ε#2628. Hockett ˤѸνդäդδطɽ魯ľ ([2016-07-07-1]) Ǽ褦ˡѸνդøդδ֤εΥϡޤˡ־梪碪ʡˡפɽǤѥǿܤƤ餿ȡ̤Ǥ롥
դäդεΥϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤŪޤޤˤȤɤޤäƤͥζѸȽդɸಽ (standardisation) ʤȤ⤢äơξΤЪΥϳƤѸˤʤꡤŪǤդˤή褦ˤʤ (= colloquialisation) ξԤεΥϺƤʬŪ˶ޤäƤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ξΤάˤĤƤϡCurzan (54--55) εҤŪΤǤ롥
The fluctuating distance between written and spoken registers provides one fascinating lens through which to tell the history of English. For the Old English and Middle English periods, scholars assume a much closer correspondence between the written and spoken, with the recognition that the record does not preserve very informal registers of the written. While there were some local written standards, these periods predate widespread language standardization, and spelling and morphosyntactic differences by region suggest that scribes saw the written language as in some way capturing their individual or local pronunciation and grammar. The prevalence of coordinated or paratactic clause structures in these periods is more reflective of the spoken language than the highly subordinated clause structures that come to characterize high written prose in the Renaissance. . . . The Renaissance witnesses a growing chasm between the spoken and written, with the rise of language standardization and the spread of English to more scientific, legal, and other genres that had been formerly written in Latin. To this day, written academic, legal, and medical registers are marked by stark differences from spoken language, from the prevalence of nominalization (e.g., when the verb enhance becomes the noun enhancement) to the relative paucity of first-person pronouns to highly subordinated sentence structures.
At the turn of the millennium something interestingly cyclical appears to be happening online, in journalistic prose, and in other registers, where the written language is creeping back toward patterns more characteristic of the spoken language --- a process referred to as colloquialization . . . . In other words, the distance between the structure and style of spoken and written language that has characterized much of the modern period is narrowing, a least in some registers. Current colloquialization of written prose includes the rise of features such as semi-modals (e.g., have to), contractions, and the progressive.
ϡդäդδطȤߤ⤦1ĤθʱѸ˵ҤȻפ
Curzan, Anne. Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.
Curzan εϼ˴ؤɤǤơѸˤˤդøդεΥˤĤƤ Hockett (1957) ιͻҲ𤵤Ƥ (Hockett, Charles F. "The Terminology of Historical Linguistics." Studies in Linguistics 12 (1957: 3--4): 57--73.) ʲοޤϡCurzan (55) ˷ǺܤƤޤ˼äΤʤΤǡHockett ΥꥸʥȤ¿Ȥۤʤ뤫⤷ʤޤ³ơƱ Curzan (55--56) ¹Hockett դѤ롥

With Alfred, the 'writing' line begins to slope downwards more gently, becoming further and further removed from the 'speech' line. This is because Alfred's highly prestigious writings set an orthographic and stylistic habit, which tended to persist in the face of changing habits of speech. The Norman Conquest leads rather quickly to an end of this older orthographic practice; the new 'writing' line which begins approximately at this time represents the rather drastically altered orthographic habits developed under the influence of the French-trained scribes. I have begun this line somewhat closer to the 'speech' line at the time, on the assumption --- of which I am not certain --- that the rather radical change in writing habits led, at least at first, to a somewhat closer matching of contemporary speech. From this time until Caxton and printing, the 'writing' line follows more or less inadequately the changing pattern of speech, never getting very close to it, yet constantly being modified in the direction of it. But with Caxton, and the introduction of printing, there soon comes about the real deep-freeze on English spelling-habits which has persisted to our own day. (Hockett 65--66)
οޤȲϡ20ȾФޤǤСƤˤʤθ塤20θȾ鸽ߤˤƤϡषդ colloquialisation (cf. #625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹 ([2011-01-12-1])) ФƤȤˤꡤʤȤ⤢ѰˤơξΤεΥϽ̤ޤäƤƤ褦ˤפ롥äơ2ܤΤ褦ʼݤDZĹƤߤȤ⤷⤷ʤ
դäդεΥȤˤĤƤϡ#2292. ֻȯϥפǤĤʤ줿2ۤΥܡȡ ([2015-08-06-1]) #15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1]) οޤ⻲Ȥ줿
Curzan, Anne. Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.
ε#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1]) κǸ˿줿ñ (flat adverb) 夲롥б -ly ¸Ƥ硤flat adverb ϰ̤άŪ뤤ϸŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ롥Ūʴϡ-ly ȼɸǤꡤflat adverb оݤȤΤǻѤ٤Ȥ뤬LGSWE (Section 7.12.2) ˤСʲΤ褦ϲåѥǤ̤˸Ȥ
The big one went so slow. (CONV)
Well it was hot but it didn't come out quick. (CONV)
They want to make sure it runs smooth first. (CONV)
ä good real ȤѤˡϡAmE θǹʹ롥LGSWE (Section 7.12.2.1) εҤˤСgood well ΰ̣ѤϡAmE βäǰŪˤ褯졤ǽդ BrE ǤϵǤ롥really ѤȤƤ real ˤĤƤϡAmE βäǤ really Ⱦʬۤɤ٤ǻѤƤȤ顤٤ѥ٤ǤС BrE βäˤ really ٤ɤŨȤʤBrE Ǥ real Τˡϳ̵ǤϤʤǤ롥ξԤ LGSWE 餤Ĥ褦
It just worked out good, didn't it? (AmE CONV)
Bruce Jackson, In Excess' trainer said, "He ran good, but he runs good all the time. It was easy." (AmE NEWS)
It would have been real [bad] news. (AmE CONV)
I have a really [good] video with a real [good] soundtrack. (AmE CONV)
Τ褦ˡgood ưȹ¤ʤƽˡreal ϷƻĴˡ̤Ǥ롥
ʾΤ褦ˡѸˤ flat adverb ϥꥫѸθѤ뷹Ȥѥ餫ȤʤäƤ뤬ηȴϢ[2011-01-12-1]ε#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹פǿ줿ꥫѸ첽 (Americanisation) ȸ첽 (colloquialisation) Ĭή۵ˤʤ塤good 뤤 real ˸¤餺ѸΤȤ flat adverb λѤ礷Ƥ椯ȤǽȤȤ碌ơ[2010-03-05-1]ε#312. ʸˡαƺפ (5) ⻲Ȥ줿
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
Svartvik and Leech ˤȡѸνʸˡѲϰʲ3ĤηƤȤ (206)
Grammaticalization --- Items of vocabulary are gradually getting subsumed into grammatical forms, a well-known process of language change.
Colloquialization --- The use of written grammar is tending to become more colloquial or informal, more like speech.
Americanization --- The use of grammar in other countries (such as the UK) is tending to follow US usage.
1ܤ grammaticalization ( see [2010-06-18-1] ) ϸѸͭѲʤΥᥫ˥ˤȤ櫓ǤϤʤSvartvik and Leech ϸѸ˸ȹͤƤΤԤǰƬˤϡ㤨[2010-05-31-1]ε[2011-01-11-1]ǿ줿 semi-auxiliaries extension of the progressive Τ
2ܤ colloquialization ϸä̱粽 ( democratization ) ȤϢ뤬ñ˽դäդƱĤĤȤȤ̣櫓ǤϤʤƱͤˡ3ܤ Americanization ñ BrE AmE ĤĤȤȤ̣櫓ǤϤʤ2ĤηϳΤʬŪ˽ŤʤäƤꡤ줾켫Ȥñ˵ҤǤʤʣʲǤ롥
ҤԤ1ͤǤ Leech ̤ζԤ路 Leech et al. ΤʤǤϡ⤦1ĤηȤ "densification" (50) 뤤 "the effects of 'information explosion'" (22) ŦƤ롥ˤȡ礷³ǤѥȤ˸Ψ褯첽褦ȤߵޤäƤȤζŪ줬brunch, smog ʤɤ Ф ( blend ) AIDS, NATO ʤɤ Ƭ ( acronym ) New York City Ballet School instructor ʤɤ̾Ϣ
˸ѸνʸˡѲ˴ؤ colloquialization, Americanization, densification ʤɤȤäȤȡʸˡѲȼҲѲشط虜ʤ⤷ҲѲʸˡѲƤȤСϼ¤˶̣衤Τ˼ҲѲѲͶȯȤȤϸξǤäܿܿν¦̤Ѳη⤿餹ȤǤäʼºݤ Americanization ϸԤˡʳμҲѲŪ˸ "the broader changes in the communicative climate of the age" Ūʤ⡤ΤʤǤȤ櫓ŪǤʸˡ˱ƶڤܤȤΤϡ褷ƼΤȤǤϤʤä
Leech et al. ϡҲѲʸˡѲ˵ڤܤƶˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
More often than not there are links between grammatical changes, on the one hand, and social and cultural changes, on the other. Such links may not be as obvious as the links between social change and lexical change, and they are certainly more indirect. Again and again, however, the authors have discovered that, especially when it comes to explaining the spread of innovations through different styles and genres, apparently disparate grammatical 'symptoms' can be traced back to common 'causes' at the discourse level. Exploring the connections between the observed shifts in grammatical usage (the nuts and bolts of the system, as it were) and the broader changes in the communicative climate of the age, which are reflected in the performance data that the corpora are made up of, is a fascinating challenge not only for the linguist. (Leech et al. 22)
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
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