015/05/18(Mon)˥󥯤ɲá
22. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
23. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδˡʢ2015/05/21(Thu)˥󥯤ɲá

ν񤤤ϡѥѤƱѸαƺˤĤƹͤ褦Ȥݤǡߤϸ奤ꥹѸȸ奢ꥫѸζŪӤǤ2ѼоȤäƤŪطʤ̻Ūʻ礫ʤȤȤĴƤޤϡִԡפǤäơѸαƺäƤνƺĴѤǤ륳ѥҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
ʲΥ졼Ϣܤεȹ碌ɤͭѤȻפܥ֥ε˥󥯤ĥޤۤˤ⥳ѥѤˤĤƤ corpus εѸαƺˤĤƤ ame_bre ε⤴Ȥ

#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1])
#1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-30-1])
#1743. ICE Frequency Comparer ([2014-02-03-1])

#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])
#517. ICE 󶡤7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1])

#1278. BNC 濴Ȥ륳ѥϢΥ󥯽 ([2012-10-26-1])
#307. ѥѤ ([2010-02-28-1])
#367. ѥѤ (2) ([2010-04-29-1])
#368. ѥϸβǽ򹭤 ([2010-04-30-1])

#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1])
#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])
#312. ʸˡαƺ ([2010-03-05-1])
#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ ([2010-03-08-1])
#357. American English or British English? ([2010-04-19-1])
#627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ෿ ([2011-01-14-1])
#628. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ෿ (2) ([2011-01-15-1])
#677. Ѹˤˡưο ([2011-03-05-1])
#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1])
#1010. ѸαƺˤĤ Martinet ΰ ([2012-02-01-1])
#1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1])
#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1])
#1331. äαƺ뤿νѸ ([2012-12-18-1])
#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1])

Υ졼ϢܵϡִԡפǤϡּԡפǺܤͽǤ

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2011-03-05 Sat

#677. Ѹˤˡưο [auxiliary_verb][corpus][brown]

Ѹˡư ( modal auxiliary ) ηϤʣʤȤˤĤƤϡ[2010-07-22-1], [2010-01-20-1], [2009-07-01-1], [2009-06-25-1]εǿ줿ˡưϰưӤ־ο񤤤ðۤǤꡤ̣¿ͲƤΤDZѸˤ̤԰ʸǤäѸǤηŪʰƤ餺ʹȹͤ뤬ꤽ켫ΤʣǤ롥ѸˡưθϿ¿ηϤѲη򵭽ҤȤơThe Brown family of corpora ([2010-06-29-1]) Ѥ Leech et al. (Chapters 3--5) θ椬롥ä4 (pp. 71--90) Ǥϡפ11ˡư٤ѲܽҤƤ롥ʲϡ1961ǯƱѽ񤭸դɽ Brown LOB1991/92ǯƱѽ񤭸դɽ Frown F-LOB ˤꡤ30ǯ֤ˤ錄ˡư٤̻Ѳɽ路դǤLeech et al., p. 283 οɽȤ˺ˡͥǡϤΥڡHTML򻲾ȡwill ˤ 'll won't ʤɤξάޤࡥneed Ϲξޤࡥ

Frequencies of Modals in the Brown Family Corpora


ΤȤ30ǯδ֤ˡư٤äƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥٤θϡwould, will, may, should, must, shall, ought (to) p < 0.001 ˶ͭպ򼨤might, need(n't) p < 0.01 ζͭպ򼨤ϱξѼҤä᤿̤ѼʬĴȡAmE Τۤ BrE ⸺ٹ礤BrE η٤ɤƤ뤫Τ褦ʬۤ򼨤 (73)
̣ΤϡȤ٤㤤ˡưۤɸΨ礭 "bottom-weighting" (73) ηѻ뤳ȤΨʿѤ18.9%4ưǤߤ4.7%7ưǤߤ22.7%Ǥ롥äˡshall 43.5%ought (to) 37.5%need(n't) 31.6%ȤΨ
bottom-weighting طʤˤϡ"paradigmatic atrophy" ηŪಽ(80--81) ΤǤϤʤȻŦƤ롥ҤΤ褦ˡˡưϰư٤¿ԴǤ§ŪǤ롥;Τˤޤ礤Ƥꡤ¸ߤѲ⤭Ե§Ǥ롥shall 2;̾ȤƸ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤmayn't ȤϤƤޤǤ롥ˡư줬Ū "defective" ʸǤ뤳ȤͤСȤ櫓٤㤤ˡư줬äǽ˴٤ꡤޤޤ٤ˤʤäƤ椯ȤȤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤˡưκϥդ˸ۤñʸݤǤϤʤѥѤŪĴˤä礭Ĭή餫ˤ줿ȸ

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-04-22-1] [2014-12-02-1]

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2011-01-14 Fri

#627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ෿ [language_change][speed_of_change][corpus][brown][ame_bre]

[2010-06-29-1]εǤߤ褦ˡThe Brown family of corpora 4ѥ ( Brown, Frown, LOB, F-LOB ) Ѥ뤳ȤˤäƱѸαѼ֤30ǯ֤ۤɤ̻Ѳ٤뤳ȤǤ롥Τ褦˿ꤹ­Ӳǽ򼨤ʣΥѥѤ̻ "diachronic comparative corpus linguistics" (Leech et al. 24) ȸƤФƤꡤߤ30ǯۤɤδֳ֤򤢤ѼΥѥ̤ξظäԻƤ椯ΤȻפ롥
ϰѼǯȤ2ĤΥѥ᡼ˤäܤ٤κˤĤơŪʲʣꤦ롥Brown family ξˤϤɤΤ褦ʲ᤬뤫Mair (109--12) Ƥ2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۡʤ̵ͭˤ෿ ( "typology of contrasts" ) Ѥǰʲ˼"=" Ѳνȯ"+/-" ѲȤ򼨤

(1) nothing happening
BrE: = =
AmE: = =

(2) stable regional contrast
BrE: = =
AmE: +/- +/-

(3) parallel diachronic development
BrE: = +/-
AmE: = +/-

(4) convergence: Americanization
BrE: +/- =
AmE: = =

(5) convergence: 'Britishization'
BrE: = =
AmE: +/- =

(6) incipient divergence: British English innovating
BrE: = +/-
AmE: = =

(7) incipient divergence: American English innovating
BrE: = =
AmE: = +/-

(8) random fluctuation
BrE: = +/-
AmE: +/- +/-

(1), (8) ϺǤ¿ѻԤδؿʤʿޤʥפκۡʤηǡˤǤ롥(2) ϳΩ줿ưαƺ㤨 <honour> vs. <honor> ֻ got vs. gotten λѤȤʤ롥(3) Mair Ǥϵ󤲤Ƥʤ(4) Americanization λ㡤㤨 help 褦ˤʤäƤƤ뷹פ⤫٤뤳ȤǤʤ BrE ǤΤηϤ٤Ƥ Americanization ˵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤˡ(5) ˤޤ 'Britishization' Ǥ롥㤨 AmE Ǥνưɽ have got to ι BrE ˸ƤǽȵƤ롥(6) ϡBrE prevent "O + from + V-ing" ǤϤʤ "O + V-ing" 򹥤򤹤褦ˤʤФƤ뷹˵󤲤롥(7) ϡAmE begin to Ǥʤ V-ing ٤ޤФƤ뷹Ȥʤ롥
ŪˤϡѲ®٤θʤФʤʤ㤨 (3) Τ褦ξѼƱ̻ѲƤǤ⡤Ѽ֤Ѳ®٤˺з̤ȤʿԤˤϤʤʤ嵭෿®٤Ȥȡ˺٤ʬɬפˤʤϤǤ롥Τ褦ʣʲϻĤäƤ뤬2Ѽ2Ӥ "diachronic comparative corpus linguistics" ŪȤơ嵭 "typology of contrasts" ͭѤ󡤤ΥݥϡBrE AmE ˤ30ǯۤɤȤû֤̻ѲǤʤʹߤξѼ̻Ūȯã򵭽ҤǥȤƤͭǤ롥ϡ[2010-10-09-1]εǰäѸ convergence divergence ˤŬѤǤȻפ롥

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.

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2010-09-18 Sat

#509. Dracula ˸ whilst (2) [corpus][lob][brown][bnc][oanc][coca][lmode][conjunction]

ε[2010-09-17-1]³ԡDracula ˸ƱΩɽ³3۷ while, whilst, whiles ٤20ȾʹߤαѼˤ٤٤뤳Ȥˤäơ60?110ǯ餤δ֤˵äѲΰüָѤѥϰʲ̤ꡥ

(1) Dracula ( Gutenberg ǥƥ ): 1897ǯꥹѸ졥
(2) LOB Corpus ( see also [2010-06-29-1] ): 1961ǯꥹѸ졥
(3) BNC ( The British National Corpus ): late twentieth centuryꥹѸ졥
(4) Brown Corpus ( see also [2010-06-29-1] ): 1961ǯꥫѸ졥
(5) OANC (Open American National Corpus): 1990ǯʹߡꥫѸ졥
(6) Corpus of Contemporary American English (BYU-COCA): 1990--2010ǯꥫѸ졥

ƥѥˤ³ȤƤ while, whilst, whiles ٿ3Դ֤Ψϰʲ̤ꡥ

 whilewhilstwhiles
(1) Dracula14 (12.61%)95 (85.59%)2 (1.80%)
(2) LOB517 (88.68%)66 (11.32%)0 (0.00%)
(3) BNC48,761 (89.41%)5,773 (10.59%)0 (0.00%)
(4) Brown592 (100.00%)0 (0.00%)0 (0.00%)
(5) OANC7,893 (100.00%)0 (0.00%)0 (0.00%)
(6) COCA246,207 (99.82%)447 (0.18%)0 (0.00%)


Dracula whilst Ψ۾˹⤤ϤƱΥꥹѸʸħʤΤɽįȡ20Ⱦ˥ꥹѸ whilst 㸺ƱȾʹߤ10%٤ǰꤷɤ롥ꥫѸǤ20ȾǤ whilst Ϥ̵ۤˤʤʤwhiles ˻äƤϡؿȯüǤä Dracula Ǥ2Τߡ¾ȤƤ1㤢äˤǡȤϤɤõƤ⸫Ĥʤä⡤ Dracula 2ȤΤϤ¤ζѸäͰ Van Helsing θȯƤΤǡƱ奤ꥹѸǤɤ spontaneous form Ǥäʬʤ
ĴϤȤηŪĴǤϤʤζ̤ȤʸΤռƤʤӤδֳ֤Ϥޤǽʥѥ˰¸ˤʤѼǤӤȤΤפĤǤ롥̣䤤ޤ줿ΤǡĴ򤷤Ƥߤ

Dracula Ʊ¾ΥꥹʸǤϳư۷٤ϤɤʤΤ
20Ⱦ whilst 㸺褦˸ΤʤΤȤ餽طʤ˲Τ
ꥫѸΤŤʳǤ whilst Ϥä٤⤫äȹͤƤ褤Τ
whiles Ϥĺޤ̤˸줿Τ뤤Ϥ⤽̤˸֤ǤϤʤäΤ
the while the whilst ʤɤʣˤĤƤ٤ϤɤäΤ

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2010-06-29 Tue

#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿ [corpus][ame_bre][brown]

[2010-04-25-1]εǽҤ٤ȤꡤαѸ쥳ѥȤ Brown Corpus β̤ƤϿǤ롥Brown Corpus Υѥǥ˱äѥ³ߤ ICE ( International Corpus of English ) ΥץȤʹǤ롥Ǥä "the Brown family of corpora" ȸƤФˤȤʤ4ĤδϢѥ롥1960ǯƬΥꥫѸʽ񤭸աˤɽ Brown CorpusΥꥹѸǤ LOB Corpus30ǯ֤򤪤1990ǯƬΥꥫѸʽ񤭸աˤɽ Frown CorpusΥꥹѸǤ FLOB Corpus Ǥʳƥѥγפ ICAME HP 򻲾ȡˡ4ĤȤȳƻαѼΰƱǤʤѼ30ǯδ֤˵äѲĴ٤뤳ȤǤ롥Ĥδ򥯥СѲαƺӤ뤳ȤǤ롥Leech and Smith (186) ꡤthe Brown family of corpora ؿޤ򼨤

The Brown Family of Corpora


ǯϿ쵬Ϥε祳ѥΩʤǡthe Brown family ΥѥϤ줾100ȥȤƤϾ "comparable" ǤȤơޤˤäƤϺ⽽ʬͭѤǤ³Ȼפ뤷4ѥȤ Leech and Smith θʤɤ򸫤Ƥȡޤޤʸ椬ǤǤ ( see [2010-06-25-1], [2010-06-26-1] ) ǡthe Brown family ѤݤջˤĤơLeech and Smith (186--87) Ҥ٤ƤΤѤƳؽƤʲϡִפȤƤΤǤ롥

(a) that the size and composition of the corpora are sufficiently closely matched to validate the basic principle of the comparison: that we are comparing like with like despite different provenances;
(b) that the statistically significant results of the comparisons can be attributed to linguistic differences rather than other factors such as shifts in genre characteristics;
(c) that the grammatical categories are defined and used consistently and in a way that other linguists will find useful;
(d) that the extraction of classified data from the corpus has been acceptably, if not totally, free from error.



The Brown family of corpora ϰտŪ "comparable" Ȥʤ褦˺ƤϤ뤬 "perfectly comparable" ǤϤʤФŪʷФǤϤʤѥؤǸŪƱʬǥѥѤ򤷤ƤȡȤ˺䤹ȼʪʤΡѾաפϷ֤ƤɬפĴ̤ˡʸΤ褦˷֤餤٤ɬפʤΤ⤷ʤ
ѥѤβǽȤ¾ˤĤƤϡ줾[2010-04-30-1][2010-02-28-1], [2010-04-29-1]ε׻ȡ

Leech, Geoffrey and Nicholas Smith. "Recent Grammatical Change in Written English 1961--1992: Some Preliminary Findings of a Comparison of American with British English." The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics. Ed. Antoinette Renouf and Andrew Kehoe. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2006. 185--204.

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