
*
123Ҥηؤդ2025ǯ2Ԥޤǯ١ƱϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤ11ֶΥեѸפǤ
1. ˥եñ줬Ѥ줿ط
ե줫μѤѸʹߤ³Ū˹Ԥ졤ä17--18ˤϥե줬衼åѤŪ̸ȤƤϰ̤ΩλɤǤϥեѸؤȿǼ줿ΤΡ礭˳װȤϤʤʤä
2. ե餷ȤɤμѸ
μѸϸηۤݻޤ夷¿ϵ²ŪŪʰݤñ췲äޤѻΰ㤤ñζѥˤȿǤ졤1ᡤʹߤϥեΰ֤˶֤뷹ä
3. ޥ줫μѤȤƤΥե
եľܤμѸȤƤǤʤꥢ䥹ڥʤ¾Υޥ줫θäѸƳȤƤⵡǽޥϸƤ뤿ᡤѸͳꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ѸΥեѤϡ18ʹߡäեåʸݽʬǸȤʤꡤμѸϴ¸αѸθä˿ʥ˥奢ä
4. 20ʹߤΥեѸ
20ʹߤ garage montage ʤ¿θ줬Ѥ³Ƥꡤ21äƤ parkour Τ褦ʿѸ줬о줷Ƥ롥ǯˤ錄եȱѸθŪʴطϡ³Ƥͽۤ롥
˾ܤϡľܡؤդ2˼äƤɤߤФȻפޤ10Ϣܵ hellog furansu_rensai ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
ޤ11ˤ錄äơǯʾˤ錄ѸʩȤθܿˤįƤޤϤ褤ǽȤʤޤڤߤˡ
ʰʲ嵭2025/02/01(Sat)
ȴϢơheldio Ǥ#1343. ΥեѸ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ11ơꤷƤäƤޤΤǡ⤪İ
-->
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡11ΥեѸסؤդ2025ǯ2桤ҡ2025ǯ12352--53ǡ
#5488. Ѹο̾ʤɽ魯ˤμ϶äۤɺʬƤ¿ͤä ([2024-05-06-1]) ӡ#5489. űѸο̾μѸƱ餤¿ͤäݤ ([2024-05-07-1]) ƤꡥԤεǡѸˤ¿ͤä̾ѸˤƼ餷Ƥä¤˿줿
Ʊͤˡ̾ɽ魯 (by-name) ⡤ѸˤƼ餷ƤäȤϤʤFransson (32) ˤС"by-name" "family name" ȯŸƤݤˡŪûο̾줿ǤϤʤȤ
As regards surnames of occupation we can notice that they become less specialized towards the end of the period, and if we examine rolls after 1350, we shall be surprised at the rarity of specialized names as compared with the earlier period. The reason for this has nothing to do with what has been said above about trades; it is connected with the heredity of surnames, which now begins to become prevalent. The specialized surname of occupation coincided with the trade of a person and, as a rule, does not seem to have been hereditary, which is probably due to its length and to the fact that it very easily calls to mind the trade itself. The surnames that became hereditary were usually short and denoted common trades, e.g. Smith, Cook, Tailor, Turner, etc.; it is almost exclusively names of this kind that one finds in later rolls. It is true that there are surnames of the specialized type that have survived to modern times, e.g. Arrowsmith, Cheesewright, but they are probably very rare; they owe their existence to the fact that the corresponding trade has died out or that the corresponding substantive has become extinct and its signification been forgotten, e.g. Billiter (= ME Belleyetere), Jenner (= ME Gynour), etc.
ŪˤϸĿͤ°Ƥ by-name Ȥ° family name ȯŸƤˤĤơľ¿줿ȤȤ¿ζؤѲƤäȤǤ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames''. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
3ָ224ڡˤ 15:30--18:45 ˡī㡼ɶˤƥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ4ȤʤֶѸֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ֤ޤ

ιֺ¤ϡ4Υ4ȤʤޤΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ
1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤʽա429
2űѸֻ --- μʤʲơ729
3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡʽ107
4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơߡ224
٤4ˤĤƤϡ Voicy heldio ˤ#971. Ѹֻ --- 224ڡˤīΥֺ4˸ơȤƳפҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡİйǤ
ޤǤ3ιֺ¤ǤϡѸֻɸಽˤįƤޤϤ褤ḽˤɸಽμ֤ޤޤ15 Chancery Standard ˻Ϥޤꡤ1617ˤƤ Shakespeareض١αѸ켭λФơ18--19μ˻ޤǤλܤñֻɤɤޤθ塤ꥫѸֻƸֻפưޤǤեơѸֻβˤĤͽǤƻαñֻζʤ⤷ޤΤǡ»Ҥˤʤ뤳ȤϤޤ
ֺܹ¤ˤؿΤϡΥڡꤪߤֺϡ̤Τۤ饤ǤλäǽǤޤϿޤȡָ1ָ֡ƨۿפİǤޤԹΤ褤ˡǤäФȻפޤֺ¤ǤϤޤƲƤΩƤޤΤǡΤߤñȯΤäǤޤäꤢޤʤֺ¤ѤϡüԤγͤŻŪۤͽǤ
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog Voicy heldio ۿ⤴Ȥ
Ρ1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤꡡ
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5119. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ1ޤ ([2023-05-03-1])
Ρ2űѸֻ --- μʤ
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
hellog #5207. īΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤפޤ ([2023-07-30-1])
Ρ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡ
hellog #5263. 107ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡס ([2023-09-24-1])
heldio #848. Ѹɸʤֻ --- 107ڡˤīΥֺ3˸ơ2023ǯ926
Ρ4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ
heldio #971. Ѹֻ --- 224ڡˤīΥֺ4˸ơ2024ǯ127
¿ΤäԤƤޤ
6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤҤǤޤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤Ǥ¼Ļر̾ˤԼԤ̳졤¾6̾θԤɮ˲ääƤޤܽˤĤƤϡǤˤΥ֥ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפǾҲ𤹤뵡ޤ
hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---
ΤӡܽᤰäԼԤν¼Ȥ̤뵡˷äޤޤ̤ͻҤϡī Voicy ֱͥѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤ#769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡ȤۿƤޤΤ27ʬۤɤȤʤäƤޤ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİС
ǥץ5ץˤǤϡ̼Ͽˤäܽɽ沼Υӥå٥μ̿ˤĤƤεŤäҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
ҶѸʸˡѲˤĤƴؿƤС

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ԥν¼Ļر̾ˤǯҤ⤦1ФƤޤإꥹůؼԤαѸ --- ̻ŪǤܤ꤬Ǥ

ܽϳҤθ졦ʸ99ƤȤƽǤ줿ΤǤʽϡ2017ǯƱ65Sherlock Holmes αѸ2020ǯ86õ微αѸ --- ѸδǤƤޤˡ
ܽϡ16--206ͤΥꥹůؼԤ˾ơαѸʬϤʸˡŪʸŪħ⤭ĦˤƤޤνѸ¤٤뤳Ȥǡ˶Ѹ̤ƤαѸ̻ŪѲפǤ褦ˤʤäƤޤѸˤѸ̻ŪѲ˴ؿΤϤꥹиůؼԤνʸ˴ؿΤˤ⡤ؤ٤뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ
ʲܽξΩƤȤȤˡ夲줿ůؼԤޤ
1ϡ --- ůؼԤ濴
2ϡѸȤ
3ϡůؼԤαѸ (1) --- Francis Bacon1561--1626
4ϡůؼԤαѸ (2) --- Thomas Hobbes1588--1679
5ϡůؼԤαѸ (3) --- John Locke1632--1704
6ϡůؼԤαѸ (4) --- David Hume1711--1776
7ϡůؼԤαѸ (5) --- John Stuart Mill1806--1873
8ϡůؼԤαѸ (6) --- Bertrand Russell1872--1970
9ϡ̻Ūͻ
¼إꥹůؼԤαѸ --- ̻Ū١ҡ2023ǯ
Ѹˤˤϡ#4635. "Great Complement Shift" ([2022-01-04-1]) ȤĬή롤Ȥ롥ʸι¤ (complementation) ȤȤ that ᤫؤȿܤư̾ؤȿܤƤѲǤ롥űѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǤäȿʹԤ³ƤƤꡤ©Ĺ
ȯ䤵줿#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1]) ǡԤν (242--44) ʸ (gcs) ΰȿΤ褦ˤߤ붽̣Ƥ롥
Ѹ̤ơ~뤿ˡפ̣ in order ... ɽŤư̾ȤäƤȤ줬ʽФ that ޤǿʽФƤȤΤǤ롥ʳδϢɽϤޤܤѤȡΤ褦ˤʤȤ
to the end that/to the end to V
in order to NP/ing
in order to V
in order that ~ may
ˤС ARCHER Corpus Ǹ̤˴ŤʥꥪȤȤܤν˽äɽŪʸ5ĵƤΤǡ˺ƷǤ롥
... they were all Committed to Newgate, in order to their being Tried next Sessions. (1682 2PROI.N1)
I know not whether it might not be worth a Poet's while, to travel in order to store is mind with ... (1714 BERK.X2)
... every moral agent must exist forever, in order to the proper and full exercise of moral government. (1789 HOPK.H4)
... consequently I cut away all the cerebrum until the corpus callosum appeared, in order that I might the more readily examine the lateral ventricles. (1820 A.M5)
Not because I want to undervalue the importance of these signs, but in order that I may impress upon you how important it is to Subject ...
ΤʸܤᤷΤ褦ʽοܤȤʤäƤ롥̤θˤΤʤΤ뤤϶ȯŪ㳰Ȥߤʤ٤ʤΤ̣
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
ѸʸˡѲˤĤƥѥѤƼ¾Ū˸椷ͽҤǤޤѸʬΰdzƤ7̾Ҹᡤʡᡤսᡤܻһᡤ滳ᡤüᡤ¼ˤˤҤǤԤꤴܤޤͳ˴פޤ

ܤκħϡƾϤ15--20γͻϰϤȤƤ뤳ȤǤܤȾиꤵƤꡤ¬ȤʤäƤΤǤΤȤ줿̻ŪθȤʤäƤޤ֤ϤפƬ˼Τ褦ˤޤ (v)
ܽ϶Ѹ1500--PresentˤˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƥѥλѤˤ¾ŪǤ롥
ޤDZѸˤεҤˤ̤˽Ҥ٤뤳ȤϤޤʤä褦˻פ롥ҤȤĤˤϤۤȤɤθѲǤ뤿ᡤεҤȤ롥ʤ顤ʸػˤʤɤǤ̤Ϥ̤Ǥ㤨СOxford History of English Literature 12 volumesˡΤȤ⤢äƤѸˤˤƤǶ Kytö et al. (2006), Mair (2006) ʤɤǤ졤줾1920αѸˤѲħ˾ƤƤ롥
ܽǤ϶Ѹˤ嵭Τ褦ѲϢ³ȳħª뤿ˡʲɮԤδ֤Ƕͭ
1. ƤμɮԤ϶̹ܡư졤ˡʸˤĤƽҤ٤롥
2. ʳιܤǡħȹͤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƽҤ٤롥
3. ŻҥѥƥȤäơ¾Ū˵Ҥ롥
Ѹˤλʬ (periodisation) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#5140. ֱѸˤλʬ֤ο֤ ([2023-05-24-1]) Ǽ夲ʤɤ伫ȤĹ餯ͤƤޤָűѸפֶѸפʤɤȥ٥ŽΤǤϤʤäѤñ̤ڤ롤뤤ϸڤȤΤϳΤ˰ŪǤϤޤǤCurzan (33) Ҥ٤褦ˡ٥ΩԤñ̤褦Ǥ츫̵ʻʬΤ褦ǤơषɤޤϢ³ռȤ̤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܽǤϥѥѤŪǼ¾Ūʸ椬Ҳ𤵤Ƥꡤʬ椹並ԤˤϡˡޤľܻͤˤʤޤޤʸˡѲʸѲȤäƤⰷ٤¿ˤ錄ΤǤƾϤǤϳαѸͻǤȤ櫓פʹܤФƤꡤؤͭѤǤ
ǽϤΤΤޤȤȤʤäƤꡤäƾϤΤ̤ʬ줿Τľ졤ɤλ볦äꤷޤʸ⽼¤ƤꡤѸ鸽˻ޤǤʸˡѲ˴ؿΤˤϡҼ˼äƤ餤ǤȻפޤ
Ԥΰܻ͡ҤĻرءˤˤޤƤϡܽνǤˤµ줿ȤܤޤᤷߤǤäѤǤ̽ʡꤤޤ
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
Curzan, Anne. "Periodization in the History of the English Language." Chapter 12 of The History of English. 1st vol. Historical Outlines from Sound to Text. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 8--35.
ճȴñˤǤĴȤơɸҲ𤷤Ƹ쥳ѥ#1802. ARCHER 3.2 ([2014-04-03-1]) Ѥơֻαƺ̻ŪĴڤ˹Ԥ롥ȤơǤΤƤ <colour> <color> αƺĴ٤Ƥߤ褦
ARCHER Untagged ˥ "colour*" "color*" 졤줾η̤Ф#1808. ARCHER ̤λߥʬġ (ARCHER Period-Genre Sorter) ([2014-04-09-1]) ˤơưŪ4Ĥοɽ롥οɽˤꡤξֻαƺˤĤơ1600--1999ǯ8ʬ̤ˡ12Υ̤Ӥ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥ʬȥϰʲ̤ꡥ
P1 = 1600--49, P2 = 1650--99, P3 = 1700--49, P4 = 1750--99, P5 = 1800--49, P6 = 1850--99, P7 = 1900--49, P8 = 1950--99
a = advertising, d = drama, f = fiction, h = sermons, j = journals, l = legal, m = medicine, n = news, p = early prose, s = science, x = letters, y = diaries
ǤϡޤꥹѸ줫ߤƤοɽŪʥꥹ <colour> οͤŵŪ˥ꥫڥȤ <color> οͤǤ롥Ԥڤ餺ꥹѸǤϻˤ餺ۤ <colour> ݤȤäƤ褤


˥ꥫѸη̤ѸˤδԤڤʤP41750--99ǯˤޤǤѤ <colour> ֻŪP5 ʹߤष <color> ӤƤP5 ȤСNoah Webster An American Dictionary of the English Language Ǥ1828ǯޤȾλʬǤꡤƹڥθǯλ֤Ĥ夷Ƥͤ褯ɽ路Ƥ롥


ߤĶ Google Books Ngram Viewer ˴ñ˥Ǥ뤿ᡤARCHER ⤵˴ؤƱ褦ĴԤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ARCHER Ǥϥ饤Ф뤿ʸȤ̣뤳ȤǤ뤷ҥåȷȤǤޤʤۤɤޤȤΤ⡤ͤ褦ˤäƤȤ롥פϻȤARCHER Ѥ¾ĴȤơ#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1])#1807. ARCHER between betwixt ([2014-04-08-1])#1752. interpretor interpreter (2) ([2014-02-12-1]) ⻲ȡ
#2492. ɽ魯ȴλΡԡ˶ ([2016-02-22-1])#2633. ʤߴλϲɽ魯ȶǤʤΤ --- Present Perfect Puzzle ([2016-07-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡѸˤϡߴλȲλɽ魯϶ǤʤȤ§롥ȤѸȤ櫓ѸǤϡΤ褦ʶ㤬롥ѸˤơʤΤ褦µ§ޤäΤȤꡤ "Present Perfect Puzzle" ˤĤƤϡ͡ƤʤƤˤϲƤʤ
Visser (2197) ꡤѸ20ޤ夫Ĥ
1601 Shakesp., All's Well IV, iii, 3, I have delivered it an hour since.
1669 Pepys's Diary April 11th, which I have forgot to set down in my Journal yesterday.
1777 Sheridan, School f. Sc. I, i, I am told he has had another execution in the house yesterday.
1820 Scott. Monastery XXX, The Englishman . . . has murdered young Halbert . . . yesterday morning.
1847 Ch. Brontë, Jane Eyre XVI, Indeed I have seen Blanche, six or seven years ago, when she was a girl of eighteen.
1912 Standard, Aug. 16, Prince Henry has decided to travel to Tokio by the overland route. Twice already he has visited Japan, in 1892 and 1900 (Kri).
1920 Galsworthy, In Chancery IV, I have been to Richmond last Sunday.
1962 Everyman's Dictionary of Literary Biography p. 609--10, He [sc. Shakespeare] is, of course, unmeasurably the greatest of all English writers, and has been so recognized even in those periods that were antipathetic to the Elizabethan genius.
Τ褦ʸŪʵ§æƤˤĤơVisser (2197) ¾θԤȤĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Several scholars (e.g. 1958 F. T. Wood; 1926 Poutsma) account for these idioms by suggesting that the writer or speaker has embarked on the given form before the idea of a temporal adjunct comes into his mind, and then adds this adjunct as a kind of afterthought. Another explanation is based on the assumption that instances like those quoted here may be seen as survivals of a usage that formerly---when there was not yet the strict line of demarcation between the different uses---occurred quite normally.
Ǥ2ĤƤʤƤ뤬Ԥ "afterthought" 䤹嵭Τ٤Ƥ夫פĤƤդȤǤ뤫ɤϡҴŪȽǤǤʤ褦˻פ롥2ΡָŤλ¸ϡ̤ʤΤ⤷ʤѸˤƤζ¤ݤ줿ΤϤʤȤ "Present Perfect Puzzle" ľܤΤǤϤʤ
Υѥ̤ȸ虜ʤ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1]) ˤ褦ˡAddison, Dryden, Swift ʤɤγ17--18ˤϡ̾θƬʸϤäνμݤϥɤȤʤ̾ʸ뤳Ȥä̾ǤвǤʸȤHorobin (157) ˤСδظˤϿβäȤ
The convention seems to have been for a writer to leave the business of spelling to the compositors who were responsible for setting the type for printed texts. This practice led to the introduction of a distinctive feature of punctuation found in this period: the capitalization of nouns. This practice has its origins in an author's wish to stress certain important nouns within a piece of writing. Because ultimate authority for spelling and punctuation lay with compositors, who were often unable to distinguish capital letters from regular ones in current handwriting, they adopted a policy of capitalization of nouns by default.
#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1]) εǻȤ (45--46) ϡȼԤˤƤƥȤνǽ˱ƶڤܤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥
줿ƥȤǤϡǽΥǤʬŪˡǽΥǤϤۤȤɤäѤ黺ȵФƽɬϤ⤿ʤ¤Ϥ椨ˡʬܤ줿ΤɤȤϡʬǽΤȤ̤ܤˤƤ봶ΤǤ롥줿ΤФƤ븢Ҥγˤ롥
θ塤̾θƬϤ٤ʸȤˡδĹ³Ĥɸಽ뤳ȤϤʤäդɸಽˤ뿢ȤŪˤդƤɬפʤǶθǤϰȼԤνɸಽؤδͿ⾮˸Ѥ뷹ǧ뤬δͿΤΤǧƤ櫓ǤϤʤβϴְ㤤ʤäϢơcat:printing standardisation ΤĤεȤ줿
ѸǤǤڤˤʤä̾ʸδϥɥĸǤɸಽƤ롥ϥɥĸˤˤϰŤǯ8 Oslo ؤdz줿 ICHL 21 (International Conference on Historical Linguistics) ˻äޤˡɥĸˤ뤳ζˡȯŸˤĤƤθȯɽꡤ̣İ긵˻ĤäƤˤȡɥĸǤ16--17ˤδȯŸǽ餫餹٤Ƥ̾줬ʸ줿櫓ǤϤʤ[+animal] ΰ̣̾줫Ϥޤꡤ[+agentive], [+material] ʤɤνǿʹԤȤŪˤ⡤ȤƤΤۤŪȤƤ̾ʸᤫäȤֻѲóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ˽ΤȴؿΤФƤ롥
ˤʸȾʸζ̤ȯˤĤƤϡ#1309. ʸȾʸ ([2012-11-26-1]) ȡ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
١롦 衡ʸȥߥ˥١ҡʸ˥ӡ1988ǯ
2֤ε#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1]) ȡ#1807. ARCHER between betwixt ([2014-04-08-1]) ǡARCHER Untagged ѤơѰ۷٤̻ŪˤɤΤ褦˿ܤƤĴ
ѸνޤॳѥȤƤϡۤ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence, LC (The Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts), CLMET3.0 (The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, version 3.0), PPCMBE, COHA ʤɤꡤ줾ħ뤬ARCHER ϡ1600--1999ǯȤޤȤޤä֤СѼ綠줾ˤĤƥʬʤƤꡤŪ緿˥ѥȤƲͤ⤤#1802. ARCHER 3.2 ([2014-04-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤߥ־ǰ̸ƤǤˤĤƤϡޤʤɤƤ餺ǽ¤Ѥ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤȳѤǤ롥Ƥ Frequency lists Keywords εǽϥǥͭ˻ȤѥΤñ٥ꥹ (TXT)Ƥ롥
̻ŪʸѲȤ ARCHER ˾ൡǽϡ2֤εĴ褦ˡ븡٤ɤäơʤĤǤ˥̤ˡˤɤΤ褦˿ܤƤñ˳ǧǤ褦ˤ뤳ȤRestricted query ǻȥʤꡤ˸ϤƥҥåȿƤ椯ȤȤϼȤǤǤ뤬֤뤷ݤ#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1]) COHA Ǥϡ̻Ūʰǽˤ뵡ǽƤΤǡARCHER Ǥ;פƱͤεǽߤʤ롥ǡߤΤʤкäƤޤȤȤǡñʥץȤȤARCHER θ̤Υ饤ˤϡƥȤɽ魯ե̾դƤ뤬ե̾λͤˤС3ʸ줾쥸롤ѼΤ줫ɽ魯ȤʤäƤ롥ǡ̤ԡơʲΥƥȥܥåŽդƤȡŬڤ˥ե̾Ϥ롤Ѽ老Ȥ˥ҥåȿƤ졤ղƤȤġ (ARCHER Period-Genre Sorter) ARCHER ǤνϷ̤ڡˤޤˤϡ뤬ƥڡԥڤѤƤФ褤

ε#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1]) ˰³[2014-04-03-1]εǾҲ𤷤#1802. ARCHER 3.2פѤơ̤פࡥɸ between betwixt θѸˤʬۤˤĤơ#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ˤARCHER Untagged ǤϤɤΤ褦Ĵ̤Ф
ˤäƤϡȤ櫓17ʳǤֻޤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤᡤ줾θΰֻθ줿Ūˤϡbetween Ȥ between, betweene, betwen, betwene, betwn betwixt Ȥ betwixt, betwext ֻȤƵäƤƱͤˡҥåȿ12뤪1600--1999ǯ50ǯߤˤ8ʬƿ夲ʲˡ̤ΥդΤʥǡեɽϥHTMLȤ줿ˡʤbetwixt and between ηǤ1⸽Ƥʤ

ΤȤơ17--19ΤɤλˤƤ between ݤƤ뤳Ȥϡ CLMET3.0 ˤĴ̤ͽۤ줿ȤǤ롥P2--P3 (1650--1749) λ˸¤äƤǤϤ뤬betwixt 20%ۤɤΥƤȤ¤ܤƤ褤P1Υ֥ѥ¾γƻΥ֥ѥ1/3ۤɤεϤǤ뤳ȤˤաˡCLMET3.0 ˤĴǤ18ޤǤ bewixt 10%ۤɤΥƤȤ̤ФƤ뤫顤绨Ĥˤä1750ǯ餤ޤǤ betwix between ΰ۷ȤƤʤ¸ߴƤȤǧǤ
ɸθֻѰۤˤĤơ#1415. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1])#1416. shew show (2) ([2013-03-13-1])#1716. shew show (3) ([2014-01-07-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϡ[2014-04-03-1]εǾҲ𤷤#1802. ARCHER 3.2פѤơѸˤξֻʬۤƳǧ褦
ARCHER: A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers Untagged ǡshew (shew, shews, shewed, shewn, shewing) show (show, shows, showed, shown, showing) θҥåȿ12뤪1600--1999ǯ50ǯߤˤ8ʬƿ夲ǡեɽϥHTMLȤƤ餦Ȥơ̤ղΤΤ

ιθϤƤȤơ̻Ūʿܤܤ褦P1 (1600--49) P4 (1750--99) ޤǡĤޤ17--18ˤϡ٤ shew Τۤ show ͥP5 (1800--49) ξԤ褽¤١P6 ʹߤˤ show 쵤 shew षƤ椯ƤȤ롥οܤγפϡεĴ Helsinki Corpus PPCMBE η̤Ȥ礹뤬CLMET3.0 η̤ȤϾۤʤ롥CLMET3.0 Ǥϡ[2014-01-07-1]εǸ褦ˡ18椫٤ show shew Ū˾äƤΤǤ롥Υѥ֤ΰ㤤ƥѥɽΰ㤤ˤΤʤΤȤ⥸ʬͿƤΤ뤤ʣθ礷ƿȤͳ褹ΤʤΤܤĴƤʤP1Υ֥ѥˤĤƤϡ¾γƻΥ֥ѥ1/3ۤɤεϤǤ뤳ȤաˡξŪǤϤʤshew οȤǹͤΤǤСΥѥȤƤ⡤19ȾνȤߤʤƤ褤
ǯΤȤˤʤ뤬Ƹ쥳ѥ ARCHER: A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers Untagged 줿ܺ٤ϡ Documentation뤤 VARIENG ˤѥβɤѸ˸Υ饤ꡤߤεARCHERοǸ⻲ͤˤʤ롥
ARCHER ϡ1990ǯƬ Biber and Finegan ԻƤΤǡߤǤ14ؤƱǴƤ롥2013ǯ˸줿3.2Ǥ Manchester ( David Denison and Nuria Yáñez-Bouza) ˤǤ롥ѥƤӤüŪɽС"a multi-genre historical corpus of British and American English covering the period 1600--1999. The corpus has been designed as a tool for the analysis of language change and variation in a range of written and speech-based registers of English." ȤȤǤ롥
ѥεϤ1,710ե롤3,298,080줫ʤꡤǤα6:4ۤɡޤȤ8Ƥˤ12˥ʬƤ (a = advertising, d = drama, f = fiction, h = sermons, j = journals, l = legal, m = medicine, n = news, p = early prose, s = science, x = letters, y = diaries) եȸϰʲ̤ꡥ
| BRITISH | a | d | f | h | j | l | m | n | p | s | x | y | TOTAL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1600--49 | files | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| words | 0 | 32,342 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21,026 | 0 | 0 | 32,741 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 86,109 | |
| 1650--99 | files | 0 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 21 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 75 | 10 | 177 |
| words | 0 | 30,328 | 41,667 | 21,818 | 21,186 | 20,466 | 23,811 | 22,304 | 0 | 21,427 | 38,767 | 20,488 | 262,262 | |
| 1700--49 | files | 0 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 14 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 77 | 10 | 173 |
| words | 0 | 27,862 | 44,057 | 21,511 | 23,265 | 21,315 | 22,066 | 21,612 | 0 | 20,812 | 33,896 | 20,495 | 256,891 | |
| 1750--99 | files | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 70 | 11 | 181 |
| words | 25,386 | 27,484 | 45,198 | 21,752 | 21,284 | 20,367 | 21,002 | 23,172 | 0 | 20,599 | 29,589 | 23,043 | 278,876 | |
| 1800--49 | files | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 25 | 10 | 126 |
| words | 30,804 | 31,211 | 45,107 | 21,777 | 23,249 | 20,531 | 20,286 | 22,951 | 0 | 21,015 | 12,671 | 20,883 | 270,485 | |
| 1850--99 | files | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 26 | 10 | 126 |
| words | 30,684 | 34,856 | 43,427 | 21,322 | 21,243 | 20,757 | 22,265 | 23,072 | 0 | 21,810 | 10,819 | 21,789 | 272,044 | |
| 1900--49 | files | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 29 | 10 | 130 |
| words | 26,717 | 31,391 | 45,408 | 21,123 | 22,208 | 21,160 | 20,213 | 21,977 | 0 | 21,664 | 12,529 | 22,424 | 266,814 | |
| 1950--99 | files | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 28 | 10 | 132 |
| words | 23,437 | 32,200 | 45,109 | 21,093 | 22,723 | 20,721 | 20,994 | 22,935 | 0 | 21,385 | 11,361 | 22,060 | 264,018 | |
| TOTAL | files | 50 | 82 | 72 | 70 | 72 | 80 | 98 | 70 | 10 | 70 | 330 | 71 | 1,075 |
| words | 137,028 | 247,674 | 309,973 | 150,396 | 155,158 | 166,343 | 150,637 | 158,023 | 32,741 | 148,712 | 149,632 | 151,182 | 1,957,499 | |
| AMERICAN | a | d | f | h | j | l | m | n | p | s | x | y | TOTAL | |
| 1750--99 | files | 3 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 58 | 10 | 152 |
| words | 9,214 | 29,980 | 38,980 | 21,271 | 21,896 | 41,177 | 23,541 | 22,265 | 0 | 20,668 | 27,860 | 21,315 | 278,167 | |
| 1800--49 | files | 1 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 12 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 83 |
| words | 2,822 | 40,568 | 44,676 | 0 | 21,476 | 33,409 | 0 | 37,107 | 0 | 20,904 | 20,739 | 20,695 | 242,396 | |
| 1850--99 | files | 8 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 28 | 11 | 128 |
| words | 24,480 | 32,721 | 44,394 | 21,056 | 22,436 | 28,506 | 20,547 | 21,994 | 0 | 21,311 | 11,361 | 23,419 | 272,225 | |
| 1900--49 | files | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 11 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 10 | 52 | 10 | 138 |
| words | 30,460 | 52,514 | 53,430 | 0 | 21,661 | 21,607 | 0 | 22,802 | 0 | 20,984 | 25,021 | 20,731 | 269,210 | |
| 1950--99 | files | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 12 | 30 | 10 | 134 |
| words | 29,563 | 31,037 | 44,382 | 21,051 | 22,109 | 25,517 | 22,617 | 23,069 | 0 | 25,623 | 11,961 | 21,654 | 278,583 | |
| TOTAL | files | 32 | 50 | 51 | 30 | 50 | 57 | 29 | 55 | 0 | 52 | 178 | 51 | 635 |
| words | 96,539 | 186,820 | 225,862 | 63,378 | 109,578 | 150,216 | 66,705 | 127,237 | 0 | 109,490 | 96,942 | 107,814 | 1,340,581 | |
ؤǤ (category) ȤѸ줬Ѥ롥ȤȤůѸǤꡤܸΡơפϡΡؽС٤Ρֹ϶ơפȤȤФȤˡѸ category ɥĸ Kategorie ȤơůؤΰˡůϺʰˤäΤȤ롥ϥꥷ katēgoríā Ǥꡤư katēgoreîn kata- (against) + agoreúein (to speak in the assembly) 롥ָξǾǧ줦Ūʳǰβߤʤפۤɤθ˴Ťơꥹȥƥ쥹ϡʬκǤŪʵꡤʤǹǰפθȯŸʹߡŪʰŪʸƱΤΤν°ࡦפȯŸƤ
Ѹ category ⡤ޤ16ůѸȤƥƥ줫Ƴ졤17դѸȤƻȤФߤǤϡOALD8 "a group of people or things with particular features in common" ȤꡤﲽѸȹͤƤ褤
ǤϡؤѤơפȤϲѸȤäơŪñʤࡦפθǻȤ櫓ǤϤʤǤϡŪƤζƤߤ褦ʸˡǤʸˡ (grammatical category) ȤȤ뤬㤨п (number) ; (person) (tense) ˡ (mode) ʤɤ롥ư濴ȤŪޤˤƤ (gender or sex) ʤɸŪʤΤ⤢뤷ꡦ (definiteness) (aspect) ʤɤŪʤΤ⤢롥Ƥϱʸˡκܤˤ븶ǤꡤʸˡҤ˷礫ʤǰȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥ褦ʵϤ뤬ǤϡŪƤФȤΤ褷ƤΤϡBloomfield Ǥ롥ʲ˰Ѥ褦
Large form-classes which completely subdivide either the whole lexicon or some important form-class into form-classes of approximately equal size, are called categories. (270)
ʸˡ (gender) ǹͤƤߤȤ狼䤹̾ȤýȤȡ㤨ХեˤϷŪŪʿ˱ơϤ礭ۤʤʤ2ʬ礬̤롥̾̾դ¾̾̾դζ̤δΤȤƤƤ֡Ȥ櫓Ǥ롥
category θŪˡŪˡǤϤʤůŪˡܶᤷƤ뤳ȤϡŪƤΤθͼľ뤷䤹Ǥ롥ˤĤƤ⡤Bloomfield Ф餷
The categories of a language, especially those which affect morphology (book : books, he : she), are so pervasive that anyone who reflects upon his language at all, is sure to notice them. In the ordinary case, this person, knowing only his native language, or perhaps some others closely akin to it, may mistake his categories for universal forms of speech, or of "human thought," or of the universe itself. This is why a good deal of what passes for "logic" or "metaphysics" is merely an incompetent restating of the chief categories of the philosopher's language. A task for linguists of the future will be to compare the categories of different languages and see what features are universal or at least widespread. (270)
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
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