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hc - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-01-24 Wed

#5385. methinks ˤޤĤ̯ʸ򤤤ĤҲ [3ps][impersonal_verb][verb][syntax][inflection][hc][agreement][analogy][shakespeare][methinks]

;ư (impersonal_verb) methinks ˤĤƤϡ#4308. ˻Ĥ;ư methinks ([2021-02-11-1])#204. ;ιʸ ([2009-11-17-1]) ʤɤǿƤ;ιʸ (impersonal construction) ǤϿ;μ줬ʤʸˡ夽ʸѤƤ;ưϤ3;ñ¸ߤȤƤ뤫Τ褦ʶ޸Ȥ롥Ĥޤꡤ¿ˤߤ褦ˡľˡñǤС-s ʸŤ -eth) ȤȤȤˤʤ롥
ȤįƤȡ-s ʤɤλҲʤΤ롥Wischer (362) Helsinki Corpus 齦äѸζ̣ʸ򤤤ĤƤΤǡ򾯡Ѥ󼨤褦

(10) þe þincheð þat he ne mihte his sinne forlete.
       'It seems to you that he might not relinquish his sin.'
       (MX/1 Ir Hom Trin 12, 73)

(11) Thy wombe is waxen grete, thynke me.
       'Your womb has grown big. You seem to be pregnant.'
       (M4 XX Myst York 119)
     
(12) My lord me thynketh / my lady here hath saide to you trouthe and gyuen yow good counseyl [...]
       (M4 Ni Fict Reynard 54)
     
(13) I se on the firmament, Me thynk, the seven starnes.
       (M4 XX Myst Town 25)


ҲȼäƤ̤㤬 (10) (12)ȼäƤʤ㳰ŪʤΤ (11) (13) Ǥ롥(11) ǤμͿ̾ me ֤ƤꡤȸηǡطƤ뤫Ȥ⵿줿(13) Ǥ Me ֤ƤΤǡȤǤʤOED methinks, v. Ҳȼʤ㤬ʤ餺ǧ졤ñʥ顼ǤϤʤ餷
ǤϸǡˤϤɤΤ褦طʤΤ1Ĥˤϡ;ιʸ I think ʤʸˡŪ -s ʤɤϤĤʤˤȤδ֤ǺƱäǽ롥⤦1ĥҥȤȤʤΤϡư줬ưޤγˤ̾˰פƤȲǤ㤬뤳ȤOED ǰѤƤ뼡ʸǤϡmethink'st thou art . . . . Ȥƶ̣㤬ǧ롥

a1616 Meethink'st thou art a generall offence, and euery man shold beate thee. (W. Shakespeare, All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. iii. 251)


ˡưβ3ñָ׸ȤϤʤΤǡưη֤ϻ¾ methought ˸ꤵ줽ºݤˤϸ߷ (analogy) ˴Ť֤Ȥܤ methoughtsOED ˤȤϤ Shakespeare ʤɤ˸Ƥ롥
ɤ methinks ϡưȤƤϤƼŪʤȤ˰֤ŤѤԤΤ褦ȾüʸòȤ٤षԤ᤮òȤ٤ʬहΤ񤷤

Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.

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2023-01-10 Tue

#5006. YouTube ǡ515̤ through ä [spelling][me_dialect][lme][scribe][youtube][standardisation][oed][med][laeme][lalme][hc][through]

ǯ226ˡƱνΰʼ YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥ򳫻Ϥޤʹߡ轵쥮顼ǿ塦θ6ۿƤޤǿưϡ줿91Ƥ֤~αѸǤ֤ϥޥ롼롩through Υڥ󥰤515̤ꡪŪ뤵٥10Ǥ



Ѹ˾塤ֻ졦 through ϤɤΤ褦֤ƤΤǤ礦Ѹ1300--1500ǯˤ濴˻䤬Ĵƿ夲̡515̤ΰۤʤֻǧƤޤOED MED Τ褦˱Ѹ켭Helsinki Corpus, LAEME, LALME Τ褦˱Ѹ쥳ѥ˱ѸϿޤʤɡȤ꥽äƤߤ̤ǤõФäȤȻפޤ
ɸѸ줬ԺߤäѸˤϡ̻ (scribe) ȸƤФ񤭼ϡȯ˽äơνʤ˱ơֻ͡ñȤޤƱ̻Ʊñۤʤ뵡˰ۤʤֻ֤뤳ȤӻǤȤ櫓 through Ȥˤäȯ͡äᡤҲ첻Ȥ߹碌˭٤ǡ515̤ȤʤֻƤޤäΤǤ
Ϣ hellog Ǥ⤷Фм夲Ƥޤʲ򤴻Ȥ

#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
#54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1])
#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])
#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1])
#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1])

515̤ through YouTube ǤϤǤμϿäơ־ƻפѰդޤäǤΤǡʲ PDF ǸƤޤ

֤A4ѻ10515̤ through ֻߤͤ᤿ (PDF)
֤A4ѻ11̤ through ֻ礭515ڡλ (PDF)
Ĥ֥֡٥ȡʥȡ10פ through ֻ10ڡλ (PDF)

ֻȴϢơƱ YouTube ͥŪǶᥢåפ줿83֥Сȡɥ꡼Robert CawdreyˤαѱѼϤ뤤⤴Фȡcf. #4978. æϷϼΥ --- Cawdrey ˤѸ˾αѱѼϥե٥åȽ礬Ǥ ([2022-12-13-1]

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-11-1] [2024-11-13-1]

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2022-01-22 Sat

#4653. Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤϶Ѹˤ [noun][countability][semantics][sobokunagimon][article][hc][category]

#4649. Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤Ϥޤ줿Τ ([2022-01-18-1]) εƤȤɼԤϢʸ롤ȤȤǶƤޤβʹˤ¸ʤä Toyota ʸǤؤ󤢤꤬ȤǤ®ɤǤߤޤ
ʸμݤǤToyota (118) Ƭꡤʸ󤷤ƤʸϤѤޤ

Our main question is about how the distinction between mass and count nouns evolved. Earlier English surprisingly has a relatively poor counting system, the distinction between count and mass nouns not being clear. This poor distinction in earlier English has developed into a new systems of considering certain referents as mass nouns, and these referents came to be counted differently from those considered as count nouns. There are various changes involved in this development, and it is possible that factors like language contact caused the change. This view is challenged, asking whether other possibilities, such as a change in human cognition and the world-view of speakers, also affected this development.


ƱʸˤСűѸ줫ѸޤǤϡĻ (countability) ˴ؤ̤ΤˤϤʤäȤȤǤʤμΤ褦ʤΤϤäΤǤˡϡĻζ̤ĤƤʤäȹͤĸħηѾ¸ȹͤƤ褵Ǥ
ȤѸ줫顤Ȥ櫓ѸˤơǡȤƸ̤Ļζ̤Ĥ褦ˤʤäƤޤطʤˤϡǤ˲Ļζ̤Ƥƥե󥹸줫αƶͤޤǤŪûΤʶ̤¤ʬˤǤޤ󡥤ǡܿˤ꿨ȯ줿ǽǧĤĤ⡤ȯŪ˱ѸˤѡסʼˤС̾ʬפۤɤǤ礦ˤѲΤǤϤʤ Toyota Ƥޤ
Helsinki Corpus ˤиŪĴȤܤͤޤȤΩƤ줿ѡפѲ¾ڤˤϥꥢʤФʤʤ꤬ޤ¿褦˻פޤǤ⡤ؤ򤷤䤹ŪʻߤȤɤळȤǤޤ⡤˴ؿͯƤޤ

Toyota, Junichi. "When the Mass Was Counted: English as Classifier and Non-Classifier Language." SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 6.1 (2009): 118--30. Available online at http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/JTL13/pdf_doc/07.pdf .

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2022-01-08 Sat

#4639. ѸˤƤưʸ [passive][syntax][word_order][information_structure][statistics][hc]

̤˸ˤơ¤ (information_structure) δ顤ȤʤʼȤϸ¤ʤˤʸƬʸ֤Τ˾ޤȤ롥ܸΤ褦ʼͳʸĸǤС¸뤳ȤϤ䤹ºݡܸƱͤ˸礬ŪͳäűѸǤ⡤ξ¤׵˱뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤä
ḽѸΤ褦ʤ褽경ĸξˤϡ餫ιפ򤳤餵ʤФʤʤűѸ줫ѸˤʸʸˡȤƤV2§졤礬경ƤˤĤơȤʤʸƬˤäƤ뤿ˡˤʤäΤ褦ʾˤäơפʼʤ1Ĥܤ褦ˤʤäΤưʸǤ롥ǽưʸˤŪ줬Ȥʤ硤ǽưʸưʸ˴뤳ȤˤꡤŪ줬ȤʤꡤʤʸƬ֤褦ˤʤ뤫
θ경ȼưʸ¿ѲȤ츫Ω2ĤŪݤϡ¤ȤŪʳǰΩȤƴϢŤΤǤ롥ϡ#4561. Ⱦ¤θ ([2021-10-22-1]) ̤Ǥ롥ʤȤⲾȤƤ϶̣
β¾ڤ褦Ȥ Seoane 롥Helsinki Corpus 1518ޤǤʬʤʤV2§줿λΥ֥ѥˤѤĴˤСʲ̤ꡤɤäƼưʸΨƤ뤳Ȥʬ (Seoane 371)

 WordsActivesPercent activePassivesPercent passive
M4 (1420--1500)44,0002,92881.964718.0
E1 (1500--1570)50,0002,23678.561221.4
E2 (1570--1640)48,0002,55077.972222.0
E3 (1640--1710)55,0002,89378.52,90321.3
Total197,00010,60778.52,90321.3


ɽطʤˤ륳ѥΰǡνˤĤƤɬפSeoane ˤСǽưʸμϼưʸǤ륿פΤΤ˸¤äƤȤޤѸǤ褯ΤƤ̤ꡤưʸ٤ϥƥȥפ礭¸뤿ᡤιθɬפǤ롥ޤưʸǹ԰ټԤ򼨤 by ̵ͭ⡤θ٤ѥ᡼ȤʤʼºݡSeoane ʸǤϤδˤդʧƤˡ
ɽϤޤ绨ĤĴ̤Ȳ᤹٤Ǥꡤ嵭β¾ڤȤޤǤϤʤѥ礭Υѥ᡼Ƥ뤳Ȥˤäơ¾ڤ˶ŤȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤ⤳βΥϡθ경ȼưʸ¿ѲδطäȤפФξԤΰ̴ط¾ڤˤϡɤλˤĤƲɤ餫ˤФ褤Τ

Seoane, Elenna. "Information Structure and Word Order Change: The Passive as an Information-Rearranging Strategy in the History of English." Chapter 15 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 360--91.

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2021-02-11 Thu

#4308. ˻Ĥ;ư methinks [impersonal_verb][verb][syntax][hc][3ps][methinks]

methinks --- إ٤Υե󡤤Ȥ櫓ޥǤ衼 (Yoda) ΥեǤС򤷤ƤޤʤɽϡĤƤ;ư (impersonal_verb) ФǤ롥Ǥϡޥʳθȯ뤳ȤϤʤȤФǤʤ BNCweb Ǥϡ methought 碌ơ¤72㤬ҥåȤĤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

'Nay, on the contrary --- it is but the beginning methinks.'
'Heaven alone knows --- but --- the lady doth protest too much, methinks.'
Methinks the lady doth protest, as old Bill put it.'
'Methought you knew all about it,' pointed out Joan.
I was given the news last midnight and methought I would drown in the sorrow of my tears!'

äȤ⡤ʸ̮įФ⵼Ū뤤ϵŪˡʬΤǡޤʸŪˤͭɸɽȤäƤ褤
methinks ϡ̤ɽǤ I think (that) It seems to me (that) 롥Ūˤϡ1 me 1;ñ̾ͿʤǤꡤthinks "it seems" ̣űѸο;ư þynċan ˤΤܤ롥Ūˤ̣Ūˤ⸽Ѹ think ʻפͤˡʸűѸ þenċanˤȹƤꡤŤ鿼طˤϤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤOED ʤɤŪʼǤξưϤƤ̰ȤʤäƤΤǡ̤ƤȤ館ƤΤ褤
;ư졦ʸȤˤˤĤƤϡ#204. ;ιʸ ([2009-11-17-1]) դεɤǤñˤм׵ᤷʤư졦ʸΤȤǤ롥ѸǤϡȤŪǤ졤ȤˤΩƤʤʸΩʤűѸѸǤϡΩƤɬפΤʤʤȤ⡤ΩƤ뤳ȤΤʤ˹ʸǤ¸ߤ줬άƤΤǤϤʤǽ餫ΩĤȤȤƤʤʸǤ롥Τ褦ʹʸǤϡѸǤмȤΩĤ褦ʻͿԤͿʤɽ㤨 I ǤϤʤ meˤΤŵŪǤ롥ʤ줬ʤˤ⤫餺ư3;ñб޷롥
methinks ϤΤ褦;ιʸŵǤꡤ٤⤤ˡͿ me ư thinksmethinks ֤褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥ɤޤǤäƤŪ줬ʤΤǡѸȯۤʬϤ褦ȤȲȤ夫ʤΤºݤˤʬϤ뤳Ȥʤꤷե졼ȤƵƤˤʤ
Ƕᡤ;ưˤˤĤĴ٤ɬפޤ Helsinki Corpus ˤŪ򽸤Ƥߤ뤳ȤˤԺ "\bm[ie]+c? ?(th|@t|@d)([eiy]ng?[ck]+|[ou]+([gh]|@g)*t)" ʤɽȤߡXML Helsinki Corpus Browser case-insensitive ǸˤꡤҤȤޤ authentic 㤬111ʥߤ⤢뤫⤷ʤˤ򽸤뤳ȤǤؿΤϡҤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-24-1]

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2021-01-05 Tue

#4271. -ly 2³ -lily λ Helsinki Corpus Ǹ [corpus][hc][adverb][suffix][-ly][haplology]

#4268. -ly 2³ -lily ϵǤ ([2021-01-02-1])#4270. Ѹˤ -ly 2³ -lily äȤä ([2021-01-04-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ³ Helsinki Corpus Ѥơ̻Ū -lily 򽸤᤿
ϡŤѸǤϸŪ -ly Τߤʤ餺-li, -lic, -lich, -liche ʤֻ͡ǸƤcf. #1773. ich, everich, -lich ch ä ([2014-03-05-1])#1810. ѰۤΥȥԡ ([2014-04-11-1])#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1])ˡǡŪʰֻ򹭤С Perl бɽȤ "\B(?<!s)l[iy]l[yi](ch?)?(e(r|st)?)?\b" ꤷ Helsinki Corpus ˸򤫤ȤűѸ줫ϳ㤬1Ĥ󤬤äƤʤäѸʹߤ餤Ĥ㤬줿

[ M1 (1150--1250) ]

CMSAWLES(14658): ter hire; turne+d <P 178> ham treowliliche to wit hare lauerd. & to +teos fowr sus

[ M2 (1250--1350) ]

CMAYENBI(7376): te+t +tet we loki ine oure herte holylyche +tane holy gost +tet is oure wytnesse.

[ M3 (1350--1420) ]

CMBOETH(11516): , "see now how thou mayst proeven holily and withoute corrupcioun this that I ha
CMBOETH(49069): is, or elles thei scholden fleten folyly. "For whiche it es that alle thingis se
CMCLOUD(50919): peke +tus childly, & # as it were folily and lackyng kyndly discrecion; for I do
CMCTPROS(21119): surably, <P 234.C1> for they that folily wasten and despenden the goodes that th
CMCTVERS(35881): at moste I thynke. I have my body folily despended; Blessed be God that it shal
CMWYCSER(2866): eth herynne +tat God may not iuge folily ony man; and so, as oure wille ha+t ned
CMWYCSER(45437): kyng, he wolde not +tus reigne worldlily, ne # hym was owed no sych rewme, si+t

[ M4 (1420--1500) ]

CMGAYTRY(5492): +tat Haly Kirke, oure modire, es hallyly ane thorow-owte +te werlde, that es, #
CMGAYTRY(8961): +te thre +tat ere firste, awe vs hallyly to halde anence oure Godd, and +te Seue
CMROLLPS(48489): . bot be ware that +ge deme # not folily him that is goed, wenand that he be ill
CMROLLTR(3701): erue +tam mekely, and gladly and lawlyly, +tat +tay may wyn +tat Godde hyghte to

[ E1 (1500--1569) ]

CEFICT1A(24697): that some curatys that loke full holyly be but desemblers & ypocrytis. <S SAMPL

[ E2 (1570--1639) ]

CEBOETH2(7618): Looke how proonest thou that most holyly & without spot, that we say God is the

[ E3 (1640--1710) ]

ʤ

ʾΤ褦ˡHelsinki Corpus dzǧ¤ꡤŪˤ -lily ٤ä褦ˤߤ뤬ʳǰŪʤȤŤΤϹƤƻܤä絬ϤʥѥѤ٤ȤäǷŤɬפ
ޤǿˤ錄äơ-ly 2³ -lilyˤĤƹͤƤ츻δ1αդƤ٤롥󤢤뤤ϤޤǤε㼨ƤΤ follily, holily, jollily, melancholily, oilily, sillily ˤĤƤϡ¦ -ly ˴ηƻ˻Ĥ -ly ϡ¤Ϸƻ -ly ΤΤǤϤʤ촴ΰäꡤ뤤Ϥ̤ -y տ路Τäꤹ롥Τ褦ʸ츻Ū -lily εƲǽ˱ƶƤΤȵ뤬ɤͤ³Ƥ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-16-1]

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2019-03-21 Thu

#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ [double_comparative][comparison][shakespeare][style][prescriptive_grammar][hc][adjective][superlative]

worser, more larger, more better, most worst, most unkindest ʤɤ2ӵ (double_comparative) 2źǾ餬ѤƤȤϡѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡShakespeare ˤѤƤꡤѸ˾1ĤΥͥǤ롥
٤Ϲ⤤ΤΡºݤλ٤ȤƤϡȤϤʤ餷Kytö and Romaine (337) ˤ Helsinki Corpus Ѥ¾ŪĴˤȡ2ӵΤ1%ˤ2źǾǤ2%ˤȤɤޤȤޤ1640ǯˤϰڵʤȤ Helsinki Corpus ⤽ۤɵʥѥǤϤʤΤӳǧɬפɤϰʾ٤⤤ȤȤΤ褦
Adamson (552--53) ϡShakespeare Jonson 夲ʤ顤2ӵ顦ǾϡλǤ顤ʸṲ̄äưտŪѤतɽäΤǤϤʤȴäƤ롥

It's notable that such forms [= double comparatives and superlatives] can be found in consciously grandiloquent discourse, as with the double comparative of (16a), and that Ben Jonson explicitly claims the usage as an 'Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech', perorating, as if to prove his point, on the double superlative of (16b):

(16) a) The Kings of Mede and Lyconia
        With a more larger list of sceptres (Shakespeare 1623/1606--7)

     b) an Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech, imitating the manner of the most ancientest, and finest Grecians, who, for more emphasis, and vehemencies sake used [so] to speake. (Jonson 1640)


θ塤ˡ17Ⱦ18ˤƤαѸɾȤ䵬ʸˡȤǺᤵ졤ܤ򸫤뤳ȤϤʤʤä (cf. #2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]))
Ȥϵդ줺˸ߤޤǻȤ³Ƥ lesser nearer ʤɤϡ¤Ūˤ2ӵȤ٤ΤǤ (cf. #209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]))

Kytö, Merja and Suzanne Romaine. "Competing Forms of Adjective Comparison in Modern English." To Explain the Present: Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki. 52. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Leena Kahlas-Tarkka. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 329--52.
Adamson, Sylvia. "Literary Language." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 539--653.

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2018-04-22 Sun

#3282. The Parsed Corpus of Middle English Poetry (PCMEP) [corpus][me][hc][ppcme][laeme][link]

Ѹαʸ򽸤᤿쥿դѥߤĤThe Parsed Corpus of Middle English Poetry Ի Richard Zimmermann εĤѤǤ롥
ʳǡƱѥ41Υƥȡ160,432줫ʤäƤʥƥȡꥹȤˡСϰϤ c. 1150--1420ǯʤ Helsinki Corpus ζʬǤ M1, M2, M3 Ǥ롥쥿 Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English ƱˡդƤꡤCorpus Search 2 ʤɤΥġѤƲϤǤ롥
Related Corpora ΥڡξͭѡˤѸ˴ؤƼ拾ѥǡ١ؤΥ󥯤򡤰ʲˤĥĤƤ

The Penn-Parsed Corpus of Middle English
The Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse
The Innsbruck Corpus of Middle English Prose
A Parsed Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (P-LAEME)
Database of Middle English Romance

ƥĥդäƤ뤦ˡʥץȤʪƤΤʤȤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-15-1]

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2018-01-10 Wed

#3180. ˹ٸ̤Ƥե󥹡ƥѸ [french][latin][loan_word][borrowing][frequency][statistics][lexicology][hc][bnc]

ѸˤǤϡѸ줫Ѹˤơե󥹸ȥƥ줫̤θüѤʤ줿Τ߾ѤΤˤĤƤϡ餯ѻ饹Ȥƻ֤ȤȤ˻٤ƤΤ롥ȤΤϡѤ줿餫٤Ѥ줿ȤϹͤˤ˱ѸƱﲽƤȤȤ館Τ
β¾ڤΤˤĤˡꤽDurkin ĴԤʤäƤ롥Ѹ졤Ѹ졤ѸΤ줾ˤƥѥ˴ŤǹٸꥹȤꡤΤʤ˥ե󥹡ƥѸ줬ɤΤ餤γǴޤޤƤ뤫Ĵ١γ̻ŪܤӤȤˡŤΥѥǤֻѰۤȤ꤬ؤ뤿ᡤ̩Ĵ褦ȤñˤϤʤDurkin ϤȤꤢˡȤơѸȽѸˤĤƤ Helsinki Corpus 1150--1500ǯ1500--1710ǯΥѤơѸˤĤƤ BNC Ѥưֻ١Ĵ줾٥󥭥󥰤ˤ900--1000̤ۤɤޤǤñֻ˥ꥹȤꡤΤʤǥե󥹡ƥѸ줬ϤФ
̤ϡѸ쥻Ǥ7%ۤɤäΤѸ쥻Ǥ19%ޤǾ徺˸Ѹ쥻Ǥ38%ޤǤ˻äƤ롥ƤĴǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤ե󥹡ƥѸǸѤƤΤ¿ˤĤƤϡˤΤʤǽ٤夲Ƥ̤ȤơߤŪʤ򼨤Ȥ褯狼ä
ˤ⤷ȤˡѸΥ1500--1710ǯˤ˴ؤͤˤĤơٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤե󥹡ƥѸΤ٤Ƥ1500ǯ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤ⤽2/3ۤɤϳμ¤˥ե󥹼ѸǤȤ¤ǧ (Durkin 338--39)
ޤѸȽѸιٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤե󥹡ƥѸ¿ѸιٸꥹȤˤƸƤ¤ˤ⿨ƤŤ2ˤϸ뤬ϳƤ췲įȡʤȤѲ򴶤Ƥ롥㤨Сhonour, justice, manner, noble, parliament, pray, prince, realm, religion, supper, treason, usury, virtue Ǥ (Durkin 340)
ˤäƺѸꥹȤ䥭ɤۤʤ뤳ȤȤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥѤ͡ʻӤƤߤȤ⤷㤨СѸ쥳ѥ˴ŤɡꥹȤˤĤơ#2332. EEBO ΥɤС ([2015-09-15-1]) 򻲾ȡޤ٤ˤˤĤƤϡ#1243. ٤θ̻ŪΤˡ ([2012-09-21-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-05-1] [2020-08-25-1]

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2016-05-24 Tue

#2584. ˱Ѹ쥳ѥɽ [representativeness][corpus][methodology][hc][register]

ѥɽ (representativeness) ѹ (balance) ˤĤƤϡ#1280. ѥɽ ([2012-10-28-1]) ¾εǰäƤŤαѸΥѥ򰷤ˤϡѸ쥳ѥ˴ؤ꤬ΤޤƤϤޤΤΤȤʤ顤˾褻Ƥ˺꤬¿ΩϤ롥
ޤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥȤȤơѥθʤ콸ΥƥȽΤΤΤˤζˤ긽¸ƤΤ˸¤Ȥ󤬤롥ʸܡܡʤɤ˵ƸߤޤĤꡤ¸ƤΤ٤ƤǤ롥ޤλ¸ߤ뤳ȤϤ狼äƤƤ⡤Ū˥Ǥ뤫ɤǤ롥Ūˤϡ뤤Żҷ֤ǽǤƤ뤫ɤˤäƤλƥȤ콸Ȥʤꡤ褯ԻԤˤäΰѥʼȤŻҷ֡ˤؤԻ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ω˱Ѹ쥳ѥϡ򤫤äơ褦䤯˽ФΤǤꡤλŪɽãƤ븫ߤϡǰʤ
ޤ˱ѸȤҤȤ˸äƤ⡤ºݤˤϸѸƱͤ͡ lects registers ʬ졤ζʬ˱ƥѥԻ륱¿Τˡ̣ѥѥȸƤǤ褤 Helsinki Corpus Τ褦̻ѥ䡤òƤ뤬ۤʤޤ Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English ⤢뤷ȤˤäƤ̻ѥȤƤѤǤ OED ΰʸʤɤ롥̾ϡԻŪ֤˱ơ꾮ϰϤΥƥȤ˹ʤäԻ륳ѥ¿űѸ쥳ѥѸ쥳ѥʤɻˤäƶڤ뤳 (chronolects) ⤢ ꥹѸ䥢ꥫѸʤɤ (dialects) ξ⤢뤷Chaucer Shakespeare ʤκ (idiolects) ξ⤢Ҳ (sociolects) ̤Ȥ⤢뤷Ѱ (registers) ˱ƥѥԻȤȤ⤢롥ѰȤäƤ⡤äξʥˡΡäդ񤭸դˡʷˤʤɤ˱ơ̶ʬ뤳ȤǤ롥ʬ򤢤ޤ٤ƤޤȡҤΤ褦˸¸ƥȤ̤ͭ¤ǤꡤƤ˾ʤäʬۤФäƤ櫓顤ɽѹդݤĤȤʤΤȺȤʤ롥
(chronolects) μ濴ˤƶǯŪ絬Ϥ˱Ѹ쥳ѥԻ򳵴ѤƤߤȡƻαѸμʸˡϿޤΤ褦ʻͻԻȴϢŤԻ줿ΤĤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ϡƻδ𼴥ѥȤư֤ŤȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ㤨СDictionary of Old English Corpus (DOEC), A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME), Middle English Grammar project (MEG) Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϥѥȤϥƥȡǡ١Ȥ٤ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ѲǽȤʤäƤƤ뤷ꥫѸˤĤƤ Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) λߤ⤢롥
˵󤲤ɽŪ̾ʤΤΤۤ͡ڤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥԻδ褬³ȸƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#506. CoRD --- Ѹ˥ѥξ󥻥󥿡 ([2010-09-15-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Helsinki ؤ VARIENG ( Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English ) ץȤ CoRD ( Corpus Resource Database ) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ϡŪˤСҤΤ褦ˡ˱Ѹ쥳ѥɽŪ˲褹ΤϺǤϤ뤬Ǹ̥ѥԻϳ趷褷ƤꡤΤʤǿⴶϤ롥ҤȤĤϥեŪ¦̡Ѽ¦ΥѥФ٤˴ؤ⤢褦˻פ롥Żҥѥλ夬褹ˤ⡤˱ѸθԤϡ֤פȤʤΤˤ֥ѥפԻѡʬϤ˹ԤʤäƤΤǤ롥⡤䤿ռƤۤɤǤϤʤäΤΡ٤ϥѥɽѹդȤäͤƤΤǤꡤ˻ʤȤƤ⡤ͭפʸ³θѤƤŻҥѥȤʤäɽѹդ꤬ΩäƼ夲褦ˤʤäΤˤ꼫Τڤǡͤ³ɬפϤΤΡ餫ˤ츽ݤΤΤ˾ơѥ˻Ȥʤʤ餽θ³Ƥ椯ȤפʤΤǤϤʤ

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2015-07-17 Fri

#2272. Ū and ν°³ŪΩʬ칽ʸŪˡ [conjunction][participle][syntax][contact][celtic][hc][substratum_theory]

ǸɽˤŪ칽¤롥ʸˡѸǤСΩʬ칽ʸľ and 빽¤פФ褤Ѹ줫ѸˤѤ졤ߤǤ⥢ɱѸ䥹åȥɱѸ˸ä칽¤Kremola and Filppula Helsinki Corpus ѤƤι¤ˤˤĤƤΤŪ򤷤䤹ʸʲ˺ƷǤ뤳Ȥˤ褦

And thei herynge these thingis, wenten awei oon aftir anothir, and thei bigunnen fro the eldre men; and Jhesus dwelte aloone, and the womman stondynge in the myddil. (Wyclif, John 8, 9, circa 1380)
For we have dwelt ay with hir still And was neuer fro hir day nor nyght. Hir kepars haue we bene And sho ay in oure sight. (York Plays, 120, circa 1459)
& ȝif it is founde þat he be of good name & able þat þe companye may be worscheped by him, he schal be resceyued, & elles nouȝht; & he to make an oþ with his gode wil to fulfille þe poyntes in þe paper, þer whiles god ȝiueþ hym grace of estat & of power (Book of London English, 54, 1389)
. . . and presently fixing mine eyes vpon a Gentleman-like object, I looked on him, as if I would suruay something through him, and make him my perspectiue: and hee much musing at my gazing, and I much gazing at his musing, at las he crost the way . . . (All the Workes of John Taylor the Water Poet, 1630)
. . . and I say, of seventy or eighty Carps, [I] only found five or six in the said pond, and those very sick and lean, and . . . (The Compleat Angler, 1653--1676)
Which would be hard on us, and me a widow. (Mar. Edgeworth, Absentee, xi, 1812) ʢòŪˡ


and Ƴˤư줬礱Ƥꡤ졤ʬ졤ʬ졤ƻ졤̾졤ֻʤɤΤħǤ롥Ūˤϼˤˤи뤳ȤǤǽŪˤΩʬ칽ʸƱͤƱӾɽ魯ιʸ٤ѸǤϵǡѸǾȤϤ˼Ū칽¤Ǥäˤϰ㤤ʤKremola and Filppula (311, 315) ϡŪΩʬ칽ʸȹƤ뤬ȤľܤˤϴطʤȯãǤꡤäƥƥåʹʸȤʤطʤȹͤƤ롥
Ǥϡι¤εϤɤˤΤKremola and Filppula (315) ϡ줬ѤƤ륱ˤĤƤϡƥгդ칽ʸδͿ⤢뤫⤷ʤȾ⤷ƤΤΡʳΥˤĤƤϥȽб빽¤αƶ򼨺Ƥ롥

The infinitival type, which at least in its non-exclamatory use is closer to coordination than the other types, may well derive from the Latin accusative with the infinitive . . . But the non-infinitival constructions (and the exclamatory infinitival patterns), although they too are often considered to have their origins in the Latin absolute constructions, could also stem from another source, viz. Celtic languages. Whereas the Latin models typically lack the overt subordinator, subordinating and-structures closely equivalent to the ones met in Middle English and Early Modern English are a well-attested feature of the neighbouring Celtic languages from their earliest stages on.


伫Ȥϥȷϸ򤷤ʤΤǡKremola and Filppula (315--16) ˵󤲤Ƥťɸ졤楦륺졤奢ɸ줫ʸŬڤɾǤʤϡˤҤ٤褦ˡǤ⤳ι¤ɱѸ䥹åȥɱѸ̤˸뤳ȤŦƤ롥
ʤFilppula ϡѸ˥ȽδŪƶ (substratum_theory) ǧ褦ȤҤǤ롥#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿

Kremola, Juhani and Markku Filppula. "Subordinating Uses of and in the History of English." History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics. Ed. Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen, and Irma Taavitsainen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 762--71.

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2015-07-14 Tue

#2269. ư֤ưѤ줿 by of ζ [preposition][passive][grammaticalisation][hc]

ɸˤĤľܡܤˡ#1333. ѸǼư֤ưѤ줿ֻ ([2012-12-20-1])#1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1])#1351. ư֤ưѤ줿 through at ([2013-01-07-1]) Ǽ夲ƤѸ줫ѸˤƤλ by of ζˤĤơPeitsara ʸɤΤǡη (398) ѤƤ

   I hope to have shown, firstly, that the by-agent prevailed in English in the 15th century, i.e. two centuries earlier than suggested so far. . . . The necessary consequence of the first conclusion is that agentive by can hardly have been rare before 1400.
   Secondly, it appears that there has not been a development from a general agentive of into a general agentive by in Middle English, but the two variants have existed side by side (possibly together with some others excluded from this study) fro some time. They were, however, not in free variation in the 15th and 16th centuries but had become specialized, partly according to the type of text and partly according to the semantic fields of the participles in the passive clause. This specialization was more complicated than, and partly different from, that described by some scholars, and it apparently involved foreign influence.
   Thirdly, the Middle English period was particularly favourable for the gradual grammaticalization of by in agentive function because of the heavier functional load of the preposition of and the lack of special grammaticalization for by.


ʸ1992ǯΤΤǤꡤ2015ǯθߤ餹ȺǿȤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΥϥƥġȤäƤ褤 Helsinki Corpus Ѥ㸦Ȥơܤ٤ΤǤϤ롥ԸȽŪɾġ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤by 15ޤǤ˼ư֤ưɽ魯ֻȤư̲ĤĤäʤƴްդȤƤϸʸˡˤȡ of ƱƱͤˡͭʤʣװˤäƻȤʬޥʡʪȤƵǽƤȤ餫ˤ
Ѥ2κǸʸˤ褦ˡPeitsara ϱѸǤֻ򤬥ƥե󥹸θˡ˱ƶǽˤڤǤ롥ƥ de of ˡե󥹸 par by 줾δͿͤ줽ºݤˤ Peitsara ϤǤͤùĴϤƤʤ̤ʰոҤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤθ椬ԤȤƱͤˡֻ򤬡ưʲʬˤΰ̣ˤ¸Ƥ餷ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤ⺣ĴԤ롥

Peitsara, Kirsti. "On the Development of the by-Agent in English." History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics. Ed. Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen, and Irma Taavitsainen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 379--99.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-08-09-1] [2020-08-04-1]

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2014-11-05 Wed

#2018. <nacio(u)n> <nation> ֻѲ [spelling][latin][etymological_respelling][corpus][hc][eebo]

ḽѸ <nation> ֤ϡѸǤϼȤ <nacio(u)n> ֤Ƥ<nacio(u)> <nation> ѲϡŪˤϤʤġɤΤ褦ΤǤ첻 <ou> <o> ѲȡҲ <c> <t> Ѳʬƹͤɬפ롥
ޤ첻ѲˤĤƹͤ褦 (331) ˤȡ¯ƥˤ /o/ + ɡǽIJϡб Norman French η֤Ǥɡ첻û첻 /ʊ/ 뤤Ĺ첻 /uː/ 򼨤βĸ줬ѸؼѤȡround, troumpe, count, nombre, countrefeten, countour, cuntree, counseil, commissioun, condicioun, nacioun, resoun, sesoun, religioun ʤɤ֤줿-<sioun> -<tioun> ȯϡб븽 -<sion> -<tion> ȯ /ʃ(ə)n/ ȤϰۤʤꡤޤƱ岽⤷Ƥ餺ʲ /siuːn/ ݤäƤȹͤ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƤβ˶ʤʤäƤȡƱ岽Ϥޤꡤߤ /ʃ(ə)n/ ˶ŤƤäβĹ첻򼨺ֻ -<ioun> Ϥդ路ʤȴ졤1ʸȤ -<ion> ȤΤ̲롥
<ou> <o> Ѳñȯֻפ٤ΤǤȤɤϸڤ;Ϥ롥ˤ¿ʤȤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) κѤäΤǤϤʤȤΤϡME nacioun nation ѲȤѲΤ첻ǤϤʤԤҲ <c> <t> ؤѲȤäǤ롥Upward and Davidson (97) ˤȡ

The letter C with the value /s/ before E and I in OFr had two main sources. One was Lat C: Lat certanus > certain. The other was Lat T, which before unstressed E, I acquired the same value, /ts/, as C had in LLat. Medieval Lat commonly alternated T and C in such cases: nacionem or nationem, whence the widespread use of forms such as nacion in OFr and ME. The C adopted in LLat, OFr and ME for classical Lat T has sometimes survived into ModE: Lat spatium > space; platea > place. Elsewhere, a later preference for classical Lat etymology has led to the restoration of T in place of C, as in the -TION endings: ModE nation.


Ĥޤꡤ<nacio(u)n> <nation> ˤ첻ѲҲѲ⡤ŵƥֻ˰פ٤ΤǤϤʤ
ֻѲġɤΤ褦ˤĤơ˥ѥѤĴƤߤޤ Helsinki Corpus äơη̤ʰʲθǤϡʣΤĤֻʤɤ˽äƤˡϾʤΤΡ16ѲλäȤ롥


<nacion> (<nacioon>)<nation>
M2 (1250--1350) 0 (1)0
M3 (1350--1420)7 (1)0
M4 (1420--1500)2 (0)0
E1 (1500--1569)2 (0)2
E2 (1570--1639)0 (0)13
E3 (1640--1710)0 (0)14


Ʊ͡Ѹ (1418--1680) 45줫ʤʥѥΥץ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence Ǥ⸡Ƥߤ绨Ĥǯʬǻʬ¤ꡤΤʷ̤β񤷤


<nacion><nation>
CEECS1 (1418--1638)212
CEECS2 (1580--1680)127


ͭѤʷ̤뤳ȤǤΤϡEEBO (Early English Books Online) ΥƥȤѤƸĿŪ˺äƤʥǡ١θˤäƤǤ롥ȾȤ˶ʬƥ֥ѥεϤϤ줾ۤʤΤǡ̻ŪʿͤñӤϤǤʤ줾λˤֻŪʬۤϰ


<nacion><nacioun><nation><natioun>
1451--1500 (123,537 words)4000
1501--1550 (1,825,565 words)900820
1551--1600 (6,648,588 words)64094713
1601--1650 (21,296,378 words)1806,4510
1651--1700 (38,545,254 words)11022,3501
1701--1750 (33,741 words)00120


첻ˤĤƤϡѸޤǤˤǤ <-ioun> ϤۤѤƤ褦Ǥ롥ơҲˤĤƤϡ16˰쵤 <t> <c> ֤ƤäͻҤ狼롥ʤȤ⤳λҲѲΥߥ󥰤ˤĤƤϡ̤˸츻ŪֻκȤ16˰פƤ뤳ȤϻŦƤƤ褤첻ѲˤĤƤϡ츻Ūֻˤӽ櫓ǤϤʤŪᤫäȤ顤ҤΤȤȯֻפ褦ȤưŤ˴ŤƤǽ⤤ΤǤϤʤ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-11-26-1] [2014-12-06-1]

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2014-03-15 Sat

#1783. whole <w> [spelling][phonetics][etymology][emode][h][hc][hypercorrection][etymological_respelling][ormulum][w]

whole ϡűѸ (ġe)hāl (healthy, sound. hale) ̤ꡤ켫Ȥϥޥĸ *(ȝa)xailaz˰ĸ * kailo- (whole, uninjured, of good omen) ̤롥heal, holy ȤƱǤꡤhale, hail Ȥ3Ÿʤäơ<whole> <w> 츻ŪѸˤʸƬ줿
MED hōl(e (adj.(2)) ǤϡֻȤ wholle 󤲤Ƥꡤʲ15 <wh>- Ǥ˸줿Ȥ狼롥

a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3) 3368: When he was take vp of þe vrthe, he was as wholle And as freysshe as he was ony tyme þat day byfore.


15μȤΥƥȤ˸ǽ <wh>- ϡwhole ƬҲ /h/ æȯ (h-dropping) 򼨺 diacritical ̤Ƥ褦Ȥ̤θǡ16ˤ /h/ æ򼨤ΤǤϤʤñֻθɤΤߤ˴ؤ <w> Ԥ褦ˤʤäɽŪ츻Ū <w> ϡѸ whore (< OE hōre) ˤǧǤwhore ˤ <w> 16ǡMED hōr(e (n.(2)) Ǥ <wh>- ϳǧʤˡ16ˤϡۤˤ whom (home), wholy (holy), whoord (hoard), whote (hot)) whood (hood) ʤɤ졤<o> ֤Ǥ츻Ū <wh>- 䤫ĬήƤȤ狼롥whole whore ΤߤɸѸޤʤ館ͳˤĤƤϡHorobin (62) ϡ줾Ʊ۵ hole hoar Ȥζ̤񵭾Τˤ뤹뤳ȤǤ뤫ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Helsinki Corpus Ǥä whole ΰֻ򸡺ƤߤȤʡַפ hole ʤɤϼȤǽѤߡˡѸޤǤ <wh>- 1⸡ФʤäѸˤʤȰʲΤ褦˰쵤˿ƩȤʬä

 <whole><hole>
E1 (1500--1569)7132
E2 (1570--1639)682
E3 (1640--1710)840


Ǥϡwhole Τ褦ˡ츻Ū <w> Ѹ˸Ƭ줿ΤϤʤˤϸƬ [hw] [h] æ [w] ȤʤäѲؤäƤ롥űѸˤ <hw>- ֻɽ蘆줿ȯ [hw] 뤤 [ʍ] äȯϽѸ줫ʸΰ֤εž <wh>- Ȥɽ褦ˤʤ<wh>- ε§ŪʻѤϡ1200ǯ Ormulum ˡƱˤϡǤȯȤ [h] βħ졤[w] ؤѲĤĤäħǧ롥㤨С<h> ֻ礤 wat, wænne, wilc ʤɤʸڤ롥[hw] [h] Τ԰ꤵ椨ˡбֻ <wh>- <h>- ԰äΤȯֻ԰ꤵѸˡؤδؿȡɬ⺬Τʤʤ˸岡ơ<whole> <whore> Τ褦츻Ūֻ߽ФΤȹͤ롥
ʤwhole ˤϡƬ /w/ /woːl/, /wʊl/ ʤɤֻȯƼʹ롥EDD Online WHOLE, adj., sb. v. 򻲾ȡ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2014-03-05 Wed

#1773. ich, everich, -lich ch ä [me][corpus][hc][phonetics][personal_pronoun][consonant][-ly]

#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1]) εǡűѸ줫ѸˤѤ줿1;ñ̾μ ich λҲüƶѸ I ؤȯŸаޤˤĤǤϡʲѲȤϡǽ˸붯ȼζ礬ؤäƤΤǤϤʤƤ
Ūװ̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤSchlüter ˤС³Ƭβ˼ˤäơĹ ich Ūû i Τ줫Ф䤹Ȥ¤Τˤ롥
Schlüter ϡHelsinki Corpus ѤѸǻ头ȤˡƸ³μ̤ˡich, everich, -lich 줾Ѱ۷ʬۤĴʲˡSchlüter (224, 227, 226) ˷ǺܤƤ롤ơʬɽ򼨤

I1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
tokens%tokens%tokens%tokens%
before Vich169100121954300
I006513597253100
before <h>ich171100105973200
I003315698316100
before Cich51394363420000
I3364945811061002043100
EVERY1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
tokens%tokens%tokens%tokens%
before Veverich- 686764939
everiche- 1140000
every- 004361461
before <h>everich- 00120- 
everiche- 1100120- 
every- 00360- 
before Ceverich- 6292200
everiche- 10482200
every- 52410596138100
-LY1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
tokens%tokens%tokens%tokens%
before V-lich231281212410
-liche162875177238215
-ly117112518842195
before <h>-lich13187211200
-liche5982247381400
-ly0026498476100
before C-lich7013181518220
-liche468859377395232
-ly1121087889394797


3ĤɽǡȤ櫓Ҳ (before C) ch æûΥѡơ̻ŪɤäƤ餤ûγ®٤¿ΰ㤤Ϥ뤬ME II ME III ζǤ1350ǯǡ餫ʳ礬ѻ롥14ȾФˡich I, everich every, -lich -ly ѲȤɤ߼롥
⤦٤С3ܤ٤¤ꡤich, everich, -lich νǡ ch Ȥ櫓Ҳ֤ˤæƤäȤ狼롥Ѳ˴ؤƽפʤΤϡᶭˤ벻ŪװϳΤ˺ѤƤΤΡ˸Ūװ֤褦˺ѤƤ餷ȤǤ롥Schlüter (228) ĴΤޤȤʬѤ褦

. . . the affricate [ʧ] in final position has turned out to constitute another weak segment whose disappearance is codetermined by syllable structure constraints militating against the adjacency of two Cs or Vs across word boundaries. . . . [T]he three studies have shown that the demise of final [ʧ] proceeds at different speeds depending on the item concerned: it is given up fastest in the personal pronoun, not much later in the quantifier, and most hesitantly in the suffix. In other words, the phonetic erosion is overshadowed by lexical distinctions. Relics of the obsolescent long variants are typically found in high-frequency collocations like ich am or everichone, where the affricate is protected from erosion by the ideal phonotactic constellation it ensures.


Ϣơ#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) ڤӡ#832. every each ([2011-08-07-1]) ⻲ȡ

Schlüter, Julia. "Weak Segments and Syllable Structure in ME." Phonological Weakness in English: From Old to Present-Day English. Ed. Donka Minkova. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 199--236.

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2014-02-12 Wed

#1752. interpretor interpreter (2) [spelling][suffix][corpus][emode][hc][ppcme2][ppceme][archer][lc]

ɸηˤĤƤϡ#1740. interpretor interpreter ([2014-01-31-1]) ȡ#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1]) ǿƤνȯǤ롤16 interpretor interpreter ִ줿ȤڤˤĤơ¤ɤǧƤɬפ롥θڤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤ǤʤƤꡤ餯 OED "In 16th cent. conformed to agent-nouns in -er, like speak-er" ˰͵򤷤ƤΤȻפ뤬ˤ16λΤĤΥѥ򸡺ܺ٤Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
ޤϡMED ѸֻΤƤߤ褦 Wycliffite Bible, Early Version (a1382) ޤᡤ33ޤǤ -our 뤤 -or ޤߡ-er 򼨤Τ Reginald Pecock ˤ Book of Faith (c1456) 2ΤߤǤ롥а衤ѸΰŪֻϡ-o(u)r äȤäƤ
ƱѸξPPCME2 ǤߤƤߤȡPeriod M4 (1420--1500) Interpretours 1Τߵä
ˡѸ (1418--1680) 45줫ʤʥѥΥץ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence Ǥ⸡Ƥߤ2˶ʬ줿ѥ2ʬ (1580--1680) interpreter interpretor 줾1㤺Ĥäˤʤ
³ơMEMEM (Michigan Early Modern English Materials) Υ饤󥳡ѥϡΥڡΤȤꡤѸ켭ԻΤ˽줿ȤˡưΤʸǡ١ؤʥѥȤѤǤ롥ĤֻǸȤinterpretour 2㡤1535? Thomas Elyot ˤ The Education or Bringing up of Children 줿Ū interpreter(s) ֻϡ9ΰۤʤƥȡ3Ĥ166Ĥ17ˤ16ǧ줿Τˡ16餸露 -er ӤƤƤ褦
LC (The Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts) ϡ1640--1740ǯ罰ʪ119Υѥ줿7Ϥ -er ֻä
Ʊͤη̤330ζḽѸ쥳ѥ ARCHER 3.2 (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers) (1600--1999) Ǥǧ줿1672ǯǽȤơ13㤬 -er Ǥ롥
ǸˡѸ줫Ѹˤ̻ŪˤߤƤߤ褦HC (Helsinki Corpus) ˤȡE1 (1500--70) Henry Machyn's Diary ꡤ"he becam an interpretour betwen the constable and certein English pioners;" 1Τ߸줿HC 礵 PPCEME ˤȡ嵭ޤ17λʬۤϰʲ̤ꡥ

 -o(u)r-er(s)
E1 (1500--1569)21
E2 (1570--1639)35
E3 (1640--1710)06


ʾ礹ȡΤ16ˡ餯ƱθȾˡŪ -er ͥˤʤäƤΤȻפ롥ʤOED Ǥϡ1840ǯǸ -or ϻѤäƤ롥

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2013-11-21 Thu

#1669. longest lengest ֤ΤϤĤ [hc][corpus][adjective][comparison][i-mutation][analogy]

#1649. longer leng(er) ֤ΤϤĤ ([2013-11-01-1]) ǡŪ i-mutation ӵ leng(er) longer ִ줿Τ򥳡ѥˤäĴϡƱФꤵǾˤĤƱͤĴܤ̤𤹤롥Ū i-mutation κǾ lengest ϡѸˤΤɤʳ longest ִ줿Τ
Helsinki Corpus ǡ촴첻ΥꥨǰƬ֤Ĥġξ򸡺̤̻ŪȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥


LONGESTLENGEST
O100
O202
O3013
O403
M101
M200
M301
M401
E130
E240
E320


ӵ㤬äȾʤϤϤäꤷƤ롥ӵξƱͤˡE1 (1500--1570) žȤʤäƤ롥󡤤ξΤߤǷޤȤϤǤʤ㤨Сlōng (adj. (1)) 򻲾ȤСѸ15 Higden's Polychronicon ˤơ"In Armeny..Ytaly and other regiones..the longeste day other ny3hte is but oonly of xv houres equinoccialle." Ȥ longest Τʸڤ롥Ǥ⡤ӵΥ̻ŪʬۤƤȤȤϡη̤ɾǡפȤʤ
Ʊ͡Ѹ (1418--1680) 45줫ʤʥѥΥץ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence Ǥ⸡Ƥߤ2˶ʬ줿ѥ1ʬ (1418--1638) longest 1ҥåȤΤߤäΤạ̇̄븫ФȤϤǤä

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2013-11-01 Fri

#1649. longer leng(er) ֤ΤϤĤ [hc][corpus][adjective][comparison][i-mutation][analogy]

Ѹηƻ졦 long ӵη֤ϵ§Ū longer űѸ줫ѸˤƤ lenger ȤƤ leng ˤΤ褦˸촴첻Ľ֤ѤƤޥĸӵɽ魯 *-iþo Ȥʤäľθ촴첻 i-mutation θ촴θ첻첻ؤѲθ̤ϡűѸ leng(ra) Ѹ leng(er) ˸Ƥ롥
ȤϸűѸǤѸǤ lang, long ʤɤȾ˸첻򼨤ƤΤǡ䤬 (analogy) ˤӵ⸶ -er դε§Ūʷ֤褦ˤʤäĤƤ i-mutation ȤѲθ̤ȤѲθ̤ˤǤä줿Ȥ롥
ơˤ longer ˤĤʤ֤줿ΤĺΤȤˤʤäΤǡĴ٤ƤߤOED Ǥ longer ȤƸФΩäƤʤΤǡlong ιʸõƤߤȡa1533 longer Ƥ롥MED ǤƱäΤ lōng (adj. (1)) ʸõȡa1400 (a1325) langer Ф롥ʸǯξǤϿʤ
leng(er) κǽǯĴ٤ȤĴ⤷ƤߤOED ˤȡ leng κǽ Chaucer c1386ƻ졦 lenger ϡˡȤƤ Spenser 1590ǯǽäʾ礹ȡ14--15 longer 졤16ˤŪ leng(er) ֤Ȥڽ񤭤ˤʤꤽ
˽Ҥ٤褦 longer θФΩäƤʤʾ塤OED ʸΤߤǿ֤θŤ櫓ˤϤʤΤ褦ŪˤϡŪ˥ѥͭѤǤ롥Helsinki Corpus ˤꡤäȿ줽줾ΰ۷֤򽦤夲ƤߤűѸǤ2 r ϸζ޷Ǥ뤳Ȥθޤꤳܤ仨βǽˤⵤĤǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤǤĤġʲ˿򼨤


LONGERLENG(ER)
O101
O2014
O3045
O407
M1014
M2021
M31126
M4325
E1116
E2190
E3460


M3 (1350--1420) longer 졤E1 (1500--1570) Ǹ lenger ѤäȤ狼롥1500ǯ򶭤˿֤Ω줬Ū®ؤä褦˸뤬Helsinki Corpus ⾮ϤʥѥȤ虜ʤΤǡޤǶŪʷȤȤ館Ƥɬפ롥ΤȤƤη̤ OED ξڵ򤬼ȤȤ褽ƱǤꡤ˼˥ѥߤ䴰äƷ򶯤ƤȤäƤ褤
ˡ긵ˤäѸ (1418--1680) 45줫ʤʥѥΥץ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence ǤƱͤθܤ246ޤ1ʬ (1418--1638) 204ޤ2ʬ (1580--1680) ̤Ĵ٤Ȥʲ̤ȤʤꡤϤꤪ褽16ȾˤϸŤ lenger Ѥ줿Ȥ


LONGERLENG(ER)
CEECS1316
CEECS2370

Referrer (Inside): [2013-11-21-1]

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2013-03-12 Tue

#1415. shew show (1) [spelling][phonetics][corpus][hc][diphthong]

ư show ˤϸŤ֤ shew 롥ˡΧʸ񡤻ʤɤˤϸΤΡߤǤϰŪˤϤޤꤪܤˤʤshew 18ޤֻͥǤꡤ19ȾޤǸȤƳƤ20ȾǤܤˤ뤳ȤäOED "show, v." θ츻εҤ򻲾Ȥ褦

The spelling shew, prevalent in the 18th cent. and not uncommon in the first half of the 19th cent., is now obsolete exc. in legal documents. It represents the obsolete pronunciation (indicated by rhymes like view, true down to c1700) normally descending from the Old English scéaw- with falling diphthong. The present pronunciation, to which the present spelling corresponds, represents an Old English (? dialectal) sceāw- with a rising diphthong.


ΰ֤ͳϡűѸ scéawian (to look) η֤ͳ褹롥촴2첻Ĺ첻ؤȳ경 (smoothing) ݤˡȤȲĴ2첻Ǥкǽ첻Ӥ ē Ȥʤꡤ徺Ĵ2첻ǤкǸ첻ӡ̤Ȥ ō Ȥʤäshew ϢʤԤηǤϡ§Ūʲȯãˤꡤ/ʃjuː/ ϤϤshow ϢʤԤηȯ /ʃoʊ/ ִ뤳ȤˤʤäȾޤǤֻȤƤ shew ͥǤʤ顤ȯȤƤ show ̲ƤȤȤˤʤ롥ʤsew /soʊ/ ⡤ʿŪȯãη̤Ǥ롥
OED 츻ǤϡޤǤ shew ͥäȤȤä show ˨Ѹ줫ǧ (cf. MED "sheuen (v.(1))") Helsinki Corpus ˤꡤѸ줫ѸޤǤ shew vs show ̻Ūʬۤ򳵴ѤƤߤ褦ʥǡե "shew" and "show" in Helsinki Corpus 򻲾ȡ


shew show
M1120
M2362
M31850
M42077
E119813
E211315
E3714


Τ˽ѸޤǤ̻ŪʷǤ롥Ѹʹߤ show εžˤĤƤ̤ĴʤΤǡεõäƤߤ롥

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2013-02-19 Tue

#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ [hc][corpus][preposition]

#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1]) ڤӺε#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥbetween Ūʰ۷֤ʬۤHelsinki Corpus ǤäĴƤߤĴη̡ѥ between η֤Ȥ 97 types, 793 tokens ǧ줿ʲϤ97ΰ۷֤֡Ǥ롥

be-twen, be-twene, be-twix, be-twyen, be-twyn, be-twyx, be-twyxe, betuen, betuene, betuh, betuih, betuixt, betun, betux, betuyx, betwe, between, betweene, betwen, betwenan, betwene, betweoh, betweohn, betweon, betweonan, betweonen, betweonon, betweonum, betweox, betweoxan, betwex, betwi, betwih, betwihn, betwinan, betwinum, betwioh, betwion, betwix, betwixe, betwixt, betwixte, betwixts, betwne, betwoex, betwonen, betwuh, betwux, betwuxn, betwyh, betwyn, betwynan, betwyne, betwyx, betwyxe, betwyxen, betwyxte, bi-tuine, bi-twen, bi-twene, bi-twenen, bi-tweohnen, bi-tweone, bi-tweonen, bi-twexst, bi-twext, bi-twihan, bi-twixst, bituen, bituene, bituhe, bituhen, bituhhe, bituhhen, bituien, bituih, bituin, bituix, bitunon, bitweies, bitwen, bitwene, bitwenen, bitwenenn, bitweon, bitweone, bitweonen, bitweonon, bitweonum, bitwex, bitwexe, bitwien, bitwih, bitwix, bitwixe, bitwixen, bitwyxe


793η֤δǤޤȤƽפΤưפǤϤʤϸʳˤ첻ΰ㤤̵뤹뤳Ȥˤ2ʹߤλҲʤȡ⤷и첻ˤμȤ߹碌ˤäƽפ㤨С"nm", "nn", "x", "xt" Ȥפϡ줾 betweonum, betweonan, betwyx, betwixt ʤɤη֤ɽ롥ʲɽϡHelsinki Corpus ˤʬ򻲾Ȥε󤬤ʤä O1 ʸűѸ1ˤλ10ˤ̻ŪѲ󤷤ΤǤ롥


nmnnnnexxexnxtxtexstxtshhnhnnheseiSum
O214100130100003140000064
O35221605600000048000000147
O41153022000000300000044
M10284813010000041900068
M2015321110000000010042
M300431241801040000001083
M40041125621600000000156
E1001266200253000000000108
E2002344000316000000000104
E30054800014001000000077
Sum206712520015625572154182819111793


between Ϣʤ n ķ֤ϡűѸ줫Ѹ˻ޤǰӤƼήɤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥betwix ʤɤ x ⡤űѸ줫Ѹޤ n ɤŨۤѤƤ뤬Ѹ xt 󤬽и˵ڤӡŤ x ϱƤƤ椯h ϡűѸǤäűѸ쵤˿षƤ椯
Ѹ˴ؤƤϡˤʬۤκĴɬפ

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