Ϣ#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore ([2026-03-30-1]) ӡ#6182. ӵ١κǾȤ٤ --- furthermost, uttermost ([2026-03-31-1]) ǡ̯ʸӵ顦ǾñܤƤ. OED õƤ2줷Ĥʤä쥢Υ쥢2źǾñ firstmost nextmost ܤ
firstmost νϼ̤Ǥ롥
a1400 Þe science of elementis, whiche þat ben firstmoost force of natural þingis. (translation of Lanfranc, Science of Cirurgie (MS Ashmole) (1894) 9 (Middle English Dictionary))
θ塤OED ǤϤФ餯ڤƤꡤ˸Τ1973ǯȤʤäƤΤǡ¾1Ѹˤʤꡤˤʤäƺľ줿ȹͤΤfirst and foremost Ȥû̷Ȥפ蘆롥
nextmost ˤĤƤϡOED 2ΤߤƤ롥
1576 Hir next most note (to note) I neede no helpe at al. (G. Gascoigne, Complaynt of Phylomene in Steele Glas sig. P.iiiiv
1866 Neistmost, the next; as, 'Dinna tack the ane neist ye, bit the neistmost.' (W. Gregor, Dialect of Banffshire (Philological Society) 228C)
2Ĥϥåȥɤ Banffshire ˴ؤܤ줿ΤȤ
ñˤƤ⡤ˤޤ;ŪȺǾȤƤɤȤȤʤΤǤϤۤȤɻȤƤʤ褦
2źǾθȽҤ٤#6175. first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפˤϺǾ4ĴޤޤƤ롪 ([2026-03-24-1]) ǿ줿褦 -most ϵõ -m -est/-ost 2κǾιηǤ뤫顤ˤ3źǾθȤ⤤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ε#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore ([2026-03-30-1]) ȴϢơˤ⤷Ҳ𤷤furthermore ӵδΤξӵܤΤȤС夲 furthermost ʤɤӵδΤξ˺ǾܤΤǤ롥ӵǾפȤǤ̾դʤ褦ʡŸ3ȤʤäƤ롥
OED õ¤ꡤŪ -ermost ñ16Ĥ뤳ȤǤб -ermore ΤϡȰ˼OED ǤγñνǯդƤ롥
| -most | earliest | -more | earliest |
|---|---|---|---|
| hindermost | 1398 | hindermore | 1382 |
| uttermost | 1398 | uttermore | 1382 |
| furthermost | ?a1400 | furthermore | c1175 |
| innermost | 1413 | innermore | a1387 |
| uppermost | c1450 | uppermore | a1398 |
| lowermost | 1547 | lowermore | 1662 |
| lattermost | 1566 | lattermore | 1534 |
| outermost | 1587 | outermore | a1425 |
| highermost | 1593 | ||
| windermost | 1597 | ||
| farthermost | 1619 | farthermore | c1380 |
| downermost | ?c1690 | downermore | 1435 |
| bettermost | 1737 | ||
| biggermost | 1803 | ||
| endermost | 1803 | ||
| beatermost | 1827 |
Ѹˤǡ2ӵ (double_comparative) ȤȡShakespeare 濴ȤѸ more worse worser Ȥ;Ūɽ꤬Ƭ⤫֡ӵκȤƷŪ;ꡤŪŪʴϸǤϥФΤǡȤƼ夲䤹Τ
Ʊ2ӵפȤˤϤޤΤΡޤܤߤʤΤ furthermore uttermore Τ褦ʸǤ롥ޤ1ǤꡤΤʤӵ -er -more ξ¸ƤȤOED Ĵ٤ȡŪˤϼΤ褦㤬äƤ롥
backermore, downermore, farthermore, furthermore, hindermore, hithermore, innermore, lattermore, lowermore, northermore, outermore, rathermore, uppermore, uttermore
Ǥ⤢ٻȤƤΤ furthermore, nethermore ˸¤뤬ŪˤϾ嵭Τ褦ˤäȤä¿ϸѸ줫Ѹˤ¤줵Ƥꡤ̣Ūˤ϶֤֤˴ؤݥȤ롥ΤȤ3ȤʤꡤŸʡӵ״ФȤħ롥Ǥ -more ϤϤŪǤϤʤѲäʤɤӵεơפ鷺 more better ȸäƤޤФ̤褦˻פ롥;Ǥ롤̵̤ǤʤɤȤäƴñ˼ΤƵ뤳ȤǤʤˤʤ췲Ǥ롥
ʤߤˤΤʤǺǤŤΤϡǤ⸽ furthermore ǡѸ˼Τ褦˽ФƤ롥
c1175 Þe sterrne comm rihht till þatt hus... & flæh itt ta na forrþerrmar. (Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7338)
ܥ֥ΰʲεǽƤShakespeare most unkindest cut of all (JC III.ii.184) Τ褦ʡεʸˡǤ˳ʤȤ2źǾʤ2ӵ (double_comparative)ˤѤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ºݤˤϡShakespeare Τ褦ɽȤ櫓Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤäƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
ǤϡShakespeare ¾ΤɤΤ褦2ӵ顦ǾȤäΤCrystal and Crystal (88) ɽŪƤƤΤǡƸ
[ Double comparatives ]
more better (MND III.i.18)
more bigger-looked (TNK I.i.215)
more braver (Tem I.ii.440)
more corrupter (KL II.ii.100)
more fairer (E3 II.i.25)
more headier (KL II.iv.105)
more hotter (AW IV.v.38)
more kinder (Tim IV.i.36)
more mightier (MM V.i.235)
more nearer (Ham II.i.11)
more nimbler (E3 II.ii.178)
more proudlier (Cor IV.vii.8)
more rawer (Ham V.ii.122)
more richer (Ham III.ii.313)
more safer (Oth I.iii.223)
more softer (TC II.ii.11)
more sounder (AY III.ii.58)
more wider (Oth I.iii.107)
more worse (KL II.ii.146)
more worthier (AY III.iii.54)
less happier (R2 II.i.49)
[ Double superlatives ]
most boldest (JC III.i.121)
most bravest (Cym IV.ii.319)
most coldest (Cym II.iii.2)
most despiteful'st (TC IV.i.33)
most heaviest (TG IV.ii.136)
most poorest (KL II.iii.7)
most stillest (2H4 III.ii.184)
most unkindest (JC III.ii.184)
most worst (WT III.ii.177)
Τʤ more nearer λϤ⤷츻֤Сޤ3ӵ (triple comparative) Ǥ롥#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)near ϤȤӵäɤ
Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary & Language Companion. London: Penguin, 2002.
#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡʸˡȤͼ Robert Lowth ˤ1762ǯʸˡˤ͡ʸˡζػ߾बߤ뤬Ϣ夲ƤƻӤˤĤƤ⡤2ӵ (double_comparative) ȡ̣Ū˲ʺǾؤΥФʤƤ롥Lowth (34--35) ϢսȴФ
[4] Double Comparatives and Superlatives are improper.
"The Duke of Milan, / And his more braver Daughter could controul thee." "After the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee." Shakespeare, Tempest. Acts xxvi. 5. So likewise Adjectives, that have in themselves a Superlative signification, admit not properly the Superlative form superadded: "Whosoever of you will be chiefest, shall be servant of all." Mark x. 44. "One of the first and chiefest instances of prudence." Atterbury, Serm. IV. "While the extremest parts of the earth were meditating a submission." Ibid. I. 4.
"But first and chiefest with thee bring
Him, that you soars on golden wing,
Guiding the fiery-wheeled throne,
The Cherub Contemplation." Milton, Il Penseroso.
"That on the sea's extremest border stood." Addison, Travels.
But poetry is in possession of these two improper Superlatives, and may be indulged in the use of them.
. . . .
[5] "Lesser, says Mr. Johnson, is a barbarous corruption of Less, formed by the vulgar from the habit of terminating comparisons in er."
"Attend to what a lesser Muse indites." Addison.
Worser sounds much more barbarous, only because it has not been so frequently used:
"Chang'd to a worser shape thou canst not be." Shakespeare, 1 Hen. VI.
"A dreadful quiet felt, and worser far / Than arms, a sullen interval of war." Dryden.
ƤΤ more braver, lesser, worser Τ褦2ӵ顤most straitest Τ褦2źǾ顤 chiefest, extremest Τ褦ˤȤȺǾ̣äƤƻ˺Ǿ鲽ǾǤ롥⡤̤ˤäƤΤ Shakespeare, Milton, Addison, Dryden ʤɤʪ·ɤ߱ʤά Lowth ξʤǤˡʤlesser ϸߤǤ̤ѤƤ뤳Ȥա
Shakespeare worser ѤˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) Ȥ줿ޤDryden Ϥ worser λѤ椨 Lowth ˤäǺᤵƤ뤬#3220. ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ¤ Dryden Ȥ2ӤƤΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ2ӤˤĤƤϡ#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1]) ȡ
Lowth, Robert. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. 1762. New ed. 1769. ʱѸʸݹ亮13Ʋ1968ǯ9--113ǡ
worser, more larger, more better, most worst, most unkindest ʤɤ2ӵ (double_comparative) 2źǾ餬ѤƤȤϡѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡShakespeare ˤѤƤꡤѸ˾1ĤΥͥǤ롥
٤Ϲ⤤ΤΡºݤλ٤ȤƤϡȤϤʤ餷Kytö and Romaine (337) ˤ Helsinki Corpus Ѥ¾ŪĴˤȡ2ӵΤ1%ˤ2źǾǤ2%ˤȤɤޤȤޤ1640ǯˤϰڵʤȤ Helsinki Corpus ⤽ۤɵʥѥǤϤʤΤӳǧɬפɤϰʾ٤⤤ȤȤΤ褦
Adamson (552--53) ϡShakespeare Jonson 夲ʤ顤2ӵ顦ǾϡλǤ顤ʸṲ̄äưտŪѤतɽäΤǤϤʤȴäƤ롥
It's notable that such forms [= double comparatives and superlatives] can be found in consciously grandiloquent discourse, as with the double comparative of (16a), and that Ben Jonson explicitly claims the usage as an 'Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech', perorating, as if to prove his point, on the double superlative of (16b):
(16) a) The Kings of Mede and Lyconia
With a more larger list of sceptres (Shakespeare 1623/1606--7)
b) an Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech, imitating the manner of the most ancientest, and finest Grecians, who, for more emphasis, and vehemencies sake used [so] to speake. (Jonson 1640)
θ塤ˡ17Ⱦ18ˤƤαѸɾȤ䵬ʸˡȤǺᤵ졤ܤ뤳ȤϤʤʤä (cf. #2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])#3220. ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]))
Ȥϵդ줺˸ߤޤǻȤ³Ƥ lesser nearer ʤɤϡ¤Ūˤ2ӵȤ٤ΤǤ (cf. #209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]))
Kytö, Merja and Suzanne Romaine. "Competing Forms of Adjective Comparison in Modern English." To Explain the Present: Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki. 52. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Leena Kahlas-Tarkka. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 329--52.
Adamson, Sylvia. "Literary Language." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 539--653.
ǤϡǥߡΩƹ٤ȤͤޤꡤΦǤϤǥߡΩ줿1582ǯ˥ꥢ Accademia della Crusca ߤ졤1612ǯˤϤԻ줿ꥢ켭νǤߤեǤϡ1635ǯ Richelieu ˤ Académie Française ꡤ1660ǯˤ Grammaire de Port-Royal 1694ǯˤϥե켭Ǥ줿ɥĤǤ17˥ǥߡμݤ˶ᤤĤθ˴ؤ붨Ω夬äƤ
ɤǤϡ1712ǯ Jonathan Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤʤ졤줬ȾŪͳʤäаޤˤĤơ#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) Ǥߤ̤Φ٤ư٤ä褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤɤǤѸ륢ǥߡΩȯۤ˨ϥꥶ٥ī1570ǯ夫ߤ줿θ塤1617ǯ Edmund Bolton ΩǥߡΩƤʸؤؤδĤޤȤƤλߤܺäϤΤΡɤǤΦƱͤ16Ⱦʹߤ˥ǥߡΩ˾äȤõ٤Ǥ롥
ơ1660ǯ˲Ťȡθ塤ܳŪʱѸǥߡθȤʤ٤ (The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge) Ω줿22̾βʤꡤʤˤ John Dryden, John Evelyn, Thomas Sprat, Edmund Waller, John Aubrey ̾ϢʤäƤۤȤɤβϱѸ줽ΤΤľܴؿȤϡŪΩΤˡ̾ΤˡѸƥǥߡѤ褦ȤΤǤ롥
Ȥ櫓 Dryden ϡʸȤƤ̾٤ñѤꡤ2ӵֻ (preposition_stranding) ι¤Ǻᤷꤷ (Knowles 113--14) Knowles (114) ϡDryden αѸˡ˴ؤŪʸФäפ˼Τ褦ŪɾͿƤ롥
In making these attacks Dryden is possibly the first person to select examples of the language usage of others and arbitrarily assert that they are intrinsically incorrect. To prove his points, Dryden attempted to find observable evidence in his opponents' texts. The problem was that he did not know enough about language to do this properly, and consequently from a linguistic point of view his remarks are ill founded. Nevertheless he did successfully establish the convention whereby people without any special knowledge of language feel entitled to assert that some other people have failed in the acquisition of their mother tongue.
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
ɸѸεʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) Ǥϡ (double negative) 롥#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) ΥˤǤܤǤꡤѤΰ̤Τ褦ˤߤʤƤ롥ŤѸǤФ꤫¿꤬̤ѤƤ¤ꡤϤθˡ˸ŪʸѤΤˤ뤳ȤʪäƤ褦˻פ뤬ϼΩ줫ϥΰĥǤʡ#549. ¿θѡ ([2010-10-28-1]) ȡˡ
ɸѸˤϡΤ褦18εʸˡζϤʱƶǴ˻ꡤߤޤŨ뤵ƤȤΤ̾θθɬΤǤϤʤ褦ԸȤĤ Tieken-Boon van Ostade (81) Τ褦˻ŦƤ롥
Many scholars believe that the disappearance of double negation from standard English was due to the influence of the normative grammarians, but Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg . . . have shown that double negation was already on the way out during the EModE period. The same is true for another 'double' construction, the use of double comparatives and superlatives, no longer in general use either when first condemned by the grammarians (González-Díaz 2008)
ڤƤԸäƳΤƤʤ⤷θΤʤΤȤС˼θѤˤʤӵ顦ǾˤѤФλ¤18ʸˡȤǤäι¤ܤФȤäȤˤʤ롥
ˤĤƤϡdouble negative γޤӵˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) hellog ȡ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
Fortson (121--22) ˤСĸˤϷƻӵܼˤ2ढä*-iōs *-tero- Ǥ롥ԤλҲϡޥĸͭ *z (*-izon-) Ȥʤꡤ rhotacism ˤűѸ졤ť졤Źϥɥĸ졤ťΥɸǤ r ȯŸűѸǤñʤܼ -ra Ǥ롥줬Ѹ -er ؤȯŸƤƥηƻӵ -ior 䥮ꥷб -iōn ƱǤ롥
ĸ *-tero- Τۤϡ衤ӵܼǤϤʤä2ĤФʤΤΤ¾ȶ̤뤿ܼǤꡤthe one . . . the other . . . ްդ㤨СѸ dexterous, sinister μѸǤƥ dexter ֱ, sinister ֺפˤ줾ޤޤ -ter δްդŵŪ촴ΰ̣Ϥ줾Ϥäꤷʤdexter- ϰˤС֤ɤפȲǤȤ[2010-03-22-1]ε#329. αȺפȡˡ*-tero- ϡѸǤϥˡ§Ф -ther 롥other, either, neither, whether ʤɤС2ĤΤΤΰפȤ褯ȿǤƤΤʬˡϡѸǤӵ (absolute comparative) Ȥǧ (ex. the upper class, a higher class hotel, the younger generation)
*-tero- ͳ褹ܼϡǡ̤ӵɽ魯ܼؤȯŸѸ after of "away from" ӵǤꡤnether ϲΡˤϡ֤㤤פۤɤ̣ (cf. the Netherlands) ꥷͳ褹 presbyter ĹϷʺסˤϡ"one who comes earlier" ۤɤθǤpriest ϸƥ줫űѸäû̷ˡƥ dēteriōrātus Ѥ deteriorate ϡdē "down" ӵܼ -ter ղäˤ̤ӵܼ -ior ղäӵ (double comparative) ͳ褹롥
farther further ˤĤƤϡ[2012-05-08-1]ε#1107. farther and furtherפǡfar forth ӵηŪʺƱȤͿ츻Ūˤ far + -ther Ȥ롥2Ĥɬ̷⤹櫓ǤϤʤth forth ˤ -ther ˤޤޤƤȤŦƤȤפ
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.
[2009-11-08-1] Shakespeare ӵ ( double comparative ) λѤˤĤƿ줿ѸʸˡȤˡworser ʤɤӵ 褯˼ꤢ롥 Nevalainen ˿Ƥ Kytö and Romaine θˤȡºݤΤȤӵ٤ӵΤ 1% ˤʤȤɸѸλ餹ݤǤ뤬椨ˡºݰʾɾƤޤ
ɸѸǤϡӵϤʤ龯ʤ---Ȥ⡤ѤǤ롥٤㳰Ĥ롥Ĥ[2009-11-08-1]Ǥ줿 lesser Ǥ롥⤦Ĥϡlesser ⵤŤˤΤΡ٤Ϥ֤⤤Ȼפ nearer Ǥ롥near Ϥ켫ΤŪˤӵǤꡤ-er ղä nearer ϡʤӵȤȤˤʤ롥
űѸǤϡбƻ졦θ nēah äơӵ餬 nēaraǾ餬 nīehsta äϡ줾ŪˤϸѸ nigh, near, next бƤ롥
near ϡΤ褦ӵäѸ鸶ȤƲᤵ륱ФƤβϡ㤨иѸǤ come near come nearer ŪˤۤƱȤʤ뤳ȤǤ褦Ʊͤȯãϡ naer ˤѻȤ
16ˤϡӵȤƤ near ˡ⤤ޤ줿ӵȤ nearer ФʹߡӵȤƤ near Ͻ˿षƤäơnear ϸȤޤѤä
̤ȤơѸˤϡűѸηƻ졦 nēah ͳ褹ӵ顦Ǿ餬ʻ¸뤳ȤȤʤä켰ηǤϡ nigh ϸǤꡤӵ near ѤȤʤäƤꡤǾ next ϡֺǤᤤפּΡפؤỌ̇̄ꤵƤ롥̣ŪˡŪͭɸ ( marked ) ηȤäƤ
̣Ǥõʤ̵ɸ ( unmarked ) ηǤ롥ޤѤäȤƤ near ˵§Ū -er, -est ղä졤§ŪӵȺǾΰ̣֤ᤤס֤äȤᤤפɽΤߤǤ롥
ޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
| 켰ͭɸ | nigh ʸ | near ) | next ʡּΡס |
| ̵ɸ | near | nearer | nearest |
Shakespeare ȤԤǤϤʤѸˤ椷Ƥ Shakespeare ˤϤʤȤǤäˤʤ롥Shakespeare ȤʤХ־ξϤ줳̵¤ΤȻפΤǡȤʤ褦˥դǾΥˤޤȤƤߤ
Open Source Shakespeare: http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/
ƥȻȤȸadvanced search ǽ̤νϤ⸫䤹Ū˻Ȥ䤹ե
The Complete Works of William Shakespeare: http://shakespeare.mit.edu/
HTMLǤɸŪ Shakespeare Title, Act, Scene 狼äƤ˻Ȥ䤹
The Collected Works of Shakespeare: http://www.it.usyd.edu.au/~matty/Shakespeare/
HTMLǤɸŪ Shakespeare äθǽͭѡ
Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet: http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/sitemap.htm
ϥ֥ȡ濴ȤơShakespeare ٤롥ʥȤʤΤǤƥȥޥåפؤΥ
Links to HTML Complete Works Sites: http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/works.htm#Collected
¾ HTML 줿ƥȤؤΥ
Shakespeare Search Tools: http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/searching.htm#Shsearch
¾θġؤΥglossary ؤΥ⤢ꡥ
ߤˡ嵭 Open Source Shakespeare θˤꡤworse worser λ٤Ĵ٤Ƥߤworser Ϥӵ ( double comparative ) η֤ǡ16?17äˤ褯Ѥ줿ȤƤ롥
η̡worse 178㡤worser 21㡥ʸߤƤߤȡworser Our worser thoughts the worser part of it ʤɤΤ褦˸ŪˡηƻȤѤ뷹ǡworse ñȤѤ뷹Ȥ狼롥ϡѸɸˡȤ¸ߤӵǤ lesser äѤŪˡѤΤбƤ롥
ʤɤʤɡäȤȯ롥
ʸ嵭2014/02/08(Sat)ɲŪͭѤʥȤʲ˵Ƥ
Shakespeare's Words: David Crystal ˤ Shakespeare θؤƳŪ
Shakespeare Authorship
Stratford-upon-Avon - Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC)
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow