ε#6205. Scots ˤܤ٤ͳ ([2026-04-23-1]) ơ Scots ˤˤĤƤŸƤΤScots ɸŪʻʬ (periodisation) ƤʲϡMcClure (46) Scots ˸ѤĤķǤƤʬǤ롥
| Old English | to 1100 |
| Old Scots | to 1700 |
| Pre-literary Scots | to 1375 |
| Early Scots | to 1450 |
| Middle Scots | 1450--1700 |
| Early Middle Scots | 1450--1550 |
| Late Middle Scots | 1550--1700 |
| Modern Scots | 1700 onwards |
112ˡʼȶǾ尴ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡǰۡ॰饦ɤǤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥˤܽҲ𤹤ۿޤ#384. Τۤܤϡ䤤ؤΤҤȤĤΤ --- ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡˡǤ16ʬȾۤɤưˡҤ
ܽϡ2ͤ3ǯȾˤ錄 YouTube ̤ƤƤŽ̤Ƥꡤͤȯ礭ȿƤޤܽHPⳫߤƤޤΤǡꤼҤˬ䤯ޤSNS ʤɤǡϥå奿 #Τۤʤ źơܽ˴ؤ뤴ո䤴ۤʤɤޤȹǤ
ơ֤ΤۤפκǿǤϡܽιˤĤƸڤĤġ䤬ôĶäѸǯɽ (pp. 6--9) ϪޤޤǤѸˤάǯɽ͡ʷǺäƤޤǯɽȤȤˤϾǺߤĤޤȤޤñʤǯʾΡޤǤΤǤˤĤƷ겼Ƥߤޤ
ǯɽˤꡤޤŪʽˤϡפ䤹ΤȡǤʤΤȤޤˤ䷳ˤˤ㤨1066ǯΥΥޥ (norman_conquest) Τ褦ʤΤϡǯʤդޤǡˤΤ˵ϿƤꡤǯɽ˷ǺܤݤǺߤϤޤ1066ǯΥޥפȥХäȽФ褤Ǥ
ȤѲ¿ѸǯɽǤϡñˤʤȤ¿ΤǤȤơѸˤκǤ벻Ѳ1ġ첻 (gvs) ͤƤߤޤ礦̤ˤѲ1400ǯ1700ǯˤơäꡤä굯ä뤳Ȥ¿ǤǤϡѲλϤޤȽ꤬βǯȤϷʤȤǤºݤ1400ǯθö˻Ϥޤä櫓Ǥ⡤1700ǯ糢˽ä櫓Ǥ⤢ޤǯɽȤ2Υ쥤Ȥǡɤ˻ϤޤȽ֤Τ뤤Ϥɤ줯餤λȤΤϡ١¤ȤȤʤޤ쥤Ⱦϡʸ䥤饹ȤȤη礤⤢ꡤʣޤ
ǯɽˤΤäȸȤơѸˤγǯɤ֤Ȥ礭꤬ޤκϡhellog periodisation ΥΤĤƵǸƤȤǤǯɽȿǤȤʤȡŪǯȤᤵƤ褦ǡץå㡼礭ΤǤŪ˱ѸˤλϤޤ449ǯȤƤޤϡͤȸƤФޥͤΰɤ֥ƥܳŪ轱ǯȤƤ뤫ǤäơλϤޤꡤҤƤϥꥹλϤޤꡤƱѸλϤޤλƤ櫓Ǥ
ץѡˤΩ줫餹ȡ449ǯϤäΤǤʤʤСͤޤΦˤȤ448ǯȡ֥ƥ˾ΦȤ449ǯȤǡäƤ켫ΤϲѤäƤʤϤǤ
ϡҲŪʻˤäƵޤˤλѤѤΤǤϤʤޤǤäƤƤϢ³ΤȤ¸ߤƤޤСѸˤϡĸޤǡʾʤȤ⤢٤ϡ³ǷҤäƤǤޤͤͤСθλϤޤˤҤäƤǽޤĤޤꡤ֡ˤλϤޤפȤڤϡʸŪʹθǤϤʤθäĤμҲŪˡʤˤˤȥƤ餦ǡصŪꤵƤˤʤΤǤ
Ȥ櫓ŪʽҤ˷Ǻܤǯɽǡ449ǯפʤɤʤȡ֤ǤϡѸˤϤĻϤޤäΤǤפȤѤʵ˥äʤʤ뤿ᡤŪʶڤҤȤޤѤƤˤʤȤȤʤΤǤǯɽ˽ƤǯϡؽصȤŪ˱뤿ŶλʪȤäƤ褤ΤǤʸϤǤС~ǯפʤɤȤäɽƨ뤳ȤǤΤǤǯɽȤǤϡɤƤľξ˥ԥݥȤŪ֤ȤäǥʴФ椨ǺޤΤǤˤϡ̿Τ褦ʷŪǤϤʤäѲƤեǤΤȤǡܽΡĶäѸǯɽפܤ̤Ƥȡ꿼ѸˤȤΤ˻פڤ뤳ȤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ
֤Τۤʤפ˴ؤϡ³֤Τۤإͥפ hellog ¾ΤǷ깭ƤĤǤϢϤ٤HPˤޤȤޤäƤޤΤǡꤤפޤ
ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ
ε#5274. 19ΥɱѸ椹յ ([2023-10-05-1]) Ǽ夲Ѹˤ Görlach ˤ19ɱѸƬˤϡ19ȤѸ˾ζڤˤϡä˼ҲŪŪʺ櫓ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥̤ (DeKeyser) ˤСϼ1ĤΥԡǤ1795ǯ Murray ˤʸˡȡ⤦1ĤΥԡǤ1906ǯ Fowler ˤ King's English ˶ޤ줿ȤŤƤϤ褦ղε̣Ϥ (Görlach 5)
ȤϤGörlach Ȥ⡤19ΥɱѸ椹ݤǰƬˤƤ٤̶ʬƤ뤷ϢҲʸŪʽŦƤ롥̶ʬȤơĹ19פ4ʬƤ (6)
1776--1800 William Pitt's coalitions; the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution; the separation of the United States; the colonization of Australia and occupation of Ceylon and Malta; the start of the Romantic Movement; th end of Irish independence; 1800--1830 The final phase of the Hanoverian reign, predating the great reforms; Napoleonic wars and the Regency; Romantic poetry; 1830--1870 The great reforms; the Chartist movements; the heyday of capitalist industrialism; the expansion of literacy and printed matter; increased mobility as a consequence of railways; 1870--1914 Late Victorian imperialism and the last phase of global 'stability'; general education; modern communication.
嵭β̶ʬȤ̤ˡ19˵äҲŪʴްդΤάǯɽηǼƤ (6) ⻲ͤޤǤ˵Ƥ
1824 the repeal of the Combination Acts; 1828 the emancipation of the Nonconformists; 1832 the First Reform Bill, which can be seen as a triumph of the middle class; 1833 the first important Factory Act restricting child work; 1834 the abolition of slavery; 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act; 1838--48 the Chartist movement; publication of the People's Charter; 1846 the repeal of the Corn Laws; 1855 the final repeal of the Stamp Act of 1712 (making cheap newspapers available); 1867 the Second Reform Bill (1 million new voters) and Factory Acts; 1870 the Elementary Education Act (establishing compulsory education in the 1870s); 1884--5 the Third Reform Bill (2 million new voters)
Τ褦άǯɽį19ɤϼͳȤȤƤ褯ʬ롥λϡѸȤ줬Ū˳礷ƤǤȤȤˡǤ罰ŸƤäȤȤ館Ƥ褤
Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.

6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤơǤ˲٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮȤˡʹܤǤ
ܽ1ϡ15ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿ҸĻرءȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤá15ȤΤŪʱѸˤλʬǤѸκǸΤǤϡȻפäϱԤǤΤˤ̤ʤΤǤ̤İƤС15ѸȤߤª뤳Ȥɬ̵ʤȤǤϤʤʬϤǤޤ#817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡İ40ʬĶβۿǤˡ
伫Ȥ⡤Ҹ̤ޤǤϡ15αѸϤޤ Chaucer ɽ14αѸ³ˤʤȤ٤ǧǤȤäΤǤפ㤤ä褦ǤѸؤȤơѸ˾塤ˡǽפʻǤ뤳ȤʬäƤޤ15αѸ˴ؿƤߤޤǽ˼˼٤ϡ̤κǸˤ⤢ä褦ˡThomas Malory ˤ Le Morte Darthur إλ٤Ǥ͡Arthur νˡ
ʬˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ periodisation ΥΤĤ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ߲
ơ⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡޤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʲꤴȤ
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---
hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤäޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])
heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤҤǤޤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤Ǥ¼Ļر̾ˤԼԤ̳졤¾6̾θԤɮ˲ääƤޤܽˤĤƤϡǤˤΥ֥ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפǾҲ𤹤뵡ޤ
hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---
ΤӡܽᤰäԼԤν¼Ȥ̤뵡˷äޤޤ̤ͻҤϡī Voicy ֱͥѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤ#769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡ȤۿƤޤΤ27ʬۤɤȤʤäƤޤ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİС
ǥץ5ץˤǤϡ̼Ͽˤäܽɽ沼Υӥå٥μ̿ˤĤƤεŤäҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
ҶѸʸˡѲˤĤƴؿƤС

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
ѸʸˡѲˤĤƥѥѤƼ¾Ū˸椷ͽҤǤޤѸʬΰdzƤ7̾Ҹᡤʡᡤսᡤܻһᡤ滳ᡤüᡤ¼ˤˤҤǤԤꤴܤޤͳ˴פޤ

ܤκħϡƾϤ15--20γͻϰϤȤƤ뤳ȤǤܤȾиꤵƤꡤ¬ȤʤäƤΤǤΤȤ줿̻ŪθȤʤäƤޤ֤ϤפƬ˼Τ褦ˤޤ (v)
ܽ϶Ѹ1500--PresentˤˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƥѥλѤˤ¾ŪǤ롥
ޤDZѸˤεҤˤ̤˽Ҥ٤뤳ȤϤޤʤä褦˻פ롥ҤȤĤˤϤۤȤɤθѲǤ뤿ᡤεҤȤ롥ʤ顤ʸػˤʤɤǤ̤Ϥ̤Ǥ㤨СOxford History of English Literature 12 volumesˡΤȤ⤢äƤѸˤˤƤǶ Kytö et al. (2006), Mair (2006) ʤɤǤ졤줾1920αѸˤѲħ˾ƤƤ롥
ܽǤ϶Ѹˤ嵭Τ褦ѲϢ³ȳħª뤿ˡʲɮԤδ֤Ƕͭ
1. ƤμɮԤ϶̹ܡư졤ˡʸˤĤƽҤ٤롥
2. ʳιܤǡħȹͤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƽҤ٤롥
3. ŻҥѥƥȤäơ¾Ū˵Ҥ롥
Ѹˤλʬ (periodisation) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#5140. ֱѸˤλʬ֤ο֤ ([2023-05-24-1]) Ǽ夲ʤɤ伫ȤĹ餯ͤƤޤָűѸפֶѸפʤɤȥ٥ŽΤǤϤʤäѤñ̤ڤ롤뤤ϸڤȤΤϳΤ˰ŪǤϤޤǤCurzan (33) Ҥ٤褦ˡ٥ΩԤñ̤褦Ǥ츫̵ʻʬΤ褦ǤơषɤޤϢ³ռȤ̤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܽǤϥѥѤŪǼ¾Ūʸ椬Ҳ𤵤Ƥꡤʬ椹並ԤˤϡˡޤľܻͤˤʤޤޤʸˡѲʸѲȤäƤⰷ٤¿ˤ錄ΤǤƾϤǤϳαѸͻǤȤ櫓פʹܤФƤꡤؤͭѤǤ
ǽϤΤΤޤȤȤʤäƤꡤäƾϤΤ̤ʬ줿Τľ졤ɤλ볦äꤷޤʸ⽼¤ƤꡤѸ鸽˻ޤǤʸˡѲ˴ؿΤˤϡҼ˼äƤ餤ǤȻפޤ
Ԥΰܻ͡ҤĻرءˤˤޤƤϡܽνǤˤµ줿ȤܤޤᤷߤǤäѤǤ̽ʡꤤޤ
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
Curzan, Anne. "Periodization in the History of the English Language." Chapter 12 of The History of English. 1st vol. Historical Outlines from Sound to Text. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 8--35.
khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤֱѸ˥ƥ50Ǥkhelf СˤѸ˥ƥĤ1ĤĥָƤƤޤ413˳ϤȾäƤޤ
δΤʤ417ˤ khelf Ĺڵˤ륳ƥ#4. ֻʬפͤޤѸˤλʬ˴ؤ Curzan ʸ١˿Ĥġۤʤ븦ԡʽˤλʬλӤ⤽ʬȤϲ䤦ƥĤǤ
ѸˤλʬϡΥ֥Ǥ periodisation εĹˤ錄äܳŪ˵ƤޤΥƥĸܳŪ˵Ȼפ˻ꡤkhelf Сޤ Voicy heldio ꥹʡ1ᤴƤޤ
ޤرμȤ Curzan ʸŰŪɤ߹ߤޤξǡ֤ơرȤȤ˱ѸˤλʬˤĤƷ路ޤηͻҤʤ٤¿ȡVoicy heldio ǼϿޤ#710. ʬ --- ڤ߷ƣȤ̡2023/05/11ˤǤ
ꥹʡγˤʬΤ⤷ͭȤƤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
˸ΡֱѸˡפμȤˤơ̲ޤʲ3Ĥ heldio ̾μİ褷Ƥ餤ޤ
#618. Ѹˤλʬ2023/02/08
#677. Ѹˤλʬ --- Ȥ̡2023/04/08
#710. ʬ --- ڤ߷ƣȤ̡2023/05/11
ˤ¿ΥꥢƤ餤ޤʲĹʤΤޤꤿǤޤ
ȤФˤζʬۣǡ⤽դȤμΤѤηвǽѲΤʤΤǡäѤꤳȤΤǤ٤ɬפʤΤǡƤ롥άͤλʬˤĤƤϡԤˤä㤬ȤäŪˤϸ̩üޤڤͤƽФȤȡȤơ̤οͤˤ狼䤹¥ˤϡüڤΤƤơäѤꤷɽȤ⤢Ȥƣ뤳ȤƤ鶯äƤä˸Ѹ ModE ˺ǶοǯαѸ֥Х륤åפȶڤꤿȤäϤȤƤƱǤȯۤäΤ餫˥ꡤ餫ŪʵϤDZѸμפޤäȤ̣Ǥϸ줬פѲȤĥʻʬڤˤȻפ
ѸˤλʬΤʤΤޤäƤʤΤǡȤܤǤʬλ줾Ǥäºݤ˥饸Ǥڤ߷ƣ줾λʬƱȤ⤢а㤦Ȥ⤢ꡤ⤷ä̯ˤäƤʬʤɤ⤢ꡤʬϽͽʤΤȲƴޤȾ˹碌ƶʬλѤƤȤä⤢ꡤʤˤѤΤǤΤȶä
ѸˤˤȸʬޤϳؤӤޤ4000ǯɡ衼åѸ졤4000ǯ鵪500ǯޥ졥500ǯ448ǯűѸ졥θ塤Ѹˤ449ǯ〜1100ǯθűѸ볫1100ǯ〜1500ǯѸ줬³ޤ1500ǯ〜1900ǯѸ졤1900ǯ〜ߤޤǤѸǤϤޤDZѸˤɸŪʽŪʬǤheldioǤϡ쳰Ūư⤳ˤλʬ礭ʱƶͿƤ뤳ȤؤӤޤ449ǯ˥֥ƥޥΰɤϢ椬ϤäƤ˾פʽˤγʹȻפޤϢˤϥ͡͡塼ȿͤʤɤޤޤޤưɤΤ褦˻ʬ˱ƶͿ뤫ϡƳؼԤιͤˤä͡ȤΤ̣äǤkhelfڤ߷ƣȤ̤Ǥ줬⤭ĦˤʤäƤȻפޤ⤽Ȥ gradual ѲΤǤ뤿ᡤʬȤۣʤΡ⤽ϤäȤ϶ʬʤΤȤͤˤߤʤΩäƤޤǤ⤷صʬɬפȤʤäˤϡܤ〜ǯפȤ뤫〜ǯפȹफdzơγؼԤΰտޤͤǤ〜ǯפϡغ٤ȤܤɤȤĤĤ⡤ºݤϤζܤۣʼ֤Ρ٤ɽƤȤ̷äǤǡ〜ǯפȹ硤ºݤˤϸѲ˵äƤ뤿ΤʶܤϤʤΤξǡѲ˰ʾαƶͿȻפ쳰ŪưФؾħŪ٤Ϳ褦ȤƤƤȤʬϤʤƤޤ
ѸˤλʬˤĤơμȤȥ饸ƤƧޤơѸˤλʬ϶ڤΤĤˤäѤäƤΤȤ狼ޤͰͤȤäƤʬμĥۤʤⶽ̣äǤĿŪˤϡVoicy ˽б餵ƤڤΤ褦ˡǯܤȤϾħŪʽǯܤˤä꤯ʤȻפޤ(ŪʿͤǽФߤȤĿŪʤ꤬Τ⤷ޤ)
Ϻޤۣäʬ褷ޤҤȤĵ˻פäΤϡλˤζϡ衼åѤˤ395ǯ˴顤1453ǯαʩɴǯޤǤȽäΤǤ Old English ǯ夬ݤ֤ꤷƤơMiddle EnglishѸ줬ȾäƤȸǤꡤԻĤ˻פޤˤΥȤνȤȤǡǤϡˤζƱʬܤǤ饸ФոȤƤϡΰո˻ǡϤԻԤܤ˥åѥѤ櫓ǤϤʤǯƽѲƤΤǡֺפʤʤȻפޤ줫顤ͤδФȤƤϲä顤դ⤽Ѳɿ路ơʴʬΥ饰ϤȤϻפѲƤȤȻפΤǤξϷ빽00פǶڤȤ¿ȻפΤǤ00פѸλʬ˶ܤо줷䤹ʤͳΤꤿȻפޤäˡ1900ǯȻΤ¤ꥤꥹˤȤäƤ̤ʻäˤʤ褦˻פޤष켡郎Ԥ줿1914〜1918ǯȤθήŨдطоʤɤ¿褦˻פǯʵޤ
ޤdzعǽäƤܻˤˤλʬǯΤ˶ʬƤΤФơѸλʬϸԤˤäưۤʤȤǶ̣äǤΤʬ䤹ǯǶڤ뤳Ȥ⡤〜ǯǯܤȤ⡤ڤΤɤλʬѸ˾פʤǤȡʥꥢࡦ㥯ȥΰѤʤɡˤ˹碌ƻʬ뤳Ȥ⡤⤽ȤαѸˤªѸ켫ΤؤβʹѤɽƤꡤäȤäİʤޤѸλʬϸ椹ǤΤΤΡǤʤ⡤⸦Ԥδ֤ǰոʬȤȡβǯȶʬۣˤ̵ȤפäΤǤϤѸѲΤäȤʤäǯϤäȶʬ뤳ȤѸˤΩĤȤפΤǡѸλʬȤ̣ȻפޤʸػˤǤӤӱѸλʬ˴ŤƤλ头ȤμܤʤɤҲ𤵤ΤǤʬοͰŪ˷ƤΡȤ줫ϰռdzؤǤȻפޤ
ΤˡդϼҲѲȼä̯˾ġƤʤˤήưŪѲƤΤʤΤǡǯǤϤäȶʬ뤳ȼΤϤǤʤΤȸͤǼǤξǡ椹ݤ䡤̿ͤظƲ⤹ݤˡصڤ꤬ĤƤǧ䤹ȤǡƤϤäȤ٥ȤΤǤ롥ʬ¦˲修ǰʤˤˤäơɤǤɤʬΤȤΤ̯ˡʻˤ礭˰ۤʤȤΤϤȤƤⶽ̣Ȼפä
ϤޤѸˤؤӻϤФʤΤǺ٤ȤϤ狼ʤΤΡĿŪˤ #710 ڤäƤֻȤʬפȤˤʤȴؼԤ䡤̤οͤ˸Ʋ⤹ݤ˶Ūǯ(㤨449ǯ1066ǯ1795ǯʤ)ȤΤϡ狼Ť餤Ǥʤǯˤʤ줬礭ѤäʤɤȤäݤͿͤʤħȤƤζŪǯʬΤޤǸѲϾĿʤΤȤƬ뤿ˤϡäȤʬǽ˳ФΤȻפäξǡºݤˤϤޤޤʹͤª뤳Ȥؤ֤ȡޤΤǤϤʤȴ
ѸˤλʬˤĤƤϡüȳξȤʬΤŬڤȹͤ롥ֱѸˡפȤ裱ȤǽҤ٤줿褦˱Ѹ֤ȡˤǤ롥ѸˤˤơξԤΤαѸ̤ܤˤüˤ̤ܤˤϳȤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤάͼˤؽݤϡŪôȤؽ߳˿ʤ뤦ԲķVoicyˤ⤢ä褦˳ϳؽܼΤ褦̤ˤƺؤǤƤ貿ؤ֤Τ餫ˤƤޤդˡƤפȤιͤˤϿŤä̤ΤΤΤФơǯפȤäɽǿۣˤƤȤ⤤ǡ̤ΤǤפȤäå̤ƤꤽǤƤȻͤ
ˤˤʬʬϤ뤱ɡ褷Ƥʬ϶̤ǤϤʤ˿櫓ǤʤͤˤäưʬĹ⼴㤦Ȥ˶äޤޤ㤦Ǿߤǻ褦ʶʬ뤢ꡤˤƤʤȻפޤǤ⡤Ƥ褦˸̯ʤ⤢ȤΤʤȻפޤޤǾƤȤ붵ʽ⸵ϤȤïǾʤΤˡߤʤˤȤƤΤʤȻפޤƤ¦ĤޤäƸ椷ݤƤ뤫ʤΤǡʹȤȻפäʹƤ뤱ɡɤäʹǧΰ㤤¸ߤ1ͤοʹ֤Ǥ뤳ȤơŪϤȤ꤬̤äͤä鶵ʽΤ褦ˤΤȻפޤ̤˴ְäƤȸΤǤϤʤ
ʬǿʤȤͤ¿ƤߤФȻפäζϤäޤäƤ餺ޤƤϼѲƤΤʤΤǡʬŪʾħŪʤΤʤΤȻפä700ǯʸо줹뤿700ǯѸλϤޤȤפȤͤϻǼǤʤäϰ䳬ˤäƤѤѸϰۤʤäƤȻפΤǡüޤǻʬϤäͤƤμդζۣˤΤǼʤȻפäǤ⡤1476ǯγǰƳΤ褦ˡ˱ƶͿ褦ʾħŪʽȤȤͤȻפä郎Ʊ˵®˸줬Ѳ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡäꤷ뤳ȤϤǤʤȻפ
ϱѸˤλʬˤĤƳؤӤޤ4000ǯ Indo-European (IE) 䵪4000ǯ鵪500ǯޤǤ Germanic (Gmc) ǤѸˤθϤɤΤ褦ǤäΤȤƤⵤˤʤޤޤOld English (OE) λϤޤ449ǯޥͤΥ֥ƥưȤפȡֱѸǤʸФ줿700ǯȤפ뤳ȤȤƤⶽ̣äǤɤħŪȴޤϤϤäȡOld EnglishפλϤޤʬ뤳ȤΤǤϤʤȴޤֵǤλʬιͤȤơ1100ǯ1500ǯޤǤ Middle English (ME)1500ǯ1900ǯޤǤ Modern English (ModE)1900ǯ鸽ߤޤǤ Present-Day English (PDE) ȤƤäڤ뤳ȤؤӤޤϤꤽΤ褦˶ڤɤΤǤϤʤȹͤޤ饸Ǻ٤ѸˤλʬζڤʤäƤرΰոϤȤƤڤ̤äƤơǼΤǤΤǤǤ⡤Ϥǯνִ֤ڤؤΤǤϤʤषǡΤ褦ʤΤȻϹͤޤʬϤ٤ܰ¤ȤơˤϤ줾λħäƤ뤳ȤǰƬ֤ǡѸˤĤƹͤƤɬפȴޤϻΡ֤פ⤷ޤ
ѸˤλϤޤꥹιŤδäϤޤäǯȤƤ뤳ȤϾˡѸˤλϤޤǯǤ449ǯαѸδäѸȤƤϤߤʤƤʤȤȤϰճäޤOld English ȵҤФϱѸˤˤűѸؤȤ롼뤬ѸҤݤΥ롼ˤƤϤƤ뤳ȤϰճäޤʹߤαѸ˶ʬ400ǯȤ˶ڤäƤȤɤϡѸˤΤϤ449ǯȤƤ뤳ȤȤϡоŪȴޤĶȤ̤ǡѸ˳ؽˤơѸˤζʬϡǤܼŪ¸ߤǤˤ⤫餺ƱΤǰۤʤꡤ蘆ΤΤꡤοޤʬǯΤˤȤܤΤΤʤʤʤȤⴶŪ449ǯɤª뤫ǡʬλϤޤɤˤ뤫ޤΤ϶̣ä
μȤ饸Ƥ̤ơѸˤȤϤޤ˥ꥹˤǤꡤڤäƤڤΥʤطˤȤȤޤȤηʬ褦ˡѸǯʬǯϤ줾üŪǤäꡤäǤäȰ㤤ϤäƤ⡤ϤꤽˤϲŪݤꡤˤȤѲǤȤȤƱ˼´ޤޤǯʬüǤȡ줬ǯˤäѲ褦˴졤դˤäǤСܤäȡѤäʬ⤢ФǤʤʬ⤢褦˴ȤϡɤͤιͤȤäΤΤ褦˴졤äǤºݡɤθˤ뤳ȤȻפޤˤΤǯ夫餺äѤ餺ĤäƤΡɤäƤƤΡơˤʤäƤ麣ޤǤȤ㤦ɲä줿Τʤɤ櫓ǡ쳵ǯʬʬΤϤʤȻפޤ
ѸλϤޤ449ǯȤƤꡤ1100ǯޤǤϸűѸ졤1100ǯ1500ǯѸ졤1500ǯ1900ǯޤǤ϶Ѹ졤Ƹߤ˻ޤǤѸƤ롥ѸˤˤƤϡΤ褦˻头Ȥ˱Ѹ줬̾ŤʬवƤ뤬ܸˤϤΤ褦˻头Ȥ̾ΤĤƤ϶̤Ƥʤ˴ؤơѸܸǤϸ츦οʤ߶ˤ㤤Ȼפä٤ʬǤȤȤϤθ椬ʤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ饸ڤƤ褦ˡαѸˤλʬϡޤǤ狼䤹뤿λŪʤΤǤꡤ줾λʬˤƤѲϵƤȤȤ˺ƤϤʤʤʬƤޤȡζʬˤƤƱ줬ȤƤȤäƤޤ˱Ѹ줬ѲƤȤȤƧޤǡ͡ˤĤƹͤƤ٤ȹͤ롥ѸˤλʬϤ狼䤹Ǵñ˸⾷Ƥޤǽդ٤
#618. Ѹˤλʬס#677. Ѹˤλʬ --- Ȥ̡ס#710. ʬ --- ڤ߷ƣȤ̡פİơѸˤλʬϹͤͤǤ줾ۤʤꡤͽǤȤȤäƤѸžħŪʽȽŤͤơüޤǺ٤ڤäƹͤƤͤ⤤СѲϤä˵ޤ˵ΤǤϤʤ˻֤ƵȤȤǡŪǯˡǯȹͤͤ⤤ơѸˤλʬαο˶ä줿ޤʬοͤ줾äƤơȻפä
μȤιͤѸˤλʬˤĤƿޤűѸ줬449〜1100ǯѸ줬1100〜1500ǯѸ줬1500〜1900ǯƸѸ줬1900ǯ〜ߤȤʬʹȤϡֶʬäƤʤˤä꤫ĥץǤ줤ʿǤΤסָűѸλϤޤ꤬449ǯȤΤϤä꤯뤱ɡ¾Ϥޤˤñ㲽ǤϤʤפǿͤʤĿŪˤϰ´ФƤޤheldioʹƱѸˤλʬϿͤˤäư㤦Ȥȡޤλʬл뤷ƤϤʤȤȤ˵դޤȤۤȤƱ餤οǶʬƤޤǤϡǯȺɤȤ褦˾ۣ˶ʬƤޤޤڤϻʬüȤäƤơλξħŪʽ˰ռƤޤ߷üȤȤȤǤʤȤޤڤ߷Τä4ͤǤïͤȤƱʬοͤϤޤǤ˻ʬϽͽʤΤʤȼ´ޤۤɤޤϽλʬλ˰´ФƤޤ449ǯΥޥ̱²ưˤ֥ƥ˥ͤäƤȤűѸλϤޤȤꤹȤ褦ˡѸѸʤɤ˴ؤƤ⤽Τ褦˾ħŪʽȴϢƶڤжŪǼ䤹ΤüȤä狼䤹ȻפäƤޤheldio ֤Ƥäꡤץʿˤ뤳ȤǴ魯ƤФ롥դˤۤ°פ˶ʬл뤷ˤʤ롥üȤξħŪʽФɡǤʤȥꥢ뤹ƿƤޤפȤääƤޤʹƼʬˤϤʤäͤΤ뤳ȤǤʤۤɤʤȻפޤΤ褦˱ѸˤλʬȤĤΥơޤǤ⤤ʿͤʹͤäƤޤʿͤȵƤΤʹơ¾Ԥȵ礦ȤϤϤʬˤϤʤäͤ˽вȤǤȤƤɷˤʤΤʤȻפޤϻʬл뤷䤹Τǻʬɬл뤹ΤǤϤʤޤǻѤȤƻȤȤȤ˺ʤǤǤѸˤäٶƼʬʤλʬȤΤͤ¾οͤä礤äƤߤȻפޤ
ޤDZѸˤˤĤƱʸ칶˿ʤޤǹͤȤޤǤμȤʬˤϤäꤷΤϤʤΤǷƤΤȤȤʹƾäޤΤ˹ͤƤߤȡ˾ʤɤζʬ⤢ޤǿͤͤΤʤΤۣʬΤǤϸˤˤ̤ΤȻפޤ449ǯѸˤϤޤȤΤϡȤƤȾüʻʤȴäȶڤΤˤФΤˤȴΤǤŪʥ֥ƥˤνиͤǼޤ
ֱѸˤλʬö˺ƤפääˤϤȤƤäΤǤѸˤޤǤ狼䤹ͤ뤿οͰŪʤΤǤꡤޤ˻ʬл뤷ƤޤȡˤȤ줹ƤޤͤǤʤäƤޤᡤƬ餫ƹͤɬפȤͳʹơ줫Ѹˤؤ־ǼʬⵤĤ褦ȻפޤޤαѸˤλʬճȰʤäΤǡԤˤäƻʬϰۤʤȤϤɤ٤ϤϤƱʤΤʤȴޤ
μȤ3ĤΥ饸ʹƤʬäϡֱѸˤλʬפ˴ؤƤϡ10ͤ10̤βȸȤǤƱǤ⡤˻ޤǤΥץϤޤͤ줾줤ʹͤƤȴޤդ饸奢ȯŸʾ塤ΤǯդҤ٤Բǽȸ뤫餳դ˸мʬμѤǷƤ⤤ȸͤ⤢ޤäƤ449ǯΥ֥ͤ˥˿ǯűѸǯȤʤ˾ħŪȻפޤǤ狼ʤϤäȽҤ٤ܤɽȸͤ⤢ޤ450ǯȽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡ〜פȤ뤳ȤǡǤʤΤ餳Υ˥奢äɽȸͤȤƤǼǤȤǤä1ĤΡֱѸˤλʬפȸȤ˴ؤƤǤ⡤ԤȤƤΥ䤢뤤ϿͤȤƤʤΤ褦ʤΤȸʬǤ
Ȥ̤ˤĤƸˤĤƤδۤҤ٤롥ʤꡤ449ǯ450ǯζڤ˴ؤΩΤäؼԤˤäơͤۤʤ뤳ȤȤȤǧʬϡΤ褦〜ȡХȤˤΤڤȻפäޤǸΡֵ礤ޤ͡ѡפȤդˤȤƤФޤ㤤ȸʤ⡤Τ˵夹뤳Ȥ⤢Ǥ͡
ޤֱѸˤλʬפʹơ449ǯѸˤϤޤ뤳Ȥؤơ嵪500ǯ鵪449ǯޤǤϸűѸ졤4000ǯ鵪500ǯޤǤϸޥ졤4000ǯϸȸƤ뤳ȤΤäޤ449ǯ1100ǯޤǤϸűѸ (Old English) 1100ǯ1500ǯޤǤѸ (Middle English)1500ǯ1900ǯޤǤ϶Ѹ (Modern English)1900ǯ鸽ߤޤǤϸѸ (Present day English) ȤȤΤäˡȤ̡פʹơѸˤλʬϡͤˤäʬΰ㤦ۣʤΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼äϡѸˤλϤޤ֥ͤƥ˿ǯǤ449ǯ˸ʤˤƤΤФ450ǯȤƤϡɤ餫ɤ餫ְäƤȤ櫓ǤϤʤդϤäѤΤǤ뤿ᡤ϶ڤʤΤǤ뤳Ȥ˹ͤ̽Ф줿ͤΰ㤤Ǥ뤳ȤǸˡʹƻϥ֥ͤƥ˿449ǯűѸλϤޤꡤΥޥ1066ǯѸλϤޤꡤĤޤˤ˻ĤħŪʽǯѸˤλʬȹͤޤ
ؤˤϡˡ͡ʶʬ2Ω롥塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) Ƴ (langue) ȥѥ (parole) (form) ȼ (substance) (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) ʤɤ̾Ǥcf. #3508. 塼Ωǰ3 ([2018-12-04-1])ˡ
ޤ (phonetics) (phonology) (morphology) (syntax)̣ (semantics) (pragmatics) ʤɤ⡤ˡνפʶʬǤcf. #377. ѸˤȤʤꤦʬ ([2010-05-09-1])#378. ϸδܹ礫ݤ ([2010-05-10-1])#4865. Ѹ --- ֱ̿Ѹء Day 1 ([2022-08-22-1])ˡ
ۤˤϡĿͤȼҲäʹꡤäդȽդʤɡΩϵϤХ꤬ʤ˸ؤǤлʬ (periodisation) פʶʬǤ롥
פʤΤϡζʬϸؤˡ塤տŪߤ줿ΤˤʤȤȤ¤θ֤ϤޤʣʤᡤԤϤΤޤѻʬϤꤹ뤳ȤǤʤǡص微ʬ˶ʬʬ줿äѻʬϤȤάΩƤ櫓Ǥ롥ơʬˤơζˤĤƤ褽餫ˤʤäǤˤϡ֥åΤ褦Ȥ߹碌ƺǽŪ˸ȤΤΤΤ褦ά˴ŤơޤǺȾ塤͡˶ʬƤΤ
άŪʬˤĤơŵŪѸ A History of English 路 Strang "Synchronic variation and diachronic change" ˤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (17)
Language is human behaviour of immeasurable complexity. Because it is so complex we try to subdivide it for purposes of study; but every subdivision breaks down somewhere, because in practice, in actual usage, language is unified. The levels of phonology, lexis and grammar are interrelated, and so are structure and history. There remains a further dichotomy, implicit in much of our discussion, but not yet looked at in its own right. Language is both individual and social. Acquisition of language takes place in the individual, and we have stressed that he (sic) is an active, even a creative, participant in the process. Yet what he learns from is exposure to the social use of language, and although cases are rare there is reason to think that the individual does not master language if he develops through the relevant stages of infancy without such exposure. And if he does have normal experience of language as a baby the speaker's linguistic creativeness is held on a fairly tight rein by the control of social usage --- he cannot be too idiosyncratic if he is to be understood and accepted. The governing conditions come from society, though executive language acts (speaking, writing, etc.) are made by individuals. Here, too, then, we have not so much a dichotomy as an interplay of factors distinguishable for certain purposes.
ʤ͡ʸƱͤάŪʬˤʤȹͤƤ롥Aϡ츽ݤΤˤϤȯ뤬٤Ƥθ츽ݤ줤뤳ȤϤǤʤBCǤ롥ˤ줾ΰꡤŪˤĤʤ --- 줬ؤάʤΤȹͤƤ롥äơɤȤäƤ⡤줬ŪȤְ㤤ȤȤϤʤȻפäƤ롥
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
2֤Ρ#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯѤä ([2022-07-27-1]) ȡ#4840. ֻ߷Ȥ̡Ѹɸಽˤ̤ͤin Voicy ([2022-07-28-1]) εǡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ7ϡֱѸɸಽν20ʹߤ濴ˡסʻ߷ɮˤҲ𤷤ޤʺ߷Ȥ Voicy Ǥˡ
ܽκħ1Ĥϡ¾ԤΥȡʡĥåߡˤǤ㤨бѸˤ˴ؤϤʸϤФơۤʤˤȤθˤθ˴ŤơͳƤȤǤΤ褦ˤȡѸ˸ԤɤεǤϷ褷ƸƤʤȯۤȽФƤޤƱʬǤȤߤʤƤθ¾ʬǤȤƤʤʤɤεŤޤޤˡоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) οĺǤ
㤨С7ϤФƴ줿Ȥΰǡ䤬ԥ졼ΤĤѤƾҲ𤷤ޤޤѸˤλʬ (periodisation) Ф롤ܸˡϺᤫΥȤꡥ
οȻǤϤʤ㤷ƻʬԤѻơѸˤܸоȤƸ뤳Ȥ϶̣(p. 129)
Ʊꡤ硼إ٥ʪ٤եƥǤϤʤѸǽȤ¤Ф륳Ȥ⼨ŪǤޤں٤ӤȤϡ
ʸݺʤǽ졦ŵǽǤ뤬ܸǤϡʸǽʸǽȤˤʤ뤳Ȥä̾Ȥơ10ϤˡǷں٤ݡƬǡˤ⤹ʤȤդΤ⤷ƤߤȤƤʤפȵ̾μˤäƴʸǽפƤߤ褦ȤΤȹԤäơƤߤ褦ȤΤȸäơ˲ƸνȤФǽȤ롥(p. 135)
ɥĸˡԻϡ18εϼλɽ른ΤڤƤսǼΤ褦˥ȤƤޤ
Τ⡤ɥĸˤʿŪǤ롥18ա1748ǯˤ˥åȥȤͭϤʵʸˡФΤȥǥ1770ǯ˼1780ǯʸˡФ餬ȥꥢǤ뤳Ȥǡɥĸɸʸϸ줬Ω롥ʤǥμϡ鶯ƶƤ롥(p. 136)
ƱĻϡѸˤˤɸಽΥФΤ褦ȿƤޤ
Τ褦ʥη֤ɥĸˤˤϸʤȤȤܼŪʰ㤤Τ褦˻פ롥(p. 137)
嵭ϡѸˤоȸˤδįǽ˵ŤƤ줿ȤΤۤΰǤʪħϡ¾Ӥƽ⤭ĦˤʤȤȤƼ´ޤܽ˼äƤ
ǯɤϹŪ¸ߴƤ뤬ȼäƥɤѤѸ졤륤ɱѸ (Indian English) ؤܤޤäƤƤ롥ΥɱѸˤϰճĹˤ롥ʤߤƤ400ǯۤɤϤ롥
Sharma (2077--85) ϡɱѸˤҲŪʴˤ4Ĥλ˶ʬƤ롥ñ䤤ʤʲ˼
(1) The early presence of English in India (17th--18th century)
ꥶ٥11600ǯ쥤ɲҤΩ졤ꥹȥɤθפܳŪ˻Ϥޤä쥤ɲҤϡ1858ǯΥꥹˤľޤdz³뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϱѸȥɤȤܿϼŪʤΤǡߤθԴ˽٤ˤȤɤޤä18ϥꥹȶعΩ졤˱ѸѤɤο͡δ֤˹äƤä
(2) Colonial language ideologies (18th--19th century)
1757ǯ쥤ɲҷץå襤ǥ٥뷳˾ɤФ륤ꥹλ۸Ωɤ100ǯ1857ǯ˥ȿȤȯð줿塤1858ǯϥꥹˤľϤޤäꥹˤϡ̱ϥɤФ2ĤΩ륤ǥäθʸǧ "Orientalist" ȡꥹθʸˤäƥɤؤ褦Ȥ "Anglicist" ȤǤ롥Orientalist ΩȤƤϡѸؤĤȸƤФ William Jones ʤɤΩ18ˤͥä19 Anglicist ΥǥޤäƤΥԡ1835ǯ Thomas Macaulay "Minute on Indian Education" ˷¤ƤꡤǤϱѸͥΤ줿ɿͤμͤΤʤˤ Rammohun Roy Τ褦 Anglicist ΩȤΤcf. #3315. ֥ϥɸס ([2018-05-25-1])ˡη̡19桤顤ǡˤѸѤ¤ä
(3) English and the Independence movement (19th--20th century)
1塤ꥹۤΩܻؤ̱²ưäѸǤϤʤλѤʤ Mahatma Gandhi αư˾ħ褦ˡȿѸΥǥƬƤ̱ɤλƳԤǸ˥ɤνȤʤä Nehru ѸؤƤӤ1947ǯΩ뤲ȡŪʴϱѸݻʤȤĴ褷ƤʹߡɤǤαѸѤϷ³ƤĤƤΤ褦ʥꥹɸѸؤƴݤĥɿͤϸäƤ
(4) English in independent India: planning and use (20th century)
ʤѤä415θ줬ѤƤ륤ɤǤϡʣ¿Ѥ꤬ߤ롥Τʤ22θ줬ϰѸȤǧƤ롥ܤθȤƤϥҥǥ줬ѸȤơѸ줬ѸȤƻꤵƤ롥Ωľˤ϶Ȥƥɤ줬졤Ѹ̤ɬװȤݻΤΡϻѤʤʤäƤ٤ΤͽƤ¤ˤ֤ŪȤ꤬ꡤȤΩŪΩˤѸλѤߤޤ뤳ȤϤʤäߤǤϥҥǥ줬ͥǤϤ뤬㤤DZѸΥХ̤ȤʤäƤƤꡤ֥ɤѸפȤȤ館äƤƤ롥
Sharma, Devyani. "Second-Language Varieties: English in India." Chapter 132 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2077--91.
ηϤˡƱŪʣλΤֽвä̡פȤȤ館븫ˤĤơؼԡųؼԤΥ֥顼 (George Kubler [1912--96]) ѡȤʤ#3911. ηϤϡƱŪʣλΤֽвä̤Ǥ ([2020-01-11-1]) εޤ֥顼ή˴ѡִѤ˿ȯơ¾ˤ#3083. ֱѸΥڥƲΤ褦Ǥס ([2017-10-05-1])#3874. ֱѸˡϥѥΤ褦ԲǤס ([2019-12-05-1])#3912. ʵΡ˸츻ŪֻŪɾ (1) ([2020-01-12-1])#3913. ʵΡ˸츻ŪֻŪɾ (2) ([2020-01-13-1]) εƤ
֥顼ΡػΤ٤λ줬ΤʤѲƤֻ֡פˤĤơƹͤ餻Ѳ® (speed_of_change) ˤˤʬ (periodisation) ˴ؤƥԥ졼ʬ礭ΤǡϢʬ˺ϿŪ˰ѤƤ
ʪζ֤Ǥ褦ˡʪλ̵֤¤ˤ櫓ǤϤʤ֤μʬह뤳ȤΤϡ³֤˸äˡĤФȤäǤ롥³Ҥ褦ȤƤ⡤餫줿٤Ƿ¬Ƥ뤦ˡεҤϽοܤȤȤѲƤޤ˳ؤˤ줿ɽʤʬʤۻȡʬˡΤߤǡ֤ι¤ˤĤƤϰڤʤäΤǤ롥
Ϥ٤ȼʤΤʬԲǽȤ褦ŪʹͤȤ餺ˤϤʬǽȤ븶ȹͤСʬव줿ϡ̩Ѳä֤ΰȤƷƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥νΤΤʤˤϡ³ġνˤäƤ郎ѲƤ褦ʽФơŪʲȤƷӤĤޤޤƤ롥κݡ®Ϣ³Ф̩Ȥʤꡤ¿ǤȼϢ³Ǥ¤Ȥʤ롥ѻˤǤϤȤꡤ塤ˤϰĿͤҤȤĤΥˤȤɤޤ餺ϢΥΤΤʤǡ¿οϰ̤뤳Ȥ롥жˤȤơβ꤬褵ʤޤ塤Ȥˤϲˤ錄丳뤳Ȥ⤢롥(189--90)
ȤĹ
ơʪϤ줾˰ۤʤäǯ˵ħĤǤʤʪ֤줿夬⤿餹ħ䳰ѤȤƤΤޤȤޤäʣΤȤʤ롥ʪȿƱͤǤ롥ӮξǤСηդȿФʪˡǯŪʸϤǤˤۤʤäƤ뤷Ȥ줾ȿϤηǯȰۤʤäƤ롥
ʪλ³֤ǯȷǯȤդĤδǷ¬ǽǤ롥ΤŪ֤̤褫鸽ߤ̲ᤷƲؤ³ñǯή˲äơǯȤ¿餫鹽ƤȤߤʤȤǤ롥ϡ⡤줬Ǥ뤽Ƥˤäƻ³֤ꤵ뤿ˡسԤ¿ͤʤΤȤʤ뤬羮ΰۤʤäηϤפʬह뤳ȤǤ롥ï⼫ȤΤʤƱ٤νΤȸΤʤ뤳Τ褦ʥѥ¸ߤФȤǤ뤬ǡĿͤλ֤ˤ٤ʷˤޤΩĤϤʤϡۤοäλ³ˤ錄ΤޤǡĿͤΤи˸ФȤǤ롥䤿ܤΤϡͤΰĹŪ˻³ʣοͿʬλ֤ƤˤĤƤǤ롥ΤʤǺǾηϤǰˤĤ夲줿ǯήԤǤ롥ϡξȲ줿ǤȤˤΤǤꡤȳ̿ˤϵεˤΤǤäǤϤήԤ夳ʤȤŪ˺ǤΤʾήξڤäΤǤ롥Τ褦絬ϤʷΤޤȤϤ鷺Ǥ롥Ͽλ֤ŪˤȤ館ˤ˻פ⤫٤ΤΤǤ롥ʤʸʸ뤤ˡ̤ϤμҲʤɤǤ롥ƺȺǾ֤ˤϡ佽ˡˤȤŤŪʻ֤롥Ȥñ̤ͥϡ餯ݤˤ⡤ޤ줬Ǥ졤ͰŪʽΥꥺˤбƤʤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ㳰ϡǯŤȤ˽Ūʷϵ͡äȤ䡤ե̿˶Ԥ줿켷塻ǯȤñʤͤȬ塻ǯʹߤ̵ϴȤ餤Ǥ롥(193--95)
䤿ϡάͻ֤ήݤ«ꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥줾ݤϡưΤξȤɬפ˱ݤĹɬפȤФλ³˱ƤޤޤǤ롥äơʸ«ϡȤݾΤޤޤĹδ֤ǹ롥ĹϤƤĹΤûΤ¿롥ϤۤȤɶˤä¤٤졤ռŪʾؤŸ˾̩ʷײˤä¤٤뤳ȤϤäˤʤΤǤ롥(228)
ǸΰѤˤȤƤϤСηϤȤϰۤʤĹʤݤ«̤ǤȤˤʤ롥ָηϡפʬǤˡסֲηϡסָηϡפʤɤ֤Ƥ褤ȴϢǤ䤹ܶȤơ줫ʤû1ĤαʸͤƤߤȤ褤ιǤǤƸθ츻ͳǯˤϸߤ˰ۤʤäƤꡤθ벻ֻ䡤ӤĤƤʸˡ§⡤ơŪȯŸƤΤǤ롥ûʸϡۤʤĹλ֤ǤġʤΩäƤꡤˤνִ֤Ȥ߹蘆ơΰ̣ϽФƤΤǤ롥
֥顼硼ˡë Ρ ˡػΤʪˤᤰäơ١Dz2018ǯ
ѸˤγɤǤȡָűѸסѸסֶѸפʤɤ̾ΤĤʬȤ˸롥ޤ֥ס֥åȥס֥˥塼פʤɤ̾դ줿ʬ褯ФƤ롥Τ褦ʶʬ̾Τޤ˼ˤѤ뤿ˡѸ˴ؤơ֤֤ΤʤǶڤ줿Τ褦 --- Ѽ (variety) --- ºݤ¸ߤȻפǤޤȤ¿
ѼȤΤϾ˥եǤ롥ѸեѸ줽켫ΤեǤ롥ơܸꡥϢươʬʬޤեˤʤ
ˤĤƤϡ#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1])#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1])#4123. ΰؾμŪʹʪǤ ([2020-08-10-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
˴ؤ뤢뤳ȤեʹȡѤˤĤޤޤ줿褦ʤ褦ʵ뤫⤷ʤݥȤϴñѼˤϻŪˤ⾯Ѳ뤷Ūˤ⾯ѰۤϢ³ΤǤꡤ̾ΤĤΤɤϤޤǡɤ꤫Τ˻غ뤳ȤǤʤȻغȤ1뤤1ߥˤȤäơϤޤȤƤϤʤʤΤȤȤҴŪ˼ȤǤʤΤǤ롥
ѸλʬʬˤĤƹͻ Laing and Lass ˤĤƴʷ˲⤷Ƥ롥ޤϻʬˤĤơ
The 'early'/'late' division is largely . . . a matter of convenience. The language of the 12th century and that of the 15th are different enough to justify separate identifying names. But language differences in time, like those in space, form continua: there are no sharp temporal boundaries. With respect to 'archaism' and 'modernness' Middle English before 1300 is certainly 'early' and that after 1350 'late'; the language written between is perhaps 'transitional', but this property exists only by virtue of the strong differences at both ends. (418--19)
ʬˤĤơ
There are no such things as dialects. Or rather, 'a dialect' does not exist as a discrete entity. Attempts to delimit a dialect by topographical, political or administrative boundaries ignore the obvious fact that within any such boundaries there will be variation for some features, while other variants will cross the borders. (417)
ָϥեǤפȤȤɬŪʴޤߤ櫓ǤϤʤϿʹ֤ˤȤäʥե餯ԲķʥեǤ⤢षˤѶŪ¦̤餢롥#2265. ѼȤϸѲηϩꤷեǤ ([2015-07-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΥեΤΤθ¤ѤƤޤȤ⤢Τ顥
Laing, M. and R. Lass. "Early Middle English Dialectology: Problems and Prospects." Handbook of the History of English. Ed. A. van Kemenade and Los B. L. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006. 417--51.
OED ǤϸűѸñϤɤΤ褦˰Ƥ뤫դϡOED Online Old English in the OED ̤Τ뤳ȤǤ롥
OED ϡ§Ȥ1150ǯĶƻĤʤäűѸñϼ갷ʤƤ롥Ū§Ӥ OED ȤƤϡΤ褦˽ñäȤñǤȤǧƤϤƱԻĹˤ餫ˤǤꡤ The Dictionary of Old English (DOE) ԻǤ뤳Ȥ顤ŪȤƤΤ褦ʸ§ΩƤƤΤǤ⡤1150ǯʸڤ졤ζǯӤ7500ۤɤθűѸñ줬ϿƤȤ¤ϻŦƤ
űѸλʬˤĤƤ⡤ OED Ǥ3ʬȤˤƤ롥'early OE' (600--950), 'OE' (950--1100), and 'late OE' (1100--1150) 3Ǥ롥礿űѸ200ΤۤȤɤ 'OE' (950--1100) ͳ褷ǾڵФ꤬뤳Ȥפʤʤ 'early OE' (600--950) °Τ20̤ˡ3ʬƤϤ뤬Ǥ뤫ؽŪˡǤꡤǯνǯεҤˤͭѤƤ롥
ɸˤĤơ2֤ε ([2020-04-18-1], [2020-04-19-1]) 449ǯ600ǯ夲ƤϺǸ700ǯˤĤƹͻǯϡѸʸܳŪ˸ФΤ700ǯȤ뤳Ȥˤ롥αѸ˸ԤǤǸŤʸǯ˴ŤǤ뤫顤˸ŤʸȯбѸˤλϤޤ⤽ʬΤܤȤǡŪŪäȸäƤޤиԤԹͥ褷ȤȤˤʤ롥Mengden (20) ϤΤ褦ɾƤ롥
. . . one could approach the question of the starting point of Old English from a modern perspective. . . . Our direct evidence of any characteristic of (Old) English begins with the oldest surviving written sources containing Old English. Apart from onomastic material in Latin texts and short inscriptions, the earliest documents written in Old English date from the early 8th century. A distinction between a reconstructed "pre-Old English" before 700 and an attested "Old English" after 700 . . . therefore does not seem implausible.
Mengden (20) ϡ700ǯȤɬ⸦ԤԹͥ褷ΤΤǤϤʤȤͤƤ롥
. . . it is feasible that the shift from a heptarchy of more or less equally influential Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to the cultural dominance of Northumbria in the time after Christianization may be connected with the fact that texts are produced not exclusively in Latin, but also in the vernacular. In other words, we may speculate (but no more than that) that the emergence of the earliest Anglo-Saxon cultural and political centre in Northumbria in the 8th century may lead the Anglo-Saxons to view themselves as one people rather than as different Germanic tribes, and, accordingly to view their language as English (or, Anglo-Saxon) rather than as the Saxon, Anglian, Kentish, Jutish, etc. varieties of Germanic.
700ǯϡ5ȾФ˥֥ƥϤäƤޥĤͤȤƤΥǥƥƥѸüԤȤƤΥǥƥƥΩϤǤȤϤ1ĤƶǤϤ롥
ơ3֤3ĤߤƤ櫓ɤ줬Ǥȹͤ뤤¾ˤ⤬ʻˤϤȻפˡäȤ⡤䤤櫓ǤϤʤΰ㤤ˤʤ餳 periodisation Ϥ⤷
Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.
ε#4009. ѸˤλϤޤϤĤ --- 449ǯ ([2020-04-18-1]) ˰³Ѹˤγϻϡ¤ϤޤʹȤΤʤä600ǯˤĤƹͤƤߤ
597ǯ St. Augustine ꥹȶ붵Τ˶ Gregory I ˤäƥޤ Kent ɸ줿Ȥϱѹ˾̾⤤νμҲʸѤȤȤϡħŪʰ̣Ǥ褯ʬ롥ҲʸΤߤʤ餺ѸȤˤ⤽αƶڤȤϡ#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3845. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ5֥ꥹȶפޤ ([2019-11-06-1])#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1]) ǤӤܤƤΤ˱Ѹ˾夭ƽʻ郎600ǯ˵äȤϤMengden ε˼Ƥߤ褦
. . . because the conversion is the first major change in the society and culture of the Anglo-Saxons that is not shared by the related tribes on the Continent, it is similarly significant for (the beginning of) an independent linguistic history of English as the settlement in Britain. Moreover, the immediate impact of the conversion on the language of the Anglo-Saxons is much more obvious than that of the migration: first, the Latin influence on English grows in intensity and, perhaps more crucially, enters new domains of social life; second, a new writing system, the Latin alphabet, is introduced, and third, a new medium of (linguistic) communication comes to be used --- the book.
600ǯ3Ĥ롥1Ĥϡ˸üѤΤȤҤ٤ƤΤȻפ뤬ƥ줫饭ꥹȶ濴ȤʸθʬμѸ줬ήȡ2Ĥϥޥե٥åȤƳ3ĤܤȤǥ⤿餵줿ȡ
ѸľܡܤαƶڤܤפʥݥȤǤꡤơθ̤˸䤹ȤåȤ⤢롥
Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.
ˤλʬ (periodisation) ȤΤϡʬˤƺǤ⺬ŪǤ롥Ѹˤ㳰ǤϤʤˤĤ䤨ͻ뤳Ȥʤˤϡ⤽⸦椬ΩʤȤ櫓ѸˤλϤޤɤ֤Ȥϡʬ¸Ω˴ؤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤periodisation ȥդ¿εǴϢ夲Ƥ
ǤŪĥݥԥ顼ȤȤǤС֥ͤƥϤäƤȤ449ǯäƱѸˤλϤޤȤΤŪǤ롥ǯ弫ΤŪȤФʤΤ⤦绨ĤˤߤƤ5ȾդˤƤλǤȤϹƤ롥
ˡפȤϸ̩ˤʸǧƽΩȤΩ줫ߤСѸʸޤȤޤäǸΤ700ǯ餤Ǥ뤫顤դäƱѸˤγϤȤ롤Ȥ⤢롥ºݡѤԤ⤤롥
嵭2ĤѸˤλϤޤλ˴ؤͭϤMengden (20) ⤦1Ĥθ˸ڤƤ롥600ǯΥꥹȶȤߥꥹȶҲˤ⤿餷ʸŪʱƶϷפΤʤΥѥȤθơֱѸס¾Υޥɤλȶ̤ơˤ餷ȤơŤ¤٤ (1) ʾħŪˡ˵449ǯ(2) 褽600ǯ(3) 褽700ǯȤѸˤγϻ˴ؤ3Ĥθ䤬ФȤˤʤ롥
ơΥݥȤˤĤƹͤƹԤ˶ᤤ (1) Ż뤹ͳϡMengden ۩̤Ǥ롥
Although the differences between the varieties of the settlers and those on the continent cannot have been too great at the time of the migration it is the settlers' geographic and political independence as a consequence of the migration which constitutes the basis for the development of English as a variety distinct and independent from the continental varieties of the West Germanic speech community . . . . (20)
פˡ449ǯնˤѸˤλϤޤȤߤΥݥȤϡŪȤҲʸءŪäƤˤ롥äȤСŪʪŪʻǤ롥ΦޥμĤʬΥȼνĤȤʤäΤֱѸҲȤº Mengden Ȥ͡˵硤ǽפȤߤʤƤ롥
I would therefore propose that, whatever happens to the language of the Anglo-Saxon settlers in Britain and for whatever reason it happens, any development after 450 should be taken as specifically English and before 450 should be taken as common (West) Germanic. That our knowledge of the underlying developments is necessarily based on a different method of access before and after around 700 is ultimately secondary to the relevant linguistic changes themselves and for any categorization of Old English. (21)
Mengden QŪʷä褦ˤߤ뤬ŪˤäơˤäȰääƤȤΤˤϲͤ롥⤬ʤʤΤ뤳ȤϡȤƤǤ롥
¾2ĤˤĤƤʹߤεǼ夲롥
Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.
űѸʬˤĤƤϡ#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬۡ ([2013-03-30-1]) ϿޤǤNorthumbrian, Mercian, Kentish, West-Saxon Ȥ줤ʬƤ褦ˤߤ뤬űѸͭιä𤬤ꡤºݤˤ¿ȤդƤɬפ롥Hogg (4) 3Ƥ롥
. . . it is important to recognize that it is open to several major caveats and objections. Firstly, it is well known that these dialects refer only to actual linguistic material, and therefore there are large areas of the country, most obviously East Anglia, about whose dialect status we cannot know directly from OE evidence. Secondly, the nomenclature adopted is derived from political structures whereas most of the writing we have is to be more directly associated with ecclesiastical structures. Thirdly, the type of approach which leads to the above division is a product of the Stammbaum and its associated theories, whereas modern dialectology, either synchronic or diachronic ... demonstrates that such a rigidly demarcated division is ultimately untenable. It would be preferable to consider each text as an 'informant', ... which is more or less closely related to other texts on an individual basis, with the classification of texts into dialect groups being viewed as a process determined by the purposes of the linguistic analysis at hand, rather than as some a priori fact. . . .
ޤȤСűѸξڵ (evidence) ʬۤϰˤäƥХХǤ̤⾯ʤȡϰ¸ߤطʤˤμҲŪʻԾܤǤ뤳ȡ͡٤ܿäϤǤ뤳Ȥ3Ǥ롥ʬ褦ȤݤƬˤǤ뤳Ȥưפ롥ѤκǸƤ褦ˡűѸʬϡ̤θʬϤΤβιʪȤȤ館ƤΤǤ롥Ǥϡʬ (periodisation) ˤᤤȤ롥
Hogg, Richard M. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 1. 1992. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ܥ֥DZѸˤΤˡ츻ʤɤǤФнȤɬפ뤬κݤѤ̾ά롥ޤǤεǤɬά줵ƤʤäϤʤ٤˽ȤƤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤Ρָ̾ά (xvi--xvii) ˰͵롥פʡŪ˸ˤĤƤϡƱŵ xiv ǯʬƤάطȤƤϡ#1044. ѸʡChaucerShakespeareά ([2012-03-06-1]) ⻲ȡ
| Aeol. | Aeolic | |
| AF | Anglo-French | 1100--1500 |
| Afr. | African | |
| Afrik. | Afrikaans | |
| Akkad. | Akkadian | |
| Alb. | Albanian | |
| Aleut. | Aleutian | |
| Am. | American | |
| Am.-Sp. | American Spanish | |
| Anglo-L | Anglo-Latin | |
| Arab. | Arabic | |
| Aram. | Aramaic | |
| Arm. | Armenian | |
| Assyr. | Assyrian | |
| Austral. | Australian | |
| Aves. | Avestan | |
| Braz. | Brazilian | |
| Bret. | Breton | |
| Brit. | Brittonic/Brythonic | |
| Bulg. | Bulgarian | |
| Canad. | Canadian | |
| Cant. | Cantonese | |
| Cat. | Catalan | |
| Celt. | Celtic | |
| Central-F | Central French | |
| Chin. | Chinese | |
| Corn. | Cornish | |
| Dan. | Danish | |
| Drav. | Dravidian | |
| Du. | Dutch | |
| E | English | |
| E-Afr. | East African | |
| Egypt. | Egyptian | |
| F | French | |
| Finn. | Finnish | |
| Flem. | Flemish | |
| Frank. | Frankish | |
| Fris. | Frisian | |
| G | German | |
| Gael. | (Scottish-)Gaelic | |
| Gaul. | Gaulish | |
| Gk | Greek | --200 |
| Gmc | Germanic | |
| Goth. | Gothic | |
| Heb. | Hebrew | |
| Hitt. | Hittite | |
| Hung. | Hungarian | |
| Icel. | Icelandic | |
| IE | Indo-European | |
| Ind. | Indian | |
| Ir. | Irish(-Gaelic) | |
| Iran. | Iranian | |
| It. | Italian | |
| Jamaic.-E | Jamaican English | |
| Jav. | Javanese | |
| Jpn. | Japanese | |
| L | Latin | 75 B.C.--200 |
| Latv. | Latvian | |
| Lett. | Lettish | |
| LG | Low German | |
| LGk | Late Greek | 200--600 |
| Lith. | Lithuanian | |
| LL | Late Latin | 200--600 |
| MDu. | Middle Dutch | 1100--1500 |
| ME | Middle English | 1100--1500 |
| Mex. | Mexican | |
| Mex.-Sp. | Mexican Spanish | |
| MGk | Medieval Greek | 600--1500 |
| MHeb. | Medieval Hebrew | |
| MHG | Middle High German | 1100--1500 |
| MIr. | Middle Irish | 950--1300 |
| Mish. Heb. | Mishnaic Hebrew | |
| ML | Medieval Latin | 600--1500 |
| MLG | Middle Low German | 1100--1500 |
| ModE | Modern English | |
| ModGk | Modern Greek | |
| ModHeb. | Modern Hebrew | |
| MPers. | Middle Persian | |
| MWelsh | Middle Welsh | 1150--1500 |
| N-Am.-Ind. | North American Indian | |
| NGk | Neo-Greek | |
| NHeb. | Neo-Hebrew | |
| NL | Neo-Latin | |
| Norw. | Norwegian | |
| ODu. | Old Dutch | |
| OE | Old English | 700--1100 |
| OF | Old French | 800--1550 |
| OFris. | Old Frisian | 1200--1550 |
| OHG | Old High German | 750--1100 |
| OIr. | Old Irish | 600--950 |
| OIt. | Old Italian | |
| OL | Old Latin | 500--75 B.C. |
| OLG | Old Low German | 800--1100 |
| OLith. | Old Lithuanian | |
| ON | Old Norse | 800--1300 |
| ONF | Old Norman French | |
| OPers. | Old Persian | |
| OProv. | Old Provençal | |
| OPruss. | Old Prussian | 1400--1600 |
| OS | Old Saxon | 800--1000 |
| Osc. | Oscan | |
| Osc.-Umbr. | Osco-Umbrian | |
| OSlav. | Old (Church) Slavonic | 900--1100 |
| OSp. | Old Spanish | |
| OWelsh | Old Welsh | 700--1150 |
| PE | Present-Day English | |
| Pers. | Persian | |
| Phoen. | Phoenician | |
| Pidgin-E | Pidgin English | |
| Pol. | Polish | |
| Port. | Portuguese | |
| Prov. | Provençal | |
| Rum. | Rumanian | |
| Russ. | Russian | |
| S-Afr. | South African | |
| S-Am.-Ind. | South American Indian | |
| Scand. | Scandinavian | |
| Sem. | Semitic | |
| Serb. | Serbian | |
| Serbo-Croat. | Serbo-Croatian | |
| Siam. | Siamese | |
| Skt | Sanskrit | |
| Slav. | Slavonic, Slavic | |
| Sp. | Spanish | |
| Sumer. | Sumerian | |
| Swed. | Swedish | |
| Swiss-F | Swiss French | |
| Syr. | Syriac | |
| Tibet. | Tibetan | |
| Toch. | Tocharian | |
| Turk. | Turkish | |
| Umbr. | Umbrian | |
| Ved. | Vedic | |
| VL | Vulgar Latin | |
| W-Afr. | West African | |
| W-Ind. | West Indies | |
| WS | West Saxon | |
| Yid. | Yiddish |
#1525. ܸˤλʬ ([2013-06-30-1])#3137. ܸˤλʬ (2) ([2017-11-28-1]) ³ܸ˸ԤοȤäƤǤϤʤʬ (periodisation) ɲä롥 (7) ϡ¾ΤĤŪʻʬʤ顤⤦1ĤȼζʬǤƤ롥
3?3溢
I ܸ (Proto-Japanese)
ʯ3溢?7
ɻ7?ɻ8Ⱦˡġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ̾
II ܸ (Ancient Japanese) ʿ»8Ⱦ?11Ⱦ ġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġš
һ11Ⱦ?14Ⱦˡġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ
Į14Ⱦ?ͻʴʺޤǴޤࡧ17溢ˡġġġġġġġ?
III ܸ (Modern Japanese) ͻʾʹޤࡧ17溢?ͻ20ǯޤǴޤˡġġġš
20ǯʹߡ??20ǯ ġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ̶?
20ǯʹ?48ǯ ġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ̸
IV ܸ (Present-day Japanese) 48ǯʹ?ʿ3ǯ ġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ̸
ʿ3ǯʹ? ġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ̸
ܼΰĤȤơǯǤ줿Ūܸ˳ˡܸ٤夲ʸˤǤʤ鶵ʽŪȤݤǡҤøȤƤ롥̤˾ΩƤƤ뤬ƾϤǤʬ̤εҤʤƤꡤƾϤγäƤСʬȤνĤήⲡ褦˹Ƥ롥äơܼɤäƤܸˤǤȤߤȤʤäƤ롥ʲܼƸ褦
ʤߤ˱Ѹ˳ܼϡ#2089. Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ܼ ([2015-01-15-1])#2050. Knowles αѸ˳ܼ ([2014-12-07-1])#2038. Fennell αѸ˳ܼ ([2014-11-25-1])#2007. Gramley αѸ˳ܼ ([2014-10-25-1]) ȡ
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