5ۤ Voicy heldio ˤơꥹʡ lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡκǿ˴Ť#1357. Ƭ con- ñϤޤ³ --- lacolaco ΡֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǿꤹ벻ۿϤ
1ĤȤơ֥ͥפбñֻ connection connexion δ֤ɤ郎줿ԤֻŪꥹǤϸԤֻ⸫Ȥdeflection, inflection, reflection ˤĤƤƱͤˡ㡼 <-ction> Фƥޥʡ <-xion> ⼭ϿƤ롥complexion ˤĤƤϡषֻΤۤŪ complection ϵǤ롥
嵭 heldio ۿ塤˴ؿ줿ꥹʡ~ߤ-ction v.s. -xionꤷ Google Ngram ǤĴȹ碌ƵƤ롥
⤳꤬ˤʤäơĴ٤ƤߤȤΤ⡤伫ȤθơޤѸζ (inflection) ˤˤꡤԸʸ inflexion ֻ褯ܤˤƤ
Upward and Davidson (167--68) ˤСѸǤŪˤ <-xion> ̤˸줿ꥫμԻȤֻԤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) <-ction> Τۤ侩ΤȤ19鸽ˤƤ <-ction> ΰ̲ˡWebster αƶä餷
-XION and -CTION
Complexion, crucifixion, fluxion are standard ModE forms, and connexion, deflexion, inflexion exist as alternatives to connection, etc.
Complexion derives from the past participle plexum from the Lat verb plectere; although ME and EModE used such alternatives as complection, complection, ModE is firm on the x-spelling.
Crucifixion derives from the participle fixum of figere 'to fix'; the form crucifixion has been consistently used in the Christian tradition, and *crucifiction is not attested.
Fluxion is similarly determined by the Lat participle fluxum; the verb fluere offers no -CT- alternative.
Uncertainty has arisen in the case of connexion, deflexion, inflexion because, despite the Lat participles nexum, flexum with x, the corresponding infinitives, nectere, flectere have given rise to the Eng verbs connect, deflect, inflect.
In his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), the American lexicographer Noah Webster . . . recommended the -CT- forms, which (despite ModFr connexion, deflexion, inflexion are today found much more frequently.
ñ㲽Ƥ <-xion> ϥƥβʬ˴ŤĤѤեŪֻǤꡤ<-ction> ϥƥ˴Ť侩ꥫѸŪֻȤȤˤʤ롥crucifixion <-xion> Ȥ֤ʤΤϡͤɽݤ <X> ȴطΤǤ롥
ȴϢơ#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ǯ³ؤȤʤ¿ȿ¿쾯ʤ֥饤פ侩뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ȻפޤʲҤ1ǯۤΩ2018ǯ12ˡǤ˷кѻȾʤ֥ǥȥեʤ뤿Υɥ饤DXʥɥ饤ˡ (PDF) ȯɽƤꡤ DX ϩξˤޤޤʤƤΤͽۤޤ
Ǥdigital transformation άʤ *DT ǤϤʤ DX ʤΤ˻פޤDX Τۤ餫˶̤Ūdzʹ褤ǤǤ X ϤäɤƤΤǤ礦
¤ϡϰθͷӤǤʸͷӤʤΤǤİ
trans- ȤΤϥƥƬǡѸˤ through across ޤacross ǤȤȤݥȤǤtrans- across cross X Ȥ츻Ȼ˰äθͷӤˤꡤƬ trans- X ɽ褦ˤʤäΤǤ¤ DX = digital transformation ȤΤϤޤ䤵ۤǡXMIT, X-ing, XREF, Xmas, Xian, XTAL ʤɤά⤢ޤ줾첿άʬǤ礦
Τ褦 X ˴ؤͷӡʸͷӤ˴ؿäϡ##4219,4189,4220εåȤX ϼ¤ˤ⤷ʸǤ
Ѹˤ <x> Ȥʸϡ̥ŪԻĤʸǤ hellog 饸ǤϡΤäβʸ <x> ܤȻפޤ
Ѹ쥢ե٥å26ʸ1ĤȤʸǤϤޤƤ̤ꡤɤˤäȿѤǤʤŪʸǤ͡<x> 餳Τ褦äʷϵФƤΤϡʤʤΤǤ礦Ϥ90ʬäȤǤûƤߤޤʤȤϤ10ʬĹܡˡ
Ǥ礦<x> ϡ褷ƤȤȤαѸĴ¤ʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤƤгȤο⤤ȤޤʤޤǼѤ졤<x> ȤʸϡȾŪȾиջʷϵƤΤǤ¿ο͡ <x> ˴ؿΤϡβȤ⤤ʤΤΤʤ椨Ȼפޤ
ѳפλˤϡΤΤʤפϥݥƥʥåե졼Ǥˡ <x> ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ
<x> ˤĤƴؿäϡ##2280,3654,2918,4219εåɤޤε#4219. ʤ DX digital transformation άȤʤΤ ([2020-11-14-1]) ɤ
1114īʹīΥ֤ȤХץפˡɸ˴Ϣ꤬ǺܤƤޤˤĤƻ˼ĴаޤޤΤǡäǤΥߥǤξܺ٤ʲ˵ƤȻפޤ *
ܤǤΤʤǡ֥ǥȥե (= digital transformation = DX ) Ȥդˤꡤܤˤꤹ뵡Ƥǥˤѳפο侩Ǥ롥кѻȾʤ2018ǯ12֥ǥȥեʤ뤿Υɥ饤DXʥɥ饤ˡ (PDF) ȯɽƤꡤDX ȤάΤɽ⤹Ǥ˹ΤդƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥⤽ʤ digital transformation ά DX ʤΤΤ DT ꥫå褯뤫⤷ʤ
transformation ѷѼˤϡtrans- (= across, through, over, beyond) + formation ȤǡѸ˥եͳäƤƥͳñǤ롥ƥƬ trans- ϡ嵭̤ѸǤȤ across through ¤˸ through ȤϰĸΥ٥ƱǤ롥Τ褦 trans- Τˡ?ĶơͤȴơˡפȤޤߤ뤿ˡѲѷѳסѴѰۡפʤɤỌ̇̄Ū褤transcend, transfer, transfigure, transit, translate, transmit, transport, transpose ñ줬פ⤫֡ǤСѡפΤĻ˶ܤƬȤäƤ褤ѳפλˤϤƤϤ䤵Ϥ
ơ嵭Τ褦 trans- ϥƥͳƬѸȤ褽 across 롥 across ϡ#4189. across a + cross ([2020-10-15-1]) ǸȤꡤƬ a- ˡֽʲ͡ˡפ̣ cross ղäǤ롥ǡʲ͡ˤɤäʸȤƤ X ν֤Ȥʤ롥ʸ X ȤбѸ̾졦ư cross, cross ȤбѸֻ acrossacross ȤХƥƬ trans- ȤǡĤδ֤ˤ trans- X ɽ봷ȤʤäƤޤäEngland Engl& ȵꡤSee you later. CUL8R ȤꤹΤƱʸͷ (rebus) तȤäƤ褤ܸεˤ̤cf. #2789. Ѹ Engl&Ѹ 7honge ([2016-12-15-1])#2790. Engl&, 7honge ȷ̾ ([2016-12-16-1])
X ʸϰʾηаޤˤƥƬ trans- ȷӤĤ줿¾ˤ (a)cross ˷ӤĤ줿ꡤChrist ʱѸ <ch> ϥꥷ <> б뤳Ȥˤɽݤꡤȯ cryst- άȤƤѤ뤳Ȥ롥XMIT (= transmit), X-ing (= crossing), XREF (= cross-reference), Xmas (= Christmas), Xian (= Christian), XTAL (= crystal) ǡǤ롥ޤX Ϥäȥȥ졼Ȥ ex- άǤ⤢ (ex. XL (= extra large), XOR (= exclusive-or)) <x> ¿ǽ٤
Ѹˤơx ϡ#3654. x ǻϤޤñ줬ʤΤϤʤǤ ([2019-04-29-1]) 褦ˡƬѤ뤳Ȥʤäơޤ˸Ƭ˸ȡ¾ʸ־͡פ⤤ݡƬʤ餺Ȥ x ܤܤ뤿ʸ䥭åե졼˺ŬʤΤǤ롥⡤̤Τɽ魯 x Ȥˡ⤢cf. #2918. ̤ΤΤΡפɽ魯 x ([2017-04-23-1])ˡѳפλˤϡ̤ΤؤĩȤ̣ǥݥƥɾΤ롥
ܸˤ DX ȤάΡɽϡ嵭Τ褦طʤĤġǯȤߤ˻夲褦ˤʤäƤѸˤƤƱ褦ήԸŪʰ֤ŤˤάΡɽǤ뤫ɤϵǤ롥Ѹ쥳ѥäƤߤȳΤ˻ǧ졤ήԤäƤɽǰǤȤϸ뤫⤷ʤѸˤܤ夬äƤۤɤ̤¸ߤɤϲ⤦ĴɬפǤ롥
2֤ε ([2020-04-15-1], [2020-04-16-1]) ɸˤĤƾĴ٤Ƥޤ褷Ƥʤǡ1IJΩƤƤߤ
ѸβƬ (onset) ˸ҲϢˤꡤ§ȤΤ麣ޤ /ks/ /gz/ onset ΩĤȤϤǤʤȤϤѸʤɤǤ㳰Ū˲ǽʾ礬ꡤޤ˺ΰϢǰäƤ xenon, Xerses ʤɤ⤹٤ƼѸǤ뤿ᡤ/ks/ /gz/ ȯϤȤФ롥¿ξ硤Ѹ줬ѸƱǡԵ§ȯѸβ§˽ƤΤκݡɤΤ褦˽ƤˤϤĤΥѥ롥
1ĤϡҲϢä뤿1ҲȤƬü (apheresis) ˤˡǤ롥ºݡǤ2֤εǸƤ褦ˡ<x> /z/ <x> /gz/ apheresis Ф̤ȤƤ#3482. ƬλҲϢñ㲽Ƥˡ ([2018-11-08-1])#3938. Ƭˤ첻 h Ф꤬뤵졤Ҳ h ˤ⤵ʤä ([2020-02-07-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ[kn-], [gn-], [wr-], [wl-], [hr-], [hl-], [hn-], [hw-] 1ҲüϱѸˤǤ⤢դ줿ݤǤꡤ[gz-] Ʊͤ˹ͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
⤦1ĤϡҲϢδ֤첻뤳 (anaptyxis) ǻҲϢäȤˡMinkova (132--33) ˤСȤ̾ʥꥫͥȥޥ Evel Knievel ϥɥĸ̾ȤƸƬ [k] ȯ뤬/kn-/ ϸѸβ§ȿΤǡ[kəˈniːvəl] Τ褦ۣ첻֤뤳ȤǰȿƤ롥ƱͤˡѸǤ knight <kinicht>, <cinth>knife <kinf>kneeled <keneleden> ֤줿 anaptyxis 㤬롥xenon, Xerses ʤɤ [ks-], [gz-] ˡۣ첻 [kəs-], [gəz-] Ȥʤä㤬äɤϳǧǤƤʤʤȤϤȻפ롥ʤʤߤ˾嵭 knight ɽ魯 <cinth> ˤĤƤϡanaptyxis Ȥϲž (metathesis) λȤߤ٤⤷ʤžҲϢФ⤦1ĤβˡǤ롥
3ĤˡλҲϢ첻 (prosthesis) Ȥǡonset Ȥˡ롥#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡեѸǤϻҲϢ줿츻ŪʸƬ e 㤬褯 (ex. especial, escalade) ҲϢ㤫Υ뤬Ҳ /ŋ/ ϸ§Ȥ onset ΩĤȤǤʤΤǡӥβʾñ̤Ǥ ngwee ϸƬۣ첻 [əŋ ˈwiː] ȯΤ̤Ǥ롥ˤä /ŋ/ ϲƬǤϤʤΩĤȤˤʤꡤŪŬʤȤʤ롥
Ĺ֤Ȥʤäβ3βˡ˴ŤΤǤ롥<x> /ks/ ǥեȤȤȡѸθƬ <x> ľ첻줿 [əks-] ȤƼ¸뵡äΤǤϤʤ ngwee ξΤ褦ˡֻˤϤʤʤʤȻפ졤¾ڤ⤷ˤʤȤȯ variant ȤƤϤꤵ롥ʤȡҲϢ³ʿ2Ρ첻Ū˶ĤȤˤʤΤǡΡֱѸˤˤ Verner's LawפˤäơλҲϢͭ[əgz-] ȤʤͭȯȤȤʤꡤξ1βˡǤƬüθ̤ŤʤäΤǤϤʤˤĤ˼ŪʻŦȤơMinkova (139fn) Xavier ȯ˴ؤ륳ȤѤƤ
The initial <x> in Xavier [ˈzeɪvɪə(r)] is sometimes taken to represent [ks-] as in X-ray, triggering prosthetic [ɛ-/ə]: [ɛgˈzeɪvɪə(r)] . . . .
βϡüŪˤ [ks-] [əks-] [əgz-] [gz-] [z-] ȤǤ롥ºݤˤϤβɬǤ줤˿ʤ櫓ǤϤʤФ餯ϰۤʤȯ variants Ȥ¸Ƥ˰㤤ʤޤƬź (prosthesis) ȸƬü (apheresis) ȤȿиβˡƱƤȤˤĤƤ⡤äϤΤ벼٤ɬפΤ褦˻פ롥Ǥ⡤onset ˤλҲϢ뤿ˡʣβˡƱ˻ߤ졤ιäߺѤη̡ɸȯȤ /z-/ Ȥ1Ĥη˽夷ȤȤϽʬˤꤽǤ롥
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ε ([2020-04-15-1]) ˰³xenon, xenophobia, Xerses, xylophone ʤɤ˴ѻѸθƬˤ <x> /z/ бˤĤơŪб <x> /gz/ äȤϡԤδ֤Ǥ褽ΰפߤƤ褦ȡ<x> /gz/ Ȥʤ餫ˤ뤳ȤפȤʤäƤ롥¤ϤˤĤƤϺ줿#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) #2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1]) ǤڤƤפˡ³첻˶Ķ /ks/ /gz/ ؤͭȤֱѸˤˤ Verner's LawפΤȤ
夲 Dobson ϡEkwall ȤĤġ<x> /gz/ ˤϡֱѸˤˤ Verner's LawפǤԽʬǤꡤ⤦ä𤬤äȹͤƤ롥Dobson (II 359) 곺սѤ롥
In many words of Latin origin the consonant x is pronounced [gz]; as this occurs chiefly when the stress follows, the explanation has been advanced . . . that [gz] develops from [ks] by voicing before the stress. But Ekwall, §§150--1, rightly rejecting this view, has drawn attention to the parallel that exists between the English and French pronunciations of the words in question. It is apparent, especially from the Modern French pronunciation, that the medieval French (and English) pronunciation of Latin must have used [gz] for Latin x between vowels (as in ModFr exalter, exemple, examen, exécration &c.) and between a vowel and h (probably silent, as in ModFr exhalaison, exhaustif, exhiber, &c.), but [ks] for Latin x both before and after other consonants (as in ModFr expérience, &c. and anxiété). But at a later date (probably about 1500) the reform of the pronunciation of Latin led to the replacement of [gz] by [ks] for intervocalic x. By this change French pronunciation was little affected (but cf. [ks] in Alexandre), but English pronunciation was much altered, [ks] being introduced in many words. But the English tendency to use voiced consonants before the stress, which in the seventeenth century led to a voicing in this position of [s] to [z], influences the distribution of the old and new pronunciations: [gz] is retained in most words in which the stress follows (e.g. example, exert, exalt, exult, exhibit, Alexander, luxurious), but not in certain learned words (e.g. proximity, doxology, luxation), whereas [ks] has been substituted when the stress precedes (exodus, execute, exercise, &c.) except in derivatives which follow the simplex (exaltation, exultation); but there is some degree of variation, as usually when one pronunciation is replaced by another not phonetically developed from it.
¤˹äʤΤǤΤ褦ĹʸʤΤĤޤǸмΤ褦ˤʤ롥եȱѸǤϡx ĥƥѸ˴ؤơ첻˶ޤ줿ĶǤ [gz] ȤơҲܤˤ [ks] ȤȯƤȤ1500ǯ餤顤§Ȥƥƥ x [ks] ɤ٤Ȥȯãʲ餫εϰռȯͿˡ[gz] [ks] ؤΰؤʹԤΰؤŰ٤ϱʩ֤ǤۤʤäƤѸߤƤⲻĶˤäưۤʤäƤӤƤʤäĤޤꡤ[gz] ΤޤĤäñ⾯ʤʤä櫓Ǥ롥
ǴŪ˸ƤΤϤֱѸˤ Verner's LawפǤ롥Ʊˡ§ϡ̾ˤβĶˤ [ks] [gz] ؤѲˡ§Dobson λٻˤȡष [gz] [ks] ؤѲ˻ߤװˡ§Ȥʤ롥Dobson ǤֱѸˤ Verner's LawפϷɤΤȤͿƤΤ̾Ȥϰۤʤ뾯äˡǡ <x> /gz/ бطγΩ˹Ȥˤʤ롥
<x> /gz/ ɤˤƥȯʤäΤȤСߤ <x> /z/ ϤαĹˤȤ⤤롥ˤƤ xenon, Xerses ϡ⤽첻˶ޤ줿ĶפǤϤʤĶˤ x ΥʸƬ xˤʤΤǡˤΤ褦ʱĹˤȹͤƤ褤Τ褯ʬʤ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.
Ekwall, E. Historische neuenglische Laut- und Formenlehre. 1922.
ɸбϡǤϤ뤬ꥷμѸθƬˤƤߤ롥㤨 xenon, xenophobia, xerox, xylophone, Xanadu, Xanthippe, Xavier, Xenia, Xerxes /z/ ǻϤޤ롥εǡ<x> /z/ бϡ<x> /gz/ 1ҲæˤΤȹͤޤסʡ#3654. x ǻϤޤñ줬ʤΤϤʤǤ ([2019-04-29-1])ˤȽҤ٤̤ꡤǥեȤб <x> /ks/ ͭǤǤ <x> /gz/ ȤбꤹСΤȤǤ롥ƬҲ /gz/ 1Ҳ /z/ ȤʤäȹͤФ褤
⤽ʤεʥǤϥǥեȤ <x> /ks/ ǤϤʤ<x> /gz/ ꤵʤФʤʤΤʢ̾Ųؤ̾ϻꤤǤ꤬ȤޤˡˤĤƿͤƤߤȤʤäΤǡĴ٤ƤߤѸȯŰŪ˸椷 Dobson ȤȡΤ褦ʸڤĤä (II 359)
PresE initial [z] in Xerxes, &c. is usually (and rightly) regarded as a reduction of [gz], but as French also has this pronunciation the reduction presumably occurred in the medieval pronunciation of Latin rather than in English itself. Cooper says that x in Xenophon is pronounced z, gz (for [gz]), or ks.
Dobson ϰճʤȤ˸ФƤ롥αѸüԤեüԤθƥȤȯȤˡ̵ /ks/ ǤϤʤͭ /gz/ ȤƼ¸뷹äȤºݡեǤ Xerxès, xènon /gzɛrsɛs/, /gzenɔ̃/ Τ褦 /gz/ ʹ롥ѸǤ⡤17βؼ Christopher Cooper /z/, /gz/, /ks/ ΤȯˤڤƤ̤ꡤɤϤäΤȻפ뤬餯 /ks/ /gz/ ޤ졤1Ҳæ /z/ ǽŪɸȯȤ夯Ȥˤʤäȹͤ롥
嵭ǤɸΡ֤ʤפε˿̤줿櫓ǤϤʤüʼѸθƬȤĶ /gz/ Ф줿ͳ䡤Ѹȥեδ֤ꤵƤοˤΤʬʤ
̤˱Ѹ <x> /gz/ ΩĶϡ(1) x 첻˶ޤƤꡤ (2) Ԥ첻˶ʤʢ³첻˶˾Ǥ롥ϡֱѸˤ Verner's Lawפȸ٤Τǡ#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1])#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1]) ǿ줿̤Ǥ롥Τ褦 x ǻϤޤϡ̩ˤ (1) (2) ξƤϤޤ櫓ǤϤʤΤ³첻˶ʴ x ǻϤޤ뤽θƬġˤȤ (2) ˤƤϤޤΤ¿Dobson ⤳δˤǰƬ֤ƾθҤ٤ȤȤ褯ʬʤ
ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ뤦ˡѸ <x> /gz/ бŪаޤˤĤơDobson ñʡֱѸˤ Verner's LawפäܤƤ뤳ȤˤⵤդϢʤΤεǼ夲
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.
ޤǤˤⲿ٤줿ȤΤäǤΤ˱Ѹ켭ǤߤƤ <x> ʸǻϤޤ븫ФϺǤ⾯ʤ¸ߴȤޤ
<x> ϡθƤ̾ /eks/ ̤ꡤŵŪˤ /ks/ ʤ뤤Ϥͭ /gz/ ȯɽ路ޤ (ex. fox, anxious; exit, anxiety) λҲϢϡ§ȤƱñθƬˤϸޤ <x> ȤʸǻϤޤñ줬ۤȤɤʤΤǤ
ʤƬǤ /ks/, /gz/ ꤨʤΤȤ䤤ΤϡǤѸǤƬʳǤˤ˸ҲϢʤΤǡĴŪȤȤϸޤޤ¾θܤܤСꥷʤɤǡ/ks/ ϸƬǤ̤˸ޤäơŪͳõȤǤ
Τˤϲ (phonotactics) Ǥϡñˡֵ§פȤߤʤޤĤޤꡤѸǤϸƬˤλҲϢ뤳ȤϵʤȤ§ȹͤ櫓ǤܸǤ֤פϡŪˤñΤɤΰ֤˸ƤʤϤǤƬ˵뤳Ȥϸ§ȤƵޤǡƬˡ֤פ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤε§ȹͤ櫓ǤΤ褦ˡƸˤȼβε§äƤޤϡ¿ΡĹä§νΤǤüԤϡ콬˺ݤ̵ռΤˤ˳ؤӼäƤޤΤǤʹ֤ϤΤǤ
ơ<x> ǻϤޤñϾʤǤ̵ǤϤޤΤ褦ñϡXmas (= Christmas) X-ray Τ褦ü㤫뤤 /z/ ȯ륮ꥷѸ˸¤ޤ<x> /z/ бϡ<x> /gz/ 1ҲæˤΤȹͤޤCarney (238) 勞"One or two words have a Greek correspondence <x>/z/ initially (or for some speakers <x>/gz/) --- xenon, xenophobia, xerox, xylophone." ۤ˸ͭ̾Ȥ Xanadu, Xanthippe, Xavier, Xenia, Xerxes ʤɤǤ
<x> ˤĤƤϡ#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1])#2918. ̤ΤΤΡפɽ魯 x ([2017-04-23-1]) ϤȤ x ε⤴
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1]) κǸ˿줿x ˤϡ̤ο̤Το͡ʤΡˡפȤ̣롥Ǥߤ̤ο x ϡѸȤƤνФ1660ǯΦǤ Descartes Géométrie (1637) ǡǤѤƤ롥ˤСοɽ魯 a, b, c Фơ̤οϥե٥åȤθ x, y, z äΤǤϤʤȤ롥̤Το͡ʤΡˡפΰ̣Ǥϡ1797ǯ˽ФƤ롥
̤ͳˤСӥǡֲΡפɽ魯 šay ڥ xei ȤƼ줿ΤȤ롥衼åѤǤϡ顼ؼԤ٤ʿؤäȤ櫓ƶϤ礭äΤϥեꥺߡ (Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi; c. 780--c. 850) ˤä蘆줿ء (Kitab al-Jabr wal Muqabala) Ǥ롥ν̾ΰ algebra ˤȤ줬˼ѤƤ뤷̾ΰ algorism ʤФƤ롥ؽˤƤ̤οƳФβˡ⤵Ƥꡤӥ̤οɽ路Ҥ šay ܽΥڥ˺ݤ xay ɽ줿Τ餷줬1ʸ x ṳ̂줿Ȥ
ˤƤ x ̤οɽ魯ȤѤ뤬x ˤϤ¾εȤƤˡ⤢롥 X ϡ10פɽ魯ʡ#1823. ([2014-04-24-1]) ȡˡκǸʤɤ Love from Kathy XXX. ȵСޡȤʤ롥åܥå˵åޡȤƤѤ뤷ޥХĤΥХĤɽ魯Ͽ˰դˤ⡤x Ѥ롥ꥹȤ餢ܤȤ x out sth ưȤѤΤϡˡΤǤ롥
Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ24ʸܤ <x> ˤϡԤΥĤޤȤޤ1ʸʤΤ2ĤλҲ /ks/ бȤΤ٤⡤#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) Ǽ̤ꡤ<z>, <q>, <j> ˼ǵʸǤ롥̵̵ǺѤޤ줽ʸ
Ѹˤˤ <x> ñ˿֤äƤߤ褦ʸǤϡΤ /ks/ 뤤 /hs/ бʸȤƸűѸ줫鸫줿eax (axe), fleax (flax), fox, oxa (ox), siex (six), wæx (wax) ʤɤΰ찮ñ˸Τߤǡ餫ΩäʸǤϤʤä (Upward and Davidson 62) ñϡѸؤ <x> ݤäޤäƤ롥θ塤ѸȡˤäƤ <x> ¿ѤΤ⤢ä (cf. #663. Ѹؤˤֻȯδط ([2011-02-19-1])) Ϥ공٤ι⤤ʸǤϤʤä
Ѹˤʤȡ<x> ϥƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸ¿ޤޤƤˡޤǤλ٤ƽи٤Ƭ ex- ¿θ˲ä anxious, approximate, auxiliary, axis, maximum, nexus, noxious, toxic ʤɤ˸줿Ǥ apex, appendix, crux, index ʤɤäۤˤ complexion, crucifixion, connexion, inflexion ʤɤ -xion 䡤ե줫 faux pas, grand prix˥եʣɽ魯 bureaux, chateaux, jeux ʤɡ<x> 뵡ܤ˸
<x> ϤȤ櫓ŪʼѸä¿롥Ƭ桤줾δĶ˸ <x> ⤦Ƥߤ褦 (Upward and Davidson 213--14)
θƬϡ xenophobia, Xerox, xylophone
θϡ anorexia, apoplexy, asphyxia, axiom, axis, dyslexia, galaxy, lexical, hexagon, oxygen, paroxysm, taxonomy
θϡ anthrax, calx, calyx, climax, coccyx, helix, larynx, onyx, paradox, phalanx, pharynx, phlox, phoenix, sphinx, syntax, thorax
Τ褦˥ƥ䥮ꥷ濴ȤѸäι礭ΤۤˤűѸ줫³Ҥθ췲 <x> ݻФǤʤcox (< cockswain) smallpox (< pl. of small pock) ʤɤṳ̂ˤäƺ줿 <x> 褦ˤʤäȤܤ롥20ˤϡƱͤṳ̂βФ sox (< socks), fax (< facsimile), proxy (< proc'cy < procuracy) ޤƤ롥
The X of cox 'boatman' arose from cockswain, while pox (as in smallpox) was respelt from the plural of pock (as in pockmarked). These replacements of CC or CKS by X are first attested in EModE; other examples are 20th-century: sox for socks, fax from facsimile. Proxy < proc'cy < procuracy. (Upward and Davidson 168)
ơѸˤ <x> ȯؤбCarney (377--78) ˵äƸƤߤ褦ƬǤϡ嵭1θˤߤ̤ /z/ ܤǤ롥㳰Ȥ Xhosa /ˈkoʊsə/ Xmas /ˈkrɪsməs, ˈɛksməs/ ˤ (<Xmas> Christ θƬҲб륮ꥷʸ <> ͳˡƬʳǤϡ³첻˶ /gz/ 롼 (ex. exact, exaggerate, exalt, examine, executive, exempt, exert, exhibit, exhort, exist, exonerate, exotic, exult) ʳϡ/ks/ ܤǤ (ex. axe, boxing, extra, fox, mixture, orthodox, praxis, texture, vixen, wax) . ֤Ǥ /ks/ /gs/ θؤˤĤƤϡ#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) ȡ#2230. Ѹ̵ͭʸ ([2015-06-05-1]) Ȥ줿ۤˤϡ<i> <u> ֤ǡ/kʃ/ Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ (ex. anxious, connexion, flexure, luxury)
<z> ŪԤäȤϡ#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1]) ǤǧȤ<x> 餱Ƥʤ̤Τοʪɽ魯Τ x äƤ봷뤬ͳԾܤǤ롥⤷ȡʤΤ̤ʤΤˤ <x> ԤȤƤߤͿƤΤǤϤʤȤ⵿롦
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
516դΡѤʵפˡ<s> <x> ֻȤ̵Ҳ /s, ks/ ǡȤͭҲ /z, gz/ ȯˤĤƼ䤬줿Ƭ <s> ɬ /s/ б롤Τ첻Ԥʤ <x> /gz/ б뷹ʤɡŪ˻ͤȤʤ뵬§⤢ˤϤ뤬ǽŪˤñ줴Ȥ˷ޤäƤ륱¿Ūʥ롼ߤʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ˤϡŪۤʤ
ѸŪˤϡ/(k)s, (g)z/ ˤȤɤޤ餺֤ƤӸƤɬפ롥ȤΤϡŪˡűѸǤΩϤʤäȹͤƤ뤫Ǥ롥űѸˤȤ /s/, /θ/, /f/ ۤβǤäбͭ [z], [ð], [v] ͭ˶ޤ줿Ķˤ۲ȤƸ줿ˤǤȤΩƤʤä (cf. #1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵ͭ ([2013-01-21-1])#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1])ˡʸϲñ̤бΤ̾Ǥ뤫顤ʬۤʤ̵ͭγƥڥФ1ĤʸǤбƤнʬǤꡤ<s>, <þ> (or <ð>), <f> ʾ塤<z> <v> ʤɤʸפä
ͭϡѸˤƲDz (phonemicisation) θˤĤƤϽ⤬ƤƤ뤬פʤΤȡȤΤŪʱѡæŻҲ (degemination)ˤƬͭ (cf. #2219. vane, vat, vixen ([2015-05-25-1])#2226. ѸǸƬͭäͳ ([2015-06-01-1]))ͭĥեäμѤʤɤǤʤ˴ؤǿʸȤơHickey Ȥ줿ˡʲǤϤȤ櫓եäμѤȤװǰƬˤƵʤ롥
ͭǤϰ̤ȡбΩʸǤԹ礬褤/v/ ˤĤƤϡȤͤե줬 <v> ʸäƤˡѸ <v> Ƴ뤳Ȥ⤿䤹ä⡤եǤ /f/ = <f>, /v/ = <v> ʼºݤˤ <<v>> ¤ <<u>> Ѥ줿ˤδطꤷƤᡤƱ괶Ѹˤܿ졤ᤤʳ夷ߤ˻롥Ѹ /f/ = <f>, /v/ = <v> 㳰ƾʤͳǤ (cf. of)
/z/ ˤĤƤϻ𤬰ۤʤäƤűѸǤťեǤ <z> ʸϤä/s, z/ ΤβФƤ <s> ѤΤ̤äեǤ /s/ = <s>, /z/ = <z> ΰꤷطۤƤʤäΤǤꡤѸ /z/ DzǤ⡤/z/ = <z> δطꤢưŤ /v/ = <v> ξ夫äȻפ롥̤Ȥơ<s> ̵ͭΤɽ魯ȤűѸ줫νѸˤ줺Ρפߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥
/ð/ ˤĤƤϡ˻𤬰ۤʤ롥űѸ <þ> <ð> ϸǽǡⲻ /θ/ ΰ۲ [θ] [ð] ɽ魯ȤǤѸꡤ̵ͭ줾ΩǤˤʤäƤ⡤줾ΩʸǤͿ褦ȤʤäͳΰϡöŪǤϤ뤬եˤβ¸ߤʤäȤ
/v/, /z/, /θ/ ΩʸǤͿ줿ɤȤǰۤʤ뿶Τϡեб벻ǤʸǤδطäɤȤ礭ƤۤˤϳơβDzߤ˰ۤʤ륿ߥǡۤʤװˤ줿餷ȤͿƤDzᤵȡǤȿʸǤȤδطΰȤϢưƤ褦ˤ⸫롥ѸˤȯֻδطˤäƤϡŪ˹ͻ뤳Ȥפ
Hickey, Raymond. "Middle English Voiced Fricatives and the Argument from Borrowing." Approaches to Middle English: Variation, Contact and Change. Ed. Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre and Javier Calle-Martín. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2015. 83--96.
ѸϿ LAEME εǽ夷ƤڤǤ⤢ߤοƤǤ⤢ѸϿ LALME ϡֻȯδطͻǽפθ⤿餷ƤѸˤֻŪʬۤȯŪʬۤƱͤŪʲͤäƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤޤǤϡֻȯ˽°ŪηϤǤꡤֻŪʬܼۤŪ˽פʲͤäƤȤϤߤʤƤʤäLALME ֻΩƴѻ٤ηϤȤư֤ŤΤǤ롥ֻȯȤǤ
Ѹؤϡ1986ǯ LALME оˤäưɽͤʤ顤ʳ뤳Ȥˤʤä˰βʤ̳äȤϳΤǤ롥ʸǤĤƤʤѸθŪ֡Ȥȯμ֤ɤ餻ȻפСֻ˹Ԥ夤ƤޤֻɤΤ餤¤ȯɽ路ƤΤϡޤ˳ַڤǤ롥㤨С̾⤤Τ˸Ѹ shall бѸ East Anglia ֻ xul, xal ʤθ¾δֻ̯ MED ȡˡ <x> ʸɽ蘆벻 [ks] ʤΤ [ʃ] ʤΤ뤤̤βʤΤΤ褦䤬ΩϤʤǡֻȯڤΥƹͤƤߤ褦ֻ¦ǤΩƹͻƤߤ褦Ȥ褬Ϳ뤳ȤȤʤä
ȯμβϱʵפ³櫓ǤϤʤLALME νǸ塤ʻȤƤϤŤˤ³ԤȤ LAEME ΥץȤϤޤäץȤθȾܳŪ˻ä˷ֲ Lass ϡֻȯδطƹͤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The statement in LALME (vol. 1, 6) that the maps constitute 'a dialect atlas of written Middle English', and that texts are 'treated as examples of a system of written language in its own right' is often misinterpreted. The emphasis on the independent value of written evidence was particularly apposite two decades ago, given the post-Bloomfieldian view that was current then (and to a large extent still is) that writing is of no independent linguistic interest, but merely 'parasitic on' speech. But this must not be misunderstood and taken to imply that phonological interpretation is per se unnecessary. The LALME editors take no such line. They were fully aware of the potential phonological implications of their data. LALME is rich in phonological commentary, while the series of Dot Maps (vol. 1) crucially depends on acknowledging the relationship between sound and symbol. (Lass and Laing 11--12)
ϡ20ǯۤɤβθ xul βϲȤ̴Τ褦Ω֤ʤФʤʤȤʸǤʤƤ Lass and Laing ʸιͻϡѸֻˤȤɤޤ餺ѸֻȯδطˤͿΤǤꡤɤ߱롥
Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap2.pdf .
McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.
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