hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

-ly - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2026-03-21 Sat

#6172. ƻӵ -er ñΥ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative][flat_adverb][-ly]

ȡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ȡ#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ ([2026-03-20-1]) ȤƼ夲Ƥ꤫顤ƻ˰Ƥߤ
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 207) ʤǡűѸǺǤŵŪä -e űѸηƻӵ -ra ǤȵˤȤǽ˹ԤäȤʤ֤ϡεˤ̤ꡤޥĸ o-stem åʸȤȤǤ롥åʸˤ첻ΰۤʤ2Ĥη֤ꤷƤ롥

The most widespread OE formation is in {-e}, probably from the e-grade of the ablative, corresponding to L {-ē} < */-e:-d/: L facillim-ē 'easily', whose ablative origin is clear in OL facilum-ēd. So OE wīd 'wide', adv wīd-e, gelīc 'similar', adv ge-līc-e, etc.


³ñ -ly γơεˤڤǤ궽̣ΤǡѤ롥

Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līce} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līce}.


ñ -ly ˴ؤϡflat_adverb γƵ򻲾ȡ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2021-06-25 Fri

#4442. 2ηƻӵ -er more [comparison][sobokunagimon][adjective][adverb][suffix][periphrasis][-ly]

ƻ졦 (comparison) ϡܥ֥Ǥ͡˰äƤѸǤΤ˷ΤĤƤʤӵ餬 -er ʶӡˤ more ʶӡˤȤŪطʤˤĤƤϡ#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])#2347. Ӥȯãˤե󥹸졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])#3703.رѸ춵٤Ϣ4֤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤס ([2019-06-17-1])#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
ûˤ -er ĤĹˤ more ֤ȤΤ§Ǥ롥û⤢Ĺ⤢2ˤĤƤϡɤ줬㤷Ƥ줤꼰Ǥʤºݡʸˡ򤤤äƤߤȡñ줴ȤˤɤӵηΤ̤ʤΤˤĤƵҤ̯˰ۤʤΤǤ롥ϡҤȤޤ LGSWE 7.7.2 򻲾Ȥơ2ηƻˤĤƹͤƤߤ
2ηƻ줬ӵηѤ뤫ϡβŪ礭¸뤳ȤΤƤ롥-y ǽΤˤĤƤϡ-er ̤Τ褦󤲤ȡ

angry, bloody, busy, crazy, dirty, easy, empty, funny, gloomy, happy, healthy, heavy, hungry, lengthy, lucky, nasty, pretty, ready, sexy, silly, tidy, tiny


-y ǽƻȤȤǤС餫ƬĤ3ˤʤäƤ⡤ӵ -er Ȥ뷹 (ex. unhappier) Ѹˤδϡ250ǯۤˤϾۤʤäƤ餷Ȥܤͤ (cf. #3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1]))
-ly ǽƻɤ줬㤷褦ǡ㤨 early ӵ earlier ̤likely ˤĤƤ more likely Τ̤ۤǤ롥ۤɤ򼨤ȤƤϡ

costly, deadly, friendly, lively, lonely, lovely, lowly, ugly


ʤɤ󤲤롥Ʊɤ򼨤ΤȤơʲΤ褦˼岻ǽ2ηƻ󤲤Ƥ

mellow, narrow, shallow, yellow; bitter, clever, slender, tender; able, cruel, feeble, gentle, humble, little, noble, simple, subtle; sever, sincere; secure, obscure


ξηɤ򼨤ƤȤȤϡ¾ؤȾ괹ʤǤȤȡĤޤѲκǤ뤳Ȥʳξڤ櫓ǤϤʤʤȤ˼롥ξζ硦ʻ¸Ϥ줳1000ǯۤ³Ƥ櫓ޤ˷ʤ

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-22-1] [2021-08-17-1]

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2021-01-16 Sat

#4282. -ly 2³ -lily λ ICAMET Ǹ [corpus][icamet][adverb][suffix][-ly]

ɸ -lily ˤĤơǶε#4268. -ly 2³ -lily ϵǤ ([2021-01-02-1])#4270. Ѹˤ -ly 2³ -lily äȤä ([2021-01-04-1])#4271. -ly 2³ -lily λ Helsinki Corpus Ǹ ([2021-01-05-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϡε#4281. ICAMET --- Ѹ컶ʸѥ ([2021-01-15-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 ICAMET 򽸤Ƥߤ롥
Perl бɽȤ "\b\S+(?<!s)l[iy]l[yi](ch?)?(e(r|st)?)?\b" 򸡺ȤͿ̤ФƤߤ111㤬󤬤äƤֻȤƤޤȤȡʲ41Ǥ롥

folily, folyly, holily, holyly, holyliche, seliliche, holili, hallyly, semlyly, lawlyly, iolily, hoolily, holylye, holylyche, fullyly, worldlyly, worldlily, wilyly, willyly, wilili, vnwortlily, vnreulili, semelily, selyly, selily, selili, sclyly, reulily, reulili, priuelyliche, li3tlyliche, iolyly, hoolyly, holilie, holiliche, hallily, folyliche, folyli, foliliche, folilich, folili


ùܤȤƤޤȤȡfolily (40), fullyly (2), holily (41), iolily (3), lawlyly (2), li3tlyliche (1), priuelyliche (1), reulily (2), sclyly (1), seliliche (8), semlyly (3), vnreulili (1), vnwortlily (1), worldlily (2), wilili (3) Ȥʤ롥ޤǽƤ¿μबФƤƤ줿ΤǡޤϺ ICAMET λѤȤƤ
󥳡󥹥饤įȡ᤯̤ -ly -lily ǤϤʤΡˤ륱줿ʸƥȤȤȤ⤢ӱȤۤɤǤϤʤˤ衤ŪʸϤȤäװѤƤǽ롥Ĥ󤲤Ƥʳ ICAMET Υե̾ˡ

And with þis wurd þis knyght was confusid, & holilie and stronglie he tuke þe ordur and vttirly forsuke all þis werld. (Alpha2)
lyghtly and folyly to curse another. (Caxtdoc)
how after that they leued chastely, clenly, and holyly in thaire manere (Caxtkni)
pacyently and holyly without grudchyng (Caxtpro1)
Spoushod is a stat þet me ssel wel klenliche / and wel holylyche loki uor manie skeles (Danayen)
firste for to lyue holili, and after to preche trueli (Lollard)
Alle þat wolen lyue piteousli or holili in Crist schul suffre persecucyon. (Lollard)
Iff any man holily lyue & ri3twysly, Alsso warst synnars despise he nott. (Misfire)
whanne þei ben vnmesurably and vnreulili a3ens doom of resoun, (Pecdon1)
frely forgife vnto þe þinge þat þou has anese hym mysdone, folily & vnkyndely. (Rollebok)
þis wondyrful oned may nou3t be fulfilled parfitely, contynuelly, holyly in þis lyfe, (Rollhor1)
þat þay say to þame na wordes of myssawe ne vnhoneste ne of displesance vnauyssedly, / bot serue þame mekely and gladly and lawlyly; (Rollhor1)
and ther-for the preste muste go to that body holily and deuoutly with grete reuerence and drede, as mych as he may, (Specchri)
not to lyue worldlyly ne lustly ne proudely, but to lyue in bisy trauel to kepe þer sheep & wynne hem heuene; (Wyclif2)

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2021-01-05 Tue

#4271. -ly 2³ -lily λ Helsinki Corpus Ǹ [corpus][hc][adverb][suffix][-ly][haplology]

#4268. -ly 2³ -lily ϵǤ ([2021-01-02-1])#4270. Ѹˤ -ly 2³ -lily äȤä ([2021-01-04-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ³ Helsinki Corpus Ѥơ̻Ū -lily 򽸤᤿
ϡŤѸǤϸŪ -ly Τߤʤ餺-li, -lic, -lich, -liche ʤֻ͡ǸƤcf. #1773. ich, everich, -lich ch ä ([2014-03-05-1])#1810. ѰۤΥȥԡ ([2014-04-11-1])#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1])ˡǡŪʰֻ򹭤С Perl бɽȤ "\B(?<!s)l[iy]l[yi](ch?)?(e(r|st)?)?\b" ꤷ Helsinki Corpus ˸򤫤ȤűѸ줫ϳ㤬1Ĥ󤬤äƤʤäѸʹߤ餤Ĥ㤬줿

[ M1 (1150--1250) ]

CMSAWLES(14658): ter hire; turne+d <P 178> ham treowliliche to wit hare lauerd. & to +teos fowr sus

[ M2 (1250--1350) ]

CMAYENBI(7376): te+t +tet we loki ine oure herte holylyche +tane holy gost +tet is oure wytnesse.

[ M3 (1350--1420) ]

CMBOETH(11516): , "see now how thou mayst proeven holily and withoute corrupcioun this that I ha
CMBOETH(49069): is, or elles thei scholden fleten folyly. "For whiche it es that alle thingis se
CMCLOUD(50919): peke +tus childly, & # as it were folily and lackyng kyndly discrecion; for I do
CMCTPROS(21119): surably, <P 234.C1> for they that folily wasten and despenden the goodes that th
CMCTVERS(35881): at moste I thynke. I have my body folily despended; Blessed be God that it shal
CMWYCSER(2866): eth herynne +tat God may not iuge folily ony man; and so, as oure wille ha+t ned
CMWYCSER(45437): kyng, he wolde not +tus reigne worldlily, ne # hym was owed no sych rewme, si+t

[ M4 (1420--1500) ]

CMGAYTRY(5492): +tat Haly Kirke, oure modire, es hallyly ane thorow-owte +te werlde, that es, #
CMGAYTRY(8961): +te thre +tat ere firste, awe vs hallyly to halde anence oure Godd, and +te Seue
CMROLLPS(48489): . bot be ware that +ge deme # not folily him that is goed, wenand that he be ill
CMROLLTR(3701): erue +tam mekely, and gladly and lawlyly, +tat +tay may wyn +tat Godde hyghte to

[ E1 (1500--1569) ]

CEFICT1A(24697): that some curatys that loke full holyly be but desemblers & ypocrytis. <S SAMPL

[ E2 (1570--1639) ]

CEBOETH2(7618): Looke how proonest thou that most holyly & without spot, that we say God is the

[ E3 (1640--1710) ]

ʤ

ʾΤ褦ˡHelsinki Corpus dzǧ¤ꡤŪˤ -lily ٤ä褦ˤߤ뤬ʳǰŪʤȤŤΤϹƤƻܤä絬ϤʥѥѤ٤ȤäǷŤɬפ
ޤǿˤ錄äơ-ly 2³ -lilyˤĤƹͤƤ츻δ1αդƤ٤롥󤢤뤤ϤޤǤε㼨ƤΤ follily, holily, jollily, melancholily, oilily, sillily ˤĤƤϡ¦ -ly ˴ηƻ˻Ĥ -ly ϡ¤Ϸƻ -ly ΤΤǤϤʤ촴ΰäꡤ뤤Ϥ̤ -y տ路Τäꤹ롥Τ褦ʸ츻Ū -lily εƲǽ˱ƶƤΤȵ뤬ɤͤ³Ƥ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-16-1]

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2021-01-04 Mon

#4270. Ѹˤ -ly 2³ -lily äȤä [corpus][clmet][lmode][adverb][suffix][-ly][haplology]

#4268. -ly 2³ -lily ϵǤ ([2021-01-02-1]) εǡ -ly 2ĤĤ -lily η֤򼨤줬ѸˤƤϵǤ뤳ȤǧĴԹˤ haplology ʽŲæˤθ̤ȤߤƤ褤
ŤѸˤƤƱĴԹפƤɤĴ٤ʤФʤʤȤΤϡѸƥȤɤǤȡ-lily Τ褦˽в񤦤Ȥޤޤ뤫ˤβ haplology Ф֤ŪˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȡϵäƤ롥
ޤϡľλǤѸˤĤĴ٤ƤߤƱΥѥ CLMET3.0 о줷Ƥ餪ΥѥФơʤԺ󤲶ˤɤĤ"\B(?<!s)l[iy]l[yi](ch?)?(e(r|st)?)?\b" Ȥ Perl бɽˤƸ򤫤Ƥߤη̤3ĤλȤΤʲǤ롥

11710--1780ǯ: surlily (11 times), livelily (3), sillily (2), immortalily (1), jollily (1) --- total 18 examples
21780--1850ǯ: surlily (13), holily (3), jollily (2), sillily (2), lovelily (1) --- total 21 examples
31850--1920ǯ: sillily (2), surlily (2), jollily (1), melancholily (1), lovelily (1), oilily (1), statelily (1) --- total 9 examples

ε ([2021-01-02-1]) ǼѸ BNCweb Ф٤Ƥߤʬ褦ˡѸˤ -lily ȤƸμˤϴˤꤽjollily, sillily, surlily ʤɤ٤ʤ⡤ɤλˤ⸽Ƥ롥
1줫ʤ BNCweb ФΤϼ¼Ū15㡤3,400줫ʤ CLMET ФΤ48㡥ñĴӤǰŪ˷Ť뤳ȤϤǤʤѸǤϸѸ -lily 줬ƤʵƤƤˤ褦ˤߤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-16-1] [2021-01-05-1]

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2021-01-02 Sat

#4268. -ly 2³ -lily ϵǤ [bnc][adverb][suffix][adjective][productivity][-ly][haplology]

-ly μդˤĤƤ -ly ¿εǰäƤŪˤߤƤ꤬˭٤ǡ#1032. -e ο -ly ȯã ([2012-02-23-1]) #1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§طʡ ([2012-07-29-1]) ʤɤǡΤ⤷Ҳ𤷤Ƥ
#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) Dz⤷Ƥ褦ˡߤǤŪȹͤƤ -ly ϡȤȤϷƻäξڵ friendly, scholarlywomanly, daily, weekly, yearly ʤɤϼ˷ƻȤѤ롥 -ly ƻ줫бˤϤɤФ褤줿顤ȤƤ -ly 򤵤˲äơfriendlily ʤɤȤΤ
Ū -ly ΤȤǤ롤ϳΤ friendlily ηϤ뤷¡ϿƤΤ⤢롥ºݾ¿ˤܤˤʤʸǤ롥ƻƱ friendly Ѥꡤin a friendly manner ʤɤȱŪɽΤ̤/-lɪli/ ³ĴŪ˸Ϥ (cacophony) ΤͳȻפ롥̤Ȥơhaplology ʽŲæˤ1Ĥ -ly ˤޤȤƤޤΤcf. #2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1]
-lily Ǥ뤳ȤϸѸ쥳ѥǤñ˳ǧǤ롥㤨СBNCweb "*l[i,y]ly_{ADV}" Ȥñ㸡Ƥߤȡ106郎󤬤äƤ롥Ƹ٤󤹤ȡslyly (90), jollily (4), sillily (4), surlily (2), beastlily (1), ghostlily (1), oilily (1), possiblily (1), seemlily (1), uglily (1) Ȥʤ롥Ǥ٤ι⤤ slily δΤȤʤƻ sly /slaɪ/ Ǥꡤ ly ϤޤǸ촴ΰˤʤᡤδؿоݤ鳰Ƥ褤2̥ jollily, sillily ˤĤƤ⡤Τηƻ jolly, silly ˴ޤޤ -ly ϡŪˤϤ餯ȴƤʤΤǤϤʤʸ츻Ūˤ silly -ly ϳΤܲܤƤͳ褹Τˡpossiblily ˤĤƤϡʸ̮ǧ̾ possibility Υߥڥ󥰤Ǥ뤳Ȥʬꡤθ鳰Ƥ褤̤Ȥơ-lily ϤƵǤ뤳Ȥ狼

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2020-11-11 Wed

#4216. ʤƻ friendly ˤΤϤ -ly դƤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][suffix][adverb][adjective][productivity][-ly]

Ƕᡤ󤻤줿ѤʵǤ-ly Ȥзƻ줫ŵŪʸ򤵤Ƥޤ¤̾줫ƻݤˤѤ뤳Ȥޤɸ friendly Ϥbeastlyfatherlyknightlyscholarlywomanly ʤɤ󤲤ޤ֤ɽ dailyhourlyweeklyyearly ʤɤǤ
ʤ -ly ƻˤʤΤǤ礦ϡθˤҤȤв褷ޤǤϡİ



¤ -ly ϤȤȤȤƻäΤǤäơfriendly Τ褦ʸϡषͳΤȤޤѸˤѲη̡űѸηƻ -līċ -līċe ξεǽͤ褦ˤʤäѸ -ly ϡषȤƤϤȯƤ褦ˤʤޤĤ -ly ϡεǽȤ⤤٤ƻȤƤǤϤʤȤǧ褦ˤʤޤ
ˤĤƤ˱ѸŪ򿼤᤿ϡ##40,1032,1036εå⤴ɤ

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2014-04-11 Fri

#1810. ѰۤΥȥԡ [statistics][entropy][variation][consonant][speed_of_change][language_change][schedule_of_language_change][-ly]

򺣡ȥԡ (entropy) Ȥɤ褯ʹ褦ˤʤäȤδϢǡγǰˤ뤳ȤϤޤʤܥ֥Ǥϡ#838. ηϤȥȥԡ ([2011-08-13-1]) ϤȤơ##838,1089,1090,1587,1693 γƵǤѸ˿ƤޤŪŬѤȤϤʤä
ȥԡȤϡηϤȤƤ𻨤ٹ礤򼨤ɸǤ롥ǡ˰ͤ˻ФäƤ뤫ɽ魯٤ȸƤ褤ؤαѤϡGries (112) Ƥ롥

A simple measure for categorical data is relative entropy Hrel. Hrel is 1 when the levels of the relevant categorical variable are all equally frequent, and it is 0 when all data points have the same variable level. For categorical variables with n levels, Hrel is computed as shown in formula (16), in which pi corresponds to the frequency in percent of the i-th level of the variable:

Relative Entropy Equation


Gries ϡ300Ĥ̾ˤ봧ʬۤȤ󤲤Ƥ롥̵164㡤괧33㡤괧103Ȥä硤Hrel = 0.8556091 ȤʤꡤʤԶѼʬۤ򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥
ۤ˻Ф礬ˤʤ륱Ϥȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨Сܸνи٤ƥȡʤΥˤ˱ưͤݤ¬ȤȤǤ
ޤ˰۷ֻ֤ǧˡ줾Ѱ۷ (variants) ʬۤѰ줫ԶѰ줫¬뤳ȤʤɤǤ롥Τ褦ѰۤХȥԡƱΰۤʤƥȡʥˤδ֤ǤɤΤ餤ۤʤΤ뤤ŪʴؿϡۤʤΥƥȡʥˤδ֤ǤɤΤ餤ۤʤΤ򡤵ҴŪ˳Τ뤳ȤǤɸಽ¾βˤꡤѰۤ1Ĥηؼ̤Ƥ椯硤ȥԡ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ū˹ͤ뤿ˡ#1773. ich, everich, -lich ch ä ([2014-03-05-1]) Ǽ夲 ch æΥǡ򻲾Ȥ褦ε Schlüter ˤ뽸׷̤ɽǤϡĶ (before V, before <h>, before C) ζ̤Ϥñ ME II--ME IV γƻ˸줿Ѱ۷ΥȡΤߤθ뤳Ȥˤ롥Ѱ۷γƻ Hrel ׻̤ɽ򲼤˼

I1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
ich85358970
I3350313972612
Hrel0.22950.99550.045310.0000
EVERY1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
everich-12109
everiche-1230
every-5112152
Hrel-0.94060.35500.1962
-LY1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
-lich10633313
-''liche'6891687044
-ly121910881444
Hrel0.42250.63900.31230.1342


ץåȤȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Relative Entropy of Variables Diachronically

1;ñ̾ I Ѱۤϡ«ȯ«ȿܤƤꡤ԰ II ͽФΩġꤷƤηϤ޷𤵤졤Ƥ˲ȤܤIΥǡ礯 every ѰۤϡI ۤɤǤϤʤΤΡƱ褦IIIIIλˤƵ޷ʲ򼨤-ly Ѱۤ⡤ˤ䤫ǤϤ뤬ƱƱͤβߤɽ魯
Schlüter ϡich, everich, -lich νǸ ch æѰۤμ̤˸äƤäɾƤ뤬IIʹߤΥȥԡθΨΤȤؤƤȲǤ롥IοܤθȡI ȯγϤ -ly ȯΤ褦Ǥ롥ϡ᤯ϤޤäѲϤäȿʹԤΤФ٤ϤޤäѲϵ®˿ʹԤȤѲˤФиѥ򼨺롥ȥԡηǤСԤϿĹٻλԤΤȤäޥåۥ󷿤ȤȤˤʤ롥ȥԡȤɸѤơѲΥԡɤˤĤƲ̲Ǥ뤳Ȥ뤫⤷ʤ

Gries, Stefan Th. Statistics for Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction. Berlin: Mouton, 2009.
Schlüter, Julia. "Weak Segments and Syllable Structure in ME." Phonological Weakness in English: From Old to Present-Day English. Ed. Donka Minkova. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 199--236.

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2014-03-05 Wed

#1773. ich, everich, -lich ch ä [me][corpus][hc][phonetics][personal_pronoun][consonant][-ly]

#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1]) εǡűѸ줫ѸˤѤ줿1;ñ̾μ ich λҲüƶѸ I ؤȯŸаޤˤĤǤϡʲѲȤϡǽ˸붯ȼζ礬ؤäƤΤǤϤʤƤ
Ūװ̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤSchlüter ˤС³Ƭβ˼ˤäơĹ ich Ūû i Τ줫Ф䤹Ȥ¤Τˤ롥
Schlüter ϡHelsinki Corpus ѤѸǻ头ȤˡƸ³μ̤ˡich, everich, -lich 줾Ѱ۷ʬۤĴʲˡSchlüter (224, 227, 226) ˷ǺܤƤ롤ơʬɽ򼨤

I1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
tokens%tokens%tokens%tokens%
before Vich169100121954300
I006513597253100
before <h>ich171100105973200
I003315698316100
before Cich51394363420000
I3364945811061002043100
EVERY1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
tokens%tokens%tokens%tokens%
before Veverich- 686764939
everiche- 1140000
every- 004361461
before <h>everich- 00120- 
everiche- 1100120- 
every- 00360- 
before Ceverich- 6292200
everiche- 10482200
every- 52410596138100
-LY1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
tokens%tokens%tokens%tokens%
before V-lich231281212410
-liche162875177238215
-ly117112518842195
before <h>-lich13187211200
-liche5982247381400
-ly0026498476100
before C-lich7013181518220
-liche468859377395232
-ly1121087889394797


3ĤɽǡȤ櫓Ҳ (before C) ch æûΥѡơ̻ŪɤäƤ餤ûγ®٤¿ΰ㤤Ϥ뤬ME II ME III ζǤ1350ǯǡ餫ʳ礬ѻ롥14ȾФˡich I, everich every, -lich -ly ѲȤɤ߼롥
⤦٤С3ܤ٤¤ꡤich, everich, -lich νǡ ch Ȥ櫓Ҳ֤ˤæƤäȤ狼롥Ѳ˴ؤƽפʤΤϡᶭˤ벻ŪװϳΤ˺ѤƤΤΡ˸Ūװ֤褦˺ѤƤ餷ȤǤ롥Schlüter (228) ĴΤޤȤʬѤ褦

. . . the affricate [ʧ] in final position has turned out to constitute another weak segment whose disappearance is codetermined by syllable structure constraints militating against the adjacency of two Cs or Vs across word boundaries. . . . [T]he three studies have shown that the demise of final [ʧ] proceeds at different speeds depending on the item concerned: it is given up fastest in the personal pronoun, not much later in the quantifier, and most hesitantly in the suffix. In other words, the phonetic erosion is overshadowed by lexical distinctions. Relics of the obsolescent long variants are typically found in high-frequency collocations like ich am or everichone, where the affricate is protected from erosion by the ideal phonotactic constellation it ensures.


Ϣơ#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) ڤӡ#832. every each ([2011-08-07-1]) ⻲ȡ

Schlüter, Julia. "Weak Segments and Syllable Structure in ME." Phonological Weakness in English: From Old to Present-Day English. Ed. Donka Minkova. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 199--236.

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2012-08-05 Sun

#1196. Ѹˤ -ly ε§ط (2) [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][standardisation][prescriptive_grammar][emode][intensifier][-ly]

[2012-07-29-1]ε³ԡѸǤϡ##1172,992,984 εˤ褦ʶդñ줬³ȸ줿Ūʶ뤳Τ褦ʶդñ줬Ѹɸಽ䵬ϼĬήΤʤ񤵤졤äƤäΤ⡤ƱΤȤäˤϡŪ˵ǽη֡ŵŪ -lyˤäƤ٤ǤꡤƻƱΤΤȤƵǽΤʤȤ "correctness" ȯۤǻǤ롥Strang (138--39) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Secondary modifiers or intensifiers differed considerably. The old forms, full, right, were still in general use; newer very was known, but not used by everybody even in the 17c. For a more forceful degree of modification, wonderous and mighty were inherited, but such terms wear out quickly, and changes have been considerable. During II [1770--1570], pretty, extraordinary, pure, terrible, dreadful, cruel, plaguy, devillish, take on this role, and most of them have lost it again since. We must distinguish here the built-in obsolescence affecting such items at any time, from the particular factors operating between II and I [1970--1770]. These arose from a sense of correctness which prescribed that forms with the appearance of adjectives should not be used in secondary modification. Very was all right because it did not have this form; but instead of extraordinary, terrible, dreadful, etc., the corresponding -ly forms came to be required.


Strang ϡȤƤ extraordinary terrible Ѥϡո˺Ѥָ³ˡ§ ([2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספ򻲾ȡˤˤΤȤϡϼŪ "correctness" ˴ŤˤΤȹͤƤ褦2Ĥװ "distinguish" ɬפϤǰȤƶ̤٤ȤȤǤгΤˤ̤¤ˤϡξԤ䴰äƤΤǤϤʤոϤȤ櫓äաˤȯã䤹ǤϡؤΩؤ꿷ո줬ƤϵäƤ椯ǡϼϤäѤ񤭸աʸ˴ŤѤǤ롥Ǥϡ경褦ȤտޤǻǤ롥ξԤδطϿΤ褦ʴط˸뤬СʵϼˤʸŪʶΰ۾ȯãˤɽΤŬڤȤΤ褦˻פ롥ˤñλѤոȯãˤΩäƤФۤɡϤˤоݤȤʤ뤷΢֤Ȥơ -ly 줬夵褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤʤȤѲȯǤˤޤ줬Ǥ롤ȤȤ⤷ʤ

Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

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2012-07-30 Mon

#1190. Ѹˤȯã [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][intensifier][emode][-ly]

ε#1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§طʡ ([2012-07-29-1]) ǻȤ Nevalainen ʸϡ̾μȤꡤѸˤ͡夲Ƥ롥¿ʰݤ뤬ΤȤƼ2ŦƤ褦ɤ롥(1) ѸˤϡΰѤ˵ҤƤȤꡤ-ly ε§ή줬Τǧ뤬٤ߤñ¸ʾˤäƤϳ礹ˤƤꡤޤϴȹͤ٤Ǥ롥(2) λˤϡ-ly ˤñˤ衤줬¿Ͳǽ̣礷
(1) ˤĤƤϡ#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤 ([2012-01-06-1]) #1172. ѸΥƥñ ([2012-07-12-1]) ǿ줿ȤꡤոȤƤ exceeding dreadful ʤɤä¤夲Ƥ[2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§פ⻲ȡˡޤʬñ줬ѸʸڤΤΡѸǽƳǧΤ⤢ꡤ¸줫ˤȹͤ (ex. shallow, tight, rough, blunt, dark, quiet, weak, dirty, cheap, bad) ʤ[2012-07-16-1]ε#1176. -ly ΩפǽҤ٤Donner ˤѸǤ -ly ñΰ̣ζ̤ˤĤơNevalainen (251) ϡѸǤϤζ̤ηŪ˸ʤȤƤꡤ̣
(2) ˤĤƤϡλʸ (sentence adverb) äȡäˡ (modal adverb) ¿ͲȤ˿Ƥ (ex. probably, necessarily, undoubtedly, possibly, perhaps) ޤ (focusing adverb) Ȥơeven 16ˡ?פΰ̣Ȥˤ⿨졤Ѹˤ̤Ƹ adverbialization ήΤʤ˰֤ŤƤ (254--55)
Nevalainen ϡȯãˤΤʤǡѸȤ "the transitional status" (256) ɽ路Ƥꡤ"a drift towards a more subjective expression by adverbial means" (257) 򼨺ΤǤȷŤƤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu. "Aspects of Adverbial Change in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 243--59.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-19-1]

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2012-07-29 Sun

#1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§ط [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][standardisation][printing][prescriptive_grammar][productivity][emode][-ly]

[2012-07-12-1]ε#1172. ѸΥƥñפǡ-ly ȯãƤˤñ (flat_adverb) ȯãˤȹ碌άҤäơ#1176. -ly Ω ([2012-07-16-1]) ȡ#1181. -ly Ω (2) ([2012-07-21-1]) ǡ-ly 줬Ω礷طʤˤĤƽҤ٤ȯãΩȤΤϤҴ˷礱ɽǤϤ뤬̩ϡ (productivity) Ʊ餤񤷤ϡѸˤ -ly ε§ˤ뤬§ (regularisation) ΤΤ񤷤Ǥϵ§ȤѸؤοϤˡ-ly ɸѸǺǤ̤ܼȤǧ졤ʸˡؤƤ椯Ȥơˤ䤫ˤȤ館Ƥ
-ly ε§ˤĤƤϡNevalainen (244) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäҤ롥

The generalisation of the adverbial suffix -ly is usually attributed to the effects of standardisation. Fisher et al. (1984: 49) point out that adverbs were already regularly marked by the -ly suffix in the Chancery documents in the fifteenth century. The acceptance of the Chancery Standard was not, however, explicit outside the Chancery itself. At the beginning of the Early Modern English period, it was the printers and educators who began to assume dominant roles in the transmission of the written standard (see Nevalainen--Raumolin-Brunberg 1989: 83--88). The growing feeling for grammatical "correctness" that Knorrek (1938: 104) and Strang (1970: 139), for instance, refer to is well documented in Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar. Bishop Lowth writes in 1762:

Adjectives are sometimes employed as adverbs: improperly, and not agreeably to the genius of the English language. As, 'indifferent honest, excellent well:' Shakespeare, Hamlet, 'extreme elaborate:' Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poet. 'marvellous graceful:' Clarendon, Life, p. 18. (Lowth 1762/1775: 93)


ĤޤꡤѸνޤǤ˰̲ήθƤ -ly 줬Ѹλ˰ȼԤ䶵ԤˤѸɸಽư˸岡Ƶ§18εʸˡˤäܤ򲡤줿ȤаޤǤ롥Nevalainen ϡʸǡѸˤƤñ夫;ȤdzƤꡤĤޤ줿Τ⤢𤷤Ƥ뤬 (250) ˰ѤҤŪĬή褯ɽ路ƤȤ

Nevalainen, Terttu. "Aspects of Adverbial Change in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 243--59.

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2012-07-21 Sat

#1181. -ly Ω (2) [adverb][suffix][productivity][oe][flat_adverb][-ly]

[2012-07-16-1]ε#1176. -ly ΩפǼ夲³Donner ˤȡ -ly ϡѸγϤޤǤ˳ͳΩƤȤȤǵ䤬롥äƸűѸǤξϤɤäΤűѸˤơ-lice ϡƻ -lic ˡŪåʸͳ褹 e ղä줿Ū (Lass 207) ȤʬϤƤΤ뤤 -lice ΤȤʬϤƤΤ
Campbell (275) ˤСפ٤ɤ뤫ȤϤΤΡűѸǤ⤹Ǥ -lice ȤǧƤȤ

§664. Since adjs. in -liċ normally formed adv. in -liċe, this ending early became regarded as an adverbial suffix, which could be used beside or instead of -e, e.g. heardliċe, holdliċe, hwætliċe, lætliċe (beside hearde, holde, late), the advs. of heard, hold, hwæt, læt.


ƱݤǡLass (207) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līc-e} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līc-e}.) (Lass 207)


λ˼褦ˤϻäƤʤΤΡ-lice ϡǤ˸űѸˡ-e ¤ǡष -e ŪΤޡȤƵǽƤ餷Ѹñ -ly ȤεϡDonner ε򻲾Ȥ¤ꡤѸ̤뤳ȤǤȤξȯΤΤϡűѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ơˤϡޤˤʤΤˤʤΤȤ꤬ͿƤꡤ[2012-07-06-1]ε#1166. -ly ȯãפ󼨤줿֤ʤѸ -ly Τ褦ȯãΤפؤȤĤʤäƤ椯褦˻פ롥

Donner, Morton. "Adverb Form in Middle English." English Studies 72 (1991): 1--11.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-07-29-1]

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2012-07-16 Mon

#1176. -ly Ω [adverb][suffix][productivity][loan_word][flat_adverb][-ly]

ѸΤ -ly Ω礷ȤˤĤơ##40,981,984,998,1032,1036γƵǿƤѸΤɤΤ餤ᤤʳdzΩΤ⤦ŪʬʤΤDonner MED ˴ŤĴ¾Ū˼ƤƤΤǡҲ𤷤 (2)

The rise in incidence of the suffix [-ly], as a matter of fact, hardly needs tracing at all. It does indeed enjoy a great increase in use during the course of Middle English, but not, as seems generally assumed, by gradually superseding the flat form. Instead, according to the evidence of the MED, it not only is predominant throughout the period but was already established in that role at the very outset, so that the increase simply reflects the growing number both of new Romance adoptions introduced and of further native constructions recorded in the expanding corpus of writings extant. Adding the suffix to adjectives of whatever origin or substituting it for -ment or -iter when adopting a Romance adverb evidently constituted common practice with the general run of modal adverbs from no later than the closing decades of the twelfth century on.


̵ֳΩפȤΤϡ (##935,936,937,938) Ʊ餤ΤΤ񤷤Donner Ĵ˴Ť¤ꡤѸκǽˤϤǤȤƤ -ly QŪʰ̣ˤƳΩƤȹͤƤ褤ΩƤȤءѸΥޥ󥹷ϼѸδΤΤ褦ήߡ-ly 줬礷ȤȤǤ롥
Donner ʸǤϡ-ly ñ줬ʻ¸륱ǤϡԤ "modal reference" (3) 򡤸Ԥ "diminished modality" (3) ްդȤΤȯãηϤ˨꤬ѸˤǤǧȤȤĥƤ롥Ѹʹߡ-ly ηŪʥ٥ǤγΩȳظạ̇̄Ūʥ٥ǤñȤκ̲˿ʤǤȤˤʤ롥

Donner, Morton. "Adverb Form in Middle English." English Studies 72 (1991): 1--11.

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2012-07-14 Sat

#1174. Ѹñ -ly Υڥ [flat_adverb][adverb][suffix][-ly]

ñ (flat_adverb) ˤĤƤϡޤǤ¿εǼ夲Ƥäˡ#983. flat adverb μ ([2012-01-05-1]) (1) ǤϡѸñ -ly Ȥʻ¸ˤϸߤ˰̣㤨뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ˿줿-ly ϡŪŪʰ̣ȯŸ뤳Ȥ¿ηƻΰ̣ץ饹եñϤΤ褦ʰ̣ȯŸष̣ӤӤ뤳Ȥ¿äƤߤСޥʥե -ly ˤĤƤϡ#996. flat adverb ΤӤӤʡ ([2012-01-18-1]) Ǥβ¼ (34) ͤ˿줿ƱݤϡJespersen (48) ǤڤƤ롥

1.55. In several cases we have two adverbial forms, one = the adj and the other with -ly. These are often differentiated, the former being used of time, etc, and the latter usually of manner and often in a figurative sense.


ǤϡѸñ -ly 줬ʻ¸ڥϡºݡɤΤ餤ΤJespersen (48--51) 42ФΥꥹȤǤ褦

cheap(ly), clean(ly), clear(ly), close(ly), dead(ly), dear(ly), deep(ly), direct(ly), due / duly, easy / easily, even(ly), evil(ly), fair(ly), false(ly), fast(ly), fit(ly), flat(ly), free(ly), full / fully, hard(ly), high(ly), just(ly), late(ly), like(ly), loud(ly), low(ly), near(ly), new(ly), plain(ly), pretty / prettily, quick(ly), right(ly), round(ly), scarce(ly), short(ly), sound(ly), still / stilly, straight(ly), strong(ly), swift(ly), wide(ly), wrong(ly)


¾ˡǾ˴Ϣơmost(ly), last(ly), first(ly) ʤɡ usual (as in more than usual) / usually, sure(ly), doubtless(ly), needless(ly) ʤɤäѤΥꥹȤȤơˤ̣ˡκۤĴꡤˤ̤뤳Ȥǡξü⤭Ħˤʤ뤳ȤԤ롥
ʤ42ڥΤñ25졤-ly 23줬BNCٽꥹȤ6318 ([2011-04-05-1]ε#708. Frequency Sorter CGIפ) ޤȤʤƻ42ΤΤ40ޤǤBNCٽꥹȤ6318ٷƻǤ뤳ȤźƤ
ѸξԤˡκۤˤĤơϢϡ#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1]) ǤⰷäΤǡȤ줿ޤѸˤñ -ly ʻ¸ˤĤƤϡ#998. Ѹ flat adverb -ly adverb ([2012-01-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ

¼ ʹ塡ñ loud, quick, slow ˤĤơסػرѸʸظ22桤1978ǯ25--38ǡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 7. Syntax. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.

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2012-07-12 Thu

#1172. ѸΥƥñ [adverb][adjective][flat_adverb][latin][loan_word][suffix][emode][conversion][prescriptive_grammar][-ly]

[2012-01-06-1]ε#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤פǡٹ (127) νҤ٤Ƥ֥ƥϤηƻ줬ѤȤʤ򳫤פɤٻ¤ʤΤȤռä򤷤Ф餯ƤȤ Schmitt and Marsden (57) ˼Τ褦ʵҤ򸫤Ĥ

Most adverbs of manner in Modern English have the suffix -ly. This derives from Old English lice (meaning "like"), which went through several changes before it was eventually reduced to -ly. Many adverbs in Modern English derive directly from their Old English versions: boldly, deeply, fully, openly, rightly. Others come from the great period of adverb formation in English in the later 16th century, when many adjectives were simply converted to adverbs with zero inflection. These included many so-called "booster" adverbs, such as ample, extreme, detestable, dreadful, exceeding, grievous, intolerable, terrible, and vehement. But others were supplied with -ly from the start (horribly, terribly, violently), and use of the inflection gradually gained ground. During the 18th century, the pressure for normalization ensured that the suffix became the rule. We still use this suffix regularly today to make new adverbs from adjectives.


Ĥޤꡤ16Ⱦˡƻ줫饼ñ (flat_adverb) 礷äȤŦǤ롥ٹθڤѸǰƬˤƤ褦ʤΤǡSchmitt and Marsden Ʊλ¤ˤĤƸäƤȸƤ褤ƥϤηƻȤƤʤ˵󤲤Ƥ9Τ dreadful 8ޤǤʥե󥹸ͳޤ˥ƥϼѸǤ롥
ܤϤ¿̤Ĵפ뤬-ly ñȯŸγάϼΤ褦ˤʤűѸȯãƤ -ly ѸˤʤäʤűѸ̤ -e üȤˤñλѤ⡤Ѹˤ˿ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤäषѸˤϡƥϼѸˤ岡⤢ꡤñμϰŪ礷ñˤϡˤ³Ū connotation ᤯ޤȤĤƤ褦ǡ18˵ϼŪʸˡѤƬ˵ڤӡʸȤߤʤ褦ˤʤäθ塤-ly ŪͥȤʤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
ʤ -ly ˴ؤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ -ly suffix adverb γƵǼ夲ƤΤǡȤ줿

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

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2012-07-06 Fri

#1166. -ly ȯã [adverb][flat_adverb][suffix][indo-european][inflection][drift][-ly]

Fortson (132--33) ˤСĸˤϡѸ -ly 褦ʡƻ줫θ¸ߤʤäष̾ƻζ޷Ѥ뤳ȤǡŪʵǽƤꡤˡϤ٤Ƥ̼ǹ롥Τ褦ˤ줿ŪΤǤꡤĸˤޤ̤ΤϤƾʤȤƻ줫Ūǽ߽Ф޷ŵμʡгʤñǤꡤ㤨С礭ʡפФ礭礤ˡפϰĸ *meĝh2 ƷƤ롥ϡHitt. mēk, Ved. máhi, Gk. méga, ON mjǫok 롥űѸǤ⡤ƻгñ˶ޤ efen "even", full "full", (ge)fyrn "ancient", gehwǣde "little", genōg "enough", hēah "high", lȳtel "little" ȤƵǽ (Campbell 276)
ŵ鳰줿ΤȤơۤˤ⡤ʤ줿 Lat. rursus "back(wards)"åʤ줿 Lat. meritō "deservedly"ʤ줿 Lat. quī "how" ʤɤꡤűѸǤ⡤°ʤѤ ealles "entirely", micles "much"ͿʤѤ ǣne "alone", lȳtle "little" ʤɤ (Campbell 276) ʷ͡ˤƻͳϡŪ˶ޤˤȹͤ롥
ŪϥޥˤѾ줿ޤ¿ʤȤʿʤʤɤȤηŪʶ̤ĤʤʤäǤ⡤̤ʽ֤ϻܤ줺ַƻǻѸˤƤ flat adverb Ǥ롥ѸǤϡflat adverb Ȥ̤ˡƻŪ˶̤ȤФ -ly ȯãƤäơѸϡǥޥΤʤǤðۤʿ񤤤򼨤Ƥ褦˻פ롥
ޥɤγ򸫤С[2012-03-01-1]ε#1039. ֿפ -mentפǼ夲褦ˡޥ󥹸ɤǤȯãƤ롥äơѸ줬ðۤǤꤹ뤳ȤɬǤʤ⤷ʤ
ϢơKillie (119) ϡѸθʬƻ줬 -ly 褦ˤʤäŪаޤĴʸƬǡѸΤο񤤤򡤥Υ륦졤ǥ졤ɥĸʤɤˤϸʤðۤʸݤǤȼƤ롥ʤѸ -ly Τ褦ȯãΤˤĤƤϡʸǤ⿨ƤʤKillie (127) ϡѸ˾ΰ drift ȤƤ "adverbialization process" ˸ڤƤꡤ-ly ȯãϤΰĤǤ򤷤Ƥ褦

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Killie, Kristin. "The Spread of -ly to Present Participles." Advances in English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Marcin Krygier. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin and New York: 1998. 119--34.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-07-21-1]

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2012-03-01 Thu

#1039. ֿפ -ment [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][hybrid][-ly]

[2012-02-27-1]ε#1036. ֻѷפ -lyפбơɸǤϡѸȤŪ˴ط롤ե󥹸ˤĤƤǤ롥
ե󥹸Ǥϡƻν -ment ղäˤʤ (ex. difficilement "difficultly", régulièrement "regularly", sûrement "surely" ) ϡΤʼ㴳ѷơ˱ѸؼѤƤꡤѸǤϤ줾 -ly ֤Ƥ롥ǽǡե󥹸 -ment ȱѸ -ly б餫Ǥ롥ե󥹸ȤܿϡѸ -ly ȤƳΩĤĤääˡȤƤ -ment ϡñΤȤƤʤȤƤ⡤ĤѸؤϼѤʤä
ơΥե󥹸 -ment ϡƥ mens ʿˤå mente ͳ褹 (粬pp. 68--69) ֻѷפˤѸȡֿפˤե󥹸椬⤷mens Ͻ̾Ǥ뤿ᡤ򽤾ƻ줬֤졤ΤȤŪѤ줿ϡǥˤƥ placida mente ŤʿǡˤΤ褦ɽб뤬ʸŪɽä褦ǡޥ˥ˤʤäΤޥ˥ǤϹԤʤ褦ˤʤä
嵭Τ褦ˡmens ̾äΤǡʩǤϡإβΡ٤ˤߤ褦 humle et dulcement ʤĤĤޤ䤫ˡˤΤ褦ˡ󤵤줿ǽǤƻΤޤ޻ĤƤ㤬롥ե󥹸ǤϤˡϸʤ她ڥǤ amarga y cruelmente ʶ졹ǦʻǡˤѤ롥ޤطʤϰۤʤ뤬ɽŪ˻褦ʹ¤ϱѸˤ⸫롥ʲϡܡ (39) ꡤShakespeare Ǥ롥

And I, most jocund, apt and willingly, To do you rest, a thousand deaths would die (TN 5.1.132--3). / And here the smug and silver Trent shall run In a new channel, fair and evenly (1H4 3.1.102).


ե󥹸Ǥ -ment ϴΤǡɽ˽Ťߤä뤿 d'une manière . . . de façon . . . αȯãƤ롥ƥ placida mente ¤κȤäƤʤѸˤ in a . . . manner/way ʤɤȤʿŪɽ롥
-ment ƱˤʤΤ̾ -ment Ǥ롥ϥƥ -mentum ͳ褷ܼ̾ -men Ȳʬܼ -tum ι蘆äΤǤ롥ե󥹸 -ment ̾ϡΤθ츻ƥˤĤΤʤȤ顤¯ƥʩʳˤʤäܳŪ˸줿ȹͤ (粬p. 60) ϡˤ¿ȤȤ˱Ѹˤä (ex. appointment, government, harassment, payment, statement ) ѸäƤϡδΤ amazement, onement, wonderment Τ褦 ( hybrid ) Ƥ롥

粬 Сإե󥹸ˡ4ǡؽӡ1993ǯ
ܵݻҡ羾󡡡֥ԥˤñ (Flat Adverb) ˤĤơסظʳء291994ǯ29--41ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2012-07-06-1] [2012-03-05-1]

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2012-02-27 Mon

#1036. ֻѷפ -ly [adverb][suffix][-ly]

-ly ˤĤƤϡ#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) ϤȤơǶǤϡ#1032. -e ο -ly ȯã ([2012-02-23-1]) ǤꤢѸ衤⤿餷Ƥ -ly ε̤ȡθΡͻҡפǤ뤳Ȥ⤷[2009-06-07-1]εDz⤷ΤǾܤϷ֤ʤűѸ -līċ(e) ϡַͻҡפ̣Ʊ -like ⻲ȡˡĤޤꡤbeautifully ϡ衤ΡʤƤˤǡסͻҤǡפΰդǤ롥
ܸǤ⡤ΤͻҤʤɤλѷؤθ줬֤νƤ롥Ѥ?ΡʤƤˤǡס?ͻҤǡפΤۤ?ʤդˤˡס?Τ褦ˡס?ޤˡס?Τäǡס?ηǡס?ˡפʤɡˤȤޤʤΤ˻ѷ̣ܼղäơƻʤɤν߽ФȤϡʸʤΤbeautifully 򱪸ɽСin a beautiful way in a beautiful manner Ȥʤ롥
Ѹ -ly ϤΤ褦ˡֻѷפϤޤäˤθʤʤꡤȤŪʵǽؤȯŸƤäη̡ѷȤϴطΤʤषжˤˤ뿴θղä confidently, heartfully, inwardly ʤɤ̤˺褦ˤʤäˡ֤ɽ dailyhourlyweeklyyearly 䡤ɽ魯 firstly, secondly, lastly ʤɡŪʸˤ׸firstly ʤɤνϡ16˸Фե󥹸 premièrement ʤɤΤʤβǽ⤢롥

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-14-1] [2012-03-01-1]

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2012-02-23 Thu

#1032. -e ο -ly ȯã [suffix][adverb][systemic_regulation][synthesis_to_analysis][flat_adverb][-ly]

#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) #981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ -ly ϡѸϤ᤿Ʊǽ -e ŪפĤĤꡤɸˤʤʤäƤȤǡŪŪΤʸ -ly ͭȤƵǽ褦ˤʤäƤΤȻפ롥-e פ -ly ȯãΰ̴طϡOED "-ly" suffix2 ǤٻƤ롥

In ME. the number of these direct formations was greatly increased, and when the final -e, which was the original OE. adverb-making suffix, ceased to be pronounced, it became usual to append -ly to an adj. as the regular mode of forming an adv. of manner.


ΰϢβˡϢ⤦1դäɬפ롥ϡȤƳ褦ˤʤä -ly äƤƻȤƤ򸺤ƤäȤǤ롥-ø -e Ωȡ -e ΤäƤɸ -ly ꤹ褦ˤʤäȤ-ly ɸܳŪ˲̤ȤСηƻȤƤƯäƼˤʤ롥ǡƻޡȤƤΤƤƤä޼СʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Adverb with -zero, -e, -li, and -lie

ηϤǤϤ뤬-ø, -e, -li(c), -li(c)e ʤ1ĤηŪηϤͤȤСۤξ -e ɤ餮ȤηϤ򤬤äȤؤȤˤʤ롥ηϤǤꡤѲηϤѲǤ뤳Ȥ褯狼ޤѸˤΤ礭Ĭήռ鸫С޸Ѥ synthetic 첽顤Ѥ analytic 첽ؤžȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
äȤ⡤-e פ⡤ƻ줬ƱΤޤ޶¸ flat_adverb Ͼʤ餺ĤäȤƤ -ly ȯãȤäơƻȤƤ -ly ˻䤨櫓ǤʤȤդäƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-02-1] [2012-02-27-1]

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