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exclamation_mark - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-12-23 Fri

#4988. òαѸǤθƤ̾ [exclamation_mark][punctuation][johnson]

#4986. ܸƤƤ봶ò ([2022-12-21-1])#4987. ѸδòλȤȽ19 ([2022-12-22-1]) ³ƴò "!" 夲ƤܸǤϡִòפΤ֤ۤӤäޡסֱס֤ס֥᡼ޡס֥᡼ݥȡפʤɤθƤ̾褦ѸǤ⤤ĤθƾΤ롥OED exclamation, n. admiration, n. 꼡̤ꡥ碌ƽ⼨

4c. note of exclamation, point of exclamation, also (originally U.S.) exclamation mark, exclamation point: a punctuation mark (!) indicating an exclamation; ; cf. note (also mark, point, sign) of admiration at ADMIRATION n. Phrases 2. Also figurative.

   1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd 271 A note of Exclamation or Admiration, thus noted!


P2. note (also mark, point, sign) of admiration: = exclamation mark at EXCLAMATION n. 4c.

   1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Admiratif Th' admirative point, or point of admiration (and of detestation) marked, or made thus !


admiration θƾΤϸߤǤϤۤȤɻȤʤ褦ѸˤǤνФ exclamation ᤤե󥹸 admiratif Υ󥹥ԥ졼Τ褦
1755ǯ Johnson μǤϡò EXCLAMATION ι3ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ롥

ADMIRATION in Johnson's Dictionary

Ƥ̾ϢươѸˤòλѤˤϤʹߤΤȤǤ롥ۤɸŤ櫓ǤϤʤϸŪʶ˰Ūˤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ϣơ#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#2666. Ѹ԰ʶˡ ([2016-08-14-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

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2022-12-22 Thu

#4987. ѸδòλȤȽ19 [exclamation_mark][punctuation][complaint_tradition]

ε#4986. ܸƤƤ봶ò ([2022-12-21-1]) ǡܸˤ봶òˡǧ򺣤ΥͥåȾǤܸѤǤϴò䤬˰ۤɻȤƤ뤬伫ȤĤĤѤƤޤηϡεˤ⵭̤ꡤ̯19Ⱦ餢äˤϤäΤ
ѸǤϤɤȤСϤ괶ò¿ѤƤޤ򤱤ä褦ǡȤȽϸԤȤ19餢äȤCrystal (177) Ѹζ˴ؤܤǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥Mark Twain (1835-1910) о줷Ƥ롥

   No other punctuation mark has attracted such criticism in modern times as the exclamation mark. The antagonism isn't restricted to pedantic stylists. Some very well-known authors have taken against them. Mark Twain opens his essay 'How to Tell a Story' (1897) by warning comic writers against the depressing habit of shouting at the reader, including the use of 'whooping exclamation-points', which, he says, makes him 'want to renounce joking and lead a better life'. And there's a much-quoted remark attributed to F Scott Fitzgerald: 'Cut out all these exclamation points', adding 'An exclamation point is like laughing at your own joke.' Repeated marks attract particular criticism. One of the characters in Terry Pratchett's Discworld novel Eric (1990) insists that 'Multiple exclamation marks are a sure sign of a diseased mind.'
   The antipathy seems to have set in during the late nineteenth century, as part of a general feeling that writers, editors, and printers had rather overdone their preference for heavy punctuation. We see exclamation marks littering the pages in editions of Shakespeare, for instance. Take this line from Romeo and Juliet when the Nurse tries to wake Juliet (4.5.12). Modern editions (such as Arden, Oxford, Penguin) print it thus:

      What, dressed, and in your clothes, and down again?

   The Albion edition of the plays (1889) prints it thus:

      What, dress'd! and in your clothes! and down again!


òϡɤ߼ȤƤܤդƤ뤵Τ񤭼Ωˤʤưפ˻ȤäƤޤòϽ񤭼˲Ѥ¥褦äƤΤ

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-26-1] [2022-12-23-1]

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2022-12-21 Wed

#4986. ܸƤƤ봶ò [exclamation_mark][punctuation][japanese][history_of_japanese]

1212īʹΡֳŷ͸פˤơܸˤ봶ò (exclamation_mark) ѤƤؤ󤪤⤷äΤȴ褷ưѤ롥  *

줫ܸǴò䤬¸ߴ⤷ʤ
. . . .
綶ԡڶʣˤˤȡܤǴò䤬˻ȤϤ᤿Τϣǯ꤫顥Ȥ櫓ο͵Ȥä̯ʤӤߤ礦ˤȤϡʤ̯ϡ֥ۥפȸƤȤ
. . . .
ɽijʤ礦ˡ٤ȡؤɱ٤ɤǤߤޤɿפ̡ɤ顪ʸʸ˴ò䤬¿롥Ǥ˵§ʤʪΥ޾ǤǤ⡥ɤߤʤܤФ
̯ˤ٤ϤäޥǤĤΤϣĤޤǡȤξˡϸʤ㤭Ȥò򹭤󣱣ǯ⤷ޡ郎ޥۤβ̤Ӹ򤦡λ򸫤餤˶äȤ


ܸˤ봶òλѤˤĤơض桤Ѽŵ٤Ĵ٤Ƥߤޤޤ⤷ܤϡؼŵ٤ (pp. 32--35) 򸫤ߤΤμŵ餷ΤäƤޤäòʥ᡼ޡ᡼ݥȡӤäޡ졤ˤλˡΥݥȤʬȴФưʲ˰Ѥ롥

[1] ʸζ1ġʸդơ䴶ιޤɽ
   (A) θդȯ줿Ȥɽ
   (B) òʸդ롥
   (C) ̿ʸޤػߡٹʤɤɽʸդơ̿ᡦػߡٹɽ
   (D) ʿʸʤɤդơưòʳäܤʤɡ񤭼ʪδ𡦻פɽ
   (E) ʤɤդơưĴ롥"Bang!" ʤɡ
   (F) ʸʹθФʤɤǡλ򶯤Ĵ롥
[2] ʸǡ[1] ƱͤѤ롥20(1887)ǯȤ
   (A) θդȯ줿Ȥɽ
   (B) ưòʳäܤꡦ硦ʤɡ񤭼ʪδ𡦻פĴ롥
   (C) ®ưưɤʤɤɽ졦ָդơưĴ롥
   (D) ʸɸ졤ʹθФʤɤǡλ򶯤Ĵ롥εԡ褤贰סֹס֡ߡˡȿСפʤɡ
[3] ʸθΤȤơäʤɤεʬɽʡˤ뤬ʡˤʤǤΤޤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
[4] ⡦̡ʤɤǡäΥä᤭Ф˴òơäʤɤεɽȤ롥
[5] ¿ѷΤʤˡ֡פơդƤӤޡȤ롥ƻϩɸɸˤǤϡ֤¾δפɽٲɸ
[6] ɸ̾ʤɤǤȤʸդƻȤ롥"YAHOO!®" ʤɡ
[7] ؤǡn!פɸƳɽ1 n ޤǤϢ³뼫򤹤٤Ƴݤ碌롥5! (=54321) ʤɡ
[8] δǡɽ


1 ĴȤơ!!סŴòˡ!!!סʻŴòˤȤ롥
2 ܤò碌ơפȤ⤤


ֳŷ͸פȡض桤Ѽŵ٤̤ơθͳδòˤĤƳؤ֤Ȥ¿äòȴϢơ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1]) #3891. Ѹ͡ʶɵλ١ ([2019-12-22-1]) ⻲ȡ

شۼŵԽԡˡض桤Ѽŵ١شۡ2007ǯ

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2019-12-22 Sun

#3891. Ѹ͡ʶɵλ [punctuation][alphabet][diacritical_mark][net_speak][brown][corpus][frequency][statistics][exclamation_mark]

ѸƱޥ󡦥ե٥åȤѤʸΤʤǤ⡤ˡ (punctuation) ˴ؤƤŪñ롥Ūʶɵ椬ФäΤ500ǯ餤Ǥꡤο¿ʤ (cf. #575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])) ޤʸΤΤ26ʸʤˡե󥹸ɥĸʤɤˤߤ롤ʸμդդüȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])) ⸶§ȤѤʤˡΰʸǤ϶ɵ椬˻Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤƤȤ롥net_speak ʤɤǤϡʶɵλˡ߽ФƤ뤳ȤΤǤꡤˡȯŸߤޤäƤޤä櫓ǤϤʤ褦 (cf. #808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1]))
ơ100ΥꥫѸν񤭸եѥ Brown Corpus ѤĴˤȡѸμפʶɵλ (%) ϼ̤Ȥ (Cook 92)

Commas47
Full stops45
Dashes2
Parentheses2
Semi-colons2
Question marks1
Colons1
Exclamation marks1


ѤƤɵ9ʾ夬 <,> <.> ǤȤΤϡѸɤ߼ꡦ񤭼ľȤƤʤŤ롥Ѹɤ߽񤭳ؽδ餤СޤϤ2Ĥζɵ˽Ϥ뤳ȤؤФ褤Ȥˤʤ롥
ޥ󡦥ե٥åʸζɵѰۤˤĤƴؿΤϡCharacter design standards - Punctuation for Latin 1 ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-26-1] [2022-12-21-1]

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2011-09-04 Sun

#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ [pde][language_change][pde_language_change][exclamation_mark]

[2010-05-31-1]εָѸ˵äƤѲפ[2011-01-11-1]εָѸʸˡѲΰפǡѸƤѲΰ󤲤ϤγǤäŪʰϺʤΤǡBarber, Bauer, Fennell, Potter, Leech et al. ¾νʸǼ夲Ƥ褦ʸѲѰۤιܤ򡤻ѤˤޤȤ᤿ΤȤ򤵤줿ޤ᤿ܤιȺ٤Ū濴˿Τ "PDE linguistic changes and variations in spoken and written varieties of present-day Standard British and/or American English" Ǥ롥ܤȤƤϡ򻲾Ȥ줿
̻ŪѲȶŪѰۤζ̤ۣǤꡤΤ˸ѲȤߤʤ뤫ɤ路⤢뤫⤷ʤޤäľΥ٥ǸѲȸΩƤƤeޤޤƤ롥ˡ٤ƸѸǿʹѲǤϤ뤬¿ϸѸǻϤޤäѲǤϤʤ¿϶Ѹ顤뤤Ѹ³ƤѲǤꡤˤäƤˤդιܤ⡤ѸƤѲȤƤߤʤ뤫ɤڤͤܤǤϤ롥

phonology

  • centering of short vowels (Barber 42): yes, good
  • change of /ɔː/ to /ɔ/ before /f/, /s/, and /θ/ (Barber 43): off, lost, cloth
  • closer /ɔː/: lord used to be pronounced like lard today
  • Continental pronunciation (Barber 72--74, Potter 31--32): Seine, Cherbourgh, Majorca, Sofia, Buenos Aires; quasi-, nuclei
  • de-syllabification of pp adj. with -ed (#776): aged, beloved
  • de-syllabification of /iə, uə/ to /i-ə, u-ə/ (Potter 18--19)
  • diphthongisation of /iː/ and /uː/ (Barber 44--45): tea, two
  • dramatic fronting of /uː/ and /ʌ/ in RP (Bauer 114--21)
  • final /iː/ for /i/ (Barber 46--47): pretty, Derby
  • fluctuation in pronunciation (#488, #766): applicable, dilemma, status
  • h-dropping (#462): herb, homage
  • initial /h/ for /wh/: where, what
  • instable pronunciation of triphthongs (Potter 19--20): [faə], [fɑə], [fɑː]] for [faiə]
  • intrusive (linking) -r (#500): the idea(r) of, law(r) and order
  • intrusive stops (Barber 58--59): fan(t)cy, warm(p)th, leng(k)th
  • loss of final alveolars (Barber 53--54): no(t) bad, ol(d) man, half pas(t) five
  • loss of plosives (Barber 54): knocked, East Coast
  • loss of /p/ from initial /ps/ and /pt/ (Barber 55): pseudo, psyche
  • new weak forms of pronunciation (Barber 64): /srait/ (that's right), /fjuˈlaik/ (if you like), /ˈtsɔːl ˈrait/ (it's all right)
  • Northern Cities Shift (#396)
  • noun-verb stress alternation (#803, #804, #406)
  • simplification of double consonants (Barber 54--55): a good deal, upside-down, lamp-post, prime-minister
  • Southern Hemisphere Shift (#402)
  • spelling pronunciation (#211, #212, #379): often, forehead
  • spread of /ə/ in unstressed syllables (Barber 48--49): ability, women, useless, engine
  • spread of glottal stops (Barber 60--61): butter, batman, button, not yet
  • vocalic influence of "dark l (Barber 47--48): revolve, solve; salt, falter; milk
  • voicing of intervocalic consonants (Barber 57): letter, better, British
  • vowel shift in Estuary English (#465)
  • word stress shift (#488, #769; #321, #342, #366): controversy, harass, Caribbean
  • /ɛ/ for /eɪ/ (#541, #543): says, against
  • yod-dropping (#841): dew, enthuse, lewd, new, suit, tune

morphology

  • acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms (#625, #817): EU, UNESCO, asap
  • active conversion (#394): to pluto
  • active blending (#631, #625): electrocute, Singlish
  • active shortening (Barber 89--91): telly, mike, sub, polio, bra
  • affixation (#732, #133, #593, #420): -dom, -ish, -wise, super-, mini-
  • back-formation (#108): baby-sit, escalator, ism, enthuse, liaise
  • change in formation of new words (Bauer 38--40): blends and compounds grow while suffixation and neo-classical compounds decline
  • conversion of phrasal verbs to nouns (Potter 171--73): breakout, getaway, layout, leftover, setup, walkout
  • generalisation of the s-plural (#121, #161, #482): thesauruses, mouses, oxes
  • headless compound (#420): pickpocket, sell-out
  • -ic for -ical (Barber 115): comic, botanic, politic
  • monosyllabism (Potter 76--78): ad, jet, op, quake
  • regularisation of irregular verb conjugations (#178, #528): dreamed for dreamt, wedded for wed
  • spread of the s-genitive to non-human nouns (#425): today's newspaper, the book's cover
  • suffixation for semantic differentiation (Potter 74--76): emergency / emergence, continuance / continuation / continuity
  • variants of the preterite of verb (#312): dove / dived, sung / sang, swum / swam

syntax

  • analytical comparison of disyllabic adjectives (#403, #456, #425; Bauer 51--61): more polite, most polite for politer, politest
  • change in case inflections of personal pronouns (Bauer 88): between you and I for between you and me; than myself to avoid the choice of either I or me
  • change in non-finite clausal complementation (part of "Great Complement Shift") (Leech et al. 205)
  • decline of wh-relatives in AmE (#424, #425; Bauer 66--83)
  • decline of whom (#622)
  • decline of auxiliary verbs like shall, ought (to), need(n't) (#677)
  • decline of passive constructions (Leech et al. 164)
  • development of new, auxiliary-like uses of certain lexical verbs: wanna for want to,
  • do-support for have in BrE: Have you any money? and No, I haven't any money Do you have / have you got any money? and No, I don't have any money / I haven't got any money
  • do-support for be (Potter 132): Why don't you be a good boy?, Why on earth doesn't the fellow be reasonable?
  • due to as a compound preposition (Barber138): Due to heart-failure, he suffered an early death.
  • elimination of shall as a future marker in the first person (#301)
  • expansion of phrasal verbs and compound verbs (Barber 140): run down; build up, start up
  • extension of the progressive to new constructions (especially modal, present perfect and past perfect passive progressives: the road would not be being built / has not been being built / had not been being built / They are remembering the days of their childhood, You are surely imagining things
  • fixed order of attributive adjectives (Potter 152--56): his five short brilliant creative years
  • fluctuation of prepositions in phrases (#301): different to for different from
  • further auxiliation of semi-auxiliaries and modal idioms (#64): gonna, have got to, be supposed to
  • gerunds as attributives (Fennell 174): the come-backing Australian tennis player, Claire X is a rapidly becoming confused mother of four
  • hyphenated attributives (Potter 106--107): an off-the-cuff opinion, round-the-clock discussions, hard-to-get-at volumes
  • increase in negative and verbal contractions: is'nt, it's
  • increase in the number and types of multi-word verbs (expanded predicates): phrasal verbs, have / take / give a + noun
  • increase in title + name: Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for Mrs Thatcher, the Prime Minister, young Lambeth housewife Amy Green for Mrs Green, a young Lambeth housewife
  • less use of no-negation in contrast to not-negation (Leech et al. 241)
  • like, same as, and immediately as conjunctions (#312)
  • longer VPs (catenatives) (Fennell 174): He appears to wish to be able to carry on being examined by the same doctor.
  • more use of adjectives as adverbs (#312): They pay them pretty good.
  • more zero-relatives and that-relatives (Bauer 66--83)
  • more use of less instead of fewer with countable nouns: less people
  • more use of the preterite for the perfect (Fennell 175): I bought a new car for I've bought a new car
  • more use of the get-passive (Leech et al. 164): get frightened, get mixed
  • more use of the mediopassive (Leech et al. 165): Oilcloth wears well, Thr routes are designed to bicycle in a few hours.
  • (multiple) noun adjuncts (#625, #425; Potter 107--13, Fennell 175): World Court, recreation facilities, for health reasons, on efficiency grounds, weapons technology; World Heath Organization, Trades union congress centenary, New York City Ballet School instructor, railway station waiting room murder inquiry verdict
  • "noun disease" (Potter 100--05): London's growth is rapid for London is growing rapidly
  • number concord of collective nouns (#312; Bauer 61--66): The Government has/have been considering further tax cuts.
  • omission of the definite article (Potter 144--46): (the) university, (the) Government, (the) radio, all (the) winter
  • omission of have and do (Barber 136--37): we done it, they been, you seen; What you want that for?, Where you think you're going?
  • omission of Do you in questions (Barber 137): Like a cigarette?, Have a drink?
  • omission of that in now that and so that (Barber 138)
  • placement of frequency adverbs before auxiliary verbs even if no emphasis is intended: I never have said so
  • plural attributives (Bauer 48): drugs courier for drug courier
  • positive tags as afterthoughts (Potter 160): We all agree on this, or do we?, We know in our hearts that we shall be rewarded, or do we?
  • revival of the 'mandative' subjunctive, probably inspired by formal US usage (#312, #325, #326): we demand that she take part in the meeting
  • sentences becoming shorter (Barber 143)
  • sort of and kind of as adverbs (Barber 138): meaning so to speak, if that is the right word for it
  • spread of 'singular' they to formal and standard usage (#275; Bauer 148): Everybody came in their car
  • suppressed prepositions (Potter 140--41): agree (with), approve (of), compensate (for), protest (against), cope (with)
  • syntactic contamination (#737; Barber 139): both A but also B; between A to B, comprise of
  • this and that as intensive adverbs (Potter 147): It is not all that simple.

semantics

  • change in usage and meaning of words (#823, #755, #301): uninterested / disinterested, literally, hopefully

pragmatics

  • decline of she for ships and countries (#852)
  • decline of honorific vocatives such as Mr and Sir
  • democratised mode of address as by first-names (Bauer 141--45)
  • increase in questions (Leech et al. 242)
  • popularisation of political correctness (#115): Ms, chairperson; refuse collector
  • second person plural pronouns (#312, #529): y'all, you guys

lexicon

  • change in sources of new words (Bauer 35--36): English grows while French, Latin, and Greek decline
  • Cockney rhyming-slang since the World Wars (Barber 103): trouble and strife (wife), half-inch (to pinch), titfer (hat)
  • general growth in vocabulary (#629, #623)
  • Greco-Latin scientific vocabulary and its popularisation (Potter 90--98): ISV (International Scientific Vocabulary) such as pediatrics, arthritis, euphoria, claustrophobia, inferiority complex
  • growth in e-vocabulary as a result of e-revolution
  • new intensifiers (Barber 123--24): smashing, shattering, wizard, bang-on, super, super-duper, massive, fabulous
  • new lexical euphemisms (Barber 125): slump / depression / recession / downturn
  • proper names and trade names (Barber 95--97): diesel, kodak, Hoover, Biro
  • revival of old (esp. war-related) words: frigate, corvette, armour

spelling

  • -ise / -ize in BrE (#314; Bauer 134--35): emphasise, criticise, characterise, summarise, specialise
  • "pronunciation spelling" (#799, #825): lite, thru, warez

punctuation

  • fewer exclamation marks and semi-colons (Leech et al. 245)
  • growth in parenthetic sentences (Barber 143): Boxer Bill Smith (he will be twenty-four to-morrow) has signed a contract to fight. . .
  • increase of quoted speech (Leech et al. 248)
  • less use of apostrophes (Bauer 132--33): the 1969s
  • less use of hyphens (Potter 58--59): yearbook for year-book or year book; today for to-day
  • more use of quotes (Potter 56--57): to impress the uninitiated?
  • preference for lowercase (Potter 59--60): neo-platonic for Neo-Platonic or neo-Platonic
  • smileys and emoticons (#808): :-) and :-(
  • unindented address lines (Bauer 132)


Barber, Charles. Linguistic Change in Present-Day English. Alabama: U of Alabama P, 1964.
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.
ԡѲѸ١ҤĤ˼2003ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-11-22 Mon

#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ [punctuation][apostrophe][hyphen][exclamation_mark]

Ѹν񤭸դǤ punctuation ֶˡפβ̤礭period, comma, colon, semicolon, hyphen, apostrophe, question mark, exclamation mark, quotation marks Ϥᡤasterisk, italics, bold type, capitalisation, indentation ʤɤ⹭ punctuation ιǤȹͤƤ褤MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers The Chicago Manual of Style ʤɤǤ϶ˡεϤ٤Ƥꡤºݤʪ񤭤϶ˡˤΤǤ롥ޤǸȤ⡤̤ν񤭼ɤ߼⡤ˡ񤭤䤹ɤߤ䤹˴ط뤳ȤΤäƤꡤʤ̤Ƥ뤳ȤǧƤ롥
Crystal (278) ˤСpunctuation ˤϾʤȤ4Ĥεǽ롥

(1) grammatical: "to enable stretches of written language to be read coherently, by displaying their grammatical structure"
(2) prosodic: "representing the intonation and emphasis of spoken language"
(3) semantic/rhetorical: "highlight semantic units or contrasts present in the text but not directly related to its grammatical structure"
(4) semantic/graphic: "add a semantic dimension, unique to the graphic medium, which it would be difficult or impossible to read aloud"

punctuation ȤäƤ˻פĤΤϡ(1) grammatical ӤʸȤŪñ̤ڤΤ period Ѥ롤̴ط򼨤󤹤Τ comma Ѥ롤ȸ̤Τ space Ѥʤɤ punctuation ŵŪˡ
(2) prosodic ʵǽȤϡquestion mark Ǿ徺Ĵ򼨤ǤȤexclamation mark Ǹ쵤ɽʤɤǤ롥
(3) semantic/rhetorical Ϲ̣ʸŪʵǽȹͤƤ褤⤷ʤsemicolon 󤹤뤳ȤˤäƱĴɽꡤʸǹʬ stanza ɽˡѤʤɤ롥
(4) äդбΤʤ̣˹׸뵡ǽǡ֤פɽ魯 scare quotes 䡤Ĵ򼨤 *VERY IMPORTANT* ʤɤȥƥꥹǶʸ뵻ˡʤɤȤʤ롥
Żҥ᡼ʸ˽ϤƤ punctuation ˤ͡ʿѤиĤĤ롥Ѳϡפ components ( see [2010-05-09-1] ) Τߤʤ餺punctuation Τ褦ʼŪ component Ǥμ¤Ƥ롥ǤϡˤϤɤä󡤱ѸˤˤƤ punctuation ϾѲƤγפεǡ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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