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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-01-25 Sat

#5752. Υե󥹼Ѹ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ11 [hakusuisha][french][rensai][furansu_rensai][contact][loan_word][borrowing][mode]


furansu_202502.png

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123Ҥηؤդ󤹡2025ǯ2Ԥޤǯ١ƱϢֱܵѸˤįե󥹸פƤƤޤ11ֶΥե󥹼ѸפǤ

1. ˥եñ줬Ѥ줿ط
ե󥹸줫μѤѸʹߤ³Ū˹Ԥ졤ä17--18ˤϥե󥹸줬衼åѤŪ̸ȤƤϰ̤Ωλ󥰥ɤǤϥե󥹼ѸؤȿǼ줿ΤΡ礭˳װȤϤʤʤä
2. ե󥹸餷ȤɤμѸ
μѸϸηۤݻޤ夷¿ϵ²ŪŪʰݤñ췲äޤѻΰ㤤ñζѥˤȿǤ졤1ᡤʹߤϥե󥹸ΰ֤˶֤뷹ä
3. ޥ󥹽줫μѤȤƤΥե󥹸
ե󥹸ľܤμѸȤƤǤʤꥢ䥹ڥʤ¾Υޥ󥹽줫θäѸƳȤƤⵡǽޥ󥹽ϸƤ뤿ᡤѸͳꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤⤢롥ѸΥե󥹸Ѥϡ18ʹߡäեåʸݽʬǸȤʤꡤμѸϴ¸αѸθä˿ʥ˥奢󥹤ä
4. 20ʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹ
20ʹߤ garage montage ʤ¿θ줬Ѥ³Ƥꡤ21äƤ parkour Τ褦ʿѸ줬о줷Ƥ롥ǯˤ錄ե󥹸ȱѸθŪʴطϡ³Ƥͽۤ롥

˾ܤϡľܡؤդ󤹡2˼äƤɤߤФȻפޤ10Ϣܵ hellog furansu_rensai ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
ޤ11ˤ錄äơǯʾˤ錄ѸʩȤθܿˤįƤޤϤ褤ǽȤʤޤڤߤˡ
ʰʲ嵭2025/02/01(Sat)

ȴϢơheldio Ǥ#1343. Υե󥹼Ѹ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ11ơꤷƤäƤޤΤǡ⤪İ

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δ졡ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡11󡡶Υե󥹼Ѹסؤդ󤹡2025ǯ2桤ҡ2025ǯ12352--53ǡ

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2024-05-08 Wed

#5490. ʤ̾ɽ魯μ϶ѸˤƸΤ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][me][mode][occupational_term]

#5488. Ѹο̾ʤɽ魯ˤμ϶äۤɺʬƤ¿ͤä ([2024-05-06-1]) ӡ#5489. űѸο̾μѸƱ餤¿ͤäݤ ([2024-05-07-1]) ƤꡥԤεǡѸˤ¿ͤä̾ѸˤƼ򸺤餷Ƥä¤˿줿
Ʊͤˡ̾ɽ魯 (by-name) ⡤ѸˤƼ򸺤餷ƤäȤϤʤFransson (32) ˤС"by-name" "family name" ȯŸƤݤˡŪûο̾򤵤줿ǤϤʤȤ

As regards surnames of occupation we can notice that they become less specialized towards the end of the period, and if we examine rolls after 1350, we shall be surprised at the rarity of specialized names as compared with the earlier period. The reason for this has nothing to do with what has been said above about trades; it is connected with the heredity of surnames, which now begins to become prevalent. The specialized surname of occupation coincided with the trade of a person and, as a rule, does not seem to have been hereditary, which is probably due to its length and to the fact that it very easily calls to mind the trade itself. The surnames that became hereditary were usually short and denoted common trades, e.g. Smith, Cook, Tailor, Turner, etc.; it is almost exclusively names of this kind that one finds in later rolls. It is true that there are surnames of the specialized type that have survived to modern times, e.g. Arrowsmith, Cheesewright, but they are probably very rare; they owe their existence to the fact that the corresponding trade has died out or that the corresponding substantive has become extinct and its signification been forgotten, e.g. Billiter (= ME Belleyetere), Jenner (= ME Gynour), etc.


ŪˤϸĿͤ°Ƥ by-name Ȥ° family name ȯŸƤˤĤơľ¿줿ȤȤ¿ζؤѲƤäȤǤ

Fransson, G.
Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames''. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-02-03 Sat

#5395. 224ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ4ֶѸֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ [asacul][notice][writing][spelling][orthography][mode][standardisation][etymological_respelling][link][voicy][heldio][chancery_standard][spelling_reform]

3ָ224ڡˤ 15:30--18:45 ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ4ȤʤֶѸֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ֤ޤ


224ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ4ֶѸֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ



ιֺ¤ϡ4Υ꡼4Ȥʤޤ꡼Υ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ

1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤʽա429
2󡡸űѸֻ --- ޻μʤʲơ729
3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡʽ107
4󡡶Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơߡ224

٤4ˤĤƤϡ Voicy heldio ˤ#971. Ѹֻ --- 224ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ4˸ơȤƳפҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡİйǤ



ޤǤ3ιֺ¤ǤϡѸֻɸಽˤįƤޤϤ褤ḽˤɸಽμ֤ޤޤ15 Chancery Standard ˻Ϥޤꡤ1617ˤƤ Shakespeareض١αѸ켭λФơ18--19μ˻ޤǤλܤñֻɤɤޤθ塤ꥫѸֻƸֻפưޤǤեơѸֻβˤĤͽǤƻαñֻζ򼨤ʤ⤷ޤΤǡ»Ҥˤʤ뤳ȤϤޤ
ֺܹ¤ˤؿΤϡΥڡꤪߤֺϡ̤Τۤ饤ǤλäǽǤޤϿޤȡָ1ָ֡ƨۿפİǤޤԹΤ褤ˡǤäФȻפޤ꡼ֺ¤ǤϤޤƲƤΩƤޤΤǡΤߤñȯΤäǤޤäꤢޤ󡥤ʤֺ¤ѤϡüԤγͤŻŪۤͽǤ
ܥ꡼ȴϢơʲ hellog Voicy heldio ۿ⤴Ȥ

Ρ1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤꡡ

heldio #668. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
hellog #5088. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5119. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ1򽪤ޤ ([2023-05-03-1])

Ρ2󡡸űѸֻ --- ޻μʤ

hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
hellog #5207. īΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤפ򽪤ޤ ([2023-07-30-1])

Ρ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡ

hellog #5263. 107ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡס ([2023-09-24-1])
heldio #848. Ѹɸʤֻ --- 107ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ3˸ơ2023ǯ926

Ρ4󡡶Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ

heldio #971. Ѹֻ --- 224ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ4˸ơ2024ǯ127

¿ΤäԤƤޤ

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2023-07-09 Sun

#5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][mode][corpus][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][periodisation]

6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤҤǤޤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤Ǥ¼Ļر̾ˤԼԤ̳졤¾6̾θԤɮ˲ääƤޤܽˤĤƤϡǤˤΥ֥ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפǾҲ𤹤뵡񤬤ޤ

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

ΤӡܽᤰäԼԤν¼Ȥ̤뵡˷äޤޤ̤ͻҤϡī Voicy ֱͥѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤ#769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡ȤۿƤޤΤ27ʬۤɤȤʤäƤޤ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİС



ǥ󥰥ץ5ץˤǤϡ̼Ͽˤäܽɽ沼Υӥå٥μ̿ˤĤƤεŤ΢äҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
󡤤ҶѸʸˡѲˤĤƴؿ󤻤ƤС


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-07-07 Fri

#5184. ¼إꥹůؼԤαѸ١ʳҡ2023ǯ [review][mode][philosophy][toc]

#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ԥν¼Ļر̾ˤǯҤ⤦1ФƤޤإꥹůؼԤαѸ --- ̻ŪǤܤ꤬Ǥ


 ¼إꥹůؼԤαѸ --- ̻Ū١ҡ2023ǯ



ܽϳҤθ졦ʸ99ƤȤƽǤ줿ΤǤʽϡ2017ǯƱ65Sherlock Holmes αѸ2020ǯ86õ微αѸ --- ѸδǤƤޤˡ
ܽϡ16--206ͤΥꥹůؼԤ˾ơαѸʬϤʸˡŪʸŪħ⤭ĦˤƤޤν񤤤Ѹ¤٤뤳Ȥǡ˶Ѹ̤ƤαѸ̻ŪѲפǤ褦ˤʤäƤޤѸˤѸ̻ŪѲ˴ؿΤϤ󡤥ꥹиůؼԤν񤤤ʸ˴ؿΤˤ⡤ؤ٤뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ
ʲܽξΩƤȤȤˡ夲줿ůؼԤ󤷤ޤ



1ϡ --- ůؼԤ濴
2ϡѸȤ
3ϡůؼԤαѸ (1) --- Francis Bacon1561--1626
4ϡůؼԤαѸ (2) --- Thomas Hobbes1588--1679
5ϡůؼԤαѸ (3) --- John Locke1632--1704
6ϡůؼԤαѸ (4) --- David Hume1711--1776
7ϡůؼԤαѸ (5) --- John Stuart Mill1806--1873
8ϡůؼԤαѸ (6) --- Bertrand Russell1872--1970
9ϡ̻Ūͻ




¼إꥹůؼԤαѸ --- ̻Ū١ҡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-23-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-07-05 Wed

#5182. ʸܤȿС [gcs][archer][corpus][mode][gerund][infinitive][complementation]

Ѹˤˤϡ#4635. "Great Complement Shift" ([2022-01-04-1]) ȤĬή롤Ȥ롥ʸι¤ (complementation) ȤȤ that ᤫؤȿܤư̾ؤȿܤƤѲǤ롥űѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǤäȿʹԤ³ƤƤꡤ©Ĺ
ȯ䤵줿#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1]) ǡԤν (242--44) ʸ (gcs) ΰȿΤ褦ˤߤ붽̣򼨤Ƥ롥
Ѹ̤ơ~뤿ˡפ̣ in order ... ɽŤư̾ȤäƤȤ줬ʽФ that ޤǿʽФƤȤΤǤ롥ʳδϢɽϤޤܤ򳵴ѤȡΤ褦ˤʤȤ

to the end that/to the end to V

in order to NP/ing

in order to V

in order that ~ may


ˤС ARCHER Corpus Ǹ̤˴ŤʥꥪȤȤܤν˽äɽŪʸ5ĵ󤲤ƤΤǡ˺ƷǤ롥

... they were all Committed to Newgate, in order to their being Tried next Sessions. (1682 2PROI.N1)
I know not whether it might not be worth a Poet's while, to travel in order to store is mind with ... (1714 BERK.X2)
... every moral agent must exist forever, in order to the proper and full exercise of moral government. (1789 HOPK.H4)
... consequently I cut away all the cerebrum until the corpus callosum appeared, in order that I might the more readily examine the lateral ventricles. (1820 A.M5)
Not because I want to undervalue the importance of these signs, but in order that I may impress upon you how important it is to Subject ...


Τʸܤ򴬤ᤷΤ褦ʽοܤȤʤäƤ롥̤θˤΤʤΤ뤤϶ȯŪ㳰Ȥߤʤ٤ʤΤ̣

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-06-19 Mon

#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯ [review][mode][corpus][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][periodisation][youtube]

ѸʸˡѲˤĤƥѥѤƼ¾Ū˸椷ͽҤǤޤѸʬΰdzƤ7̾Ҹ׻ᡤʡᡤսᡤܻһᡤ滳ᡤüᡤ¼ˤˤҤǤԤꤴܤޤͳ˴פޤ


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



ܤκħϡƾϤ15--20γͻϰϤȤƤ뤳ȤǤܤȾиꤵƤꡤ¬ȤʤäƤΤǤΤȤ줿̻ŪθȤʤäƤޤ֤ϤפƬ˼Τ褦ˤޤ (v)

ܽ϶Ѹ1500--PresentˤˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƥѥλѤˤ¾ŪǤ롥
ޤDZѸˤεҤˤ̤˽Ҥ٤뤳ȤϤޤʤä褦˻פ롥ҤȤĤˤϤۤȤɤθѲǤ뤿ᡤεҤ񤷤Ȥ롥ʤ顤ʸػˤʤɤǤ̤Ϥ̤Ǥ㤨СOxford History of English Literature 12 volumesˡΤȤ⤢äƤѸˤˤƤǶ Kytö et al. (2006), Mair (2006) ʤɤǤ졤줾1920αѸˤѲħ˾򤢤ƤƤ롥
ܽǤ϶Ѹˤ嵭Τ褦ѲϢ³ȳħª뤿ˡʲɮԤδ֤Ƕͭ

1. ƤμɮԤ϶̹ܡư졤ˡʸˤĤƽҤ٤롥
2. ʳιܤǡħȹͤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƽҤ٤롥
3. ŻҥѥƥȤäơ¾Ū˵Ҥ롥


Ѹˤλʬ (periodisation) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#5140. ֱѸˤλʬ׷֤ο֤ ([2023-05-24-1]) Ǽ夲ʤɤ伫ȤĹ餯ͤƤޤָűѸפֶѸפʤɤȥ٥ŽΤǤϤʤäѤñ̤ڤ롤뤤ϸڤȤΤϳΤ˰ŪǤϤޤǤCurzan (33) Ҥ٤褦ˡ٥򤱤ΩԤñ̤򹥤褦Ǥ츫̵ʻʬΤ褦Ǥơषɤ߼ޤϢ³ռȤ̤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܽǤϥѥѤŪǼ¾Ūʸ椬Ҳ𤵤Ƥꡤʬ򸦵椹並ԤˤϡˡޤľܻͤˤʤޤޤʸˡѲʸѲȤäƤⰷ٤¿ˤ錄ΤǤƾϤǤϳαѸͻǤȤ櫓פʹܤФƤꡤؤͭѤǤ
ǽϤΤΤޤȤȤʤäƤꡤäƾϤΤ̤ʬ줿Τľ졤ɤ߼λ볦äꤷޤʸ⽼¤ƤꡤѸ鸽˻ޤǤʸˡѲ˴ؿΤˤϡҼ˼äƤ餤Ǥ᤿Ȼפޤ
Ԥΰܻ͡ҤĻرءˤˤޤƤϡܽνǤ򸫤ˤµ줿ȤܤޤᤷߤǤäѤǤ̽ʡ򤪵ꤤޤ

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
Curzan, Anne. "Periodization in the History of the English Language." Chapter 12 of The History of English. 1st vol. Historical Outlines from Sound to Text. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 8--35.

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2018-01-12 Fri

#3182. ARCHER colour color ̻ŪƺĴ [ame_bre][spelling][archer][corpus][mode][webster]

ճȴñˤǤĴȤơɸҲ𤷤Ƹ쥳ѥ#1802. ARCHER 3.2 ([2014-04-03-1]) Ѥơֻαƺ̻ŪĴڤ˹Ԥ롥ȤơǤΤƤ <colour> <color> αƺĴ٤Ƥߤ褦
ARCHER Untagged ˥ "colour*" "color*" 졤줾η̤Ф#1808. ARCHER ̤λߥʬġ (ARCHER Period-Genre Sorter) ([2014-04-09-1]) ˤơưŪ4Ĥοɽ롥οɽˤꡤξֻαƺˤĤơ1600--1999ǯ8ʬ̤ˡ12Υ̤Ӥ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥ʬȥϰʲ̤ꡥ

P1 = 1600--49, P2 = 1650--99, P3 = 1700--49, P4 = 1750--99, P5 = 1800--49, P6 = 1850--99, P7 = 1900--49, P8 = 1950--99
a = advertising, d = drama, f = fiction, h = sermons, j = journals, l = legal, m = medicine, n = news, p = early prose, s = science, x = letters, y = diaries

ǤϡޤꥹѸ줫ߤƤοɽŪʥꥹ <colour> οͤ򼨤ŵŪ˥ꥫڥ󥰤Ȥ <color> οͤǤ롥Ԥ΢ڤ餺ꥹѸǤϻˤ餺ۤ <colour> ݤȤäƤ褤

<colour> in BrE in ARCHER
<color> in BrE in ARCHER

˥ꥫѸη̤ѸˤδԤ΢ڤʤP41750--99ǯˤޤǤѤ <colour> ֻŪP5 ʹߤष <color> ӤƤP5 ȤСNoah Webster An American Dictionary of the English Language Ǥ1828ǯޤȾλʬǤꡤƹ񼰥ڥ󥰤θǯλ֤򤫤Ĥ夷Ƥͤ褯ɽ路Ƥ롥

<colour> in AmE in ARCHER
<color> in AmE in ARCHER

ߤĶ Google Books Ngram Viewer ˴ñ˥Ǥ뤿ᡤARCHER ⤵˴ؤƱ褦ĴԤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ARCHER Ǥϥ󥳡󥹡饤Ф뤿ʸȤ̣뤳ȤǤ뤷ҥåȷȤǤޤʤۤɤޤȤΤ⡤ͤ褦ˤäƤȤ롥פϻȤARCHER Ѥ¾ĴȤơ#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1])#1807. ARCHER between betwixt ([2014-04-08-1])#1752. interpretor interpreter (2) ([2014-02-12-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-12-1] [2020-09-17-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-05 Sat

#2749. "Present Perfect Puzzle" --- ḽѸ줫Ρְȿ [perfect][aspect][tense][adverb][present_perfect_puzzle][mode]

#2492. ɽ魯ȴλΡԡ˶ ([2016-02-22-1])#2633. ʤߴλϲɽ魯ȶǤʤΤ --- Present Perfect Puzzle ([2016-07-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡѸˤϡߴλȲλɽ魯϶ǤʤȤ§롥ȤѸȤ櫓ѸǤϡΤ褦ʶ㤬롥ѸˤơʤΤ褦µ§ޤäΤȤꡤ "Present Perfect Puzzle" ˤĤƤϡ͡ƤʤƤˤϲƤʤ
Visser (2197) ꡤѸ20ޤ夫򤤤Ĥ

1601 Shakesp., All's Well IV, iii, 3, I have delivered it an hour since.
1669 Pepys's Diary April 11th, which I have forgot to set down in my Journal yesterday.
1777 Sheridan, School f. Sc. I, i, I am told he has had another execution in the house yesterday.
1820 Scott. Monastery XXX, The Englishman . . . has murdered young Halbert . . . yesterday morning.
1847 Ch. Brontë, Jane Eyre XVI, Indeed I have seen Blanche, six or seven years ago, when she was a girl of eighteen.
1912 Standard, Aug. 16, Prince Henry has decided to travel to Tokio by the overland route. Twice already he has visited Japan, in 1892 and 1900 (Kri).
1920 Galsworthy, In Chancery IV, I have been to Richmond last Sunday.
1962 Everyman's Dictionary of Literary Biography p. 609--10, He [sc. Shakespeare] is, of course, unmeasurably the greatest of all English writers, and has been so recognized even in those periods that were antipathetic to the Elizabethan genius.

Τ褦ʸŪʵ§æƤˤĤơVisser (2197) ¾θԤ򻲾ȤĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Several scholars (e.g. 1958 F. T. Wood; 1926 Poutsma) account for these idioms by suggesting that the writer or speaker has embarked on the given form before the idea of a temporal adjunct comes into his mind, and then adds this adjunct as a kind of afterthought. Another explanation is based on the assumption that instances like those quoted here may be seen as survivals of a usage that formerly---when there was not yet the strict line of demarcation between the different uses---occurred quite normally.


Ǥ2ĤƤʤƤ뤬Ԥ "afterthought" 򤷤䤹嵭Τ٤Ƥ夫פĤƤդ­ȤǤ뤫ɤϡҴŪȽǤǤʤ褦˻פ롥2ΡָŤλ¸ϡ̤ʤΤ⤷ʤѸˤƤζ¤ݤ줿ΤϤʤȤ "Present Perfect Puzzle" ľܤΤǤϤʤ
Υѥ̤ȸ虜ʤ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-11-06-1]

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2014-05-15 Thu

#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) [punctuation][printing][mode][writing][standardisation][lexical_diffusion][swift][capitalisation]

#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1]) ˤ褦ˡAddison, Dryden, Swift ʤɤγ17--18ˤϡ̾θƬʸϤäν񤭼μݤϥɤȤʤ̾ʸ뤳Ȥä̾ǤвǤʸȤHorobin (157) ˤСδظˤϿβäȤ

The convention seems to have been for a writer to leave the business of spelling to the compositors who were responsible for setting the type for printed texts. This practice led to the introduction of a distinctive feature of punctuation found in this period: the capitalization of nouns. This practice has its origins in an author's wish to stress certain important nouns within a piece of writing. Because ultimate authority for spelling and punctuation lay with compositors, who were often unable to distinguish capital letters from regular ones in current handwriting, they adopted a policy of capitalization of nouns by default.


#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1]) εǻȤ (45--46) ϡȼԤˤƤƥȤνǽ˱ƶڤܤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥

줿ƥȤǤϡǽΥǤʬŪˡǽΥǤϤۤȤɤäѤ黺ȵФƽ񤭼ɬϤ⤿ʤ¤Ϥ椨ˡʬܤ줿ΤɤȤϡʬǽ񤤤ΤȤ̤ܤˤƤ봶ΤǤ롥줿ΤФƤ븢Ҥγˤ롥


θ塤̾θƬϤ٤ʸȤˡδĹ³Ĥɸಽ뤳ȤϤʤä񤭸դɸಽˤ뿢ȤŪˤդƤɬפʤǶθǤϰȼԤν񤭸ɸಽؤδͿ⾮˸Ѥ뷹ǧ뤬δͿΤΤǧƤ櫓ǤϤʤβϴְ㤤ʤäϢơcat:printing standardisation ΤĤε򻲾Ȥ줿
ѸǤǤڤˤʤä̾ʸδϥɥĸǤɸಽƤ롥ϥɥĸˤˤϰŤǯ8 Oslo ؤdz줿 ICHL 21 (International Conference on Historical Linguistics) ˻äޤˡɥĸˤ뤳ζˡȯŸˤĤƤθȯɽꡤ̣İ긵˻ĤäƤˤȡɥĸǤ16--17ˤδȯŸǽ餫餹٤Ƥ̾줬ʸ줿櫓ǤϤʤ[+animal] ΰ̣̾줫Ϥޤꡤ[+agentive], [+material] ʤɤνǿʹԤȤŪˤ⡤ȤƤΤۤŪȤƤ̾ʸᤫäȤֻѲóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ˽ΤȴؿΤФƤ롥
޻ˤʸȾʸζ̤ȯˤĤƤϡ#1309. ʸȾʸ ([2012-11-26-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
١롦 衡ʸȥߥ˥١ҡʸ˥ӡ1988ǯ

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2014-04-09 Wed

#1808. ARCHER ̤λߥʬġ (ARCHER Period-Genre Sorter) [cgi][web_service][corpus][archer][mode]

2֤ε#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1]) ȡ#1807. ARCHER between betwixt ([2014-04-08-1]) ǡARCHER Untagged ѤơѰ۷٤̻ŪˤɤΤ褦˿ܤƤĴ
ѸνޤॳѥȤƤϡۤ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence, LC (The Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts), CLMET3.0 (The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, version 3.0), PPCMBE, COHA ʤɤꡤ줾ħ뤬ARCHER ϡ1600--1999ǯȤޤȤޤä֤򥫥СѼ綠줾ˤĤƥʬʤƤꡤŪ緿˥ѥȤƲͤ⤤#1802. ARCHER 3.2 ([2014-04-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤߥ־ǰ̸ƤǤˤĤƤϡޤʤɤƤ餺ǽ¤Ѥ뤳ȤϤǤʤ׼ǤȳѤǤ롥Ƥ Frequency lists Keywords εǽϥǥͭ˻ȤѥΤñ٥ꥹ (TXT)Ƥ롥
̻ŪʸѲȤ ARCHER ˾ൡǽϡ2֤εĴ褦ˡ븡٤ɤäơʤĤǤ˥̤ˡˤɤΤ褦˿ܤƤ򡤴ñ˳ǧǤ褦ˤ뤳ȤRestricted query ǻȥʤꡤ˸ϤƥҥåȿƤ椯ȤȤϼȤǤǤ뤬֤뤷ݤ#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1]) COHA Ǥϡ̻Ūʰǽˤ뵡ǽƤΤǡARCHER Ǥ;פƱͤεǽߤʤ롥ǡߤΤʤкäƤޤȤȤǡñʥץȤȤARCHER θ̤Υ󥳡󥹡饤ˤϡƥȤɽ魯ե̾դƤ뤬ե̾λͤˤС3ʸ줾쥸롤ѼΤ줫ɽ魯ȤʤäƤ롥ǡ̤򥳥ԡơʲΥƥȥܥåŽդƤȡŬڤ˥ե̾Ϥ롤Ѽ老Ȥ˥ҥåȿƤ졤ղƤȤġ (ARCHER Period-Genre Sorter) ARCHER ǤνϷ̤ڡˤޤˤϡ뤬ƥڡ򥳥ԥڤѤƤФ褤

    


ΥġλѤαȤơδ֤ǻ٤षȵ4졤shall, thou (= thou, thy, thee, thine), upon, whom 夲롥ϡꥹѸΥ֥ѥΤߤ˸ꤷʲϡġ뤬֤ɽȤ˥ղΤǤ롥ʥġ뤬ɤΤ褦˵ǽ뤫ǧ뤿ˡ ARCHER ˤ 'thou' νϷ̤Υƥȥե (194KB) ƤΥƥȥܥå˥ԥڤ줿

'shall', 'thou', 'upon', and 'whom' in ARCHER

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-12-1]

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2014-04-08 Tue

#1807. ARCHER between betwixt [spelling][corpus][archer][mode]

ε#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1]) ˰³[2014-04-03-1]εǾҲ𤷤#1802. ARCHER 3.2פѤơ̤פࡥɸ between betwixt θѸˤʬۤˤĤơ#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ˤARCHER Untagged ǤϤɤΤ褦Ĵ̤Ф
ˤäƤϡȤ櫓17ʳǤֻޤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤᡤ줾θΰֻθ줿Ūˤϡbetween Ȥ between, betweene, betwen, betwene, betwn betwixt Ȥ betwixt, betwext ֻȤƵ󤬤äƤƱͤˡҥåȿ12뤪1600--1999ǯ50ǯߤˤ8ʬƿ夲ʲˡ׷̤ΥդΤ߼ʥǡեɽϥHTML򻲾Ȥ줿ˡʤbetwixt and between ηǤ1⸽Ƥʤ

'between' or 'betwixt' in ARCHER

ΤȤơ17--19ΤɤλˤƤ between ݤƤ뤳Ȥϡ CLMET3.0 ˤĴ̤ͽۤ줿ȤǤ롥P2--P3 (1650--1749) λ˸¤äƤǤϤ뤬betwixt 20%ۤɤΥƤȤ¤ܤƤ褤P1Υ֥ѥ¾γƻΥ֥ѥ1/3ۤɤεϤǤ뤳ȤˤաˡCLMET3.0 ˤĴǤ18ޤǤ bewixt 10%ۤɤΥƤȤ̤ФƤ뤫顤绨Ĥˤä1750ǯ餤ޤǤ betwix between ΰ۷ȤƤʤ¸ߴ򼨤ƤȤǧǤ

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2014-04-07 Mon

#1806. ARCHER shew show [spelling][corpus][archer][mode]

ɸθֻѰۤˤĤơ#1415. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1])#1416. shew show (2) ([2013-03-13-1])#1716. shew show (3) ([2014-01-07-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϡ[2014-04-03-1]εǾҲ𤷤#1802. ARCHER 3.2פѤơѸˤξֻʬۤƳǧ褦
ARCHER: A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers Untagged ǡshew (shew, shews, shewed, shewn, shewing) show (show, shows, showed, shown, showing) θ򸡺ҥåȿ12뤪1600--1999ǯ50ǯߤˤ8ʬƿ夲ǡեɽϥHTML򻲾ȤƤ餦Ȥơ̤򥰥ղΤΤ߼

'shew' or 'show' in ARCHER

ιθϤƤȤơ̻Ūʿܤܤ褦P1 (1600--49) P4 (1750--99) ޤǡĤޤ17--18ˤϡ٤ shew Τۤ show ͥP5 (1800--49) ξԤ褽¤١P6 ʹߤˤ showshew षƤ椯ƤȤ롥οܤγפϡεĴ Helsinki Corpus PPCMBE η̤Ȥ礹뤬CLMET3.0 η̤ȤϾۤʤ롥CLMET3.0 Ǥϡ[2014-01-07-1]εǸ褦ˡ18椫٤ show shew Ū˾äƤΤǤ롥Υѥ֤ΰ㤤ƥѥɽΰ㤤ˤΤʤΤȤ⥸ʬͿƤΤ뤤ʣθ礷ƿȤͳ褹ΤʤΤܤĴƤʤP1Υ֥ѥˤĤƤϡ¾γƻΥ֥ѥ1/3ۤɤεϤǤ뤳ȤաˡξŪǤϤʤshew οȤǹͤΤǤСΥѥ򻲾ȤƤ⡤19ȾνȤߤʤƤ褤

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2014-04-03 Thu

#1802. ARCHER 3.2 [corpus][archer][mode][frequency]

ǯΤȤˤʤ뤬Ƹ쥳ѥ ARCHER: A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers Untagged 줿ܺ٤ϡ DocumentationVARIENG ˤѥβɤѸ˸Υ饤ꡤߤεARCHERοǸ⻲ͤˤʤ롥
ARCHER ϡ1990ǯƬ Biber and Finegan ԻƤΤǡߤǤ14ؤƱǴƤ롥2013ǯ˸줿3.2Ǥ Manchester ( David Denison and Nuria Yáñez-Bouza) ˤ󶡤Ǥ롥ѥƤӤüŪɽС"a multi-genre historical corpus of British and American English covering the period 1600--1999. The corpus has been designed as a tool for the analysis of language change and variation in a range of written and speech-based registers of English." ȤȤǤ롥
ѥεϤ1,710ե롤3,298,080줫ʤꡤǤα6:4ۤɡޤȤ8Ƥˤ12˥ʬƤ (a = advertising, d = drama, f = fiction, h = sermons, j = journals, l = legal, m = medicine, n = news, p = early prose, s = science, x = letters, y = diaries) եȸϰʲ̤ꡥ

BRITISHadfhjlmnpsxyTOTAL
1600--49files01000010001000030
words032,34200021,0260032,74100086,109
1650--99files0101110101021100107510177
words030,32841,66721,81821,18620,46623,81122,304021,42738,76720,488262,262
1700--49files0101110111014100107710173
words027,86244,05721,51123,26521,31522,06621,612020,81233,89620,495256,891
1750--99files10101010101020100107011181
words25,38627,48445,19821,75221,28420,36721,00223,172020,59929,58923,043278,876
1800--49files10101010111010100102510126
words30,80431,21145,10721,77723,24920,53120,28622,951021,01512,67120,883270,485
1850--99files10101010101010100102610126
words30,68434,85643,42721,32221,24320,75722,26523,072021,81010,81921,789272,044
1900--49files10111010101010100102910130
words26,71731,39145,40821,12322,20821,16020,21321,977021,66412,52922,424266,814
1950--99files10111010101013100102810132
words23,43732,20045,10921,09322,72320,72120,99422,935021,38511,36122,060264,018
TOTALfiles50827270728098701070330711,075
words137,028247,674309,973150,396155,158166,343150,637158,02332,741148,712149,632151,1821,957,499
AMERICANadfhjlmnpsxyTOTAL
1750--99files310101010129100105810152
words9,21429,98038,98021,27121,89641,17723,54122,265020,66827,86021,315278,167
1800--49files1101001012010010101083
words2,82240,56844,676021,47633,409037,107020,90420,73920,695242,396
1850--99files8101110101010100102811128
words24,48032,72144,39421,05622,43628,50620,54721,994021,31111,36123,419272,225
1900--49files101010010110150105210138
words30,46052,51453,430021,66121,607022,802020,98425,02120,731269,210
1950--99files10101010101210100123010134
words29,56331,03744,38221,05122,10925,51722,61723,069025,62311,96121,654278,583
TOTALfiles325051305057295505217851635
words96,539186,820225,86263,378109,578150,21666,705127,2370109,49096,942107,8141,340,581


Documentation ΥڡꡤñꥹɲǽդθǽǤ⤤ȤȤʤΤǡԤ#1752. interpretor interpreter (2) ([2014-02-12-1]) εǾȤäƤߤΤǡ⻲Ȥ

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2013-04-15 Mon

#1449. ˤơ [category][number][gender][tense][aspect][person][mode][terminology][sapir-whorf_hypothesis][linguistic_relativism]

ؤǤ (category) ȤѸ줬Ѥ롥ȤȤůѸǤꡤܸΡơפϡΡؽС٤Ρֹ϶ơפȤȤФȤˡѸ category ɥĸ Kategorie ȤơůؤΰˡůϺʰˤäΤȤ롥ϥꥷ katēgoríā Ǥꡤư katēgoreîn kata- (against) + agoreúein (to speak in the assembly) 롥ָξǾǧ줦Ūʳǰβߤʤפۤɤθ˴Ťơꥹȥƥ쥹ϡʬκǤŪʵꡤʤǹ೵ǰפθȯŸʹߡŪʰŪʸƱΤΤν°ࡦפȯŸƤ
Ѹ category ⡤ޤ16ůѸȤƥƥ줫Ƴ졤17դѸȤƻȤФߤǤϡOALD8 "a group of people or things with particular features in common" ȤꡤﲽѸȹͤƤ褤
ǤϡؤѤơפȤϲѸȤäơŪñʤࡦפθǻȤ櫓ǤϤʤǤϡŪƤζ򸫤Ƥߤ褦ʸˡǤʸˡ (grammatical category) ȤȤ뤬㤨п (number) ; (person) (tense) ˡ (mode) ʤɤ󤲤롥ư濴ȤŪޤˤƤ (gender or sex) ʤɸŪʤΤ⤢뤷ꡦ (definiteness) (aspect) ʤɤŪʤΤ⤢롥Ƥϱʸˡκܤˤ븶ǤꡤʸˡҤ˷礫ʤǰȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥ褦ʵϤ뤬ǤϡŪƤ򤺤ФȤ񤷤Τ褷ƤΤϡBloomfield Ǥ롥ʲ˰Ѥ褦

Large form-classes which completely subdivide either the whole lexicon or some important form-class into form-classes of approximately equal size, are called categories. (270)


ʸˡ (gender) ǹͤƤߤȤ狼䤹̾ȤýȤȡ㤨Хե󥹸ˤϷŪŪʿ񤤤˱ơϤ礭ۤʤʤ2ʬ礬̤롥̾̾դ¾̾̾դζ̤δΤȤƤƤ֡Ȥ櫓Ǥ롥
category θŪˡŪˡǤϤʤůŪˡܶᤷƤ뤳ȤϡŪƤΤθ׹ͼľ뤷䤹Ǥ롥ˤĤƤ⡤Bloomfield Ф餷

The categories of a language, especially those which affect morphology (book : books, he : she), are so pervasive that anyone who reflects upon his language at all, is sure to notice them. In the ordinary case, this person, knowing only his native language, or perhaps some others closely akin to it, may mistake his categories for universal forms of speech, or of "human thought," or of the universe itself. This is why a good deal of what passes for "logic" or "metaphysics" is merely an incompetent restating of the chief categories of the philosopher's language. A task for linguists of the future will be to compare the categories of different languages and see what features are universal or at least widespread. (270)


Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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