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1. ¤½¤â¤½¤â¡Ö¸ì½ç¡×¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡© --- ¸À¸ì¤ÎÀþ¾õÀ­ (linearity)

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¢£ #4144. 20À¤µª¤Î¸ì×ÃÇúȯ [oed][pde][lexicology][statistics][renaissance]

¡¡¡Ö#4133. OED ¤Ë¤è¤ë±Ñ¸ì»Ë³µÀâ¡× ([2020-08-20-1]) ¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿ OED ¤¬±¿±Ä¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥Ö¥í¥°¤Ë¡¤Twentieth century English --- an overview ¤ÈÂꤹ¤ëµ­»ö¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥20À¤µª¤Î±Ñ¸ì¤Î¤¹¤°¤ì¤¿É¾ÏÀ¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤¼¤ÒÆÉ¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤¿¤À¤­¤¿¤¤¡¥
¡¡¤½¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Î1Àá "Lexis: dreadnought and PEP talk" ¤Ç¡¤20À¤µª¤Î±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸ì×ÃÇúȯ¤ÎÍͻҤ¬¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ê¿ô»ú¤È¤È¤â¤Ëµ­½Ò¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

The Oxford English Dictionary records about 185,000 new words, and new meanings of old words, that came into the English language between 1900 and 1999. That leaves out of account the so-called lexical 'dark matter', words not common enough to catch the lexicographers' attention or, if they did, to compel inclusion, words perhaps that were never even committed to paper (or any other recording medium). Even so, those 185,000 on their own represent a 25 per cent growth in English vocabulary over the century --- making it the period of most vigorous expansion since that of the late-sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.


¡¡20À¤µªÃæ¡Ê¸·Ì©¤Ë¤Ï1900--1999ǯ¡Ë¤Ë¡¤OED ¤ËºÎÍѤµ¤ì¤¿¤â¤Î¤À¤±¤Ë¸Â¤Ã¤Æ¤â18Ëü5Àé¤â¤Î¿·¸ì¡ÊµÁ¡Ë¤¬²Ã¤ï¤Ã¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤Ï¡¤ÁÛÁü¤òÀ䤹¤ëÇúȯ¤Ö¤ê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥°úÍѤθåȾ¤Ç¿¨¤ì¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëÄ̤ꡤ¤½¤ì°ÊÁ°¤Î»þÂå¤Ç¤¤¤¨¤Ð¡¤ºÇÂçµé¤Î¸ì×ÃÇúȯ¤Ï1600ǯÁ°¸å¤Î±Ñ¹ñ¥ë¥Í¥µ¥ó¥¹´ü¤Ë¤ß¤é¤ì¤¿¡¥¡Ö#114. ½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¼ÚÍѸì¤Îµ¯¸»¤È³ä¹ç¡× ([2009-08-19-1])¡¤¡Ö#1226. ¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¸ì×ÃÁý²Ã¤ÎǯÂåÊÌʬÉÛ¡× ([2012-09-04-1]) ¤Ç¸«¤¿¤È¤ª¤ê¡¤Görlach (136) ¤Ï "The EModE period (especially 1530--1660) exhibits the fastest growth of the vocabulary in the history of the English language, in absolute figures as well as in proportion to the total." ¤È½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
¡¡20À¤µª¤È17À¤µª¤Ç¤Ï¼Ò²ñ¤Î¾õ¶·¤âÊѲ½Â®ÅÙ¤âÂ礭¤¯°Û¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¤Ã±½ã¤Ë¿ô»ú¤À¤±¤Ç¤ÏÈæ³Ó¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤20À¤µª¤Ï¡Ê¤½¤·¤Æ¤Þ¤À¶î¤±½Ð¤·¤È¤¤¤Ã¤Æ¤è¤¤21À¤µª¤â¤ª¤½¤é¤¯¡Ë±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸ì×ÃÇúȯ¤Îµ­Ï¿¤òÅɤêÂØ¤¨¤¿¡¤¤¢¤ë¤¤¤ÏÅɤêÂØ¤¨¤Ä¤Ä¤¢¤ë»þÂå¤È¤¤¤Ã¤Æ¤è¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

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2016-04-26 Tue

¢£ #2556. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¼õ¤±·Ñ¤¬¤ì¤¿¸Å±Ñ¸ì¸ì×äϤɤΤ¯¤é¤¤¤¢¤ë¤« (2) [oe][pde][lexicology][statistics]

¡¡¤É¤Î¤¯¤é¤¤¤Î³ä¹ç¤Î¸Å±Ñ¸ì¸ì×䬸½Âå¤Ë¤Þ¤Ç»Ä¸¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤¡Ö#450. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¼õ¤±·Ñ¤¬¤ì¤¿¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸ì×äϤɤΤ¯¤é¤¤¤¢¤ë¤«¡× ([2010-07-21-1])¡¤¡Ö#384. ¸ì×ÿô¤È¥²¥ë¥Þ¥ó¸ì×ÃÈæÎ¨¤Ç¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤È¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸ì×äòÈæ³Ó¤¹¤ë¡× ([2010-05-16-1])¡¤¡Ö#45. ±Ñ¸ì¸ì×äˤޤĤï¤ë¿ôÃÍ¡× ([2009-06-12-1]) ¤Ç¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤Î¿ôÃͤò¤ß¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥ºÇ¸å¤Ëµó¤²¤¿µ­»ö¤ËÄɵ­¤·¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤Gelderen (73) ¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤¢¤Ã¤¿ËÜÍè¸ì¤Î8³ä¤¬¼º¤ï¤ì¤¿²ÄǽÀ­¤¬¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¡¥
¡¡Æ±¤¸ÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤Baugh and Cable (52) ¤ÏÌó85%¤È¤¤¤¦¿ô»ú¤òÄ󼨤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥´Ø·¸¤¹¤ë²Õ½ê¤ò°úÍѤ·¤è¤¦¡¥

The vocabulary of Old English is almost purely Germanic. A large part of this vocabulary, moreover, has disappeared from the language. When the Norman Conquest brought French into England as the language of the higher classes, much of the Old English vocabulary appropriate to literature and learning died out and was replaced later by words borrowed from French and Latin. An examination of the words in an Old English dictionary shows that about 85 percent of them are no longer in use. Those that survive, to be sure, are basic elements of our vocabulary and by the frequency with which they recur make up a large part of any English sentence.


¡¡¡Ö#450. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¼õ¤±·Ñ¤¬¤ì¤¿¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸ì×äϤɤΤ¯¤é¤¤¤¢¤ë¤«¡× ([2010-07-21-1]) ¤Ç²òÀ⤷¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÅý·×¤ÎÇØ¸å¤Ë¤ÏÍÍ¡¹¤ÊÁ°Ä󤬤¢¤ë¡¥²¿¤ò¸ì¤Èǧ¤á¤ë¤«¡¤²¿¤ò¼­½ñ¤Î¸«½Ð¤·¤ËºÎÍѤ¹¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¦º¬ËÜŪ¤ÊÌäÂê¤â¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¤¸½Âå¤Þ¤Ç¤Î²»±¤·ÁÂÖŪ¤ÊϢ³À­¤ËÃíÌܤ¹¤ë¤Î¤È°Ọ̃Ū¤ÊϢ³À­¤ËÃíÌܤ¹¤ë¤Î¤È¤Ç¤Ï´ÑÅÀ¤¬°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¯¤ë¡¥¤À¤¬¡¤¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤òÆÉ¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤ë¼Â´¶¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸ì×äÎÃ챤À¤±¤Ç¤ÏÂÀÅáÂǤÁ¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¼ÜÅ٤Ȥ·¤Æ¡¤¤³¤Î¤¯¤é¤¤¹â¤¤¿ôÃͤ¬½Ð¤Æ¤â¤ª¤«¤·¤¯¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤È¤Ï»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥Ç¯Å٤λϤá¤Ç¸Å±Ñ¸ìÆþÌç¤ò»Ï¤á¤Æ¤¤¤ë³ØÀ¸¤â¤¤¤ë¤È»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¤¤³¤Î¿ôÃͤϤÁ¤ç¤Ã¤È¤·¤¿¶Ã¤­¾ðÊó¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.
¡¡¡¦ Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2012-02-12 Sun

¢£ #1021. ±Ñ¸ì¤ÈÆüËܸì¤Î²»ÁǤμïÎà¤È¿ô [phonology][phonetics][phoneme][vowel][consonant][ipa][pde][japanese][minimal_pair][rp]

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¡¡ÆüËܸìÊì¸ìÏüԤˤȤäƱѸì¤Îȯ²»¤¬Æñ¤·¤¯´¶¤¸¤é¤ì¤ëÅÀ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#268. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î Liabilities ºÆË¬¡× ([2010-01-20-1]) ¤È¡Ö#293. ¸À¸ì¤ÎÆñ°×Å٤Ϭ¤ì¤ë¤«¡× ([2010-02-14-1]) ¤Ç´Êñ¤Ë¿¨¤ì¤¿¡¥
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¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#19. Êì²»»ÍÊÕ·Á¡×: [2009-05-17-1]
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#118. Êì²»»ÍÊÕ·Á¤Ê¤é¤ÌÊ첻ϻÌÌÂΡ×: [2009-08-23-1]
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#31. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î»Ò²»¤Î²»ÁÇ¡×: [2009-05-29-1]

¡¡¡¦ Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
¡¡¡¦ ¶âÅÄ°ì ½Õɧ¡¡¡ØÆüËܸ졡¿·Èǡʾå¡Ë¡Ù¡¡´äÇȽñŹ¡¤1988ǯ¡¥

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¡¡[2011-10-01-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#887. acronym ¤ÎʬÎà¡×¤Ç acronym ¡ÊƬ»ú¸ì¡Ë¤Î¼ïÎà¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¸«¤¿¡¥¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤ÎĬή¤Î1¤Ä¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤¾ðÊó¤Î¹âÌ©ÅÙ²½ (densification) ¤¬»ØÅ¦¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡Ê[2011-01-12-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#625. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎʸˡÊѲ½¤Ë¸«¤é¤ì¤ë·¹¸þ¡×¤ò»²¾È¡Ë¡¤¤½¤ì¤ò¼ê·Ú¤ËãÀ®¤¹¤ë¼êÃʤÎ1¤Ä¤¬ acronym ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥acronym ¤È¤¤¤¦¸ì¼«ÂΤ¬ American Dialect Society ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ20À¤µª¤Î "Word of the Century" ¤Ë¥Î¥ß¥Í¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤¿¤Û¤É¤Ç¤¢¤ê ([2009-12-28-1]) ¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤òÂåɽ¤¹¤ë¸ì·ÁÀ®¤È¤¤¤Ã¤Æ¤è¤¤¡¥±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë20À¤µª¤Î acronym ȯŸ»Ë¤ò¼ç¤Ë¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¼Ò²ñ»Ë¤ÈÍí¤á¤Æ³µÀ⤷¤¿¡¤Baum ¤Ë¤è¤ë¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤ÏÀʸ¤ò¸«¤Ä¤±¤¿¤Î¤Ç¡¤°Ê²¼¤ËÍ׻ݤò¥á¥â¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¯¡¥

¡¡¡¦ ¥¢¥ë¥Õ¥¡¥Ù¥Ã¥Èʸ»ú¤È¤·¤ÆÊÌ¡¹¤Ëȯ²»¤¹¤ë initialism ¤«¤é¡¤¸ì¤È¤·¤ÆÈ¯²»¤¹¤ë acronym ¤Ø¤Îή¹Ô¤ÎÊѲ½¤ÎÃû¤·¤Ï¡¤ºÇ¤âÁ᤯¤Ë¤Ï¡¤Âè1¼¡À¤³¦ÂçÀï¤Î»þ´ü¤Ë´Ñ»¡¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥AWOL (= absent without official leave; ½é½Ð1920ǯÂå), DORA (= Defense of the Realm Act; ½é½Ð1917ǯ), ANZACS (= Australian and New Zealand Army Corps; ½é½Ð1915ǯ) ¤Ê¤É¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¤¤¤Þ¤À»¶È¯Åª¤À¤Ã¤¿¡¥
¡¡¡¦ 1930ǯÂ塤President F. D. Roosevelt ¤Ë¤è¤ë the New Deal ¡Ê¥Ë¥å¡¼¥Ç¥£¡¼¥ëÀ¯ºö¡Ë¤ò¿ë¹Ô¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë̵¿ô¤ÎÉô¶É¤¬À¸¤Þ¤ì¤¿¡¥¤½¤Î̾¾Î¤È¤·¤Æ NIRA (= National Industrial Recovery Act; 1933ǯ) ¤ä T.V.A. (= Tennessee Valley Authority; 1933ǯ) ¤Ê¤É¤Î acronym ¤ä initialism ¤¬Â¿ÍѤµ¤ì¡¤ÆÃ¤ËÊóÆ»±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¹¥¤Þ¤ì¤¿¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¤¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤Ï¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¤¸ìË¡¤¬ÄêÃ夹¤ë¤³¤È¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Âè2¼¡À¤³¦ÂçÀï¤Î»þ´ü¤Ë·³»öÉô¶É¤¬Ìµ¿ô¤Ëºî¤é¤ì¡¤Î¬¸ì¤¬À¸¤Þ¤ì¤¿¡¥¤³¤Î»þ´ü¤Ë¤Ï¡¤initialism ¤è¤ê¤â acronym ¤ò¹¥¤à·¹¸þ¤¬ÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ë¸«¤é¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥EIDEBOWABEW (= Economic Intelligence Division of the Enemy Branch of the Office of Economic Warfare Analysis of the Board of Economic Warfare), MEW (= Ministry of Economic Warfare), WAVE(S) (= Women's Appointed Volunteer Emergency Service) ¤Ê¤É¡¥ºÇ¸å¤ÎÎã¤Ï¡¤³¤·³¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡ÖÇȡפΰÕÌ£¤È¶Á¤­¹ç¤Ã¤Æ¡¤Å¬¹ç´¶¤¬¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ËÃí°Õ¡¥
¡¡¡¦ °ÕÌ£¤È¤ÎŬ¹ç´¶¤ò°Õ¿ÞŪ¤Ëµá¤á¤ë acronym ¤Ï¡¤ÀïÁ°¤«¤éÀï¸å¤Ë¤«¤±¤Æ¤â½Ð¸½¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥Basic English (= British American Scientific International Commercial English; 1932ǯ), CARE (= Cooperative for American Remittance to Europe; 1945ǯ) ¤Ê¤É¡¥
¡¡¡¦ acronym ¤ÏÀ¯¼£Ê¬Ìî¤ÎÀìÇäÆÃµö¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¸«¤¨¤ë¤¬¡¤¤â¤¦1¤Ä acronym ¤Î³èÌö¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ëʬÌî¤Ë¿Í¹©Æ¬Ç¾¸¦µæ¡Ê¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¥³¥ó¥Ô¥å¡¼¥¿¡¦¥µ¥¤¥¨¥ó¥¹¡Ë¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥ENIAC (= electronic numerical integrator and computer; 1945ǯ) ¤ä Audrey (= automatic digital recognition) ¤Ê¤É¡¥

¡¡¤½¤Î¾¡¤¸½Âå¤Ç¤Ï̵¿ô¤Î¸¦µæ¥×¥í¥¸¥§¥¯¥È̾¤Ë¤â acronym ¤¬ÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤³¤Î¥Ö¥í¥°´ØÏ¢¤Ç¤â¡¤¼­½ñ¤Î¾Êά̾¤ä¥³¡¼¥Ñ¥¹¤Î¾Êά̾¤È¤·¤Æ acronym ¤¬Â¿¤¤ (see List of Corpora) ¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Baum, S. V. "From 'Awol' to 'Veep': The Growth and Structure of the Acronym." American Speech 30 (1955): 103--10.

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2011-09-23 Fri

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¡¡(2) ¹çÀ®¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç¤Ï¡¤Àܼ­Åº²Ã (34.1%) ¤Î¤Û¤¦¤¬Ê£¹ç (29.8%) ¤è¤ê¤â¿¤¤¡¥Á°¼Ô¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç¤Ï¡¤ÀÜÆ¬¼­¤Î¤Û¤¦¤¬ÀÜÈø¼­¤è¤ê¼ïÎब¿¤¤¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤ÀÜÈø¼­¤ÏÅý¸ìµ¡Ç½¤ò¤½¤Ê¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë½Ð¸½ÉÑÅÙ¤¬¹â¤¯¡¤¤è¤ê½ÅÍפǤ¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤Î°ÕÌ£¤Ç¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤Ï "a suffixing language" (272) ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡(3) û½Ì (shortening) ¤Ï¡¤µÒ´ÑŪ¤Ê¾Úµò¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤"I suspect that the number of shortenings in English has increased greatly during the last two or three centuries" (271) ¡¥¤½¤ÎÍýͳ¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¼±»úΨ¸þ¾å¤Î·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤ÆÀ¸¤¸¤¿½ñ¤­¸ÀÍÕ¤ÎÍ¥Àª¤ò»ØÅ¦¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥"Of the various kinds of shortening, the largest subgroup is that in which the shortening is based on the written form (acronyms, alphabetisms, and the like); this preeminence of the written language is clearly one of the consequences of increasing literacy" (272) .
¡¡(4) ±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¼ÚÍÑ (borrowing) ¤Ï14À¤µª¤ò¥Ô¡¼¥¯¤È¤·¤Æ¿êÂष¤Æ¤­¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¸½ºß¤Ç¤Ï¤à¤·¤í¾¸À¸ì¤ØÃ±¸ì¤òÂߤ·½Ð¤¹¥½¡¼¥¹¸À¸ì¤È¤·¤Æ¤ÎÌò³ä¤¬Â礭¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

¡¡¤â¤¦1¤Ä¡¤¾ÜºÙ¤Ê¶èʬ¤Ç¤Ï¿ôÃͤȤ·¤ÆÉ½¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤¬¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤»ö¼Â¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤°Ê²¼¤ÎÅÀ¤ò»ØÅ¦¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

. . . of the whole sample of new words, 76.7 percent are nouns, 15.2 percent adjectives, 7.8 percent verbs, and .3 percent other parts of speech. It seems that there are far more new things than new events to talk about. Whatever the case may be syntactically, in its lexicon, English is a nominalizing language. (272)


¡¡¿·¸ì¤Ë̾»ì¤¬Â¿¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦»ö¼Â¤Ï¶Ã¤¯¤ËÅö¤¿¤é¤Ê¤¤¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡Ê±Ñ¸ì¸ì×äÎÉÊ»ìÊ̳ä¹ç¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï[2011-02-22-1], [2011-02-23-1]¤Îµ­»ö¤ò»²¾È¡Ë¡¥±Ñ¸ì¤¬ËÜÅö¤Ë "a nominalizing language" ¤«¤É¤¦¤«¤ò¸¡¾Ú¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¸ì×ÃÁ´ÂΤˤª¤±¤ë̾»ì¤Î³ä¹ç¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÄ̸À¸ìŪ¤ËÄ´ºº¤¹¤ëɬÍפ¬¤¢¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡¥¤½¤ì¤Ç¤â¡¤Algeo ¤Î¤³¤Î»ØÅ¦¤Ï¡¤Potter ¤Î¤¤¤¦¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î "noun disease" (100--05) ¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤È´Ø·¸¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤È¹Í¤¨¤ë¤È¡¤¶½Ì£¤ò¤½¤½¤é¤ì¤ë¡Ê "noun disease" ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤[2011-09-04-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#860. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÊѲ½¤ÈÊѰۤΰìÍ÷¡×¤Î1¹àÌܤȤ·¤Æµó¤²¤¿¡Ë¡¥
¡¡ºÇ¸å¤Ë¡¤±Æ¤¬Çö¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤Æ¤¤¤ë¿·¸ì¥½¡¼¥¹¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î¼ÚÍѤˤĤ¤¤Æ¡¤¼ÚÍѸµ¸À¸ì¤È¤·¤ÆÆüËܸ줬¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì¤Ë¼¡¤¤¤ÇÂè2°Ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦»ö¼Â¤¬Ãí°Õ¤ò¤Ò¤¯¡¥ÆüËܸ줫¤é¤Î¼ÚÍѤˤĤ¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤°Ê²¼¤Îµ­»ö¤ò»²¾È¡¥

¡¡¡¦ #45. ±Ñ¸ì¸ì×äˤޤĤï¤ë¿ôÃÍ: [2009-06-12-1]
¡¡¡¦ #142. ±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¼ÚÍѤµ¤ì¤¿ÆüËܸì¤ÎʬÉÛ: [2009-09-16-1]
¡¡¡¦ #126. 7¸À¸ì¤Ë¤è¤ë±Ñ¸ì¤Ø¤Î±Æ¶Á¤ÎÈæ³Ó: [2009-08-31-1]

¡¡¡¦ Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
¡¡¡¦ Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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2011-09-22 Thu

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Sources of New Words over a Century: Change over a Century (from Algeo's and Bauer's Surveys)

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¡¡Algeo ¤Î¿ôÃÍ¤Ï Bauer ¤ÎÂè3´ü¤Î¿ôÃͤȳ«¤­¤³¤½¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¤¿·¸ì¥½¡¼¥¹¤Î·¹¸þ¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¤ª¤â¤·¤í¤¤¤Û¤É¤Ë°ìÃפ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥Bauer ¤Î¼¨º¶¤¹¤ëÄÌ»þŪ¤Ê·¹¸þ¤¬¡¤Algeo ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÃø¤·¤¯¶¯Ä´¤µ¤ì¤Æ¼¨¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¸À¤Ã¤¿¤é¤è¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥Èæ³Ó´ð½à¤Îº¹°Û¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ï¾ï¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ²ó¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¤¬¡¤¸ß¤¤¤Ë»Ù»ý¤¹¤ë·ë²Ì¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤¬¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
¡¡¡¦ Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

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2011-09-21 Wed

¢£ #877. Algeo ¤Î¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿·¸ì¥½¡¼¥¹Ä´ºº [pde][word_formation][loan_word][statistics][lexicology][neologism]

¡¡[2011-09-17-1], [2011-09-18-1], [2011-09-19-1]¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç¡¤Bauer (35, 38) ¤Ë¤è¤ë1880--1982ǯ¤ÎÌó1À¤µª¤Î¤¢¤¤¤À¤Î¿·¸ì¥½¡¼¥¹¤ÎÊÑÁ«¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¿¨¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿·¸ì¥½¡¼¥¹¤ÎÆâÌõ¤¬ÄÌ»þŪ¤Ë¤¤¤«¤ËÊѲ½¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¤«¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¸¦µæ¤Ï¾¤Ë¤¢¤Þ¤ê¸«¤¿¤³¤È¤¬¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤¶¦»þŪ¤ÊÆâÌõ¤ÎÄ´ºº¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤ÐºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#876. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¤«¤Ð¤ó¸ì¤ÎÀ¸»ºÀ­¤ÏËÜÅö¤Ë¹â¤¤¤«¡©¡× ([2011-09-20-1]) ¤Ç¿¨¤ì¤¿ Algeo ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡Algeo ¤ÎÄ´ºº¤Ï1963ǯ°Ê¹ß¤Î¿·¸ì¤ò¼ýÏ¿¤·¤¿ Barnhart ¤Î¼­½ñ¤«¤é̵ºî°ÙÃê½Ð¤·¤¿1000¸ì¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯¤â¤Î¤Ç¡¤»þ´ü¶èʬ¤Ç¸À¤¨¤Ð Bauer ¤ÎÂè3´ü¡Ê1939--82ǯ¡Ë¤Î¤ª¤è¤½¸åȾ¤ËÁêÅö¤¹¤ë»þ´ü¤Î¿·¸ì¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÄ´ºº¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥¿·¸ì¥½¡¼¥¹¤ÎʬÎब Bauer ¤ËÈæ¤Ù¤Æ¤º¤Ã¤ÈºÙ¤«¤¤¤Î¤¬ÆÃħ¤Ç¡¤Ê¬Îà¥é¥Ù¥ë¤òį¤á¤ë¤À¤±¤Ç¤â·ÁÂÖÏÀ¤ä¸ì×ÃÏÀ¤Î³µÍפ¬¤Ä¤«¤á¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¤¤½¤¦¤ÊºÙ¤«¤µ¤À¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤Bauer ¤Ï Éʻ잴¹ (conversion) ¤òÄ´ººÂÐ¾Ý¤Ë´Þ¤á¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤Algeo ¤Ï "Shifts" ¤Î1Éô¤È¤·¤Æ´Þ¤á¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤¿¤À¤·¡¤¤³¤Î "Shifts" ¤Ë¤Ï°ÕÌ£ÊѲ½¤ÎÎã¤â´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¿·¸ì¤ÎÄêµÁ¤ÎÌäÂê¡Ê¿·¸ì·Á¤Î¤³¤È¤Ê¤Î¤«¡¤¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¿·¸ìµÁ¤â´Þ¤à¤Î¤«¡Ë¤ò¹Í¤¨¤µ¤»¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥
¡¡Algeo ¤ÎÏÀʸ¤Î Appendix (273--76) ¤Ë·ÇºÜ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¤¾ÜºÙ¤Ê¿·¸ì¥½¡¼¥¹¶èʬ¤È¤½¤ÎÆâÌõ¤Î¿ôÃͤò¤³¤Á¤é¤Î¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤ËžºÜ¤·¤¿¤Î¤Ç¡¤»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¤¡¥
¡¡¾åµ­¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë Bauer ¤È Algeo ¤Ç¤ÏÄ´ººÂоݤȤ·¤¿¼­½ñ¡¤»þÂ塤¿·¸ì¥½¡¼¥¹¶èʬ¡¤Á°Äó¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¿·¸ì¤ÎÄêµÁ¤¬°ìÃפ·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤ÇľÀÜÈæ³Ó¤Ï¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤Î¾¼Ô¤ÎÍ¿¤¨¤ë¿ôÃͤϤ¤¤º¤ì¤Ë¤»¤è³µ¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤«¤é¡¤¹ç¤ï¤»¤Æ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿·¸ì¥½¡¼¥¹¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë·¹¸þ¤ò¼¨º¶¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤È¤·¤ÆÂ礤¤Ë»²¹Í¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿·¸ì¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤[2011-01-16-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#629. ±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿·¸ì¥µ¥¤¥È Word Spy¡×¤ò»²¾È¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
¡¡¡¦ Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
¡¡¡¦ Barnhart, Clarence L., Sol Steinmetz, and Robert K. Barnhart, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of New English since 1963. Bronxville, N.Y.: Barnhart, 1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-09-27-1] [2011-09-22-1]

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2011-09-20 Tue

¢£ #876. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¤«¤Ð¤ó¸ì¤ÎÀ¸»ºÀ­¤ÏËÜÅö¤Ë¹â¤¤¤«¡© [blend][productivity][pde][pde_language_change][word_formation][statistics][lexicology]

¡¡[2011-01-18-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#631. blending ¤Î³ÈÂç¡×¤Ç¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤«¤Ð¤ó¸ì¤¬Áý²Ã¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë·ï¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤¿¡¥¤«¤Ð¤ó¸ì¤Ï¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î·¹¸þ¤Î1¤Ä¤È¤·¤Æ Leech et al. ¤¬»ØÅ¦¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë "densification" (50) ¤Î¸½¤ï¤ì¤È¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤½¤¦¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡Ê[2011-01-12-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎʸˡÊѲ½¤Ë¸«¤é¤ì¤ë·¹¸þ¡×¤ò»²¾È¡Ë¡¥Â¿¿ô¤Î¤«¤Ð¤ó¸ì¤ÎÎã¤ò¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ì¤Ð¡¤³Î¤«¤Ë¤µ¤â¤¢¤ê¤Ê¤ó¤Èľ´¶¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¤³¤í¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤[2011-09-17-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#873. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿·¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÊ£¹ç¤ÈÇÉÀ¸¤Î¥Ð¥é¥ó¥¹¡×¤Ç¿¨¤ì¤¿¤È¤ª¤ê¡¤Bauer ¤Î¿·¸ìÄ´ºº¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤¿·¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¤«¤Ð¤ó¸ì¤Î³ä¹ç¤Ï1880--1982ǯ¤Î´ü´Ö¤Ç p < 0.05 ¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¤âÍ­°Õ¤ÊÁý²Ã¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡Ê¤¿¤À¤·ÀäÂпô¤ÏÁý²Ã¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡Ë¡¥Ê£¿ô¤Î´Ñ»¡¼Ô¤¬»ØÅ¦¤·¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤»ä¤¿¤Á¤Îľ´¶¤Ë¤âŬ¤¦¤«¤Ð¤ó¸ì¤ÎÁý²Ã·¹¸þ¤È¡¤µÒ´ÑŪ¤ÊÅý·×ÃͤȤΤ¢¤¤¤À¤Ëº¹¤¬¤¢¤ë¤Î¤Ï¤É¤¦¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥
¡¡1¤Ä¤Ë¤Ï¡¤Bauer ¤ÎÄ´ººÂоݴü´Ö¤¬1982ǯ¤Ç½ª¤ï¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡¥Åö»þ¤ÎµÒ´ÑŪ¾õ¶·¤È2011ǯ¤Î»þÅÀ¤Ç»ä¤¿¤Á¤ÎÊú¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ëľ´¶¤È¤¬¿©¤¤°ã¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¤âÉԻ׵ĤϤʤ¤¡¥¤³¤Î30ǯ¤Û¤É¤Î´Ö¤Ë blending ¤¬·ãÁý¤·¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦²ÄǽÀ­¤â¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤â¤¦1¤Ä¡¤Ä¾´¶¤È¿ôÃͤΥ®¥ã¥Ã¥×¤òÀâÌÀ¤·ÆÀ¤ëÍ×°ø¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤ÎÅÀ¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¡¤Algeo ¤ÎÄ´ºº¤ò¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿¤¤¡¥Â¿¤¯¤Î¸ì×ø¦µæ¤¬ OED ·Ï¤Î¼­½ñ¤òÍøÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤Algeo ¤Ï¤½¤ì¤È¤ÏÊÌ·ÏÎó¤Î¼­½ñ¤òÍøÍѤ·¤ÆÆÈΩ¤·¤¿¿·¸ìÄ´ºº¤ò¹Ô¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡¥Èà¤ÎºÎ¤Ã¤¿ÊýË¡¤Ï¡¤1963ǯ°Ê¹ß¤Î¿·¸ì¤ò¼ýÏ¿¤·¤¿ Barnhart ¤Î¼­½ñ¤«¤é1000¸ì¤ò̵ºî°ÙÃê½Ð¤·¡¤¤½¤ì¤ò¥½¡¼¥¹¤ä¸ì·ÁÀ®¤´¤È¤Ë¿¶¤êʬ¤±¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤½¤ÎÄ´ºº¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È¡¤¤«¤Ð¤ó¸ì¤ÏÄ´ºº¤·¤¿¿·¸ì¸ì×ÃÁ´ÂΤÎ4.8%¤òÀê¤á¤ë¤Ë¤¹¤®¤º¡¤Â¾¤Î¼çÍפʸì·ÁÀ®¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç¤ÏÌÜΩ¤¿¤Ê¤¤¥«¥Æ¥´¥ê¡¼¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦·ë²Ì¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤Algeo (271) ¤Ï¤³¤Î¿ôÃͤϲᾮɾ²Á¤À¤í¤¦¤È½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

Last in numerical importance as a source of new words is blending. Less than a twentieth of our new words have been formed in that way (4.8 percent); however, blending is more popular than that statistic suggests. Its principal areas of use are popular journalism and advertising. Time magazine and Madison Avenue dearly love a blend. Most of the popular coinages are nonce forms that were unreported in the Barnhart dictionary and consequently are not included in these statistics. But every new word begins as a nonce form, so a source that is prolific of nonce forms today may be expected to increase its contribution to the general vocabulary tomorrow. Blending may look like a long shot, but the smart money will keep an eye on it.


¡¡"nonce-form" ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï "nonce-word" ¡ÊÎ×»þ¸ì¡Ë¤Ë blending ¤¬Â¿ÍѤµ¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤ÏµÒ´ÑŪ¤Ë³Î¤«¤á¤Ë¤¯¤¤¤¬¡¤Ä¾´¶¤Ë¤ÏŬ¤¦¡¥·ÁÂÖ¤ÎÀ¸»ºÀ­ (productivity) ¤È¤Ï²¿¤ò»Ø¤¹¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ï¡¤[2011-04-28-1], [2011-04-29-1], [2011-05-28-1]¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç¤â¿¨¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤ÌÀ³Î¤Ê²òÅú¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë¤Î¤¬Æñ¤·¤¤ÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤ÎÌ䤤¤Ï¡¤²¿¤ò¡Ê¼­½ñ¤Ë·ÇºÜ¤¹¤ë¤ËÃͤ¹¤ë¡Ë¸ì¤È¤ß¤Ê¤¹¤«¤È¤¤¤¦¤â¤¦1¤Ä¤ÎÆñÌä¤Ë¤â´Ø·¸¤·¤Æ¤¯¤ë¡Ê[2011-03-28-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#700. ¸ì¡¤·ÁÂÖÁÇ¡¤Àܼ­¡¤¸ìº¬¡¤¸ì´´¡¤Ê£¹ç¸ì¡¤´ðÂΡפò»²¾È¡Ë¡¥blending ¤Î¿¿¤ÎÀ¸»ºÀ­¤Ï¼­½ñ¤ä¼­½ñ¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤¿Åý·×Ãͤˤϸ½¤ï¤ì¤Ë¤¯¤¤¤¬¡¤¸À¸ì»ÈÍѤθ½¾ì¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ³èÌö¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¸ì·ÁÀ®¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¶²¤é¤¯´Ö°ã¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡¥ÌäÂê¤Ï¡¤¤³¤Î¼ç´ÑŪɾ²Á¤ò¡¤¤¤¤«¤Ë¤·¤ÆµÒ´ÑŪ¤Ë»Ù»ý¤·ÆÀ¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÊýË¡¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
¡¡¡¦ Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
¡¡¡¦ Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
¡¡¡¦ Barnhart, Clarence L., Sol Steinmetz, and Robert K. Barnhart, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of New English since 1963. Bronxville, N.Y.: Barnhart, 1973.

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2011-09-19 Mon

¢£ #875. Bauer ¤Ë¤è¤ë¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿·¸ì¤Î¥½¡¼¥¹¤Î¤Þ¤È¤á [loan_word][word_formation][lexicology][pde][pde_language_change][statistics][lexicology]

¡¡²áµî2Æü¤Îµ­»ö[2011-09-17-1], [2011-09-18-1]¤Ç¡¤Bauer ¤ÎÄ´ºº·ë²Ì¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤Æ¿·¸ì¤Î¥½¡¼¥¹¤ò³µ´Ñ¤·¤¿¡¥Îà»÷¤·¤¿Ä´ºº¤Ï¤½¤ì¤Û¤É¿¤¯¤Ê¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¡¤Bauer ¤Î¥Ç¡¼¥¿ (35, 38) ¤Ïµ®½Å¤À¤È»×¤¤¡¤¤â¤¦¾¯¤·Ê¬ÀϤ·¤Æ¤ß¤¿¡¥¡Ê¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤ÏÀ°Íý¤·¤ÆHTML¥½¡¼¥¹¤ËºÜ¤»¤Æ¤ª¤¤¤¿¡¥¡Ë
¡¡¿·¸ì¤Î¥½¡¼¥¹¤òÂ礭¤¯2ʬ¤¹¤ë¤È¡¤¼ÚÍÑ (borrowing) ¤È¸ì·ÁÀ® (word formation) ¤Î¥«¥Æ¥´¥ê¡¼¤¬ÆÀ¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥¼ÚÍѤϼÚÍѸµ¸À¸ì¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¿ô¼ïÎà¤Ë²¼°Ì¶èʬ¤µ¤ì¡¤¸ì·ÁÀ®¤â¼ç¤È¤·¤Æ·ÁÂÖÏÀ¤Î´ÑÅÀ¤«¤é¿ô¼ïÎà¤Ë²¼°Ì¶èʬ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥¤¢¤Þ¤êºÙ¤«¤¯¶èʬ¤·¤Æ¤âÂ礭¤Ê·¹¸þ¤¬¸«¤Ë¤¯¤¯¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¤¼ÚÍѤϼÚÍѸµ¸À¸ì¤ò¶èÊ̤»¤º¡¤¸ì·ÁÀ®¤Ï4¼ïÎà¤ËÂçÊ̤·¡¤(1) borrowing, (2) composition, (3) derivation, (4) shortening, (5) other word formations ¤Î5¶èʬ¤Ç½¸·×¤·¤Ê¤ª¤·¤¿¡¥°Ê²¼¤Î¥°¥é¥Õ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¥½¡¼¥¹¤´¤È¤Î3´ü¤Ë¤ï¤¿¤ë³ä¹ç¤ÎÊѲ½¤¬¤Ä¤«¤ß¤ä¤¹¤¤¤è¤¦¤ËɴʬΨ¤Çɽ¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¢¤ë¡¥Î㤨¤Ð¡¤Âè1´ü1880--1913ǯ¤ò¼¨¤¹¹õËÀ¤Î¿ôÃͤò­¤·¹ç¤ï¤»¤ë¤È100%¤È¤Ê¤ë¡¤¤È¤¤¤¦ÆÉ¤ßÊý¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

Sources of New Words over a Century

¡¡Á´ÂΤȤ·¤Æ¡¤ÂоݤȤʤä¿Ìó100ǯ´Ö¤ÎÄÌ»þŪÊѲ½¤Ï p < 0.0001 ¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤ÇÍ­°Õº¹¤¬½Ð¤¿¡¥¤½¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç¤â¼ÚÍѤη㸺¤¬ºÇ¤â¸²Ãø¤ÊÊѲ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡ÊƱ¤¸¤¯ p < 0.0001 ¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤ÇÍ­°Õ¡Ë¡¥°ìÊý¡¤³Æ»þ´ü¤Ç¹ç¤ï¤»¤Æ6³ä¤Û¤É¤ò¼¨¤¹ composition ¤È derivation ¤Î¼çÍ×2¥«¥Æ¥´¥ê¡¼¤Ï¡¤»þ´ü¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¤½¤ì¤Û¤ÉÊѲ½¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡Ê p < 0.05 ¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤ÇÍ­°Õº¹¤Ê¤·¡Ë¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤Á´ÂΤǤγä¹ç¤«¤é¤¹¤ë¤ÈÌÜΩ¤¿¤Ê¤¤ shortening ¤ä¾¤Î¸ì·ÁÀ®¤¬½çÄ´¤ËÁý²Ã¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤â¸«Æ¨¤·¤Æ¤Ï¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡Êshortening ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤p < 0.001 ¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤ÇÍ­°Õ¡Ë¡¥¥«¥Æ¥´¥ê¡¼¤Î¶èÊ̤λÅÊý¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ·¹¸þ¤Î¸«¤¨Êý¤âÊѲ½¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¤Æ±¤¸¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤òÍÍ¡¹¤Ê³ÑÅÙ¤«¤éį¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤¬É¬ÍפÀ¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡¤³¤Î3Æü´Ö¤Îµ­»ö¤Î¥°¥é¥Õ¤ò¤Þ¤È¤á¤Æ¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤3µ­»ö¤ò¡Ö##873,874,875¡×¤ÇÏ¢·ë¤·¤¿¤Î¤ÇÈæ³Ó¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

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2011-09-18 Sun

¢£ #874. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿·¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¥½¡¼¥¹¸À¸ì¤ÎʬÉÛ [loan_word][lexicology][pde][pde_language_change][statistics]

¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿·¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÊ£¹ç¤ÈÇÉÀ¸¤Î¥Ð¥é¥ó¥¹¡× ([2011-09-17-1]) ¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤¿ Bauer ¤ÎÄ´ºº¤Ï¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿·¸ì¤ò¹½À®¤¹¤ëÍ×ÁǤε¯¸»¡¤¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¥½¡¼¥¹¸À¸ì¤ò¤â¹Íθ¤ËÆþ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë (32--33, 34--36) ¡¥¡Ê¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤ÏHTML¥½¡¼¥¹¤ò»²¾È¡¥¡Ë
¡¡¿·¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¼ÚÍÑÈæÎ¨¤Ï¡¤1880--1913, 1914--38, 1939--82ǯ¤Î3´ü¤Ë¤ï¤¿¤ê 31.4% -> 22.3% -> 19.2% ¤ÈÂ礭¤¯Ìܸº¤ê¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤Ãæ±Ñ¸ì¤ä½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤ËÈæ¤Ù¡¤Á´ÂÎŪ¤Ë¼ÚÍѤ˰͸¤¹¤ëÄøÅÙ¤¬µÞ¸º¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤¬¤ï¤«¤ë¡¥¼ÚÍѸµ¸À¸ì¤´¤È¤Ë¾õ¶·¤ò¸«¤Æ¤ß¤è¤¦¡¥°Ê²¼¤Î¥°¥é¥Õ¤Ï¡¤Bauer (35) ¤Ë·ÇºÜ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëɽ¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤ÆºîÀ®¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

Source of Loanwords over a Century

¡¡Åý·×Ū¤Ë¤Ï Fr. (French) ¤È Grmnc (Other Germanic) ¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ p < 0.05 ¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¸º¾¯¤ÎÍ­°Õº¹¤¬Ç§¤á¤é¤ì¤ë¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤ÆÃÄê¤Î¥½¡¼¥¹¸À¸ì¤¬Á´ÂÎŪ¤Ê¸º¾¯¤Ë´ØÍ¿¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤è¤ê¤Ï¡¤¥½¡¼¥¹¸À¸ì¤Ë¤«¤«¤ï¤é¤ºÁ´ÈÌŪ¤Ë¸º¾¯·¹¸þ¤¬Â³¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤ÈÆÉ¤á¤ë¡¥
¡¡Ãí°Õ¤¹¤Ù¤­¤Ï¡¤1880--1913ǯ¤Î Other ¥«¥Æ¥´¥ê¡¼¤¬ºÝΩ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤À¡¥¤³¤³¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢¡¤¥Ý¥ê¥Í¥·¥¢¡¤¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤ÎÅÚÃå¸À¸ì¤«¤é¤Î¼ÚÍѤ¬Â¿¤¯´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¡¥¤Ê¤¼¤³¤Î»þ´ü¤Ë¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¸À¸ì¤«¤é¤Î¼ÚÍѤ¬Â¿¤«¤Ã¤¿¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ï¡¤ÊÌÅÓÄ´ºº¤·¤Æ¹Í»¡¤¹¤ëɬÍפ¬¤¢¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡Bauer ¤ÎÂè3´ü¤Î½ªÎ»Ç¯¤Ç¤¢¤ë1982ǯ¤è¤ê¡¤Ìó30ǯ¤¬·Ð²á¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥°Ê¸å¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤Î¼ÚÍÑÎ¥¤ì¤Ï³¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥¤³¤ì¤â¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤Ì䤤¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

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2011-09-17 Sat

¢£ #873. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¿·¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÊ£¹ç¤ÈÇÉÀ¸¤Î¥Ð¥é¥ó¥¹ [romancisation][compound][derivation][lexicology][pde][word_formation][productivity][statistics][pde_language_change]

¡¡±Ñ¸ì¸ì×äÎÎò»Ë¤Ï¡¤¶¡µë¸»¤È¤¤¤¦´ÑÅÀ¤«¤é¡¤Â绨ÇĤ˼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë³µ³ç¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤ÏÊ£¹ç (composition) ¤ÈÇÉÀ¸ (derivation) ¤¬À¹¤ó¤À¤Ã¤¿¤¬¡¤Ãæ±Ñ¸ì¤«¤é½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤«¤±¤Æ¤Ï¼ÚÍÑ (borrowing) ¤¬Ãø¤·¤¯¡¤¸å´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì°Ê¹ß¤ÏºÆ¤ÓÊ£¹ç¤ÈÇÉÀ¸¤¬¿­Ä¥¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥¤³¤Î¸ì×ûˤÎή¤ì¤ò¼õ¤±¤Æ¡¤¸½Âå¤Ï¿·¸ì¤Î¶¡µë¸»¤ò¡¤¼ÚÍѤè¤ê¤â´û¸Í×Áǡʤ½¤ì¼«ÂΤÏËÜÍè¸ì¤È¤Ï¸Â¤é¤Ê¤¤¡Ë¤ÎºÆÍøÍѤË¿¤¯Éé¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë»þÂå¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤òÆÃħ¤Å¤±¤ë¤È¤µ¤ì¤ëÊ£¹ç¤ÈÇÉÀ¸¤Î2¤Ä¤Î¸ì·ÁÀ®¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¤É¤Á¤é¤¬¤è¤êÀ¸»ºÀ­¤¬¹â¤¤¤È¤¤¤¨¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥Potter (69--70) ¤Ï¡¤Î¾¼Ô¤Î¥Ð¥é¥ó¥¹¤Ï¤è¤¯¼è¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Èɾ²Á¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

German and Dutch, like ancient Greek, make greater use of composition (or compounding) than derivation (of affixation). French and Spanish, on the other hand, like classical Latin, prefer derivation to composition. Present-day English is making fuller use of both composition and derivation than at any previous time in its history.


¡¡¤â¤Á¤í¤ó¡¤Î¾¼Ô¤Î¥Ð¥é¥ó¥¹¤¬¼è¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤é¤È¤¤¤Ã¤ÆÂ¾¸À¸ì¤è¤ê¤âÍ¥¤ì¤¿¸À¸ì¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤¯¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤¿¤À¤·¡¤¥²¥ë¥Þ¥ó¸ìÇɤȥí¥Þ¥ó¥¹¸ìÇɤθì·ÁÀ®¤ÎÆÃħ¤ò·ó¤ÍÈ÷¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤¬¤¤¤º¤ì¤ÎΩ¾ì¤«¤é¤â¡Ö¶á¤¤¡×¸À¸ì¤È´¶¤¸¤é¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¸ú²Ì¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡Ê´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ëµÄÏÀ¤Ï[2010-05-27-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¤Î¥í¥Þ¥ó¥¹¸ì²½¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Îɾ¡×¤ò»²¾È¡Ë¡¥¥²¥ë¥Þ¥ó·Ï¤Ç¤â¤¢¤ê¥í¥Þ¥ó¥¹·Ï¤Ç¤â¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÆÃħ¤Ï¡¤¸ì·ÁÀ®¤Ë¸Â¤é¤º¸ì×ÃÁ´ÂΤˤâ¸À¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤µ¤Æ¡¤Potter ¤Ï¾åµ­¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÊ£¹ç¤ÈÇÉÀ¸¤Î¹¥¥Ð¥é¥ó¥¹¤ò»ØÅ¦¤·¤¿¤¬¡¤À¸»ºÀ­¤òÎÌŪ¤Ë¬¤Ã¤¿¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤Â¾¤Î¼çÍפʥ衼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¸ì¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¸Å¤¤±Ñ¸ì¤È¤ÎÈæ³Ó¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤ÆÉ¾²Á¤·¤¿¤Ë¤¹¤®¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤³¤ÎÅÀ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤è¤êµÒ´ÑŪ¤ËÄ´ºº¤·¤¿¤Î¤¬¡¤Bauer (32--33, 36--39) ¤À¡¥Bauer ¤Ï The Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (1972--86) ¤òÍѤ¤¤¿Ìµºî°ÙɸËÜÄ´ºº¤Ç¡¤ÂоݤËÁª¤Ð¤ì¤¿ËÜÍè¸ìÍ×ÁǤ«¤éÀ®¤ë¿·¸ì1559¸ì¤ò½é½Ðǯ¤Ë¤è¤ê (1) 1880--1913, (2) 1914--38, (3) 1939--82 ¤Î3´ü¤Ë¶èʬ¤·¤Æ¡¤Â¤¸ìË¡Ê̤˸ì¤ò¿ô¤¨¤¿¡¥¶èÊ̤µ¤ì¤¿Â¤¸ìË¡¤È¤Ï¡¤Abbreviations, Blends, Shortenings, Compounds, Prefixation, Suffixation, Names, Neo-classical compounds, Simultaneous prefix and suffix, Other ¤Î10¼ïÎà¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡Bauer (38) ¤Î·Ç¤²¤¿É½¤Î¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤ò Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 ¤ËÅꤲ¹þ¤ó¤ÇÅý·×½èÍý¤·¤Æ¤ß¤¿¡Ê¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤ÏHTML¥½¡¼¥¹¤ò»²¾È¡¨¥°¥é¥Õ¤Ï°Ê²¼¤ò»²¾È¡¥¡Ë¡¥Á´ÂΤȤ·¤Æ»þ´üÊ̤κ¹¤Ï p < 0.05 ¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤ÇÍ­°Õ¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤Ê¬ÉÛ¤ÎÄÌ»þŪÊѲ½¤¬´Ñ»¡¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¸À¤Ã¤Æ¤è¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡¥¼¡¤Ë¤¸ìË¡Ê̤ËÊѲ½¤ò¸«¤Æ¤ß¤ë¤È¡¤Abbreviations ¤¬ p < 0.01 ¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤ÇÍ­°Õ¤ÊÁý²Ã¤ò¼¨¤·¡¤Suffixation ¤È Neo-classical compounds ¤¬¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì p < 0.05 ¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤ÇÍ­°Õ¤Ê¸º¾¯¤ò¼¨¤·¤¿¡¥¤½¤Î¾¤Î¤¸ìË¡¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤3´ü¤Ë¤ï¤¿¤ëÍɤì¤Ï¸íº¹¤ÎÈÏ°ÏÆâ¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥Bauer (37--38) ¤Ï¡¤Blends ¤ÎÁý²Ã¤òÍ­°Õ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¼¨º¶¤·¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð»ØÅ¦¤µ¤ì¤ëƱ¼ñ»Ý¤Î·¹¸þ¤ò»Ù»ý¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤À¤¬¡¤·×»»¾å¤Ï p < 0.05 ¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¤âÍ­°Õº¹¤Ïǧ¤á¤é¤ì¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤ÇÃí°Õ¤¬É¬ÍפǤ¢¤ë¡Ê[2011-01-18-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Öblending ¤Î³ÈÂç¡×¤ò»²¾È¡Ë¡¥

Processes of Word-Formation: Changes over a Century

¡¡Ê£¹ç·Ï (Compounds, Neo-classical compounds) ¤È ÇÉÀ¸·Ï (Prefixation, Suffixation, Simultaneous prefix and suffix) ¤ÇÈæ¤Ù¤ë¤È¡¤3»þ´ü¤òÄ̤¸¤Æ¸å¼Ô¤Î³ä¹ç¤ÏÁ°¼Ô¤Î³ä¹ç¤Î2.7ÇÜÄøÅ٤ǰµÅݤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡Ê°Ê²¼¤Î¥°¥é¥Õ¤ò»²¾È¡Ë¡¥¿ôÃÍŪ¤Ë¤Ï¡¤ÇÉÀ¸¤Î¤Û¤¦¤Ë¥Ð¥é¥ó¥¹¤¬ÊФäƤ¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤À¡¥

Composition and Derivation: Changes over a Century

¡¡¡¦ Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
¡¡¡¦ Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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2011-09-11 Sun

¢£ #867. Barber ÈÇ¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Ë¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë·¹¸þ [pde][language_change][pde_language_change][elf][wsse]

¡¡ºÇ¶á¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î·¹¸þ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÄ´¤Ù¤ëµ¡²ñ¤ò¤â¤Ã¤¿¡¥´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ëÏÃÂê¤Ï¡¤¤³¤ì¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¤â°Ê²¼¤Î¤è¤¦¤Êµ­»ö¡Ê¤È¤½¤³¤«¤éÄ¥¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥ê¥ó¥¯Àè¤Îµ­»ö¡Ë¤Ç°·¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥

¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#860. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÊѲ½¤ÈÊѰۤΰìÍ÷¡× ([2011-09-04-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#795. ¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Í¥Ã¥È»þÂå¤Ï¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î²óžΨ¤ÎºÇ¤â®¤¤»þÂå¡× ([2011-07-01-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#625. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎʸˡÊѲ½¤Ë¸«¤é¤ì¤ë·¹¸þ¡× ([2011-01-12-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#622. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎʸˡÊѲ½¤ÏÅý·×Ū¡¦Ê¸ÂÎŪ¤ÊÌäÂê¡× ([2011-01-09-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#339. ±Ñ¸ì»Ë¤¬¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Ç»ß¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤«¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¸«¤¨¤ëÍýͳ¡× ([2010-04-01-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#386. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ëµ¯¤³¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÊѲ½¤ÏÂ礭¤¤¤«¾®¤µ¤¤¤«¡× ([2010-05-18-1])
¡¡¡Ê°Ê¾å¤ò°ì³ç¤·¤¿¡¤##860,795,625,622,339,386 ¤â¤É¤¦¤¾¡¥¡Ë

¡¡°ìÈÌŪ¤ÊÄêµÁ¤Ë½¾¤Ã¤Æ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ò20À¤µª°Ê¹ß¤È¤¹¤ë¤È¡¤¤½¤ÎÁ°È¾¤È¸åȾ¤È¤Ç¤Ï±Ñ¸ì¤ò¼è¤ê´¬¤¯´Ä¶­¤Ï·ãÊѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤1990ǯÂåȾ¤Ð°Ê¹ß¤Ë¤Ï¡¤ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ¤È¤¤¤¦É½¸½¤âʹ¤«¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¡¤À¤³¦¤ÎÃæ¤Ç¤Î±Ñ¸ì¤Î°ÌÃ֤Ť±¤Ï¡¤21À¤µªÃæ¤â°ÂÄꤹ¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤¤Þ¤¹¤Þ¤¹ÊѲ½¤·¤Æ¤æ¤¯¤â¤Î¤È»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥±Ñ¸ì¤Î¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤ÊΩ¾ì¤¬ÊѲ½¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤Ä¤ì¤Æ¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤¬¸À¸ìŪ¤Ë¤âÊÑÍÆ¤·¤Æ¤æ¤¯¤À¤í¤¦¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤ÏÍÆ°×¤ËÁÛÁü¤µ¤ì¤è¤¦¡¥
¡¡Barber ¤Ï¡¤20À¤µªÈ¾¤Ð¤Î»þÅÀ¤Ç¤Î±Ñ¸ì¡Ê¼ç¤È¤·¤ÆÈब "Received Standard" ¤È¸Æ¤Ö¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹É¸½à±Ñ¸ì¡Ë¤Î¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¹Í»¡¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤¤½¤³¤Ë¤Ï2¤Ä¤ÎĬή¤¬Ç§¤á¤é¤ì¤ë¤È½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

On the one hand, there has been a trend towards greater uniformity, a levelling out of differences; on the other hand, there has been an increased reluctance to accept as a norm what has hitherto been considered the standard form of the spoken language. In sum the effect has been to make the language more mixed. (16)


¡¡Èóɸ½àÊѼï¤ò´Þ¤á¤¿ÍÍ¡¹¤Ê¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹±Ñ¸ìÆâ¤ÎÊѼï¤ËÆÃħŪ¤À¤Ã¤¿¸À¸ì¹àÌܤ¬É¸½àÊÑ¼ï¤Ø¤ÈǦ¤Ó¹þ¤ó¤Ç¤­¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦Ä¬Î®¤È¡¤É¸½àÊѼï¤ÎÃϰ̤½¤Î¤â¤Î¤¬Äã²¼¤·¤Æ¤­¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦Ä¬Î®¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¤É¸½à¤ÈÈóɸ½à¤¬º®¹ç¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¤â¡¤Â­¤·¤Æ2¤Ç³ä¤Ã¤¿¤è¤¦¤ÊƱ¼ÁŪ¤ÊÊѼ郎À¸¤Þ¤ì¤Ä¤Ä¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦Æ¶»¡¤ÈÆÉ¤á¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡¥¤³¤Îƶ»¡¤«¤é¿ä¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¡¤É¸½à±Ñ¸ì¤ËÀ¸¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ë¸À¸ìÊѲ½¡Ê¤Î°ìÉô¡Ë¤Ï¡¤É¸½à±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¸ÂÄꤵ¤ì¤¿»ëÅÀ¤«¤é¤¹¤ì¤Ð¿·¤·¤¤¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤È¤ß¤Ê¤¹¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤»ëÌî¤ò¹­¤²¤Æ¸«¤ì¤Ð¡¤Ã±¤ËÈóɸ½àÊѼï¤Ë¤¹¤Ç¤Ë¸ºß¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¸À¸ì¹àÌܤ¬É¸½àÊÑ¼ï¤Ø°ÜÆþ¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¤À¤±¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤â¤¢¤ê¤½¤¦¤À¡¤¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¤Êý¸À¼ÚÍÑ (dialectal borrowing) ¤È¤¤¤¦²áÄø¤Ë¶á¤¤¡¥Barber ¼«¿È¤Îɽ¸½¤Ç¸À¤¨¤Ð¡¤¼¡¤Î°úÍѤÇÀÖ»ú¤Ç¼¨¤·¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë "changes in acceptance" ¡Ê¼õÍÆ¤ÎÊѲ½¡Ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥

Because of the change which is going on in the concept of standard English, and because of the social changes of the post-war period, some of the linguistic changes which we shall note will be changes in acceptance, rather than changes in actual usage. Usages which are not new, but which have previously been considered non-standard, are now coming to be accepted as standard by increasing numbers of educated speakers (though not always by the speaker of R. S. [Received Standard] proper). (28--29)


¡¡Barber ¤ÎÀ⤯¸½Â奤¥®¥ê¥¹É¸½à±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤ÎĬή¤Ï¡¤°ì¸À¤Ç¤¤¤¨¤Ð "dialectal mixing" ¤Î·¹¸þ¤ÈÍ×Ìó¤Ç¤­¤ë¤¬¡¤Èà¤Îã¼±¤Ï¡¤20À¤µªÈ¾¤Ð¤È¤¤¤¦Èæ³ÓŪÁᤤÃʳ¬¤Ç¡¤Æ±¤¸Ä¬Î®¤¬¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹É¸½à±Ñ¸ì¤À¤±¤Ç¤Ê¤¯À¤³¦±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤â´Ñ»¡¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤ò»ØÅ¦¤·¤¿ÅÀ¤Ë¸«¤¤¤À¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥¡Ê¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¤ò¶¯ÎϤʴðÈפȤ·¤Ê¤¬¤é¤â¡ËÀ¤³¦Ãæ¤Î±Ñ¸ìÊѼ郎º®¤¶¤ê¹ç¤¤¡¤´Ë¤ä¤«¤Ë¶Ñ°ì²½¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¤È¤¤¤¦´Ñ»¡¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

[W]ith the great increase in world-wide communications, it is probable that the various forms of English spoken in the world are now influencing one another more than formerly, and that the trend to greater dialectal mixing is therefore taking place in English on a world scale. (21)


¡¡¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¤Crystal ¤ÎÄ󵯤¹¤ë WSSE (World Standard Spoken English) ¤Ë¶á¤¤¹Í¤¨Êý¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥[2010-10-09-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¤È conversion / diversion¡×¤Ç¿¨¤ì¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤ÁêÈ¿¤¹¤ë·¹¸þ¡¤À¤³¦Ãæ¤Î±Ñ¸ì¤¬¤Á¤ê¤Â¤ê¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¹Ô¤¯ diversion ¤Î·¹¸þ¤ò̵»ë¤¹¤ë¤ï¤±¤Ë¤Ï¤¤¤«¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤ELF ¤¬°ÅÌÛ¤ËÌܻؤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ëÀ¤³¦É¸½à±Ñ¸ì¤Î³ÎΩ¤È¤¤¤¦´ÑÅÀ¤«¤é¤Ï¡¤Barber ¤Î1964ǯ¤Î´Ñ»¡¤Èľ´¶¤Ïɾ²Á¤ËÃͤ¹¤ë¤È¹Í¤¨¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Barber, Charles. Linguistic Change in Present-Day English. Alabama: U of Alabama P, 1964.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-04-17-1]

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2011-09-04 Sun

¢£ #860. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÊѲ½¤ÈÊѰۤΰìÍ÷ [pde][language_change][pde_language_change][exclamation_mark]

¡¡[2010-05-31-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ëµ¯¤³¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¸À¸ìÊѲ½¡×¤È[2011-01-11-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎʸˡÊѲ½¤Î°ìÍ÷¡×¤Ç¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ËÀ¸¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ë¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î°ìÍ÷¤òµó¤²¤¿¤¬¡¤º£²ó¤Ï¤½¤Î³ÈÂçÈǤòºî¤Ã¤¿¡¥ÌÖÍåŪ¤Ê°ìÍ÷¤Ïºî¤êÆÀ¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¡¤Barber, Bauer, Fennell, Potter, Leech et al. ¤½¤Î¾¤Î½ôʸ¸¥¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ê¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤ª¤è¤ÓÊѰۤιàÌܤò¡¤»²¾ÈÍѤˤޤȤ᤿¤â¤Î¤È¤·¤ÆÍý²ò¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¤¡¥´Þ¤á¤¿¹àÌܤι­¤¬¤ê¤ÈºÙ¤«¤µ¤Ï×ó°ÕŪ¤À¤¬¡¤Ãæ¿´¤Ë¿ø¤¨¤¿¤Î¤Ï "PDE linguistic changes and variations in spoken and written varieties of present-day Standard British and/or American English" ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤è¤ê¾Ü¤·¤¤°ìÍ÷¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¤ÃæÈø¤ò»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¤¡¥
¡¡ÄÌ»þŪÊѲ½¤È¶¦»þŪÊѰۤζèÊ̤ÏÛ£Ëæ¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤ÌÀ³Î¤Ë¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤È¤ß¤Ê¤»¤ë¤«¤É¤¦¤«µ¿¤ï¤·¤¤Îã¤â¤¢¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤°ïÏääľ´¶¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤È¸À¤¤Î©¤Æ¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëeÎã¤â´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤µ¤é¤Ë¡¤¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¿Ê¹ÔÃæ¤ÎÊѲ½¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¤Â¿¤¯¤Ï¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤¿ÊѲ½¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡¥Â¿¤¯¤Ï¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì´ü¤«¤é¡¤¤¢¤ë¤¤¤ÏÃæ±Ñ¸ì´ü°ÊÁ°¤«¤é·Ñ³¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ëÊѲ½¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤Á°»Ë¤ò¤â¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÅÀ¤Ë¤âÃí°Õ¤·¤¿¤¤¡¥¤¤¤º¤ì¤Î¹àÌܤ⡤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ËÀ¸¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ëÊѲ½¤È¤·¤Æ¤ß¤Ê¤»¤ë¤«¤É¤¦¤«¡¤¸¡¾Ú¤¹¤ë¤ËÃͤ¹¤ë¹àÌܤǤϤ¢¤ë¡¥

phonology

  • centering of short vowels (Barber 42): yes, good
  • change of /ɔː/ to /ɔ/ before /f/, /s/, and /θ/ (Barber 43): off, lost, cloth
  • closer /ɔː/: lord used to be pronounced like lard today
  • Continental pronunciation (Barber 72--74, Potter 31--32): Seine, Cherbourgh, Majorca, Sofia, Buenos Aires; quasi-, nuclei
  • de-syllabification of pp adj. with -ed (#776): aged, beloved
  • de-syllabification of /iə, uə/ to /i-ə, u-ə/ (Potter 18--19)
  • diphthongisation of /iː/ and /uː/ (Barber 44--45): tea, two
  • dramatic fronting of /uː/ and /ʌ/ in RP (Bauer 114--21)
  • final /iː/ for /i/ (Barber 46--47): pretty, Derby
  • fluctuation in pronunciation (#488, #766): applicable, dilemma, status
  • h-dropping (#462): herb, homage
  • initial /h/ for /wh/: where, what
  • instable pronunciation of triphthongs (Potter 19--20): [faə], [fɑə], [fɑː]] for [faiə]
  • intrusive (linking) -r (#500): the idea(r) of, law(r) and order
  • intrusive stops (Barber 58--59): fan(t)cy, warm(p)th, leng(k)th
  • loss of final alveolars (Barber 53--54): no(t) bad, ol(d) man, half pas(t) five
  • loss of plosives (Barber 54): knocked, East Coast
  • loss of /p/ from initial /ps/ and /pt/ (Barber 55): pseudo, psyche
  • new weak forms of pronunciation (Barber 64): /srait/ (that's right), /fjuˈlaik/ (if you like), /ˈtsɔːl ˈrait/ (it's all right)
  • Northern Cities Shift (#396)
  • noun-verb stress alternation (#803, #804, #406)
  • simplification of double consonants (Barber 54--55): a good deal, upside-down, lamp-post, prime-minister
  • Southern Hemisphere Shift (#402)
  • spelling pronunciation (#211, #212, #379): often, forehead
  • spread of /ə/ in unstressed syllables (Barber 48--49): ability, women, useless, engine
  • spread of glottal stops (Barber 60--61): butter, batman, button, not yet
  • vocalic influence of "dark l (Barber 47--48): revolve, solve; salt, falter; milk
  • voicing of intervocalic consonants (Barber 57): letter, better, British
  • vowel shift in Estuary English (#465)
  • word stress shift (#488, #769; #321, #342, #366): controversy, harass, Caribbean
  • /ɛ/ for /eɪ/ (#541, #543): says, against
  • yod-dropping (#841): dew, enthuse, lewd, new, suit, tune

morphology

  • acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms (#625, #817): EU, UNESCO, asap
  • active conversion (#394): to pluto
  • active blending (#631, #625): electrocute, Singlish
  • active shortening (Barber 89--91): telly, mike, sub, polio, bra
  • affixation (#732, #133, #593, #420): -dom, -ish, -wise, super-, mini-
  • back-formation (#108): baby-sit, escalator, ism, enthuse, liaise
  • change in formation of new words (Bauer 38--40): blends and compounds grow while suffixation and neo-classical compounds decline
  • conversion of phrasal verbs to nouns (Potter 171--73): breakout, getaway, layout, leftover, setup, walkout
  • generalisation of the s-plural (#121, #161, #482): thesauruses, mouses, oxes
  • headless compound (#420): pickpocket, sell-out
  • -ic for -ical (Barber 115): comic, botanic, politic
  • monosyllabism (Potter 76--78): ad, jet, op, quake
  • regularisation of irregular verb conjugations (#178, #528): dreamed for dreamt, wedded for wed
  • spread of the s-genitive to non-human nouns (#425): today's newspaper, the book's cover
  • suffixation for semantic differentiation (Potter 74--76): emergency / emergence, continuance / continuation / continuity
  • variants of the preterite of verb (#312): dove / dived, sung / sang, swum / swam

syntax

  • analytical comparison of disyllabic adjectives (#403, #456, #425; Bauer 51--61): more polite, most polite for politer, politest
  • change in case inflections of personal pronouns (Bauer 88): between you and I for between you and me; than myself to avoid the choice of either I or me
  • change in non-finite clausal complementation (part of "Great Complement Shift") (Leech et al. 205)
  • decline of wh-relatives in AmE (#424, #425; Bauer 66--83)
  • decline of whom (#622)
  • decline of auxiliary verbs like shall, ought (to), need(n't) (#677)
  • decline of passive constructions (Leech et al. 164)
  • development of new, auxiliary-like uses of certain lexical verbs: wanna for want to,
  • do-support for have in BrE: Have you any money? and No, I haven't any money ¢ª Do you have / have you got any money? and No, I don't have any money / I haven't got any money
  • do-support for be (Potter 132): Why don't you be a good boy?, Why on earth doesn't the fellow be reasonable?
  • due to as a compound preposition (Barber138): Due to heart-failure, he suffered an early death.
  • elimination of shall as a future marker in the first person (#301)
  • expansion of phrasal verbs and compound verbs (Barber 140): run down; build up, start up
  • extension of the progressive to new constructions (especially modal, present perfect and past perfect passive progressives: the road would not be being built / has not been being built / had not been being built / They are remembering the days of their childhood, You are surely imagining things
  • fixed order of attributive adjectives (Potter 152--56): his five short brilliant creative years
  • fluctuation of prepositions in phrases (#301): different to for different from
  • further auxiliation of semi-auxiliaries and modal idioms (#64): gonna, have got to, be supposed to
  • gerunds as attributives (Fennell 174): the come-backing Australian tennis player, Claire X is a rapidly becoming confused mother of four
  • hyphenated attributives (Potter 106--107): an off-the-cuff opinion, round-the-clock discussions, hard-to-get-at volumes
  • increase in negative and verbal contractions: is'nt, it's
  • increase in the number and types of multi-word verbs (expanded predicates): phrasal verbs, have / take / give a + noun
  • increase in title + name: Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for Mrs Thatcher, the Prime Minister, young Lambeth housewife Amy Green for Mrs Green, a young Lambeth housewife
  • less use of no-negation in contrast to not-negation (Leech et al. 241)
  • like, same as, and immediately as conjunctions (#312)
  • longer VPs (catenatives) (Fennell 174): He appears to wish to be able to carry on being examined by the same doctor.
  • more use of adjectives as adverbs (#312): They pay them pretty good.
  • more zero-relatives and that-relatives (Bauer 66--83)
  • more use of less instead of fewer with countable nouns: less people
  • more use of the preterite for the perfect (Fennell 175): I bought a new car for I've bought a new car
  • more use of the get-passive (Leech et al. 164): get frightened, get mixed
  • more use of the mediopassive (Leech et al. 165): Oilcloth wears well, Thr routes are designed to bicycle in a few hours.
  • (multiple) noun adjuncts (#625, #425; Potter 107--13, Fennell 175): World Court, recreation facilities, for health reasons, on efficiency grounds, weapons technology; World Heath Organization, Trades union congress centenary, New York City Ballet School instructor, railway station waiting room murder inquiry verdict
  • "noun disease" (Potter 100--05): London's growth is rapid for London is growing rapidly
  • number concord of collective nouns (#312; Bauer 61--66): The Government has/have been considering further tax cuts.
  • omission of the definite article (Potter 144--46): (the) university, (the) Government, (the) radio, all (the) winter
  • omission of have and do (Barber 136--37): we done it, they been, you seen; What you want that for?, Where you think you're going?
  • omission of Do you in questions (Barber 137): Like a cigarette?, Have a drink?
  • omission of that in now that and so that (Barber 138)
  • placement of frequency adverbs before auxiliary verbs even if no emphasis is intended: I never have said so
  • plural attributives (Bauer 48): drugs courier for drug courier
  • positive tags as afterthoughts (Potter 160): We all agree on this, or do we?, We know in our hearts that we shall be rewarded, or do we?
  • revival of the 'mandative' subjunctive, probably inspired by formal US usage (#312, #325, #326): we demand that she take part in the meeting
  • sentences becoming shorter (Barber 143)
  • sort of and kind of as adverbs (Barber 138): meaning so to speak, if that is the right word for it
  • spread of 'singular' they to formal and standard usage (#275; Bauer 148): Everybody came in their car
  • suppressed prepositions (Potter 140--41): agree (with), approve (of), compensate (for), protest (against), cope (with)
  • syntactic contamination (#737; Barber 139): both A but also B; between A to B, comprise of
  • this and that as intensive adverbs (Potter 147): It is not all that simple.

semantics

  • change in usage and meaning of words (#823, #755, #301): uninterested / disinterested, literally, hopefully

pragmatics

  • decline of she for ships and countries (#852)
  • decline of honorific vocatives such as Mr and Sir
  • democratised mode of address as by first-names (Bauer 141--45)
  • increase in questions (Leech et al. 242)
  • popularisation of political correctness (#115): Ms, chairperson; refuse collector
  • second person plural pronouns (#312, #529): y'all, you guys

lexicon

  • change in sources of new words (Bauer 35--36): English grows while French, Latin, and Greek decline
  • Cockney rhyming-slang since the World Wars (Barber 103): trouble and strife (wife), half-inch (to pinch), titfer (hat)
  • general growth in vocabulary (#629, #623)
  • Greco-Latin scientific vocabulary and its popularisation (Potter 90--98): ISV (International Scientific Vocabulary) such as pediatrics, arthritis, euphoria, claustrophobia, inferiority complex
  • growth in e-vocabulary as a result of e-revolution
  • new intensifiers (Barber 123--24): smashing, shattering, wizard, bang-on, super, super-duper, massive, fabulous
  • new lexical euphemisms (Barber 125): slump / depression / recession / downturn
  • proper names and trade names (Barber 95--97): diesel, kodak, Hoover, Biro
  • revival of old (esp. war-related) words: frigate, corvette, armour

spelling

  • -ise / -ize in BrE (#314; Bauer 134--35): emphasise, criticise, characterise, summarise, specialise
  • "pronunciation spelling" (#799, #825): lite, thru, warez

punctuation

  • fewer exclamation marks and semi-colons (Leech et al. 245)
  • growth in parenthetic sentences (Barber 143): Boxer Bill Smith (he will be twenty-four to-morrow) has signed a contract to fight. . .
  • increase of quoted speech (Leech et al. 248)
  • less use of apostrophes (Bauer 132--33): the 1969s
  • less use of hyphens (Potter 58--59): yearbook for year-book or year book; today for to-day
  • more use of quotes (Potter 56--57): to impress the uninitiated?
  • preference for lowercase (Potter 59--60): neo-platonic for Neo-Platonic or neo-Platonic
  • smileys and emoticons (#808): :-) and :-(
  • unindented address lines (Bauer 132)


¡¡¡¦ Barber, Charles. Linguistic Change in Present-Day English. Alabama: U of Alabama P, 1964.
¡¡¡¦ Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
¡¡¡¦ Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
¡¡¡¦ Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
¡¡¡¦ Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.
¡¡¡¦ ÃæÈø ½ÓÉ× Ãø¡¤»ùÇÏ ½¤¡¦»ûÅç íì»Ò ÊÔ¡¡¡ØÊѲ½¤¹¤ë±Ñ¸ì¡Ù¡¡¤Ò¤Ä¤¸½ñ˼¡¤2003ǯ¡¥

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2011-06-12 Sun

¢£ #776. ²áµîʬ»ì·ÁÍÆ»ì -ed ¤ÎÈó²»Àá²½ [pde][phonetics][language_change]

¡¡[2011-01-30-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡ÖÆÈΩ¤·¤¿²»Àá¤È¤·¤ÆÈ¯²»¤µ¤ì¤ë -ed ¸ìÈø¤ò¤â¤Ä²áµîʬ»ì·ÁÍÆ»ì¡×¤È[2011-04-09-1]¤Îµ­»ö¡ÖÆÈΩ¤·¤¿²»Àá¤È¤·¤ÆÈ¯²»¤µ¤ì¤ë -ed ¸ìÈø¤ò¤â¤Ä²áµîʬ»ì·ÁÍÆ»ì (2)¡×¤Ç¡¤aged, jagged ¤Ê¤É¤¬2²»Àá¤È¤·¤ÆÈ¯²»¤µ¤ìÆÀ¤ë»ö¼Â¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÏÀ¤¸¤¿¡¥aged ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÏÈ、¾þ̾»ì¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÍɤ줬¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¸ÀµÚ¤·¤¿¤¬¡¤aged ¤ËÂåɽ¤µ¤ì¤ë²áµîʬ»ì·ÁÍÆ»ì -ed ¤Îȯ²»¤ÎÍɤì¤Ï¡¤ÄÌ»þŪÊѲ½¤¬¸½ºß¿Ê¹ÔÃæ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¼¨º¶¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤È¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥¤½¤ÎÊѲ½¤ÎÊý¸þ¤Ï¡¤²áµî¤Ë̵¿ô¤Î -ed ¤ËÀ¸¤¸¤Æ¤­¤¿¤È¤ª¤ê¡¤Èó²»Àá²½¤ÎÊý¸þ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥Bolinger (148fn) ¤Ï¡¤-ed ¤ÎÈó²»Àá²½¤ò¡¤19À¤µª¤«¤é20À¤µª¤Ë¤«¤±¤Æ¿Ê¹Ô¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿ºÇ¤â°õ¾ÝŪ¤Ê²»±¤ÊѲ½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤Èɾ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

The reduction of -ed has been perhaps the most striking phonological change in English in the past century and a half. Poutsma (Part II, §2, p. 569) quotes Bradley to the effect that "Within the memory of living persons it was still usual in the reading of the Bible or the Liturgy to make two syllables of such words as loved or changed, which are now pronounced in one syllable." As a child I gave striped and streaked two syllables each. The disintegration continues; I have heard jagged pronounced as one syllable by a-twelve-year old.


¡¡¶þÀÞ¸ìÈø¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î -ed ¤Î±¿Ì¿¤¬Èó²»Àá²½¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¡¤±Ñ¸ì»Ë¤Îή¤ì¤«¤éÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤½¤ÎÂ礭¤ÊĬή¤Ë¹³¤¦¾®¤µ¤ÊĬή¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤2²»Àá¤òÊÝ»ý¤·¶¯¼å¤Î¥ê¥º¥à¤ò·ø¼é¤¹¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦±¤Î§Åª¤ÊÍ×°ø¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥´¹¸À¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¤¤³¤Î¾®¤µ¤ÊĬή¤ÏÂ礭¤ÊĬή¤ò¤»¤­»ß¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â¡¤¿Ê¹Ô¤òÃ٤餻¤ë¤¯¤é¤¤¤Ë¤ÏºîÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥¤À¤¬¡¤¤½¤ÎºîÍѤâ½ù¡¹¤Ë¸Â³¦¤Ë㤷¤Ä¤Ä¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥aged, beloved, naked, wicked ¤Ê¤É¤ÏÉÑÅÙ¤¬Èæ³ÓŪ¹â¤¤¤¬¡¤¤³¤ì¤é¤Î -ed ¤¬ÆÈΩ¤·¤¿²»Àá¤Ç¤Ê¤¯¤Ê¤ëÆü¤Ï±ó¤¯¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Bolinger, Dwight L. "Pitch Accent and Sentence Rhythm." Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. Ed. Isamu Abe and Tetsuya Kanekiyo. Tokyo: Hakuou, 1965. 139--80.

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2011-01-12 Wed

¢£ #625. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎʸˡÊѲ½¤Ë¸«¤é¤ì¤ë·¹¸þ [pde][language_change][grammaticalisation][colloquialisation][americanisation][sociolinguistics][pde_language_change]

¡¡Svartvik and Leech ¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î½ñ¤­¸ÀÍÕʸˡ¤ÎÊѲ½¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î3¤Ä¤Î·¹¸þ¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦ (206)¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Grammaticalization --- Items of vocabulary are gradually getting subsumed into grammatical forms, a well-known process of language change.
¡¡¡¦ Colloquialization --- The use of written grammar is tending to become more colloquial or informal, more like speech.
¡¡¡¦ Americanization --- The use of grammar in other countries (such as the UK) is tending to follow US usage.


¡¡1ÅÀÌܤΠgrammaticalization ( see [2010-06-18-1] ) ¤Ï¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ËÆÃÍ­¤ÎÊѲ½¡Ê¤Î¥á¥«¥Ë¥º¥à¡Ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤Svartvik and Leech ¤Ï¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¸²Ãø¤À¤È¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥Ãø¼Ô¤é¤ÎǰƬ¤Ë¤Ï¡¤Î㤨¤Ð[2010-05-31-1]¤äºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö[2011-01-11-1]¤Ç¿¨¤ì¤¿ semi-auxiliaries ¤ä extension of the progressive ¤¬¤¢¤ë¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡2ÅÀÌܤΠcolloquialization ¤Ï¸½Âå¤ÎÃÌÏäÎ̱¼ç²½·¹¸þ ( democratization ) ¤È¤â´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ë¤¬¡¤Ã±½ã¤Ë½ñ¤­¸ÀÍÕ¤¬Ïä·¸ÀÍÕ¤ØÆ±²½¤·¤Ä¤Ä¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤ò°ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡¥Æ±Íͤˡ¤3ÅÀÌܤΠAmericanization ¤¬Ã±½ã¤Ë BrE ¤¬ AmE ²½¤·¤Ä¤Ä¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤ò°ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤³¤Î2¤Ä¤Î·¹¸þ¤Ï³Î¤«¤ËÉôʬŪ¤Ë½Å¤Ê¤ê¹ç¤Ã¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¼«¿È¤âñ½ã¤Ëµ­½Ò¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤Ê£»¨¤Ê²áÄø¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¾å½Ò¤ÎÃø¼Ô¤Î1¿Í¤Ç¤¢¤ë Leech ¤¬Ê̤ζ¦Ãø¼Ô¤ÈÃø¤ï¤·¤¿ Leech et al. ¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¤â¤¦1¤Ä¤Î·¹¸þ¤È¤·¤Æ "densification" (50) ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï "the effects of 'information explosion'" (22) ¤¬»ØÅ¦¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤½¤ì¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È¡¤ÁýÂ礷³¤±¤ë¾ðÊó¤ò¤Ç¤­¤ë¤À¤±¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥¯¥È¤Ë¸úΨ¤è¤¯¸À¸ì²½¤·¤è¤¦¤È¤¹¤ëÍߵ᤬¹â¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¡¥¤½¤Î¶ñÂÎŪ¸½¤ï¤ì¤¬¡¤brunch, smog ¤Ê¤É¤Î ¤«¤Ð¤ó¸ì ( blend ) ¤ä AIDS, NATO ¤Ê¤É¤Î Ƭ»ú¸ì ( acronym ) ¤ä New York City Ballet School instructor ¤Ê¤É¤Î̾»ìÏ¢º¿¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡¤«¤ê¤Ë¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î½ñ¤­¸ÀÍÕʸˡ¤ÎÊѲ½¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ colloquialization, Americanization, densification ¤Ê¤É¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿·¹¸þ¤ò¼õ¤±Æþ¤ì¤ë¤È¤¹¤ë¤È¡¤¼¡¤ËʸˡÊѲ½¤È¼Ò²ñÊѲ½¤ÎÁê´Ø´Ø·¸¤òµ¿¤ï¤¶¤ë¤òÆÀ¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤â¤·¼Ò²ñÊѲ½¤¬Ê¸Ë¡ÊѲ½¤ÎÊý¸þ¤òÄê¤á¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¤¤½¤ì¤Ï¼Â¤Ë¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤¡¥½¾Í衤³Î¤«¤Ë¼Ò²ñÊѲ½¤¬¸ì×ÃÊѲ½¤òͶȯ¤¹¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ï¸À¸ì¤Î¾ï¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤·¡¤¸À¸ìÀÜ¿¨¤äÊý¸ÀÀÜ¿¨¤¬¸À¸ì¤Î½ô¦Ì̤ËÊѲ½¤Î·Àµ¡¤ò¤â¤¿¤é¤¹¤³¤È¤â¾ï¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡Ê¼ÂºÝ¤Ë Americanization ¤Ï¸å¼Ô¤ËÁêÅö¤¹¤ë¡Ë¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¤½¤ì°Ê³°¤Î¼Ò²ñ¤ÎÊѲ½¡¤¤è¤ê¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ë¸À¤¨¤Ð "the broader changes in the communicative climate of the age" ¤¬¡¤´ÖÀÜŪ¤Ê¤¬¤é¤â¡¤¸À¸ì¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç¤â¤È¤ê¤ï¤±Ãê¾ÝŪ¤ÊÉôÌç¤Ç¤¢¤ëʸˡ¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤òµÚ¤Ü¤¹¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤Ï¡¤·è¤·¤Æ¼«ÌÀ¤Î¤³¤È¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡¥
¡¡Leech et al. ¤Ï¡¤¼Ò²ñÊѲ½¤ÎʸˡÊѲ½¤ËµÚ¤Ü¤¹±Æ¶Á¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

More often than not there are links between grammatical changes, on the one hand, and social and cultural changes, on the other. Such links may not be as obvious as the links between social change and lexical change, and they are certainly more indirect. Again and again, however, the authors have discovered that, especially when it comes to explaining the spread of innovations through different styles and genres, apparently disparate grammatical 'symptoms' can be traced back to common 'causes' at the discourse level. Exploring the connections between the observed shifts in grammatical usage (the nuts and bolts of the system, as it were) and the broader changes in the communicative climate of the age, which are reflected in the performance data that the corpora are made up of, is a fascinating challenge not only for the linguist. (Leech et al. 22)


¡¡¡¦ Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
¡¡¡¦ Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.

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