5ۤ Voicy heldio ˤơꥹʡ lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡκǿ˴Ť#1357. Ƭ con- ñϤޤ³ --- lacolaco ΡֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǿꤹ벻ۿϤ
1ĤȤơ֥ͥפбñֻ connection connexion δ֤ɤ郎줿ԤֻŪꥹǤϸԤֻ⸫Ȥdeflection, inflection, reflection ˤĤƤƱͤˡ㡼 <-ction> Фƥޥʡ <-xion> ⼭ϿƤ롥complexion ˤĤƤϡषֻΤۤŪ complection ϵǤ롥
嵭 heldio ۿ塤˴ؿ줿ꥹʡ~ߤ-ction v.s. -xionꤷ Google Ngram ǤĴȹ碌ƵƤ롥
⤳꤬ˤʤäơĴ٤ƤߤȤΤ⡤伫ȤθơޤѸζ (inflection) ˤˤꡤԸʸ inflexion ֻ褯ܤˤƤ
Upward and Davidson (167--68) ˤСѸǤŪˤ <-xion> ̤˸줿ꥫμԻȤֻԤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) <-ction> Τۤ侩ΤȤ19鸽ˤƤ <-ction> ΰ̲ˡWebster αƶä餷
-XION and -CTION
Complexion, crucifixion, fluxion are standard ModE forms, and connexion, deflexion, inflexion exist as alternatives to connection, etc.
Complexion derives from the past participle plexum from the Lat verb plectere; although ME and EModE used such alternatives as complection, complection, ModE is firm on the x-spelling.
Crucifixion derives from the participle fixum of figere 'to fix'; the form crucifixion has been consistently used in the Christian tradition, and *crucifiction is not attested.
Fluxion is similarly determined by the Lat participle fluxum; the verb fluere offers no -CT- alternative.
Uncertainty has arisen in the case of connexion, deflexion, inflexion because, despite the Lat participles nexum, flexum with x, the corresponding infinitives, nectere, flectere have given rise to the Eng verbs connect, deflect, inflect.
In his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), the American lexicographer Noah Webster . . . recommended the -CT- forms, which (despite ModFr connexion, deflexion, inflexion are today found much more frequently.
ñ㲽Ƥ <-xion> ϥƥβʬ˴ŤĤѤեŪֻǤꡤ<-ction> ϥƥ˴Ť侩ꥫѸŪֻȤȤˤʤ롥crucifixion <-xion> Ȥ֤ʤΤϡͤɽݤ <X> ȴطΤǤ롥
ȴϢơ#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Τ餻֤Τۤإͥפ2κꥹȤޤIJǤɤѤ
ƱνΰʼȱĤƤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥκǿϡ˸줿#251. ԻԤΤ륦֥Υꥹ֤ colour 饢ꥫ color ؤ֤פظˤΤϡǤꥫѸμԻԤȤΤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) ˡѸˤδäưǤ
ưǤϡԻԤȤƤΤߤʤ餺֥Τ⤦1Ĥ¦ֻ̡ԤȤƤΥ֥Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ colour ֻ color ˡ centre center ˲뱿ưƳꥫѸΥꥹѸ줫Ωĥޤ
֥ϤȤȶԤȤƳưƤꡤѸζʽʤɤƶ˹ƤޤνǤꡤ Blue-Backed Speller ȤΤ褦ˤʤäֻܤ֤褦졤θ100ǯ֤8000٥ȥ顼Ȥʤޤ
ޤ֥ϰζʪǡꥫΩˤ⻲路Ƥޤºݡֻˤ⡤ȿꥹȿɤäƤޤβפΤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤޤ嵭Τ褦˰βƤϼ졤ꥫѸֻȤ夷ޤ֥̾ϡζФǮȥꥫΩ˻٤ƤȤޤ
֥ˤĤƤ hellog Ǥ webster γƵǽƤޤȤ櫓ʲȤ
#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1])
#2905. Benjamin Franklin ˱ƶ Noah Webster ([2017-04-10-1])
#3087. Noah Webster ([2017-10-09-1])
#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥס ([2018-03-18-1])
#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1])
#4735. ʤ Webster ֻפʤ ([2022-04-14-1])
#3082. "spelling bee" εȯã ([2017-10-04-1]) ǡꥫǤ "spelling bee" Ȥڥ̱Ū͵ؤäƤ롥ˤ Scripps National Spelling Bee ȸƤФ롥ꥹʤɤ¾αѸǤб붥Ϥ뤬ꥫǮŪʿ͵ˤϵڤФʤ褦Horobin (199--200) ꡤspelling_bee αפսѤ롥
The spelling bee began in the 1700s, forming a key part of a child's education. By 1800 spelling bees came to be viewed more as social entertainment; such frivolous pleasures were frowned upon by the Puritans who rebranded them as spelling 'schools' in an attempt to re-assert their educational focus. Spelling bees gradually fell out of favour in New England society, but were preserved within a frontier culture for whom correct spelling was still considered an index of education and social status. The publication of The Hoosier Schoolmaster (1871) led to a craze in spelling contests, following which the term spelling bee was introduced. The use of the word bee to refer to a social gathering of this kind, often with a specific purpose in mind, such as apple-bee, husking bee, or the more sinister lynching-bee, is based upon an allusion to the social character of bees themselves. But while these gatherings were social, they were also highly competitive, as the alternative name 'spelling fight' makes clear. The first national spelling bee was introduced in 1925, subsequently rebranded the Scripps bee in 1941, and is still going strong today. . . . The popularity of the spelling bee is far greater in America than it is in Britain. The British equivalent, the BBC's Hard Spell, was a short-lived innovation, while British schools rarely engage in the spelling bees that are such an integral part of American society.
Ǥϡʤꥫ spelling bee ޤǿ͵ʤΤꥹֻȰ褹륢ꥫȼֻֻԤǤ갦ԤǤ⤢ Noah Webster (1758--1843) ˤäƳʤ줿ȤϡѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥Ω夫ȼֻ夲ƤȤ̱Ūȼ餬ꥫǤΥڥ͵طʤˤΤǤϤʤȻˤǤ롥ˤС罰ˡޤˤǤ褦ˡspelling bee ¿̱²ȥꥫˤȤäơСֹ̱ξħפ˶ᤤΤʤΤǤϤʤꥫϡWebster spelling bee ˻ޤǡֻȤܤ˸Τ̱ν餹٤ϤȤƷǤ뤳Ȥˤäơ̱ɤη«ǤᡤݤȤȤƤΤǤϤʤꥹ spelling bee ؤǮʤȤ椷ơΤ褦˹ͤƤߤǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
ѸֻβפɸಽؤδؿϡѸˤĹˤ錄ä³Ū˴ѻƤűѸ "West-Saxon Schriftsprache" ˡκ1Ѹˤ "AB-language" ֻ Ormulum, Laȝamon ʤɤ֤꤬Ŀͥ٥ˡ˴ؿ16ʹߤˤ (orthoepy) ؤδؿޤꡤȼäƸŪֻԤΩ³˸줿18ʹߤˤ Samuel Johnson Noah Webster ơˡγΩ˴ͿƤˤƤοֻפαưȤƤhellog Ǥ spelling_reform ¿εǿƤ̤Ǥ롥
Crystal (288) ˤȡŪˡ (TO = traditional orthography) Ф˾βפϿ¿뤬4ʬȤ
Standardizing approaches, such as New Spelling . . . , uses familiar letters more regularly (typically, by adding new digraphs . . .); no new symbols are invented.
Augmenting approaches, such as Phonotypy . . . add new symbols; diacritics and invented letters have both been used.
Supplanting approaches replace all TO letters by new symbols, as in Shavian . . . .
Regularizing approaches apply existing rules more consistently or focus on restricted areas of the writing system, as in Noah Webster's changes to US English . . . or those approaches which drop silent or redundant letters, such as Cut Spelling . . . .
ϩϩؤν¤ؤ Regularizing, Standardizing, Augmenting, Supplanting ȤʤޤܳŪֻפϤʤŪ˺פĤ Hart Webster ̾뤯餤Ǥ롥ơŪƤϾ˲ʤΤäѸˤˤֻפϤۤΤäΤǤꡤ⤽³ǽ⤤
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
Ūˤäֻ (spelling_reform) ʤΤǤ롥ºݡѸˤǸ¤ϤۤȤɤʤͳˤĤƤϡ#606. ѸֻפԤͳ ([2010-12-24-1])#2087. ֻפؤοŪ ([2015-01-13-1])#634. ǯֻ (1) ([2011-01-21-1])#635. ǯֻ (2) ([2011-01-22-1]) ʤɤǿƤ
ѸˤˤֻפʤȤߤʤȤΤǤۤͣλ㤬Noah Webster ˤ륢ꥫѸˤֻפǤʲפоݤȤʤäñϡ#3087. Noah Webster ([2017-10-09-1]) ȡˡ
Ǥϡʤ Webster ֻפतʤΤˤĤƤϡ#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1])#3086. ꥫΩȥꥫѸؤλפ ([2017-10-08-1]) Ǥ夲ƤüŪˤСֻ֥פϡȿꥹֻˤȤȤȤǤ롥ꥫΩ̿Ȥȼꥫο͡οȤФ밦˻٤ơ̾Ǥϼ¸ֻפոΤǤ롥Webster ȤԤä
Webster ΰζˤĤƤϾ嵭βεǤڤƤͺۤ˸ĤΤǾҲ𤷤εǤ줿 Coulmas (267) ꥫѸˤ路 Mencken ŬѤʤ顤 Webster ֻǥˤĤưŪʵҤܤƤ롥
Webster was an ardent nationalist who had an intuitive understanding of the symbolic significance of the written language as a national emblem. Like many of his contemporaries in England and in the colonies, Webster promoted a reformed mode of spelling; however, what distinguished him from others is that he realised the political significance of claiming an independent standard for American English. Spelling to him was a way to write history. Webster's various publications on the English language were intended to further America's intellectual independence and to prove political nationalism with a manifest appearance for all to see and identify with. 'As an independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, language as well as government' (Webster 1789: 20).
Reducing the number of letters, weeding out silent letters, and making the spelling more regular were general principles of reform in line with the Enlightenment's call for more rationality. While Webster subscribed to these ideals, to him the 'greatest argument', as Mencken put it, 'was the patriotic one: "A capital advantage of his reform in these States would be that it would make a difference between the English orthography and the American"' (quoted from Mencken 1945 [1919]: 382). Regulating spelling conventions since the Renaissance had been intended to advance homogeneity, but Webster's new spelling was, on the contrary, designed to bring about a schism. Reversing the printers' plea for as wide a distribution of print products as possible, he argued that 'the English would never copy our orthography for their own use' and that the alteration would thus 'render it necessary that all books should be printed in America' (Mencken 1945 [1919]: 382). The assumed economic advantages of a simpler spelling system that would accrue from savings in the cost of teaching as well as publishing books at home rather than buying them from England were an important part of his reasoning.
Self-interest and nationalism thus prevailed over rationalism. Webster's new spelling could succeed because it was supported by a strong political ideology, because it was not so sweeping as to burn all the bridges and make literature in the conventional orthography unintelligible, and because the population concerned was favourably disposed to novelty and not strongly tied to a literary tradition, hailing to a large part from less-educated strata of society. If any generalisation can be drawn from this example, it would seem to be that in spelling reforms ideological motives are more important than correcting system-intrinsic flaws of the extant norm, although it is usually properties of this kind --- irregularity, redundancy, polyvalence --- that are first put forth by reform proponents.
䤬̣줿Τϡ2Ⱦ˸ڤܺ˴ؤ뤯Ǥ롥ꥫֻǰ줿ܤϥꥹǤʤϷ빽ʤȤǤ롥ꥫǰȤĤȤˤʤꡤꥹܤ͢ɬפʤʤ뤫ֻפкŪѥȤͽƤȤСWebsterޤ˶٤Ǥ롥
Coulmas, Florian. "Sociolinguistics and the English Writing System." The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. London: Routledge, 2016. 261--74.
Webster, Noah. Dissertation on the English language. Boston, MA: Isaiah Thomas and Co., 1789. Available online at https://archive.org/stream/dissertationsone00webs#page/20/mode/2up.
Mencken, H. L. The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. 4th ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945 [1919].
ε#4336. Richardson μĹû ([2021-03-11-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡRichardson ϤäʸѤȸ츻Ҥ Horne Tooke ʤʪäƤ롥Tooke ϡŪʸ츻Ѥˤ Richardson Τߤʤ餺 Webster ѤƳ19ȾΥꥹǤ롥
John Horne Tooke (1736--1812) ϡ1758ǯ˥֥åؤ´ȸ塤ˡΧȻ˾ǤϤäδ˾ˤ˽1773ǯȡꥫΩ˺ݤƿ̱¦ΩŪưϤΥե̿ˤƱŪΩꡤȤȤƸʤɤͫܤˤäƤ롥
Τ褦ưŸ֡ůؤؤδؿŪҤԤʤäƤ1778ǯˤ³ that ˴ؤ A Letter to John Dunning, Esq. ФƤ롥ơ2Τ Epea Pteroenta or, the Diversions of Purley (1786, 1805) Ǥ롥1000Ǥ˵ڤָůؤȸ츻˴ؤ줬ȤʤäƤϴȤäƤ٤츻ܤʤΤǤ롥
Dixon ˤ뤳δ͡βʸѤ褦 (150)
He [Tooke] maintained that originally language consisted just of nouns and verbs with everything else (adjectives, prepositions, pronouns, articles, and so on) being abbreviations of underlying noun and verb sequences. He also believed that each word had a definite meaning which had remained constant from its origin. What makes the modern reader squirm most is the way in which Horne Took applied these principles, absolutely off the top of his head. For example, conjunction through was believed to be related to noun door, and conjunction if was said to have come from the imperative form of verb give. If did have the form gif in Old English and verb give was giefan, but these are not cognate, the similarity of form being coincidental.)
Sometimes there was vague similarity of form, other times not. 'I believe that up means the same as top or head, and is originally derived from a noun of the latter signification'. 'From means merely beginning, and nothing else', so that in 'Lamp hangs from cieling (sic)'), it is the case that 'Cieling (is) the place of beginning to hang.'
There are dozens more of such mental meanderings, lacking any basis in fact. From actually goes back to preposition *per in PIE and up to PIE preposition *upo. It is true that some prepositions have developed from lexical words, but none in the way Horne Tooke imagined. Through relates to the PIE verb *tere- 'to cross over, pass through, overcome'. . . . Door is a development from *dhwer, which meant 'door, doorway' in PIE.
Horne Tooke's book was simply a raft of wild ideas. There may have been other books of this nature, but the scarcely believable fact is that The Diversions of Purley was accepted by the British public as an example of brilliant insight. Philosopher James Mill found Horne Tooke's work 'profound and satisfactory', 'to be ranked with the very highest discoveries which illustrate the names of speculative men'. The account of conjunctions 'instantly appeared to the learned so perfectly satisfactory as to entitle the author to some of the highest honours of literature'.
ؤȤ William Jones ˤӸ (comparative_linguistics) ü郎ĤĤäΤΡꥹؤܳŪƳϤʤƤ餺Tooke ¯䤹ʳŪʸ츻Ϲɾʤůؼ James Mill 仿ۤɡˡ䡤ष Tooke νˤꡤꥹؤӸؤƳ٤줿Ȥ餤뤫⤷ʤʺڡڸp. 353ˡ
1840ǯޤǤˤϡꥹ Tooke ѤȴФƤTooke νϡ"gratuitous", "incorrect", "fallacious", "frivolous" ʤɤηƻɾȤʤäƤΤǤ (Dixon 151)
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
#3155. Charles Richardson A New Dictionary of the English Language (1836--37) ([2017-12-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡRichardson (1775--1865) αѸ켭ϡJohnson, Webster, OED ȤˤήΤʤפƤꡤǤϤޤܤߤ뤳Ȥʤ19ȾФˤƤϽפ̤Ƥ
ĹȤƤϡѸ켭˾ܳŪˡˡפռäȤȤ롥ʸˤΥݡȤ Johnson ˻Ϥޤ뤬Johnson ȤŵˤʸϲŰʸΤΤǤꡤѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤϤʤäRichardson Ѹ졤ΡŪ§פʿΤǤ롥⡤ѿ Johnson ڤ˾äƤ롥̤Ȥơʸǰʤ2000ǤĶȤʤϤäꤤäƻȤŤ餤Ȥʤä (Dixon 146)
⤦1ĹŦȡμԻ찭¸μबȤƤRichardson ϥꥸʥܻؤȤǤ롥Τ륪ꥸʥμԻΤϡˤ Johnsonˤ OED пԤƤޤۤɤξɤǤꡤˤ Richardson Ƶɾʤ
ûȤƤϡεǤ줿Ȥꡤ"a word has one meaning, and one only" Ȥüʸ˸츻Ҥˤ˴٤äƤޤäȤθ Horne Tooke (1736--1812) ȤϤŪȡ츻ԤˤΤǡοʪϺǤϴȤ٤2ΤαѸ츻˴ؤ The Diversions of Purley (1786, 1805) ΤƤ롥Richardson μȽ Webster ⡤ Tooke 櫤ˤϤޤä1ͤǤꡤλ塤츻̤ Tooke αƶϤӤäƤȤʬ롥
ˤ Richardson ϡѸ켭ˤˤƼפʼԻȤΤϤޤdz19ȾФνץä
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
color (AmE) vs colour (BrE) ɽ롤ꥫ -or Фƥꥹ -our ֻΩϹΤƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1])#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])#3182. ARCHER colour color ̻ŪƺĴ ([2018-01-12-1])#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥס ([2018-03-18-1])#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
Anson 褯Τ줿äƤΤꥫֻ Noah Webster (1758--1843) λˤդʧѸˤλįƤ餷Ȥƥƥͳ褷եͳƤ췲ФѸä⤭ƤΤΥॢȤƶϡ˿ (Anson 36--38)
ƥͳ褹ξ硤ƱֻȤƤϡʤˡ§ä -or- §äcolorem, ardorem, dolorem, favorem, flavorem, honorem, (h)umorem, laborem, rumorem, vigorem ΤȤǤ롥ťեǤϡΥƥ -or- ѤȤȤˡֻȤ -our- ⸽졤ξʻѾơʻѾѸˤ⤽Τޤޤ뤳ȤˤʤäºݡѸǤξֻǧ롥
ȤϤѸǤϡեѸˤĤƤϥեˤʤäθôʬ˥ȤΤ̤ǤꡤȤĹ첻Ǥ뤳ȤΤˡ-or Ū礭δ -our Τۤޤ뷹äʹߡʥꥹ˱ѸǤϡեŪ -our 礿ֻȤͥȤʤäƤ
ƥŪ -or ¸³ϤƤ16ˤʤȡͥθŵؤβĬ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δμͤδ֤ˤߤ褦ˤʤꡤ-or Ϥ֤ -or -our ζ礬Ƥ줫ŪֻȤƺѤ褦Ȥɸಽưߤ֤ä
17ȾβŴˤϡ2ˤƤ -our ĹˤƤ -or ޤ뷹ơǤ18ˤϡŪֻȤƺƤ -or ˾Ƥ褦ˤʤä1755ǯ˼˽Ф Johnson ϡľθ츻ֻŻ뤹顤եŪ -our ٻ뤳ȤˤʤꡤΥꥹֻŤθΥꥫѸǤ -or κ٤ˤĤƤϡ#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1]) ǽҤ٤̤Ǥ롥
ĤޤꡤѸˤθ줬ѤƤꡤ-or vs -our ζϥΤ褦˾岼֤ƤΤꥫ -or ٻ븶ȤƤϡͥΥƥ⤢ä18ιŻλۤ⤢äWebster ΰ⤢äꥹ -our ٻ븶ȤƤϡѸΥե켰ؤζ⤢ä18ȾФ Johnson θ츻Ѥ⤢ä
ͥ Webster ӤĤʤɹͤȤʤäAnson ͥ줿ॢȤˤäơ줬ǽȤʤä
Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.
ε#4151. ɸಽȵϲδط ([2020-09-07-1]) ǰѤʸϤΤʤˡAnson ΰѤޤƤAnson ʸϡꥫѸˤ color, humor, valor, honor ʤɤ -or ֻȯŸˤ¾ŪĴǤ롥1740--1840ǯ˥ꥫȯԤ줿ʹΥॵץѤĴη̤ä˿ͤ롥ꥹѸֻ -our Ф륢ꥫѸֻ -or ϡ̤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) θӤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ϤۤɴñǤϤʤʲAnson (47) ˤĴΤޤȤʬǤ롥
Most obvious is the appearance of both -or and -our through the century, but gradual change can be detected from the -our extreme in 1740 to the -or extreme in 1840. Only small and sporadic change occurred around the time of Webster's strongest influence, which suggests that if he did contribute to the dropping of -u, his contribution was slow to take effect.
A key year appears to be 1830 --- after the appearance of Worcester's dictionary and the public attention, during the previous decade, to Webster's and Worcester's battle of dictionaries and spellers. . . .
On the whole, then, the American usage chart shows a slow but steady movement toward the -or spelling. No doubt the movement spilled at least into the first quarter of the twentieth century, when sporadic cases of -our were still to be seen. Aided by later dictionaries, which have looked to usage or other American authorities, the shift to -or is now virtually complete.
ĴɤȡWebster ʤȼԻä Worcesterˤֻؤαƶ1830ǯʹߤ˾Ϥ뤬ŪʱƶȤۤɤǤϤʤäȤ -our -or ؤΥեȤδϡ줫ͥ˿ǯԤʤФʤʤäΤǤ롥Webster ϡեȤοޤȤƤˤȤɤޤäƤȤ
λ㸦椫顤Anson (48) ϸѲɸಽȵϲδط˴ؤ뼡ΰƳФȤƤ롥
. . . usage and authority work mutually and each tends to influence the other and be influenced by it. A highly respected dictionary may influence the way an educated public spells debated words; on the other hand, no authority --- even Webster --- can hope to change a firmly entrenched spelling habit among the general public. The chances are good that, had the public not been moving steadily toward -or forms, we might still be spelling in favor of -our, despite Webster. While Webster may have served as a catalyst for some spelling changes, he was not, for spelling reform, the cause celebre many have assumed. Most of his reforms never caught on. Curiously, spelling reform on a large scale, like Esperanto and other synthetic languages, has never appealed to the public as have changes introduced organically and from within. Proponents of spelling reform argue quite convincingly that their proposals meet a real public need for simplicity, precision, and uniformity; yet often the public allows linguistic changes that work in just the opposite direction. Usage, then, is a highly resistant strain when it comes to 'curing the ills' of the language, and it ultimately determines its own future.
εμݤ˾Ȥ餻СΰƬ "usage" ɸಽȡ"authority" ϲɤؤƤ褤
Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.
ǯѸˤΥݡȤ´ƤޤѸαƺ˴ؤϾ˿͵ΤơޤǤѸˤμȤǤ⡤ƺȤʤȳȿ餫˰ۤʤޤ¿αѸؽԤˤȤäơѸαƺϤ줯餤ȶǶ̣ȥԥåʤΤȻפޤ
ܥ֥ǤѸαƺܤ¿εƤޤʲ˥֥ơޤȤ˵롼ײޤΤǡɤǤбѸαƺ͡ʻηŪ˳ؽ뤳ȤǤޤ顤ұѸαƺˤĤƤοĴƤäƤ館ФȻפޤʤɮ첡εϡѸϢܴΰĤȤƼɮ֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤǤ
¾ꥫѸ䥤ꥹѸθ̤ˤĤơame bre ¿ε⤴Ȥ
ΤޤѸαƺӻ
#357. American English or British English?
#359. American English or British English? β
αѸαƺγ
#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ
#3948. رѸ춵٤Ϣ12֤ʤꥫѸϥꥹѸȰۤʤäƤΤס
#3472. ֱͧ (1) --- ˾ȱѸס
ȯαƺ
#211. spelling pronunciation
#406. Labov New York City /r/
#419. A Mid-Atlantic variety of English
#945. either 2Ĥȯ
#964. z ʸȯ (1)
#965. z ʸȯ (2)
#3573. accomplish one ζ첻Ѱۡ
Υڥɽαƺ
#240. ֻαƺ礭
#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ
#305. -ise -ize
#1097. quotation marks
#2093. <gauge> vs <gage>
#2437. 3ʸ§˶ꥹѸ <axe>
#3182. ARCHER colour color ̻ŪƺĴ
#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥס
#3934. ꥹ er ȥꥫ uh
ʸˡαƺ
#312. ʸˡαƺ
#325. mandative subjunctive should
#3351. ꥫѸǤ "mandative subjunctive" λѤ "colonial lag" ǤϤʤפ
θáˡαƺ
#510. ꥫѸˤ whilst ξü
#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ
#1754. queue
#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס
#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee
#3448. autumn vs fall --- Johnson Pickering
#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverb
#1346. ղõϤɤΤ餤褯Ȥ뤫
#4036. stay at home stay home --- ѥĴ
αѸαƺ
#627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ
#628. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ (2)
#1331. äαƺ뤿νѸ
#2268. ֤ʤޤפΰۤʤ˴ؤ붦Ū
αѸαƺ˴ؤŪطʡ
#3087. Noah Webster
#468. ꥫȤ Webster
#3086. ꥫΩȥꥫѸؤλפ
#851. ꥹѸФ륢ꥫѸαƶ2狼
#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s
#2261. ꥹ饢ꥫؤΰ̱νп (1)
#2262. ꥹ饢ꥫؤΰ̱νп (2)
#2270. ꥹ饢ꥫؤΰ̱νп (3)
#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ
#3953. ꥫѸ non-rhotic Ѽε
αѸαƺҲؤȥǥ
#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ
#1266. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (1)
#1267. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (2)
#1268. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (3)
#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס
#1318. ˤݼŪȤϲ
#2926. ꥫȥꥫѸΡݼס
#3201. ꥫѸΡݼפˤĤ --- Algeo and Pyles θ
#2672. ꥹѸȯˡꥫѸʸˡ˼ҲŪʲ֤ͤ
#3280. ꥫˤ̱²ŪԴƤŪطʡ
#1010. ѸαƺˤĤ Martinet ΰ
αѸαƺĴ뤿Υġ䤽¾ξ
#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer
#1305. 쥿ΤĤ Google Books Ngram Corpus
#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer
#1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer
#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס
#2216. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס
#1321. BNC Frequency Extractor
#1322. ANC Frequency Extractor
#773. PPCMBE COHA ӡ
αѸαƺĶѼ֤ӡ
#2388. μפʱѸѼβŪʬ
#2668. αѸѼ뤿αѸˤȱѸӼҲء
#1743. ICE Frequency Comparer
Dixon (242--44) ꡤѸ˴ؤ뼭ˤάǯɽǤ롥ޤǼפʼ (dictionary) Ѹ콸 (glossary) ˹ʤäƤΤաȤ櫓18ʹߤˤϡǵƤʤ¿μǤ줿Ȥαդ줿줾Υȥä˵ܤΤʤñ켭ؤƤꡤǯϽǤǯɽ魯
| c725 | Corpus Glossary. Latin to Latin, Old English, and Old French. |
| c1000 | Aelfric's glossary. Latin to Old English. |
| 1499 | Anonymous. Promptorium Parvalorum [ms version in 1430]. English to Latin. |
| 1500 | Anonymous. Hortus Vocabularum [ms version in 1440]. Latin to English. |
| 1535 | Ambrogio Calepino. Dictionarium Latinae Linguae. Monolingual Latin. |
| 1538 | Thomas Elyot. Dictionary. Latin to English. |
| 1552 | Richard Huloet. Abecedarium Anglo-Latinum. English to Latin. |
| 1565 | Thomas Cooper. Thesaurus Linguae Romanae & Britannicae. Latin to English. |
| 1573 | John Baret. An Alvearie or Triple Dictionarie. English, Latin, and French. |
| 1582 | Richard Mulcaster. Elementarie. [List of English words with no definitions.] |
| 1587 | Thomas Thomas. Dictionarium. Latin to English. |
| 1596 | Edmund Coote. The English Schoole-maister. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey. A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1613 | Academia della Crusca. Vocabulario. Monolingual Italian. |
| 1616 | John Bullokar. An English Expositor. |
| 1623 | Henry Cockeram. The English Dictionarie. |
| 1656 | Thomas Blount. Glossographia. |
| 1658 | Edward Phillips. The New World of English Words. |
| 1676 | Elisha Coles. An English Dictionary. |
| 1694 | Académie française. Dictionnaire. Monolingual French. |
| 1702 | John Kersey. A New English Dictionary. |
| 1721 | Nathan Bailey. A Universal Etymological English Dictionary. |
| 1730 | Nathan Bailey. Dictionarium Britannicum. |
| 1749 | Benjamin Martin. Lingua Britannica Reformata. |
| 1753 | John Wesley. The Complete English Dictionary. |
| 1755 | Samuel Johnson. Dictionary. |
| 1765 | John Baskerville. A Vocabulary, or Pocket Dictionary. |
| 1773 | William Kenrick. A New Dictionary of English. |
| 1775 | John Ash. The New and Complete Dictionary. |
| 1798 | Samuel Johnson, Junr. A School Dictionary. |
| 1828 | Noah Webster. American Dictionary. |
| 1830 | Joseph Emerson Worcester. Comprehensive Dictionary. |
| 1835--7 | Charles Richardson. A New Dictionary of the English Language. |
| 1847--50 | John Ogilvie. The Imperial Dictionary. |
| 1872 | Chambers's English Dictionary. Robert Chambers and William Chambers. |
| 1888--1928 | Oxford English Dictionary. James A. H. Murray et al. |
| 1889--91 | The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. William Dwight Whitney. |
| 1893--5 | A Standard Dictionary. Isaac K. Funk. [Later known as Funk and Wagnalls.] |
| 1898 | Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. [No editor stated.] |
| 1898 | Austral English. Edward E. Morris. |
| 1909 | Webster's New International Dictionary. William Torey Harris and F. Sturgis Allen. |
| 1911 | The Concise Oxford English Dictionary of Current English. H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler. |
| 1927 | The New Century Dictionary. H. G. Emery and K. G. Brewster. |
| 1933 | The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. C. T. Onions. |
| 1935 | The New Method English Dictionary. Michael West and James Endicott. |
| 1938--44 | A Dictionary of American English. William A. Craigie and James R. Hulbert. |
| 1947 | The American College Dictionary. Clarence Barnhart. |
| 1948 | The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. As. S. Hornby. |
| 1951 | A Dictionary of Americanisms. Mitford M. Mathews. |
| 1965 | The Penguin English Dictionary. George N. Garmonsway. |
| 1966 | The Random House Dictionary Unabridged. Jess Stein. |
| 1969 | The American Heritage Dictionary. Anne H. Soukhanov. |
| 1971 | Encyclopedic World Dictionary. Patrick Hanks. |
| 1978 | Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Paul Proctor. |
| 1979 | Collins English Dictionary. Patrick Hanks. |
| 1981 | The Macquarie Dictionary. Arthur Delbridge |
| 1987 | COBUILD English Dictionary. John Sinclair. |
| 1988 | The Australian National Dictionary. W. S. Ramson. |
| 1995 | The Oxford English Reference Dictionary. Judy Pearsall and Bill Trumble. |
| 1999 | The Australian Oxford Dictionary. Bruce Moore. |
ȡ#3464. ͧǹֱ餷ޤ --- ˾ȱѸפȡֱѸΥڥԻġס ([2018-10-21-1]) ǰ⤷ͧǤιֱ餬λޤüԤΤߤʤƲⱿĴطԤ˸鿽夲ޤƲޤơȤƤڤǤ
1Ĥιֱ˾ȱѸפǤϡ֥ꥹȶȱѸס֥ΥޥȱѸס֥ꥫΩȱѸפ3ܤֱѸϡä͡ȤμҲˤäƷƤŪʻʪǤפȤĥޤٷƤ180ʬˤ錄ĹǤǮʹƤޤ̻Ūʻߤ뤳ȤǡѸ줬ΩŪΩ夬ꡤޤǤȤϰۤʤäˤʤäΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ιֱѤ饤ɤʲ˥ڡȤ˵Ƥޤ
1. ˾ȱѸ
2. Ϥ
3. Ѹˤ̥
4. 夲
5. I. ꥹȶȱѸ
6. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפ
7. ֥ƥؤΥꥹȶ
8. 1. ޥե٥åȤƳ
9. 롼ʸȤϡ
10. 롼ʸε
11. Τ줶뿿¡¸ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽƤ
12. űѸ쥢ե٥åȤ27ʸ
13. 2. ƥαѸäؤαƶ
14. ƥ줫μѸμ
15. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ
16. 3. γ
17. ƻαѸǤΡּεפƬ
18. ͳ褹ɽ
19. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ
20. II. ΥޥȱѸ
21. ֥ΥޥȱѸפ
22. 1. ΥޥȤϡ
23. Υޥͤε
24. Υޥͤήȥɤθ
25. 2. ѸؤθŪƶϡ
26. äؤαƶ
27. ѸäˤեѸΰ֤Ť
28. ؤαƶ
29. ֻؤαƶ
30. 3. ѸؤμҲŪƶϡ
31. ġرѸˡ p. 74
32. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ
33. III. ꥫΩȱѸ
34. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפ
35. 1. ꥫѸħ
36. ֻȯ (spelling pronunciation)
37. ꥫֻ
38. ꥫѸμҲŪħ
39. 2. ꥫΩʤ뤤ϡ֥ꥫ̿ "American Revolution"
40. ꥫѸλʬ
41. ΩȥꥫѸ
42. 3. Υֻ֥
43. ֥Ͽ (1)
44. ֥Ͽ (2)
45. ֻ֥פư
46. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ
47.
48. ʸ
ī㡼ɶιֺ֥ڥǤɤѸˡ5ˤ5317ڡˤ˳ޤǽȤʤ뺣ϡcolor colour --- ꥫΥڥפꤷơڥαƺ濴ޤֺ¤Ѥ饤ɻɤ
ϰʲ3ĤǤ
ڥαƺ¿ȤϤޥʡ
Υ֥Υڥפ¿ʬ˰椨
ڥΡפϸŪȤˡҲŪʸϤΤǤϤʤ
ʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥ĥäƤޤƥ饤ɤϡ֥ؤΥȤƤȤޤ
1. ֺ¡إڥǤɤѸˡ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥ
2.
3. (1) ڥαƺ
4. ꥫΥڥħ
5. -<ize> -<ise>
6. ¾
7. (2) Υ֥Υڥ
8. Υ֥
9. ֥Ͽ
10. colour ο color γβ
11. ʤ֥ΥڥפΤ
12. (3) ڥΡפȤϡ
13. ޤȤ
14. ֺܹ¤֤ä
15. ʸ
ޤǹֺ½λʤΤǡ5Υ饤ɤؤΥʲˤޤȤĥäƤޤ
1ѸΥڥԵ§
2ѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥ
3515̤ through--- ѸΥڥ
4doubt <b>--- ѸΥڥ
5color colour --- ꥫΥڥ
ճȴñˤǤĴȤơɸҲ𤷤Ƹ쥳ѥ#1802. ARCHER 3.2 ([2014-04-03-1]) Ѥơֻαƺ̻ŪĴڤ˹Ԥ롥ȤơǤΤƤ <colour> <color> αƺĴ٤Ƥߤ褦
ARCHER Untagged ˥ "colour*" "color*" 졤줾η̤Ф#1808. ARCHER ̤λߥʬġ (ARCHER Period-Genre Sorter) ([2014-04-09-1]) ˤơưŪ4Ĥοɽ롥οɽˤꡤξֻαƺˤĤơ1600--1999ǯ8ʬ̤ˡ12Υ̤Ӥ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥ʬȥϰʲ̤ꡥ
P1 = 1600--49, P2 = 1650--99, P3 = 1700--49, P4 = 1750--99, P5 = 1800--49, P6 = 1850--99, P7 = 1900--49, P8 = 1950--99
a = advertising, d = drama, f = fiction, h = sermons, j = journals, l = legal, m = medicine, n = news, p = early prose, s = science, x = letters, y = diaries
ǤϡޤꥹѸ줫ߤƤοɽŪʥꥹ <colour> οͤŵŪ˥ꥫڥȤ <color> οͤǤ롥Ԥڤ餺ꥹѸǤϻˤ餺ۤ <colour> ݤȤäƤ褤


˥ꥫѸη̤ѸˤδԤڤʤP41750--99ǯˤޤǤѤ <colour> ֻŪP5 ʹߤष <color> ӤƤP5 ȤСNoah Webster An American Dictionary of the English Language Ǥ1828ǯޤȾλʬǤꡤƹڥθǯλ֤Ĥ夷Ƥͤ褯ɽ路Ƥ롥


ߤĶ Google Books Ngram Viewer ˴ñ˥Ǥ뤿ᡤARCHER ⤵˴ؤƱ褦ĴԤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ARCHER Ǥϥ饤Ф뤿ʸȤ̣뤳ȤǤ뤷ҥåȷȤǤޤʤۤɤޤȤΤ⡤ͤ褦ˤäƤȤ롥פϻȤARCHER Ѥ¾ĴȤơ#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1])#1807. ARCHER between betwixt ([2014-04-08-1])#1752. interpretor interpreter (2) ([2014-02-12-1]) ⻲ȡ
ħŪʰ̣ǥꥫѸä Noah Webster (1758--1843) ˤĤơȤơرѸؿ̾ŵ (376--77) ˵ꡤŪ˾Ҳ𤹤롥 *
Noah Webster ϡ1758ǯConnecticut West Hartford ޤ줿ع˳ضȤƬѤɽ路1778ǯYale ؤؿʳؤ롥߳Ω褬ȯȤؤΰ
´ȸ塤۸ΤȤʤäȤ̳ƤȤˡ Dilworth ˤѸֻܤʪʤ鶵ܤɮ˻äA Grammatical Institute of the English Language ꤵ줿ܤϡ1ֻ2ʸˡ3ܤʤΤǡμζȤƤϹ罰ΤΤäΤȤưŪƤȤʤäƤꡤΤۤܤ٤ƤγعǺѤ줿1ֻܤϡ The American Spelling Book ȤΩ100ǯ֤8000줿Ȥ٥ȥ顼Ǥ롥ɽ椬ĤäΤ "Blue-Backed Speller" ¯Τ줿ܤμǡWebster ϰפ٤줿Ȥ
Webster ϡ̤ˤͿ1793ǯNew York ʹ American Minerva ʸ Commercial AdvertiserˤȾ Herald ʸ New York SpectatorˤȯWashington Τ٤ȾϡConnecticut New Haven Massachusetts Amherst Dzᤴ
̤Ǥϡ1806ǯ A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language 路1807ǯ A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the English Language 路Compendious Dictionary ǤϡǤֻδʰײƤꡤfavor, honor, savior; logic, music, physic; cat-cal, etiquet, farewel, foretel; ax, disciplin, examin, libertin; benum, crum, thum (v.) / ake, checker, kalender, skreen; croop, soop, troop; fether, lether, wether; cloke, mold, wo; spunge, tun, tung ʤɤФȤΩƤƤ롥
1807ǯ缭ŵԻꤷ桤ȤΤϤɤʤϤäΤΡ1828ǯˤĤ7ܤʤ2Τ缭ŵ An American Dictionary of the English Language Ǥ줿ϡJohnson μ1818ǯβǤ12ܤ¿ΤäCompendious Dictionary ˺ѤƤʰײֻ¿ϡԺѤȤʤäĤϻĤäƤꡤϸˤޤ³ꥫֻȤʤä츻Ҥ˴ؤƤϡWebster 衼åѤֶƤӸؤ˥ԥ졼¿ñȼθ츻ͿºݤˤӸؤ褯Ƥ餺Ʊŵ̵ͤʵҤȤˤʤä
ʤȤƤ½ʰ̤ꡤ͡ʪǤϤʤä褦ꥫ罰Ω٤٤֥ꥫפΩ˰Ǥä
ʲWebster μפʱѸطƤ
A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part I (1783) [and its later editions: The American Spelling Book (1788) aka "Blue-Backed Speller"; The Elementary Spelling Book (1843)]: ֻ
A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part II (1784): ʸˡ
A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part III (1785):
Dissertations on the English Language, with Notes Historical and Critical (1789): ֻפμ¹Բǽɬ⤯
A Collection of Essays and Fugitive Writings (1790): ȼοֻˡǽ줿
A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language (1806): ȼοֻˡǽ줿
A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the English Language (1807)
An American Dictionary of the English Language, 2 vols. (1828)
An Improved Grammar of the English Language (1831)
Mistakes and Corrections (1837)
¾Webster ˤĤƤ webster γƵȤ櫓#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]) ȡ#3086. ꥫΩȥꥫѸؤλפ ([2017-10-08-1]) Ȥ줿
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father. New York: Berkeley, 2012.
ꥫΩ夫顤ꥫͤˤ֥ꥫפιռƤʬαѸϥꥹαѸȤϰۤʤΤǤꡤȼɸĤ٤ͳ롤Ȥ¿ʬ˰ŪʰոǤ롥εǤѤ John Witherspoon ϡꥫΩ˼Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Being entirely separated from Britain, we shall find some centre or standard of our own, and not be subject to the inhabitants of that island, either in receiving new ways of speaking or rejecting the old. (qtd. in Baugh and Cable 354)
Ȥơ1774ǯ1 Royal American Magazine ˷Ǻܤ줿ƿ̾Ρ֥ꥫ͡פˤ륢ꥫѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤ褦
I beg leave to propose a plan for perfecting the English language in America, thro' every future period of its existence; viz. That a society, for this purpose should be formed, consisting of members in each university and seminary, who shall be stiled, Fellows of the American Society of Language: That the society, when established, from time to time elect new members, & thereby be made perpetual. And that the society annually publish some observations upon the language and from year to year, correct, enrich and refine it, until perfection stops their progress and ends their labour.
I conceive that such a society might easily be established, and that great advantages would thereby accrue to science, and consequently America would make swifter advances to the summit of learning. It is perhaps impossible for us to form an idea of the perfection, the beauty, the grandeur, & sublimity, to which our language may arrive in the progress of time, passing through the improving tongues of our rising posterity; whose aspiring minds, fired by our example, and ardour for glory, may far surpass all the sons of science who have shone in past ages, & may light up the world with new ideas bright as the sun. (qtd. in Baugh and Cable 354)
#2791. John Adams ΥꥫѸˤ¡ʤ̴ԡ ([2016-12-17-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΥꥫ2 John Adams 1780ǯ˥ǥߡΩƤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ʸϤ Adams ΤΤǤϤʤȵ롥
ơռȤ Noah Webster ʤ櫓ˤϤʤ#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]) ͭ̾1̤βսĤѤ褦
The author wishes to promote the honour and prosperity of the confederated republics of America; and cheerfully throws his mite into the common treasure of patriotic exertions. This country must in some future time, be as distinguished by the superiority of her literary improvements, as she is already by the liberality of her civil and ecclesiastical constitutions. Europe is grown old in folly, corruption and tyranny....For America in her infancy to adopt the present maxims of the old world, would be to stamp the wrinkles of decrepid age upon the bloom of youth and to plant the seeds of decay in a vigorous constitution. (Webster, Preface to A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part I (1783) as qtd. in Baugh and Cable 357)
As an independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, in language as well as government. Great Britain, whose children we are, should no longer be our standard; for the taste of her writers is already corrupted, and her language on the decline. But if it were not so, she is at too great a distance to be our model, and to instruct us in the principles of our own tongue. (Webster, Dissertations on the English Language, with Notes Historical and Critical (1789) as qtd. in Baugh and Cable 357)
It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English Language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, and it is desirable to perpetuate that sameness, yet some difference must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of our country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. Now an identity of ideas depends materially upon a sameness of things or objects with which the people of the two countries are conversant. But in no two portions of the earth, remote from each other, can such identity be found. Even physical objects must be different. But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs...the institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms, unknown to the people of England...No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate and assembly, court, &c. for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country. (Webster, Preface to An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) as qtd. in Baugh and Cable 358)
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? ĤˤˮإڥαѸˡ⻲ȡˤǡʷǼ夲Ƥ뤬ꥫǤŪ˥ڥ "spelling bee" ͵Ǥ롥
ڥεϥꥶ٥īΥɤˤ뤬ܤԻؤȯŸΤϡΩΥꥫˤƤǤäWebster Υڥ "Blue-Backed Speller" ΥҥåȤ˻٤졤ꥫι̱Ū٥ȤؤĹWebster Kendall (106--07) ڥˤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Webster's speller also gave rise to America's first national pastime, the spelling bee. Before there was baseball or college football or even horse racing, there was the spectator sport that Webster put on the map. Though "the spelling match" first became a popular community event shortly after Webster's textbook became a runaway best seller, its origins date back to the classroom in Elizabethan England. In his speller, The English Schoole-Maister, published in 1596, the British pedagogue Edmund Coote described a method of "how the teacher shall direct his schollers to oppose one another" in spelling competitions. A century and a half later, in his essay, "Idea of the English School," Benjamin Franklin wrote of putting "two of those [scholars] nearest equal in their spelling" and "let[ting] these strive for victory each propounding ten words every day to the other to be spelt." Webster's speller transformed these "wars of words" from classroom skirmishes into community events. By 1800, evening "spelldowns" in New England were common. As one early twentieth-century historian has observed:
The spelling-bee was not a mere drill to impress certain facts upon the plastic memory of youth. It was also one of the recreations of adult life, if recreation be the right word for what was taken so seriously by every one. [We had t]he spectacle of a school trustee standing with a blue-backed Webster open in his hand while gray-haired men and women, one row being captained by the schoolmaster and the other team by the minister, spelled each other down.
ֻȯЪΥߤñΥڥǾĤˤϡ³줿ŵϤȸ츻Ūμ롥̣ǡѸ餷٥ȤȤ
Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father. New York: Berkeley, 2012.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
ε#3063. Sir John Cheke αѸ ([2017-09-15-1]) Cheke θŪ˾ƤѸ˾塤Cheke ϤΤۤˡֻˤؤäƤ뤳ȤΤƤcf. #1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])ˡƤ⤦1ġCheke ϥꥷȯˤĤơҲŪʰյȤͭ̾Ǥ롥
ꥷȯäƤϡοʸ Desiderius Erasmus (1466?--1536) ƵƤΥꥷβɤǤϡۤʤ첻֤ƤƤƱ褦ȯȤäErasmus Ϥ줬ĤƤϰۤʤ첻ɽ路Ƥ˰㤤ʤȿ¬ȯʤΤä Dialogus de recta latini graecique sermonis pronuntiatione (1528)
Cheke ŰŪ˸ŵꥷȯ椷ƤCheke ϡ1540ǯ˥֥åؤΥꥷ춵ȤʤäƤ顤ŪʥꥷȯϸǤȤƲפɬ⤤֥åĹ Stephen Gardiner פä1542ǯ˲ȯؤΤǤ롥ѥǤ Erasmus βȯʸˡΰüפȤƶػߤ줿ȯݻ뤳ȤǸҤꤿ¦Υȥå¤ȯزפ褦ȤȿŪʥץƥȤĤȤޤǤ롥
Gardiner ϲƤΤKnowles (68) Ѥ롥
It is difficult to believe that Gardiner was threatened by sounds and the study of pronunciation. What did present a threat, and a serious one, was the precise study of texts. This point had been understood by the Lollard translators. The Bible was at this time increasingly proclaimed by reformers as the ultimate authority, and, the more scholarly and accurate the written text, the more effectively it could be used to challenge the traditional oral authority of the church.
Gardiner was extremely conservative not only in language but also in politics and religion. When, after 1553, Queen Mary sought to return the English church to Rome, Gardiner was her lord chancellor; and in this capacity he played a role in the burning of heretics, and one of his potential victims --- had he not recanted --- was Sir John Cheke. After Gardiner's death in 1555, Cheke published the correspondence between himself and Gardiner under the title Disputationes de pronuntiatione graecae linguae. What is important and perhaps surprising in this story is that the study of pronunciation could be regarded as a political issue.
ѤκǸǻŦƤȤꡤλǤ⤷ΤϡȯλȤ٤꤬ȽˤޤȯŸȤˤƤϡ1뤤1Τ̿äƤȤºݤˤꤦ롥ˤ⤷ˤ
colour 1ʸ color Ȥ뤳Ȥʤֻפʤ Noah Webster ⡤Ωꥫؤΰ˶ợ̿ƤΤǤϤʤä
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
ε#2904. Ѹˤˤ Benjamin Franklin ([2017-04-09-1]) ˰³Benjamin Franklin ꡥFranklin ֻױư˴Ϣ Noah Webster ˱ƶڤܤݤˤҤ٤ˤĤƤ Baugh and Cable (359--60) εҤͥƤ롥
Spelling reform was one of the innumerable things that Franklin took an interest in. In 1768, he devised A Scheme for a New Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling and went so far as to have a special font of type cut for the purpose of putting it into effect. Years later, he tried to interest Webster in his plan but without success. According to the latter, "Dr. Franklin never pretended to be a man of erudition---he was self-educated; and he wished to reform the orthography of our language, by introducing new characters. He invited me to Philadelphia to aid in the work; but I differed from him in opinion. I think the introduction of new characters neither practicable, necessary nor expedient." Indeed, Webster was not in the beginning sympathetic to spelling reform. . . . But, by 1789, Franklin's influence had begun to have its effect. In the Dissertations on the English Language, published in that year, Webster admitted: "I once believed that a reformation of our orthography would be unnecessary and impracticable. This opinion was hasty; being the result of a slight examination of the subject. I now believe with Dr. Franklin that such a reformation is practicable and highly necessary."
̤ȤƤߤСWebster οѤϡѸ˾˵ֻפ⤿餷ȤϤäƤ⡤ֻηϤ礭Ѳ櫓ǤϤʤޥʡȸƤ֤٤Τä櫓οǤβפǤ顤ޤǤϤۤȤã줿ȤʤäΤǤ롥ơWebster ϡʱѸ춵˾Τߤʤ餺˱Ѹ˾ˤ̾ĤȤˤʤäFranklin ΡֿξפΤ褦˸夫ƤȤаޤˡμ㤭ꥫȤ Webster Υͥ륮ʤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ε#2903. Benjamin Franklin 13ˤ drink not to elevation β ([2017-04-08-1]) Ǽ夲ĤǤˡBenjamin Franklin (1706--90) αѸ˾ιˤĤƾҲ𤹤롥Franklin ϥꥫηػ۲ȤȤƿΰζȤ뤲ƤʪѸˤˤƤפ̤Ƥ롥2ŦƤ
1ĤֻԤȤƤδǤ롥Franklin ϼ㤤ƤꡤѸֻȯˤ¡ʤ̴ؿƤֻפ֤1768ǯˤ A Scheme for a New Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling ϿʸƳޤɽθ§äװƤäꥹˤ16 William Bullokar 17 Charles Butler λߤ18˥ꥫϤǷ֤줿Τ褦ʪǤꡤˤʤäƼԤ뱿̿äʡ#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) ȡˡ (271) ϡּˤȤ Franklin ԤǤ뤬ѸֻμˤϹ䤹벿ΤǤפɾƤ롥Franklin Webster ͶäֻפؤλٱΤȤ Webster Ͽ˼ʤäȤˤƤ褦ˡ Webster ֻפ¿ʴؿ䤫ʤֻװƤΤĤιܤ¸뤳ȤΤ褦ˡFranklin ϥꥫѸֻηˡŪʤפ̤ΤǤ롥
⤦1ĤϡFranklin ꥫˤʸˡλ¾ϻϼԤȤʤäȤǤ롥Franklin 1750ǯ Pennsylvania English Academy ʸ University of PennsylvaniaˤΩǸŵʸˡƱ˱ʸˡζ뤳ȤĥǤλߤɬ̤ʤä춵λƳǰ¾¾ˤȤäƤ䤬ƥꥫ夹褦ˤʤ롥1756ǯ Lindley Murray 뤬1795ǯ English Grammar ꥫΤߤʤ餺ѸŪʸˡˤʤäƤ椯Ȥˤⶽ̣ʡ#2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1])ˡˤ Franklin ή褬äΤpp. 491--92ˡ
ʤߤˡ㤤 Franklin ʸˡءؤȽΤ James Greenwood An Essay Towards a Practical English Grammar, Describing the Genius and Nature of the English Tongue. Giving Rational and Plain Account of GRAMMAR in General, with a familiar Explanation of its Terms (1711) ѤƤȤ˽ƤƱʸˡ1753ǯǤˡΤۤFranklin ϡ嵭Ʊǯ˽ǤƤ John Brightland A Grammar of the English Tongue, with Notes, Giving the Grounds and Reason of Grammar in General. To which is added, A New Prosodia; Or, The Art of English Numbers. All adapted to the Use of Gentlemen and Ladies, as well as of the Schools of Great Britain ʸˡοȤƵƤ롥
Τ褦ˡFranklin ϷŪʶȤȤƱѸʳء˻ˤ̾ĤƤΤǤ롥
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
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