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information_theory - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2021-01-03 Sun

#4269. ʤ digital transformation ά DX ȤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][abbreviation][grammatology][prefix][word_game][x][information_theory][preposition][latin]

ǯ³ؤȤʤ¿ȿ¿쾯ʤ֥饤פ侩뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ȻפޤʲҤ1ǯۤΩ2018ǯ12ˡǤ˷кѻȾʤ֥ǥȥ󥹥ե᡼ʤ뤿Υɥ饤DXʥɥ饤ˡ (PDF) ȯɽƤꡤ DX ϩ򺣤ξˤޤޤʤƤΤͽۤޤ
Ǥdigital transformation άʤ *DT ǤϤʤ DX ʤΤ˻פޤ󤫡DX Τۤ餫˶̤Ūdzʹ褤ǤǤ X ϤäɤƤΤǤ礦
¤ϡϰθͷӤǤʸͷӤʤΤǤİ



trans- ȤΤϥƥƬǡѸˤ through across ޤacross ǤȤȤݥȤǤtrans- across cross X Ȥ츻Ȼ˰äθͷӤˤꡤƬ trans- X ɽ褦ˤʤäΤǤ¤ DX = digital transformation ȤΤϤޤ䤵ۤǡXMIT, X-ing, XREF, Xmas, Xian, XTAL ʤɤά⤢ޤ줾첿άʬǤ礦
Τ褦 X ˴ؤͷӡʸͷӤ˴ؿäϡ##4219,4189,4220εå򤴻ȤX ϼ¤ˤ⤷ʸǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-05-1]

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2020-11-14 Sat

#4219. ʤ DX digital transformation άȤʤΤ [sobokunagimon][abbreviation][grammatology][prefix][word_game][x][information_theory][latin]

1114īʹīΥ֤ȤХץפˡɸ˴Ϣ꤬ǺܤƤޤˤĤƻ˼ĴаޤޤΤǡäǤΥߥ󥰤Ǥξܺ٤ʲ˵ƤȻפޤ  *




ܤǤΤʤǡ֥ǥȥ󥹥ե᡼ (= digital transformation = DX ) Ȥդ򼪤ˤꡤܤˤꤹ뵡Ƥǥˤѳפο侩Ǥ롥кѻȾʤ2018ǯ12֥ǥȥ󥹥ե᡼ʤ뤿Υɥ饤DXʥɥ饤ˡ (PDF) ȯɽƤꡤDX ȤάΤɽ⤹Ǥ˹ΤդƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥⤽ʤ digital transformation ά DX ʤΤΤ DT ꥫå褯뤫⤷ʤ
transformation ѷѼˤϡtrans- (= across, through, over, beyond) + formation ȤǡѸ˥ե󥹸ͳäƤƥͳñǤ롥ƥƬ trans- ϡ嵭̤ѸǤȤ across through ¤˸ through ȤϰĸΥ٥ƱǤ롥Τ褦 trans- Τˡ?ĶơͤȴơˡפȤޤߤ뤿ˡѲѷѳסѴѰۡפʤɤỌ̇̄Ū褤transcend, transfer, transfigure, transit, translate, transmit, transport, transpose ñ줬פ⤫֡ǤСѡפΤĻ˶ܤƬȤäƤ褤ѳפλˤϤƤϤ䤵Ϥ
ơ嵭Τ褦 trans- ϥƥͳƬѸȤ褽 acrossacross ϡ#4189. across a + cross ([2020-10-15-1]) ǸȤꡤƬ a- ˡֽʲ͡ˡפ̣ cross ղäǤ롥ǡʲ͡ˤ򤫤ɤäʸȤƤ X ν֤Ȥʤ롥ʸ X ȤбѸ̾졦ư cross, cross ȤбѸֻ acrossacross ȤХƥƬ trans- ȤǡĤδ֤ˤ trans- X ɽ봷ȤʤäƤޤäEngland Engl& ȵꡤSee you later. CUL8R ȤꤹΤƱʸͷ (rebus) तȤäƤ褤ܸεˤ̤cf. #2789. Ѹ Engl&Ѹ 7honge ([2016-12-15-1])#2790. Engl&, 7honge ȷ̾ ([2016-12-16-1])
X ʸϰʾηаޤˤƥƬ trans- ȷӤĤ줿¾ˤ (a)cross ˷ӤĤ줿ꡤChrist ʱѸ <ch> ϥꥷ <> б뤳Ȥˤɽݤꡤȯ cryst- άȤƤѤ뤳Ȥ롥XMIT (= transmit), X-ing (= crossing), XREF (= cross-reference), Xmas (= Christmas), Xian (= Christian), XTAL (= crystal) ǡǤ롥ޤX Ϥäȥȥ졼Ȥ ex- άǤ⤢ (ex. XL (= extra large), XOR (= exclusive-or)) <x> ¿ǽ٤
Ѹˤơx ϡ#3654. x ǻϤޤñ줬ʤΤϤʤǤ ([2019-04-29-1]) 褦ˡƬѤ뤳Ȥʤäơޤ˸Ƭ˸ȡ¾ʸ־͡פ⤤ݡƬʤ餺Ȥ x ܤܤ򽸤뤿ʸ䥭åե졼˺ŬʤΤǤ롥⡤̤Τɽ魯 x Ȥˡ⤢cf. #2918. ̤ΤΤΡפɽ魯 x ([2017-04-23-1])ˡѳפλˤϡ̤ΤؤĩȤ̣ǥݥƥɾΤ롥
ܸˤ DX ȤάΡɽϡ嵭Τ褦طʤĤġǯȤߤ˻夲褦ˤʤäƤѸˤƤƱ褦ήԸŪʰ֤ŤˤάΡɽǤ뤫ɤϵǤ롥Ѹ쥳ѥäƤߤȳΤ˻ǧ졤ήԤäƤɽǰǤȤϸ뤫⤷ʤѸˤܤ夬äƤۤɤ̤¸ߤɤϲ⤦ĴɬפǤ롥

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2018-08-11 Sat

#3393. ߥ˥Ȥϡ [terminology][communication][information_theory]

ߥ˥ (communication) ϡؤǤ褯ȤѸŪ˹ȤѸǤ⤢롥ºݡؤǤ⤫ʤˤѤƤ롥ΤƤȻפCrystal θؼŵƤߤˤȡcommunication Ȥϼ̤Ǥ (89--90)

communication (n.) A fundamental notion in the study of behaviour, which acts as a frame of reference for linguistic and phonetic studies. Communication refers to the transmission and reception of information (as 'message') between a source and a receiver using a signalling system: in linguistic contexts, source and receiver are interpreted in human terms, the system involved is a language, and the notion of response to (or acknowledgement of) the message becomes of crucial importance. In theory, communication is said to have taken place if the information received is the same as that sent: in practice, one has to allow for all kinds of interfering factors, or 'noise', which reduce the efficiency of the transmission (e.g. unintelligibility of articulation, idiosyncratic associations of words). One has also to allow for different levels of control in the transmission of the message: speakers' purposive selection of signals will be accompanied by signals which communicate 'despite themselves', as when voice quality signals the fact that a person has a cold, is tired/old/male, etc. The scientific study of all aspects of communication is sometimes called communication science: the domain includes linguistics and phonetics, their various branches, and relevant applications of associated subjects (e.g. acoustics, anatomy).
   Human communication may take place using any of the available sensory modes (hearing, sight, etc.), and the differential study of these modes, as used in communicative activity, is carried on by semiotics. A contrast which is often made, especially by psychologists, is between verbal and non-verbal communication (NVC) to refer to the linguistic v. the non-linguistic features of communication (the latter including facial expressions, gestures, etc., both in humans and animals). However, the ambiguity of the term 'verbal' here, implying that language is basically a matter of 'words', makes this term of limited value to linguistics, and it is not usually used by them in this way.


Ƥ뤬˿ʬüŪ˲᤹Сߥ˥Ȥϡ2Դ֤ˤ뿮ηϤѤΤʤȤפȤʤϡΤ褦ʥߥ˥ã뤿μʤ1ĤȤȤˤʤ롥ϥߥ˥ΤѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤϡФо嵭Υߥ˥æ褦Ѥ⤹롥νǽ (function_of_language) ˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾Ȥ줿#523. εǽȸѲ ([2010-10-02-1])#1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1])#1862. Stern ˤ4Ĥεǽ ([2014-06-02-1])#1776. Ogden and Richards ˤ5Ĥεǽ ([2014-03-08-1])
󡤥ߥ˥˴ޤޤ־ (information) ȤϲȤ礭꤬ĤäƤ롥̤ϡ#1089. ȸ; ([2012-04-20-1])#1098. ؤͿƤ뼨2 ([2012-04-29-1]) ޤ information_theory γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2017-11-23 Thu

#3132. Źؤȸ (2) [cryptology][linguistics][statistics][chaos_theory][information_theory]

Ƕᡤؤȥ (chaos_theory) ˤĤƾĴ٤Ƥ뤬ե饯޷֥ޥǥ֥ (Mandelbrot set) Τؼ Benoît Mandelbrot (1924--2010) ؤ˴ؤͤ路Ƥ뤳ȤΤäʡ֥ޥǥ֥פˤĤƤϡ#3123. ȥե饯 ([2017-11-14-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Mandelbrot ϤͤǡŹ (cryptology) ȸؤȤˤ⿨Ƥ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#2699. Źؤȸء ([2016-09-16-1]) εǡξʬ̩ܤʴطˤĤƹͤȤäΤǡǺƤӼ夲ε2ǽҤ٤Ȥ Mandelbrot (552) μ1ϡ褯礹롥

. . . let us grant for the moment that the encoding and decoding machines may be as complicated as the designer may wish, and that the memory of the human links---using the common sense of the word "memory"---is unbounded. Under those ideal circumstances, it is obvious that any improvement of our understanding of the structure of language and of discourse will bring a possibility of improvement of the performance of the cryptographer or stenographer. For example, a knowledge of the rules of grammar will show that a given phrase will never be encountered in grammatically correct discourse; thus, if his employer were to speak only grammatical English, a stenographer would not need any special set of signs to designate the incorrect sentences. Similarly, a knowledge of the statistics of discourse will suggest that the "cliché" be represented by special short signs; in this way, the stenogram will be shortened and---since deciphering is very much helped by cliché---the code will be strengthened. That is, the ideal cryptographer and stenographer should make the utmost use of any available linguistic information.


ŹԤϡΤäƤФۤɡ΢򤫤ŹʸǤ뤷դ˰ŹɼԤ⡤ΤäƤФۤɡΤ褦΢򤫤ǽ򸺤餹ȤǤ롥ΰ̣ǡŹؤѤؤȤ⤤ΤǤ롥

Mandelbrot, Beno&icirc;t. "Information Theory and Psycholinguistics." Scientific Psychology: Principles and Approaches. Ed. Benjamin B. Wolman and Ernest Nagel. New York: Basic Books, 1965. 550--62.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-13-1]

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2016-01-07 Thu

#2446. ˤˡ§ [morphology][category][functionalism][redundancy][information_theory][markedness][category]

ε#2445. ܥˤ̵ռ ([2016-01-06-1]) ǰѤˤ Franz Boaz ˴ؤϤκǸ (p. 98) ˡĹ餯Ի׵Ĥ˻פäƤؤθڤä

¿θ줬ñǼƤۤʣǤΤŪʶ̤򤷤ƤʤΤϤʤȤ򡤲ʤΤȤƥܥϰѤƤ롥֥ (Viggo Bröndal) ϡŪγѤʣ򤱤뤿μʤŪ˹֤Ƥ뷹뤳ȤŦФʬΰĤƤ˴ؤʣǤ¾Ƥ˴ؤƤŪñǤ롥Ρˡ§פˤäơñⴰꤵƤʣϡŪɽäƤ롥


ѸˤǤСϤĤηǸ롥űѸˤơ̾ƻʤˤ޷ϡʣñΤۤ¿ʣǤ롥3;̾Ǥ⡤ñǤ (he), hēo (she), hit (it) ˱3ΰۤʤ촴̤뤬ʣǤζ̤¤ hīe (they) Τߤȴά롥ưο;θ⡤ñǤϿ;Τˤۤʤ֤Τ̤ʣǤϿ;Τˤ餺1Ĥη֤뤳Ȥ¿ĤޤꡤʸˡƤιΤͭɸʤΤ˴ؤƤϡ餯̣ǽʣǤ뤤ȤơбŪñʤΤޤ롤ȤȤ
ͤƤߤСϸ줬ǽŪηϤǤ뤳ȤȤΤȤ⤷ʤͭɸǤʣηϤϡѼԤôꤹ¸³Τ񤷤Ϥˡ§פϡ١;ѤȤäǽŪʽǰȤ⿼ط (see #1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1]))
äȤ⡤Ρˡ§פϰŪ˴ѻ뷹Ȥ٤ΤǤꡤ̸ŪˤȿϾʤ餺դ̻ŪѲʤ櫓ǤϤʤ

ظؼ?ػˤäŷ͡ۺͤμ?١īǼҡ2010ǯ

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2015-09-07 Mon

#2324. n-gram [corpus][information_theory][coca][bnc][google_books][statistics][n-gram][collocation][frequency][link]

伫ʬѤ n-gram Ȥʬϼˡ롥ѥؤǤ⤹ǤˤߤγǰǤꡤɽ (collocation) θʤɤǤΤ褦Ѥ褦ˤʤäΥѥΥ󥿡եˤƤѤƤꡤ#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1]) Ǥ̾˴ޤޤƤۤɤܥ֥Ǥ COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) N-gram ǡ١Ѥơ#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ƤʤαѤϡ#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1])#954. ӱƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-07-1])#955. ʸϤ碌2।ǥ ([2011-12-08-1]) 򻲾ȡˡBNC ǤϡExplore Words and Phrases from the BNC ѤǤ롥
ԥ塼ѤʬϼˡȤ񤷤ʹ뤬n-gram ιͤϻäñǤ롥ʸ٥ 2-gram (bigram) ͤƤߤ褦ĹαñȤ pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (#63. پɤϱѸǺǤŤµ ([2009-06-30-1])) ˤȤ롥ޤƬ2ʸ1Ȥ pn Фˡ2ʸܤ˿ʤƱ褦 ne Ф3ʸܤ˿ʤ eu 4ʸܤ˿ʤ um 롥Ʊ褦ˡ1ʸıˤ餷ʤ顤Ǹ is ޤ2ʸ1Ȥ򼡡ȽäƤ44Ȥ2ʸȤˤʤ롥ȤΤʤǡic co ȤȤ߹碌ϳơ3󵯤ꡤos, si, no, on Ȥ߹碌ϳơ2󸽤졤ʳȤ߹碌Ϥ1٤Ǥ롥äơñˤƺǹ٤2ʸ1Ȥ ic co Ȥʤ롥
n-gram ñ̤ϡΤ褦ʸǤɬפϤʤǤǤ褤礭ñ̤ǤǤǤ褯礭ʶʤɤΤ礭ñ̤Ǥ褤Ѹ쥳ѥؤǤϡȤñ̤ǹͤΤ̤Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have a Dream αΥƥȤǸñ̤ 4-gram ȡǤ¿4Ȥ߹碌ϡͽ̤ "I have a dream" 8"will be able to" Ʊ8󸽤롥"Let freedom ring from" 7Ȥ褯롤ʬϤǽȤʤ롥Ǥ4ȤפꤷΤ 4-gram ȸƤФ뤬ܤ뤤Ĥʸθ뤫ˤ 1-gram (unigram), 2-gram (bigram), 3-gram (trigram) 5-gram ʾͤ뤳ȤǤ1-gram ξ硤ꥹȤϡ¾ƸɽǤˡ
祳ѥ줿 2-gram 3-gram ΰϡ켫ΤɽθʤɤǤϴܥǡȤʤ뤿ᡤ־Ǥ⤤ȸƤ롥ܸǤN-gram ѥ - ܸ쥦֥ѥ 2010뤷ѸǤ COCA n-gram ǡ١ 롥ޤBigram Plus Ǥϡ˱Ѹ쥳ѥޤ᤿ƼѸ쥳ѥ N-Gram Search Ԥʤ뵡ǽ󶡤Ƥ롥ۤˤǤդΥƥȤ䥳ѥоݤ n-gram ƼΥġ䥽եȤ⡤־ǽ
n-gram ʬϤθʬؤαϰϤϹʲʸˤϲȤͽ¬ǽȤطᡤˤ벻ǧʬϡȽꡤưڥåõΡʸѥǥåκʤɤ˳Ѥ롥󡤶ɽθǤϡܤˤԲķμʤȤʤäƤ롥n-gram ϤäѤȤɽ̲줿ƥȤоݤȤؤˤ빽¤ˤޤä뤳ȤʤᡤʸˡΤ褦ʸ̤Ƚ褦ܤϡn-gram in Wikipedia 򻲾ȡ
n-gram Ϲ׼ǡޤޤȤƻꤽ˱ѸƥȤˤ⡤ѤƤ

ʸ嵭2015/09/12(Sat) Sketch Engine N-grams ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-09-07-1]

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2015-08-21 Fri

#2307. ֻ; (2) [spelling][redundancy][statistics][information_theory][alphabet][final_e][silent_letter]

#2249. ֻ; ([2015-06-24-1]) Ǽ夲ꡥ̤δѸֻ;ͤƤߤ褦
Roman alphabet Τ褦ñʸηϤˤäƤϡ1ʸ1ǤбΤŪ˾ޤŪŪ¾λǡۤϤޤ¸ʤȤäƤ褤¤ۤ11æƤΤǤϡŪˤϤɤٰæƤΤ
ǡ#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database Search ([2012-06-29-1]) ѤơʸȲǤбٹ礤򤪤褽¬Ƥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥⤷̤ñʸηϤǤСñֻʸȡȯ벻ǿϰפѸäñˤĤơʸȲǿᡤΤʿͤʤɤͤФСŪʻɸϤֻ;Ū (redundancy) ǤȤȤϤޤǤεͽۤȤǤϤ뤬Ūˡʸвǿϡ2:1 ٤ʤΤ 3:1 ٤ʤΤɤʤΤ
ޤϡMRC Psycholinguistic Database Search ʲΤ褦˸ơñ줴ȤΡʸǿξԤʡ;λɸˤΰSQLʸ where ʲϡӽ뤿ξˡ

select WORD, NLET, NPHON, NLET/NPHON as REDUNDANCY, PHON from mrc2 where NPHON != "00" and WORD != "" and PHON != "";



ΰȤˡƼͤ׻Ф褤ʸȲǿʿͤϡ1.192025 ä0.2ߤˤȤäٿʬۿޤ򼨤

Letter-Phoneme Ratio in Words

ʸ̤ʿͤȤäƤߤȡ̣Ȥ3ʸʲñǤ; 1.166174 ˤȤɤޤꡤΤʿͤ꾮ʤ롥4ʸ7ʸޤǤñǤʿѤ⤤ 1.231737 Ȥͤ򼨤8ʸʾˤʤȺƤ;Ͼʤꡤ1.157689 Ȥʤ롥ʸǿ٤Ĺñ;⤯ûñĹñǤϤषŪ;㤤褦ͳˤĤƤϾܤʬϤƤʤ#1160. MRC Psychological Database Ƽפв ([2012-06-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡñǺǤ¿8ʸ6ǤǤȤȤ䡤final_e ϤȤۻ (silent_letter) ʬۤȲ餫δط뤫⤷ʤ
ơΤʿ 1.192025 Ǽ;٤ɤ줯餤ΤΤʤΤۤоݤʤΤɾˤˤŪˤۤ 1.0 Ƴȳ֤äƤʤʤȤݤǤ롥ñˤʸȲǤδطϡ#2292. ֻȯϥפǤĤʤ줿2ۤΥܡȡ ([2015-08-06-1]) ȤǤС褯ĥ줿ûΥפǷФ줿طȤ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
οͤˤĤդ٤ϡñˤʸȲǤбĤҤȤľȤ餷碌ƤϤФΤǤϤʤϤäʣбϤξԤδط򡤤줾ĹȤͤȤäΤˤʤȤȤǽŪ˵᤿ֻ;ΤΤǤϤʤ򤢤鼨ɸȤäۤ褤Ǥ⡤ܰ¤Ȥʤˤϰ㤤ʤ

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2015-06-24 Wed

#2249. ֻ; [spelling][orthography][cgi][web_service][redundancy][information_theory][punctuation][shortening][alphabet][q]

; (redundancy) ѤˤĤơ#1089. ȸ; ([2012-04-20-1])#1090. ; ([2012-04-21-1])#1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1])#1098. ؤͿƤ뼨2 ([2012-04-29-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]) ʤɤǵƤηϤΤȤƤߤ;Τۤˡ㤨бѸֻȤɽŪηϤˤ;ͤ뤳ȤǤ롥#1599. Qantas ȯ ([2013-09-12-1]) Ǿ̤ꡤ㤨 <q> θˤ <u> 뤳Ȥ˹⤤ΩǴԤ뤿ᡤ<qu> ;ζˤƹ⤤ʸϢȤȤǤ롥
ѸֻηϤΤȤƤߤƤ;⤤ΤᡤѸθá֡졤Ѥʤɤ˴ؤ塤Ѿμ˭٤ǤСɬˡ̤֤ƤʤȤ⡤ʬʸϤɲ򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥ġñֻεϤΰæϤȤꡤʸʸζ̤ʤꡤʬ񤭤¾ζˡάƤ⡤¿ΤΡ褽ɤ뤳Ȥϲǽ̤˸ѲѰۤˤƷû (shortening) ӻǤ뤳ȤͤСɸŪʽ񤭸դˤƤ⡤ֻˤṳ̂ˤȤưפ롥δϡγݤѤκǾϾΩطˤꡤξԤϤ줫Фꤹʤ褦ʷǡֻηϤХ󥹤ݻƤΤȹͤ롥
줫ϤФꤹηϤȤƵǽʤʤΤΡ¿ФˤȤɤޤ¤ϡʤȤѤ­ΤǤ롥ȤƷӵѤ󶡤ƤǶ Short Messages Service (SMS) ǤϡѼԤϡ򥯥ꥢ뤿ˡåɲǽϰǤʤ٤̤ɬפ롥ѸΥåˤĤƤСֻ;Ǿˤ褦ʸץˤ뤳ȤˤäơºݤΰΨ뤳ȤǤ롥ſʸΤθǤȤäȤ
ºݤˡθƤߤ褦ʲ "Text Squeezer" ϡ첻礿ˤȤḁ̊ץ1ĤǤPerl ⥸塼 Lingua::EN::Squeeze ѡˡϤƥȤˤ뤬10%ʾΰΨ롥ϥƥȤϡΤ˲뤬ƤȤʤѤ­Ȥ狼롥Ṳ̆ˡǽ񤫤줿ʸǡѸˡ;Ǥ뤫ΤƤ餤


Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-24-1] [2015-08-21-1]

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2015-04-14 Tue

#2178. 饤ɸΩ줫ߤ̣ΰ̲ü첽 [semantic_change][pragmatics][cooperative_principle][implicature][zipfs_law][information_theory][hyponymy]

Grice ζĴθ (cooperative_principle) ȲŪް (implicature) ˤĤơ#1122. Ĵθ ([2012-05-23-1])#1133. Ĵθι ([2012-06-03-1])#1134. ĴθˤȤ ([2012-06-04-1])#1976. ŪްդȤ¾͡ʴްա ([2014-09-24-1])#1984. ŪްդỌ̇̄Ѳ ([2014-10-02-1]) ʤɤεˤƤGrice ϸ˳̿⤿餷θθοŸˤ礭ʱƶڤܤʤǤ⿷饤 (Neo-Gricean) ˤȯŸܤͤ롥
饤ɤ򸣰 Laurence R. Horn ϡGrice ε󤲤4Ĥθ (Quality, Quantity, Relation, Manner) 2ĤθؤȺQ[uantity]-principle R[elation]-principle ȤǤ롥ξ꼰ϡʲ̤Ǥ (Huang 38 )

Horn's Q- and R-principles
a. The Q-principle
Make your contribution sufficient;
Say as much as you can (given the R-principle)
b. The R-principle
Make your contribution necessary;
Say no more than you must (given the Q-principle)


Q-principle Ϥ¿ξ󶡤褦Ȥ븶ǤꡤR-principle Ϥ꾯ʤǺѤޤ褦Ȥ븶Ǥ롥δϡäθȤξΤ᤮礤ˤۤʤʤˤϸѤˤ "most effective, least effort" λۤȿǤƤꡤѤηкŪʸǤ른åפˡ§Zipf's Lawcf. #1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1])ˤȤ⿼ط롥Huang (39--40) ۩

Viewing the Q- and R-principles as mere instantiations of Zipfian economy . . ., Horn explicitly identified the Q-principle ('a hearer-oriented economy for the maximization of informational content') with Zipf's Auditor's Economy (the Force of Diversification) and the R-principle ('a speaker-oriented economy for the minimization of linguistic form') with Zipf's Speaker's Economy (the Force of Unification).


ợѲɽŪʼȤơ̲ (generalization) ü첽 (specialization) 롥줾ζϡ#473. ̣ѲŵŪʥѥ ([2010-08-13-1])#2060. ̣Ѹ콸ˤߤ̣Ѳʬ ([2014-12-17-1])#2102. Ѹˤˤ̣γȽ̾ ([2015-01-28-1]) ǵ󤲤̤Ǥꡤ֤ʤǤϡ̣ΰ̲ü첽饤ɤθΩ줫顤줾 R-principle Q-principle бΤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤܤ
줬̣ΰ̲Фȡ줬Ѥʸ̮¿ʤ뤬Ūˤθξ̤Ͼʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ̣ΰ̲ȤϾ̤ʤ뤳ȤǤ롥ȡβϡɬ׺Ǿ¤ξͿФ褤Ȥ R-principleʤä¦ηкѤˤäưŤƤ˰㤤ʤ
ǡ줬̣ü첽Фȡ줬Ѥʸ̮Ͼʤʤ뤬Ūˤθξ̤礭ʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ̣ü첽ȤϾ̤礭ʤ뤳ȤǤ롥ȡβϡǤ¿ξͿ褦Ȥ Q-principleʤʹ¦ηкѤˤäưŤƤ˰㤤ʤ (Luján 293--95)
Τ褦ʤȤ館ϡ̣Ѳ෿ˤĤƸΩ줫Ǥǽ򼨤Ƥ롥

Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
Luján, Eugenio R. "Semantic Change." Chapter 16 of Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics. Ed. Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik. London: Continuum International, 2010. 286--310.

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2014-09-18 Thu

#1970. ¿٤شط [polysemy][zipfs_law][information_theory][frequency][statistics]

ܸäȸƤФΤ¿ŪˤĤơ#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1]) ǿ줿ܸäȤϡŪ٤⤯˽졤Ѳˤ̣ˡ¿ˤ錄ʤɤħġϢϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])#1089. ȸ; ([2012-04-20-1])#1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1])#1874. ٸθݼ ([2014-06-14-1])#1961. ܥ٥ ([2014-09-09-1])#1965. Ūʸǡ ([2014-09-13-1]) ¾εǤȰäƤ
ϡȴϢơٸ¿ŪǤȤ̿ˤĤƹͤƤߤ٤ι⤤ۤɸ¿٤㤤ϸ¿⤿ʤȤȤϸѤλ¤˾Ȥ餷Ƽ¾ڤޤŪˤZipf's law Τ Zipf ϡΩ줫餳βĩ
Zipf ϡE. L. Thorndike αѸ20,000 Thorndike-Century Senior Dictionary ˴Ť٤ȸشطõäμϡŸѸʤɤü register ĸϷǺܤƤ餺ŪѤΤߤǺܤƤ롥ðǰĴٰ̡ȡ°줬ʿѸȤδ֤ˡ餫شط줿ʲϡZipf (253) ˼Ƥ륰դƸΤǤ롥ξȤпǤꡤXٽ̤YٰʿѸɽ魯

Zipf's Correlation between Word Frequency and Number of Senses

Ϥۤ0.5üԤȯäİԤİˤѤ˴ؤͽ¬礹ȤοŪ΢դϻĶΤDzǤʤZipf ϷȤƸθ١ʽ̡ˤδطˤĤƼΤ褦꼰 (Zipf 255)

. . . different meanings of a word will tend to be equal to the square root of its relative frequencies (with the possible exception of the few dozen most frequent words)


طʤˤϡ¿䤢θ򤤤˶ʬ뤫Ȥạ̈¦䤦٤⤪ˤ뤬٤Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1]) zipfs_law γƵ⻲Ȥ줿

Zipf, G. K. "The Meaning-Frequency Relationship of Words." Journal of General Psychology 33 (1945): 251--66.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-18-1] [2016-08-07-1]

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2013-09-12 Thu

#1599. Qantas ȯ [acronym][pronunciation][information_theory][redundancy][alphabet][q]

8Ⱦ˥ȥꥢ˽ФƤα˽ Qantas Ѥġɥˡϩε˹ȤƤꡤ¤˲Ŭʥե饤ȤäܸǤϡ֥󥿥פȸƤӽ路Ƥ뤬 [ˈkwɑntəs] ȯʹQ ʸбˡҲ [k] ǤϤʤ [kw] ʤΤ
Qantas "Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services" Ƭ (acronym) Ǥ롥1920ǯ̤̾ꥪȥꥢΥʹҶҤȤߤ줿47ǯ˹IJ졤ߤǤͭιŪʹҶҤǤ롥϶ȤƤ̵ΤȤʻΤˤ뤬ˡ̤Ǥɾ⤤
Ѹ줢뤤ϱѸäˤĹΤʤǤϡ̾ <q> ñȤѤ뤳ȤϤʤ<qu> ɬľ <u> ȼŪˤϡűѸ <cw> ֤ƤΤѸǥե󥹤μ̻˽ä <qu> ֤褦ˤʤäΤ<q> θ˸§Ȥ <u> ³ȤȤϡͤȤС<u> ξ̤ϥǤפȤȤˤʤ롥<u> ³Ȥ100%ͽۤǤΤǡ<u> ϤʤƤƱȤȤˤʤ뤫ǽ塤<q> θ <u> פȤȤˤʤΤ<qu> Ϣ³˴Ƥޤäܤˤ <q> ñȤ̯˸롥ֻ٥Ǥ⡤; (redundancy) ѤƤڤ
äȤ⡤Ƭ졤ӥ줫μѸʤɡ˱ѸƱȤϤߤʤʤ췲Ǥϡ<q> θ <u> ³ʤȤ¿ɽ Qantas ֻȤƤ <q> ñȤѤƤ뤬ȯȤƤñȤ [k] ǤϤʤ [kw] 򼨤Ƥ롥Qatar [ˈkæːtɑː], qibla(h) [ˈkɪblə], Qing [ʧɪŋ], ޤ <u> ³Τ [kw] 򼨤ʤ Quran [kɔːˈrɑːn] ⻲ȡ
ʤ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) Ǹ褦ˡ<q> ϱѸ <z> ˼ǺǤ٤㤤ե٥åȤʸǤ<z> ˤĤƤ z γƵ򻲾ȡˡܡɤQWERTYǤ⡤̾Ȥꡤ<Q> Ϻξؤ򺹤ΤФǤʤФʤʤԤǤ롥QWERTY ΤƬǤꡤ<q> θ <w> ³ [w] ȯޤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-24-1] [2015-06-24-1]

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2012-09-05 Wed

#1227. Ọ̇̄ [information_theory][frequency][sign][semantics]

#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1]) #1110. Guiraud ˤؤι ([2012-05-11-1]) ǻȤ̣ؼԤ Guiraud ϡ (information_theory) θؤؤαѤˤؿηϤ쵭Τ;١ѤʤɤͻƤ롥
1954ǯʸɤߡ¿μŪƶ줿㤨С˥ե󡤥˥ե١ĹδطˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (128) ǽϥ˥ե˥ե֡סкǤû˥ե󤬺Ǥ٤ι⤤˥ե˳Ƥ롥줫顤˥ե󤬸ˡֶưסˡѹäס
Υ˥եȥ˥եߴطްդΤϡ餫ͳ٤̣֤ѲƤ椯ȡޤݤƤξԤδ֤ζѹդ뤿ˡηϤĴǽȯưѹդ᤽ȤȤȤǤ롥̤θ򤹤СѲϡãθΨ¤ݤ¤ˤƵȤȤˤʤ롥ηϤηϤ1ĤǤʾ塤˴ؤ̸ǤָΨפ˽虜ʤȤˤʤ
ǤϡָΨפ졤ְ̣פϼξݤΤ̤̣ȤȤƤ Guiraud ϡΤ褦ˡǾθ̣Ѥ˳褫ȹͤƤ롥ҴŪ˿ɽ蘆٤ĹȤɸѤơܤ˸ʤ˥եȥ˥եδطõΤǤϤʤ

La relation coût/information (ou forme/fréquence) traduit objectivement ces rapports entre le signe et le concept et permet de poser en termes objectifs le problème de la signification. (128)

ѡʤ뤤Ϸ֡١ˤδطϥ˥եȥ˥եδ֤ΤδطҴŪɽ魯ΤǤꡤ̣ѤҴŪ󼨤뤳ȤǽˤƤ롥


Guiraud, P. "Langage et communication. Le substrat informationnel de la sémantisation." Bulletin de la société de linguistique de Paris 50 (1954): 119--33.

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2012-05-03 Thu

#1102. Zipf's law ȸο [information_theory][frequency][statistics][zipfs_law][shortening][language_change]

ε[2012-05-02-1] Zipf's law ˤĤƳ⤷Zipf's law ˤˡ§פ¿ꡤ1Ĥˡ[2012-04-22-1]ε#1091. ;١ѡפǤŦָǤϡ٤⤱вûפȤΤ롥򡤤ưŪˡ̻ŪɽȡָǤϡ٤⤯ʤвûʤפȤʤ롥٤⤯ʤäƤ椯ȡ٤ٱϤΤΡβûƤ椯Τ뤳Ȥϡ䤿иŪˤ褯ΤäƤ뤳ȤǤ롥#878. Algeo Bauer ο쥽Ĵӡ([2011-09-22-1]) #879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1]) ǸȤꡤѸο쥽Ȥû (shortening) ˤäƤꡤˤϻ礫ʤ
Zipf's law ˡ§ΤĶŪյ̻Ūյ碌ƹͤȡ٤Ĺˤäơ줬Ϸ椯 (senescent word) ʤΤޤĤĤ (nascent word) ʤΤ̤ǤȤǽ롥Zipf Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology νɾ路 Chao (399) ꡤϢսѤ褦

A very interesting application of the tool analogy is that of senescent and nascent tools in connection with the Principle of Economical Specialization. Reasoning from tool efficiency yields the result that 'whenever we find a tool (or word) whose magnitude is smaller than that of its neighbors in the frequency range, we may conclude that the tool (or word) of below-average size is an older tool (or word) whose usage is on the decrease (hereinafter we shall call this a senescent tool)', and 'whenever we find a tool (or word) whose magnitude is above average for its frequency, we may conclude not only that it is a newer tool (or word), but that its usage may well be directed toward an increase (hereinafter we shall call this a nascent tool)' (72). The application to words is verified to a fair degree for English of various periods (111). By regarding all behavior as work and words as tools, the analogy becomes a case and the qualifier 'or word' can be omitted.


Ūûñ A ͤ롥Zipf's law ˤСA Ū٤ι⤤ͽۤ뤬ºݤˤƱ٤٤򼨤¾¿θ٤ȲûȤ롥ξ硤餯 A Ϥ᤮٤ޤäƤ senescent word ȹͤƤ褤ȿФˡŪĹñ B ͤ롥Zipf's law ˤСB Ū٤㤤ͽۤ뤬ºݤˤƱ٤٤򼨤¾¿θ٤ȲĹȤ롥ξ硤餯 B Ϥ줫٤ޤޤƤ椭ṳ̂򵯤Ƥ椯ͽۤ nascent word ȹͤƤ褤ϡZipf's law ˡƬ˽Ҥ٤ŪٱȤݤ碌ˡ§ȤäƤ褤
̾ Zipf's law ŪǶŪŪˡ§ȤȤ館Ƥ뤬ưŪ̻Ūʴ顤οդˡ§ȤƺƲᤷƤߤȤ⤷

Chao, Y. R. "Review of Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology by George Kingsley Zipf." Language 26 (1950): 394--401.

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2012-05-02 Wed

#1101. Zipf's law [information_theory][frequency][statistics][language_change][zipfs_law][shortening][pragmatics][zipfs_law]

##1089,1090,1091,1098 εǡ (information theory) ؤͿƤθˤĤơĤƤι׸ȤơǤ褯ΤƤΤ1Ĥˡꥫθؼ George Kingsley Zipf (1902--50) 1949ǯ Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology ˤ󾧤 Zipf's law åפˡ§ˤ롥٤ˤĤƤηиŪˡ§Ǥꡤ٤ f Ȥ٤ν̤ r Ȥȡ C ϤۤȤʤȤ

r f = C


ˡ§ϡ졤ƥȤμꡤԡ¾θŪѿˤ餺ΩĤȤ뤬ºݤˤ٤ǹ⤪Ӻθ췲ˤĤƤϸ礭Ȥ狼äƤꡤϹ⤯ʤȤȽ¿ޤr ٽ̡ˤʤ f ١ˤ˰¸Ƥꡤf r ΤϼǤ뤫顤ѤͤȤȤȤ϶ä٤ǤϤʤΥȡȥǤȤȽ롥иŪ¤˾Ȥ餷ˡ§ȤޤǤϤ鷺Ȥⷹ褯ɽ路ƤȤȤϤǤŪ˻Ŧյ礭
Zipf's law ȵڸ̤¿ˤ錄롥㤨Сˡ§ˤС٤ι⤤줫餽λ٤߷פƹԤŪθDZٸʬ뤳Ȥ顤ؽܸä˺ͿΤȤʤ롥ޤˡ§Ŭ礷ʤʬۤ򼨤äȤС¾üװͿƤǽȤʾθ٤ޤ˹⤹иäϼ岽ƤȿǤ뤷٤㤤Ϥθ줬٤ѤƤˤȯŪʿ¤äʬɤꤵˡ
Zipf's law ϡʹ֤ιưʤȤ礭ʸ§the Principle of Least Effort ʺǾϤθ§ˤΰǤꡤθؤαѤϡ嵭κǤ褯Τ줿٤ٽδطθΤߤʤ餺¾θƤˤڤǤ롥㤨С٤ȸĹȿδطˤ롤ȤΤ⤢롥ѸñǤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¡ʲʬĴˤĤƤ ##348,349,355 򻲾ȡˤ䡤٤⤯ʤƬʤɤΤ褦û̡ά뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¤⡤θ롥ۤˤϡϰϤȤ°οδطɽ魯Ĵ񤷤Ǥ٤㤤Ȥ븶§ʤɡˡ§Ͽ¿ cooperative principle ʶĴθ§ˤˤ̤γΧ֡ʤξˤơɬפȤƤʤΡ˾ͿפȤͿ"effort" ʤɤ񤷤꤬ĤäƤꡤޤǾϤʹ֤ιưʤͣθ§ǤȤϹͤ뤳ȤǤʤΰ̤ĤΤȤƽפʳǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ʤʸǤϡ嵭Τθ§ Zipf's law ȤƸڤ뤳Ȥꡤޤ Zipf's laws ʣǤޤȤ줿ꡤthe Principle of Least Effort 礵줿ꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤդɬפǤ롥Zipf νɾȤƤ Chao 򻲾ȡŪˡ§ˤĤƤϡCrystal (86--87) 򻲾ȡ

Chao, Y. R. "Review of Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology by George Kingsley Zipf." Language 26 (1950): 394--401.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.

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2012-04-29 Sun

#1098. ؤͿƤ뼨2 [information_theory][redundancy][corpus]

##1089,1090,1091 εǡؤ (information theory) θˤĤơä˸; (redundancy) ܤʤҲ𤷤ϡJakobson ˤ "Linguistics and Communication Theory" ꤹʸˤäơؤͿƤҥȤͤƤߤ
Jakobson ϡ󼨤ˡŪʲǤμŪħ (distinctive feature) ȡˤñ̤Ǥ "digit" 뤤 "bit" Ȥο˵Ťʹ¤˸ؤȾܤJakobson ξʬζФؤ줫ؤ٤뤳ȤϲξԤδ֤Ʊ뤷ƤϤʤȤϲȤȤƤ롥ä2δؿ˰ääΤǡҲ𤷤

(1) ϡäѤʪŪʾãθΨηϤλȤ (code) ˴ؿꡤȯԡԡʸ̮̣ϹθʤηϤ code ǤϤ뤬ϸưɬפȤ¦̤1Ĥˤcode Τߤܤ٤򤱤٤Ǥ롥code 1¦̤ˤʤȤϡ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1]) ǸȤǤ롥

There is a similar danger when interpreting human inter-communication in terms of physical information. Attempts to construct a model of language without any relation either to the speaker or to the hearer and thus to hypostasize a code detached from actual communication threaten to make a scholastic fiction from language. (250)


(2) ؤ (1) ռǡμˡѤƸηϤθΨ¬ȤȤΩηϤȤƤŪʸΨȡܤ٤θºݾθΨȤξƤʤФʤʤԤ type Ūlangue Ūʰ̣ǤθΨԤ token Ūparole Ūʰ̣ǤθΨȤФ狼䤹Jakobson ϡǤμŪħǤʤ֥ƥ꡼ΩǵҤǤǽŪˤ "bit" ˤäƵҤǤȹͤƤꡤˤAȸBʸˡθΨʤɤӤǤȤƤ뤬ݲ줿ηϤȤƤ code θΨΤȤؤƤ롥ǡѤμºݤˤãθΨ¬ȤСܤνи٤̣νŤߤŤȤȤɬפǤ롥ȼºݤΥХ󥹤פȤȤǤ롥

The amount of grammatical information which is potentially contained in the paradigms of a given language (statistics of the code) must be further confronted with a similar amount in the tokens, in the actual occurrences of the various grammatical forms within a corpus of messages. Any attempt to ignore this duality and to confine linguistic analysis and calculation only to the code or only to the corpus impoverishes the research. The crucial question of relationship between the patterning of the constituents of the verbal code and their relative frequency both in the code and in its use cannot be passed over. (251)


(2) ζθ츦˰ĤƲ᤹ȡ¤ؤȥѥؤϢȤȤ褦ʲˤĤʤäƤΤǤϤʤѥˤä줿ͤȤ˳Ƹܤ˽ŤߤŤԤʤΩνȤƵҤ줿ηϤΥѥ᡼ȤƴޤƤ롥뤳ȤˤäơMartinet μĥηкθ ([2012-03-24-1], [2012-04-21-1]) ʤɤ⸡ڲǽȤʤΤǤϤʤ

Jakobson, Roman. "Linguistics and Communication Theory." Structure of Language and Its Mathematical Aspects. Providence: American Mathematical Society, 1961. 245--52.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-11-1] [2015-06-24-1]

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2012-04-22 Sun

#1091. ;١ [redundancy][information_theory][frequency][shortening][grammaticalisation][idiom][intensifier][language_change]

ܥ֥Ǥ١夲Ƥ André Martinet (1908--99) ϡθؤ˱Ѥȼʿ򳫤¤ؼԤǤ롥[2012-04-20-1], [2012-04-21-1]εǡ; (redundancy) ˿ƤMartinet ;ȴϢƳΨ (probability) (information) (frequency) (cost) ȤäǰƳδطΤʤ˸ѲθõȤʲϡѸƳΰǤĤǡˡ

Ce qu'il convient de retenir de tout ceci pour comprendre la dynamique linguistique se ramène aux constatations suivantes : il existe un rapport constant et inverse entre la fréquence d'une unité et l'information qu'elle apporte, c'est-à-dire, en un certain sens, son efficacité ; il tend à s'établir un rapport constant et inverse entre la fréquence d'une unité et son coût, c'est-à-dire que représente d'énergie consommée chaque utilisation de cette unité. Un corollaire de ces deux constatations est que toute modification de la fréquence d'une unité entraîne une variation de son efficacité et laisse prévoir une modification de sa forme. Cette dernière pourra ne se produire qu'à longe échéance, car les condition réelles du fonctionnement des langues tendent à freiner les évolutions. (189--90)

ϳؤ򤹤뤿ˡΤΤˤĤ򤹤٤ȤϡγǧǤ롥ñ̤٤Ȥ줬ľʤʤ̣ǤϤθ̡ˤΤˤϰˤȿδط롨ϡñ̤٤Ȥѡʤʤñ̤Ѥ뤳ȤǾ񤵤륨ͥ륮ˤΤΰˤȿδطȤʤ뷹롥2ĤγǧεȤơñ̤٤ѤФθ̤Ѳ뤷η֤Ѳͽۤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥θԤѲϤޤĹ֤򤫤ΤǤ롥ȤΤϡѤθ¤ξȯã뷹뤫


Martinet ϡѤβսǡ;⤤ȤȤͽ¬ǽ⤤ȤȤǤꡤϸǤνиΨ뤤٤Ȥ̩ܤ˴ϢȤȤƤ롥̤ˡǤ٤⤱;⤯ͤ㤤 "plus une unité (mot, monème, phonème) est fréquente, moins elle est informative" (188) ơѤȤǤळȤˤäơƶ줿üԤˤȤäơ٤⤱й⤤ۤɡ1ȯɬפȤ륨ͥ륮̤ϾʤۤԹ礬褤¿Υͥ륮פȯ٤֤ⷫΤԷкѤդˡ٤㤤ɽϡȤȯ礭ʥͥ륮ɬפȤƤ⤢ޤ꺤ʤˤ衤ȯ뵡񤬵
Τ褦ˡѡפȯˤ륨ͥ륮̤Ȳ᤹硤̩ˤϸġβȯɤΤ餤Ѥפ뤫Τɬפ뤬η¬񤷤ˤ٤ƤñȯƱ٤ѤפȲꤹСɽפѤϤβĹ˰¸ϤǤ롥Ѥñ˲ĹƱͤȤСδطǤ롧ָǤϡ٤⤱вûסѲƤϤСָǤϡ٤⤯ʤвûʤפȤʤ
٤ѤȿδطϡиŪˤ褯Ǥ롥褯ȤȯˤƤɽˤƤû̡ά뷹롥ˤäƤϡû̡άεˤηȤơ̵˵Ȥ餢롥ʸˡŪʴɽṳ̂Ǹ경褯졤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ȥưˤۤʤʤޤ[2012-01-14-1]εǼ夲#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספ⡤٤ѤδطȤȤ館ʤȤǤ
ΰѤκǸˤ̤ꡤ٤ѤδطѲ褦Ȥݤˤϡֺθɬפ롥٤ƤƤ餽θṳ̂ޤǤˤϡ٤λ֤ɬפޤ٤ѤشطϡޤǴˤ䤫ʤΤǤ뤳ȤˤդƤɬפ롥ΰԤɸ꤬ "Laxité du rapport entre fréquence et coût" ٤Ѥδطδˤ䤫ˤǤ뤳ȤդäƤ

Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.

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2012-04-21 Sat

#1090. ; [redundancy][linguistics][entropy][information_theory][paralinguistics]

ҥȤθħȤơεǡ#766. ([2011-06-02-1]) ȡ#767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1]) 夲Ƥ⤦1Ĥܤ٤ħȤƤ; (redundancy) ˤĤƤϡŪ˼夲Ȥʤäϡε#1089. ȸ; ([2012-04-20-1]) ơħˤĤ
ˤ̣ã˺Ǿ¤ɬפȤʾεŪǤѤȤ;ޤޤƤȤ롥;ϰ츫̵̤Ψ˻פ뤬εǽҤ٤褦ˡѤȼλ (noise) Ф붯Ϥ󶡤Ƥ롥ޥϥɥδɻߤϥɥͷӤȸƤ褤̵ѤѤȹͤƤ褤ޤ;ϡ콬ˤ礫ʤ칽¤ޤѾ;ʬˤ̤ΤθǤǤ̣ͽ¬ǽǤꡤºݤ˸콬ԤϤεѤơŪŪʸ̮ҥȤʤ顤̣θĤƤ椯ΤǤ롥
;Ȥ򸫻ϤȡϸΤ¦̤˴ؤäƤǤȤȤ狼롥ޤεǿ줿褦ˡȲǤξ̤κ˴Ť;롥ãˤϿĤʬᤵ줿Ǥ̤л­뤬μ¸ϲϢ³ΤȤ餶ˤɬפȤܤ¿β椬ݱʤ˴ޤޤƤޤ
ηϤˤߤΩ (opposition) ˴ط;⤢롥Ѹˤơ /n/ ͭɡɡǤʾͭǤ뤳Ȥͽ¬ǽǤꡤ/n/ εҤ̵ͭȤΩꤹɬפϤʤϡ;구§ (redundancy rule) ȸƤФ롥
ˤ;롥Ƭ [s] ľ̵ɬ̵ȤʤΤǡ̵Ǥ뤳Ȥ򤢤ƵҤɬפϤʤ[2011-02-18-1]ε#662. sp-, st-, sk- ̵ˤʤͳפ򻲾ȡˡͽ¬ǽǤˤ⤫餺̩˵Ҥ뤳ȤԷкѤǤ롥ѤθǡƬ [s] ϲ餫λʹʤäľ [t] ̵Ȥʹ硤ľ [s] ä˰㤤ʤȽǤ䤦ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤΤ褦ˡ;ϰ֤ȤƵǽ롥
˻;ϡֻ§ˤ⸫롥㤨СѸǤƬʤɤε㳰ơ<q> ʸθˤɬ <u> 롥<u> Ϥܴۤͽ¬ǽǤꡤ̤ϥǤ롥
ˤ;ȤơThese books are . . . . ȤȤ줬ʣǤ뤳Ȥ3줹٤ƤˤäƼƤ롥It rained yesterday. ǤϡǤ뤳Ȥ2ټƤ롥Ѹ˾Ǥʣ (double_plural)ӵ (double_comparative) ([2010-10-28-1], [2012-01-10-1]) ʤɤ⡤;ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ΤۤŤͤ with might and main, without let or hindrance 䡤äʤɤǥե٥åȤʸݤ C as in Charley ʤɤɽ;ŪǤ뤷Yes ȸʤĤ˿Ȥä paralinguistic ;⤢롥
;ͽ¬ǽ (predictability) شطˤꡤޤͽ¬ǽϹ¤¸ߤȤ롥äơ;ȤȤϡ˹¤ȤȤǤ롥顤;Ȥȡ¤Ȥ빽¤ؤȤӤĤȤˤʤä¤ؤ Martinet μĥηкθǤ⡤;νŦƤ (183--85)
ȸ;δطˤĤƤϡHockett (76--89) 򻲾ȡ

Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.
Hockett, Charles F. "Review of The Mathematical Theory of Communication by Claude L. Shannon; Warren Weaver." Language 29.1 (1953): 69--93.

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2012-04-20 Fri

#1089. ȸ; [information_theory][linguistics][redundancy][entropy][history_of_linguistics]

(information theory) ȯãŪʳظؤϤ̤͡ʷǵƤȼꡤɲꡤͽ¬ǽ (predictability) ꡤƲθħ1ĤǤ; (redundancy) ˤĤơؤؤ٤뤳Ȥ¿
ȿ͹ƬǾ (cybernetics) δ Shannon and Weaver ˤäƸǤޤäȤ졤ϸػˤˤƤͭյʰ֤Ƥʥåpp. 164--71ˡϹ٤˿ŪǤꡤ̤θؼԤɤǡ̤ؤشԸȤȤϻζȤΤ褦Τ褦ʾˤϡؼԤˤɾΩġꥫθؼ Hockett ν񤤤Ƥӥ塼ɤǤߤ
Shannon and Weaver ΤʤΤ顤Υӥ塼⤢٤Ȥʤ餶򤨤ʤɾԤ Hockett ιͤؤرѤǽˤĤƤʬǤϡؤȤƤ˹٤ƤȤʤäƤ롥ɾǤȤϸ񤤤;ӥȥԡ (entropy) ˤĤƤεϤ褯Ǥ
Hockett ϤؤޤʻǤȤʤ⡤ȯäβŪʾ̤ȲŪʾ̤1:1000ۤɤγꡤ˲Ūñ̤Τߤջ̤Բķñ̤ȤߤʤΤǤС첻;99.9%ˤΤܤȤƤ (85) Ǥȥԡ (entropy) ϡ"1 - redundancy" Τǡ첻Υȥԡ0.1%Ǥ롥ϡ򤹤Ψ̤θ򤹤ͽ¬ǽι⤤ξηϤȤȤǤ
ʪŪãݤˤϡ¿쾯ʤɬ (noise) ޤޤƤޤäơãտޤ줿̤˿Ԥ뤿ˤϡˤƶѤΰɬפȤʤ롥ˤȤäơ;ΰǤ롥Hockett ۩"channel noise is never completely eliminable, and redundancy is the weapon with which it can be combatted" (75) Τ褦˹ͤȡ첻;99.9%ʤ뤤Ϥ˶⤤͡ˤϡ˸줬Ť˻кܤ줿߷פξηϤǤ뤫򼨤ɸȤ

The high linguistically relevant redundancy of the speech signal can be interpreted not as a sign of low efficiency, but as an indication of tremendous flexibility of the system to accommodate to the widest imaginable variety of noise conditions. (Hockett 85)


Ω줫顤ä;Ȥ򸫻ϤȡϸΤ¦̤˴ؤäƤǤȤȤ狼äƤ롥;ˤĤơεǾܤ뤳Ȥˤ롥

ߥ륫å Ρ ͺ ظؤή١ߤ˼1974ǯ
Hockett, Charles F. "Review of The Mathematical Theory of Communication by Claude L. Shannon; Warren Weaver." Language 29.1 (1953): 69--93.
Shannon, Claude L. and Warren Weaver. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1949.

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2011-08-13 Sat

#838. ηϤȥȥԡ [entropy][functionalism][information_theory][functional_load]

εָѲˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1]) 񤭤ʤ顤ˤ׾֤뤤ϡ¡׾֤ȤϲͤƤؤξQȤơ̸ָϤ줬춦ƱΤ׵ܴۤΤǤꡤüԤˤȤäƤϤܴۤʵηϤǤפȤͤ롥ϡƸ줬üԤˤȤäƤϾˡפ˶ᤤ֤ˤȤȤ̣롥ιͤǤС̵Ȥϸ鷺Ȥ¡׾֤ˤ¸ߤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥϡ֤üԤˤȤäơפȤפǤꡤޤŪʴǡפ˶ᤤȤȤǤ (ŪʸѤˤĤƤϡ[2011-06-06-1]εMartinet ˤȤäƸȤϡפ򻲾ȡˡޤμԤʣθŪʴ٤ơAΤۤBַפǤʤɤȷ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤȤˤʤ롥⤽⡤ŪˤɤΤ褦ʾ֤ǤСַפǤ뤫ˤĤƵҴŪʴ뤳Ȥ񤷤
Ūɾι꤬ʡַפפȤɽ򤱡Ūʴ̲ǤܤܤƤμ٤ABɾȤȤϲǽ⤷ʤ㤨СηϤо (symmetry) ѹ (balancedness) к (economy) ȤΤ̲ǤΤǤСλɸäơʬŪ˸ηϤΤΡַפȤȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤ[2010-02-14-1]εָ٤¬뤫פεȤط뤬ʤ̤˹ͤȤȤǤС̲Ϥ䤹[2011-08-11-1]εǽôפ functional load ιͤϲ߽Ф줿Ūʳǰʤ¾ˤѤ뤳Ȥϲǽ⤷ʤʤäȤⲻΤ褦˹٤˹¤줿ǤϤʤȼ񤷤ˡ
ηϤΡַפɾȤơоѹкȤä󤲤Ƥߤ⤦1ĤȤơΥɤǤ⤢ȥԡ (entropy) ͤƤߤΤ⤪⤷ȥԡȤηϤȤƤ𻨤ٹ礤ؤͤ㤤ۤηϤäƤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ȤȤǮϳؤѸ˹ѤƤꡤؤαѤƻⳫƤȤ롥ηϤΥȥԡ¬ˡԤ߽ФȤưפǤϤʤñˤäơηϤȤƤε§ХȥԡԵ§Хȥԡ礹ɽ뤳ȤϤǤ롥
㤨СѲˤϡֲѲϵ§Ū뤬Ե§⤿餷˴ŤѲԵ§뤬ε§⤿餹׷뤬ȥԡѸѤСַˤơ§ŪʲѲϥȥԡ礵Ե§ŪѤϥȥԡ򸺾פȴǤʴϢơ[2011-03-19-1]εָüȷ֥饹פǼ夲ξüݻ䡤[2010-11-03-1]ε2 analogyפε򻲾ȡˡ
Ͼܤʤʸˡ˴פ֤ natural morphology ʤɤʬǤϡѲ򵭽ҡΤˡβμٹ礤θ롥ּפȤ⡤ȥԡоѹкʤɤƱͤˡηϤΡַפ魯1ĤǤ롥"natural", "balanced", "economical", "simple", "therapy" ʤɤȤɽˤݱʤ˲ʹѤɾޤޤƤޤ"entropy" ˤǮϳؤˡ§ȤäƲʳŪʶ뤷ΥɤȤϤޤ깤ĤƤʤ褦˻פ롥
Ǯϳؤ2ˡ§ˤСʪȥͥ륮ϰĤΤߤˡʤѲǽʤΤԲǽʤΤء뤤ѲǽʤΤԲǽʤΤء뤤Ϥޤ줿Τ顤̵줿ΤؤѲסʥեp. 45ˡĤޤꡤΰǥȥԡƤ褦˸Ƥ⡤ɬ¾ΰǤʾ˥ȥԡ礷ƤꡤΤȤƱΥȥԡΰӤ򤿤ɤȤȤǤ롥ʪؤŪʿȤǧƤΤϤˡ§ȸۤɤζˡ§ǤϡηϤȸηϤƤΤ⤷ȲꤹȡεָѲˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1]) ˤʤä Schendl (69) "therapeutic changes in one part of the grammar may create imbalance in another part" may must ɤߤʤʤФʤʤȤˤʤ롥ʤȤˡȥԡˡ§ϷΤߤŬѤȤѲεǤ may ۤɤβǤ褤Τ⤷ʤ

ߡե زǡȥԡˡ§١ҡ1990ǯ
Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.

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