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systemic_regulation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2018-07-04 Wed

#3355. ѲθŪװ쳰Ūװ"multiple causation" [language_chanter][causation][systemic_regulation][contact][multiple_causation][sociolinguistics][methodology][link]

ѲϸŪŪޤ᤿װȤ߹碌ˤäȤ "multiple causation" θ§ˤĤơʲεޤ᤿ƽǼĥƤ

#443. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ ([2010-07-14-1])
#1232. ѲϱϳǤ ([2012-09-10-1])
#1233. ѲݤڤǤ ([2012-09-11-1])
#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])
#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])
#1977. Ѳˤܿν (1) ([2014-09-25-1])
#1978. Ѳˤܿν (2) ([2014-09-26-1])
#1986. Ѳ multiple causation 뤤 "synergy" ([2014-10-04-1])
#3152. Ѳ "multiple causation" ([2017-12-13-1])
#3271. Ѳ multiple causation ƹ͡ ([2018-04-11-1])

Ѳ路 Aitchison ƱΩǤꡤεǤϢսѡȤƤ⤦1 Aitchison (202) ꥨå󥹤Ȥ⤤٤ʸϤ

   Change is likely to be triggered by social factors, such as fashion, foreign influence and social need. However, these factors cannot take effect unless the language is 'ready' for a particular change. They simply make use of inherent tendencies which reside in the physical and mental make-up of human beings. Causality needs therefore to be explored on a number of different levels. The immediate trigger must be looked at alongside the underlying propensities of the language concerned, and of human languages in general.
   A language never allows disruptive changes to destroy the system. In response to disruptions, therapeutic changes are likely to intervene and restore the broken patterns --- though in certain circumstances therapeutic changes can themselves cause further disruptions by setting off a change of changes which may last for centuries.
   Above all, anyone who attempts to study the causes of language change must be aware of the multiplicity of factors involved. It is essential to realize that language is both a social and a mental phenomenon in which sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic factors are likely to be inextricably entwined. 'Nothing is simple' might be a useful motto for historical linguists to hang in their studies . . . .


ѺǸˤ褦ˡȤϼҲŪӿŪʡήɤؤȲ򤷤Ƥ褤ˤװ̩ܤ߹äҲŪĿŪʸݤǤ롥ؤϡξܤۤʤФʤʤ

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-10-14-1] [2019-11-03-1]

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2018-06-23 Sat

#3344. ָǡüԤա [functionalism][language_change][systemic_regulation][teleology][invisible_hand][causation]

Aitchison (175--76) ߤ뼫ǽ (systemic_regulation) 夲ĤġˡüԤդȤƤ롥ξǡȤβλˤ3ब̤ȽҤ١⤷Ƥ롥

[L]anguage has a remarkable instinct for self-preservation. It contains inbuilt self-regulating devices which restore broken patterns and prevent disintegration. More accurately, of course, it is the speakers of the language who perform these adjustments in response to some innate need to structure the information they have to remember.
   In a sense, language can be regarded as a garden, and its speakers as gardeners who keep the garden in a good state. How do they do this? There are at least three possible versions of this garden metaphor---a strong version, a medium version, and a weak version.
   In the strong version, the gardeners tackle problems before they arise. They are so knowledgeable about potential problems that they are able to forestall them. They might, for example, put weedkiller on the grass before any weeds spring up and spoil the beauty of the lawn. In other words, they practice prophylaxis.
   In the medium version, the gardeners nip problems in the bud, as it were. They wait until they occur, but then deal with them before they get out of hand like the Little Prince in Saint-Exupéry's fairy story, who goes round his small planet every morning rooting out baobab trees when they are still seedlings, before they can do any real damage.
   In the weak version of the garden metaphor, the gardener acts only when disaster has struck, when the garden is in danger of becoming a jungle, like the lazy man, mentioned by the Little Prince, who failed to root out three baobabs when they were still a manageable size, and faced a disaster on his planet.


³ʸ̮ Aitchison ϡȤڵϸĤäƤʤȤ⤭ºݤ˼ϡ֤Υȼ夤2ĤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤդϡװͽɤˤޤǤϴؤʤβ꤬ŦǤȤȤϤ뤷뤤ޤɤޤ줿缣ŤܤȤȤ⤹롥üԡʤƸˤϡͽɰؤǤϤʤоˡȤդǤ롤ȤƤ褤⤷ʤ
ѲΡͽɡפȡּšפȤˤĤƤϡ#837. Ѳˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1])#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1])#546. ѲϸĿͤδ˾̤˿ʤޤʤ ([2010-10-25-1])#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1])#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) ([2016-04-03-1])#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.

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2015-06-20 Sat

#2245. Meillet "tout se tient" --- ηϤȤƤθ [popular_passage][history_of_linguistics][systemic_regulation][functionalism][language_change]

ָηϤǤפȤ⤤ϡ塼Ρʹ¤˸ؤˤơŪʥơǤ롥θɽ⤦1ĤλȤơMeillet "tout se tient" 롥Meillet (16) ꡤսѤ褦

[La réalité d'une langue] est linguistique : car une langue constitue un système complexe de moyens d'expression, système où tout se tient et où une innovation individuelle ne peut que difficilement trouver place si, provenant d'un pur caprice, elle n'est pas exactement adaptée à ce système, c'est-à-dire si elle n'est pas en harmonie avec les règles générales de la langue.


"tout se tient" ϡ#1600. Samuels θѲǥ ([2013-09-13-1])#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1]) Ǥ礤˽Фβ Jeremy J. Smith ⹥Ǹˤ롥ϡѲˤηŪĴ (systemic regulation) ȤݤˡĤ⤳ "tout se tient" Ф (cf. #1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1])) Meillet (11) Ȥ⡤ΰѤΩIJսǡѲ˴ؤƼΤ褦ʼĥҤ٤Ƥ롥

Les changements linguistiques ne prennent leur sens que si l'on considère tout l'ensemble du développement dont ils font partie ; un même changement a une signification absolument différente suivant le procès dont il relève, et il n'est jamais légitime d'essayer d'expliquer un détail en dehors de la considération du système général de la langue où il appraît.


"tout se tient" ϡΤ˹¤ؤˤ롤ƤθѲˤ1ĤλǤϤ뤬Meillet ̾ʼҲؼԤȤƤΤƤ¤˾Ȥ餷Ƥΰ⤤ľƤߤȡۤʤ᤬롥ȤΤϡΰʸϡäѤ줬ηϤǤȤȤ⤹ʸ̮˸ƤΤǤϤʤƱ˼ҲŪǤ⤢Ȥˤ2Ĥζ¸ĥʸ̮ˤƸƤ뤫Ĥޤꡤ"tout se tient" ϰ츫ȥι¤Ūʰ⤤¤ Meillet ϼҲŪ¦̤˰ռʤ顤ζˤƤΤǤ롥
Ǥϡ"tout se tient" ȽҤ٤ Meillet ϡѲˤȼҲѲˤδطɤΤ褦ˤߤƤΤεǰ

Meillet, Antoine. Linguistique historique et linguistique générale. Paris: Champion, 1982.

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2015-03-13 Fri

#2146. ѸˤѲϡ͹¤εǽ͹¤ؤγŬǤ [exaptation][grammaticalisation][syntax][generative_grammar][unidirectionality][drift][reanalysis][evolution][systemic_regulation][teleology][language_change][invisible_hand][functionalism]

#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸˤƤפѲϤֵǽƤȯפȤª뤳ȤǤ뤬ϡֵǽ͹¤γŬפȴ뤳ȤǤ롥űѸ衤޸οȼäƸ͹¤ (Lexical Projection) ǽ͹¤ (Functional Projection) ؤȺʬϤˤƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ǽƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ؤȳŬƤäȤΤ
ʸˡεǤϡʪʲʬŪѤ볰Ŭ (exaptation) ȤǰѤ褦ˤʤäƤݺ (151) Τ狼䤹

ŬȤϡȤСʪʲ¦̤ǤϡȤβݻΤ¸ߤƤӤΩ줬¸Ŭ夲̤ȤʤꡤĻؤοʲĤʤäȤͤǤά͡Lass (1990) ϤγǰѲ˱Ѥư DO ȯãγŬʤȤȻưäΤ̵̣¸ߤȤʤꡤ̤Ӥ˳Ѥ줿ˤƤޤܽǤϡιͤʤᡤ¤ޤŬȼĥȻפޤά͵ǽƤϤȤȰĤ FP (Functional Projection) ȹͤ졤Ŭη̡ޤޤʹ¤Ȥƶ񸽲Ȥ櫓ǤѸϤ̻ŪѲβǡ̾ưζ޷֤ξüȶˡ濴ι¤鵡ǽ濴ι¤ؤȰܹԤƤȹͤ졤η̡졤ư졤ư֡λʹԷ¿ͤʬۤȸ櫓Ǥ


Τ褦ʸѲѤϡɭοʲȤͤˤĤʤ롥ҥȤͭθȯȿʲָʲפȸƤ֤ȤС嵭Τ褦ʸѲϡָξʲפȤߤ뤳ȤǤȤĴ碌ʤֿʲפȤߤǸ椬ʤƤ롥
ݺ (158) ϡμȿκѤ˿ʤ顤κǸ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ롥

켫ΤĤƻõѤϡ뼫ȿʼȯŪȤޤˤȸʤȤǽǤȿȤη뾽䥷ޥޤΥ֥ͭ̾ǤʪŪʪŪ¦̤ФǤʤȤСϤĻФԷ֡ʰδֳֻ֤ѡˡݸݡкѥƥҲΩʤɤˤڤӤޤξʲޤˤΰȤƹͤ졤ưŪŬѲᥫ˥ߤ¸ߤȤǤ줳ȤФοʲƳָפȸΤǤϤʤǤ礦ѸˤʸˡθݤϤޤˤιǤꡤѲθ椬ʣηϤʳؤĤμʤˤʤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ƤƤΤǤ


Ѳ礭1ĤβǤ롥

ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2015-03-10 Tue

#2143. ѲˡָפϤʤ [language_change][causation][systemic_regulation][teleology]

ꥦϡѲˡָפϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ΰ츫ԲIJʰ⤤򤹤ˤϡꥦָפȤդDzؤƤ뤫Ȥ館ɬפ롥ˤͤϡ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) ȡ#2139. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ (2) ([2015-03-06-1]) ɸ̤Ǥ롥ʲָˤȷ̤ˤѲФ̻Ū¤ΤСŪŪΰ̣פꤹ륳ꥦ6 (259--343) ꡤ3սѤʰʲʸη֤Ƥˡ

ˤϡäơѲҤָפʤΤ¸ߤͣκѸäμͳˡޤͳ¸ߤʤϾŪνΤΤˡΤϡäθŪͳˤͤ졤ѤʤƱˤɽߵ˱ѲȤȤΡƻŪסʵŪˤʾǤ롥ηϤΤޤˡּסɽ׵ᤫ鸫ơŪʼʤˤɤ뵻Ūʷ١ѲΡָפǤϤʤŪͳȤȤǡƻפ켫Τ¤Dz褹٤Ǥ롥äơʤ롤ƤʤʤФʤʤΤϡΡ뤤ϼͳγˤָפ򤢤줳õ뤳ȤǤϤʤġ˾ΤȤǼͳˤäƼ¸줿ΤŪŤȤǤꡤ줿ѲԤη٤ȲǽȤˤäơɤΤ褦ʤɬ⤷ϲǽȤƷʸˤΤĤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥 (286)

ɡŪȤưŤΰ෿Ǥ롥ϡָפ֤ˤäƲ¸ߤ褦ˤʤˡѲ뤤Ͼü¸ߤˤ٤ƤΤΤǤפꡤָפΰŪǰˤȤƴޤޤ롥ꥹȥƥ쥹ϼΤΤ褦˻ͼΡָפ̤Ƥ롥Ф뤤߽ФΡʺưԡʤưѰˡѤƲФǺ̼̰͡ˡ줫鲿복ǰܼ⤷Ϸ̷͡ˡᤶƲȤΤΡŪˡʡؼءII3II7ˡäơŪŪˤȤϡĤθǤ뤫顤ֺѰפͳȰտȤ򤽤ʤΤǤȤˡϤ븶Ǥ롥ơˤΰ̣ǤϡѲȤϡºݤ˥ꥹȥƥ쥹θͤĤưŤ򤽤ʤƤ뤬椨ˡָפĤȸäƤޤä̷ϤʤĤޤꡤ¤ϡïˤäơʺѰˡäơʺˡΤδǰäơʷˡΤŪ˺ΤǤ롥줬ѲˤϡָʤפȸΤϡʳŪʰ̣ǤθʤȤΤȤǤäơСʪŪʤΤΤФơͳγˤäơֵҴŪפǼʪΤ褦ʸϤʤȤ̣ˤƤΤߡäƤΤǤ롥Ϥ켫ΤȤƤʡָפȤѸλѤȿФƤΤǤϤʤͿƤ̣ȡĤϸǤⲿǤʤŪʸȸĥȿФƤΤǤ롥 (290--91)

ѲϡΤȤΤǤϤ뤬綠Τʤ¤ϡä꤬Τ¤뤫¸ߤΤǤäơä꼫ȤˤȤäƳŪʡʪŪɬΡֻʪפǤʤСθ֤ΡɬŪԲŪʵפǤʤ¤Ρΰ̣ǡָŪפͣȤϡͳŪäơ¤ΤȤΤǤ롥ʳϡʪŪʵǤꡤޤԤѼԤȤƤθĿͤθŪͳưԤäξǤ롥


̤˸ѲΡָפȸƤФƤΤϡ¤ϡָפȤϡ־פȤߤʤ٤ΤȤǤ롥θȤϡԤξΤȤˤ뼫ͳջ֤ˤѤǤ롥δ顤ƸѲθȽˤĤƹͤƤ

E. ꥦˡ ɧˡظѲȤ꡽̻֡֡ˡ١ȽŹ2014ǯ

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2014-08-07 Thu

#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ [language_change][linguistics][systemic_regulation]

ѲΥǥȤơεǡ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) #1600. Samuels θѲǥ ([2013-09-13-1]) ʤɤҲ𤷤ƤSmith ϡѲΥǥΩäơ줽ΤΤΥǥ롤뤤ϸƥ٥δطޤ󼨤Ƥꡤ˴ŤƸѲƤ롥
ޤSmith (4) "The levels of language (hierarchical model)" Ƹ롥

The Levels of Language (Hierarchical Model)

ϡκǤ⿼٥ Semantics ʰ̣ˤꡤˤ줬 Grammar ʸˡˤ Lexicology ʸáˤˤäɽ졤Ǥ餬 Transmission ãˤβФơǸ Speech äաˤ뤤 Writing ʽ񤭸աˤȤΤˤ긲ȤإǥǤ롥ǡTransmission ȤäդȽ񤭸դƱ֤Ƥ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥ϲǤȤ20ؤξQæ񤭸դؤθ˰᤽Ȥջ֤롥θѤˤĤƤϡ#1665. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (4) ([2013-11-17-1])#748. ä񤭸 ([2011-05-15-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
γإǥŪǤ롥ѲȤưŪʲ򰷤ȻפСΤޤޤŪʥǥǤѤ³뤳ȤǤʤSmith (5) ѲˤĤƽҤ٤ƤȤꡤ"any given linguistic event is the result of complex interaction between levels of language, and between language itself and the sociohistorical setting in which it is situated" Ǥ롥ǡSmith (5) ϰʲưŪʥǥ "The levels of language (dynamic model)" 󼨤

The Levels of Language (Dynamic Model)

ϡؤξ岼ζ̤ߤˡߺѤŻ뤷ưŪʥǥǤ롥Grammar, Lexicon, Transmission 3ԤäȥȤη (cf. "système où tout se tient") ˤơѲϡη̤ʬˤƶͿʤʤοޤ Semantics ޤޤƤʤΤϡ̣ϤΥ٥Ȥľܤ˴ؤΤǤꡤοޤ̡ʤ뤤̡ˤǾ˺ѤƤȤ󤬤뤫Τ褦 (Smith 5)
Smith ϸѲˤ쳰Ū ("the sociohistorical setting") Ż뤷Ƥ뤬Ȥ߹3ΥǥϿ޼Ƥʤλվ Samuels 󼨤#1600. Samuels θѲǥ ([2013-09-13-1]) ǰƬˤƤ뤳ȤϳΤΤ褦

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2014-05-14 Wed

#1843. conservative radicalism [language_change][personal_pronoun][contact][homonymic_clash][homonymy][conjunction][demonstrative][me_dialect][wave_theory][systemic_regulation][causation][functionalism][she]

#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1]) ϡޤϤäƲƤʤѸˤǤ롥QŪˤϡҲŪƶϤΤ London 濴Ȥ륤󥰥ѲȯϤȤʤꡤʤɼդŤƤϤѸǤϤषդθबعߤƤȤ㤬¿
ФơMillar Samuels ήεǽŪΩ줫顤"conservative radicalism" ȤͿƤ롥ȤƼ夲ƤѲϡ3;ʣ̾ they ˤűѸ hīe ִȡͤȲꤵƤ롤³ though ˤ þeah ִӻؼ those ˤ tho ִ

   The issue with ambiguity between the third person singular and plural forms was also sorted through the borrowing of Northern usage, although on this occasion through what had been an actual Norse borrowing (although it would be very unlikely that southern speakers would have been aware of the new form's provenance --- if they cared): they. Interestingly, the subject form came south earlier than the oblique them and possessive their. Chaucer, for instance, uses the first but not the other two, where he retains native <h> forms. This type of usage represents what I have termed conservative radicalism (Millar 2000; in particular pp. 63--4). Northern forms are employed to sort out issues in more prestigious dialects, but only in 'small homeopathic doses'. The problem (if that is the right word) is that the injection of linguistically radical material into a more conservative framework tends to encourage more radical importations. Thus them and their(s) entered written London dialect (and therefore Standard English) in the generation after Chaucer's death, possibly because hem was too close to him and hare to her. If the 'northern' forms had not been available, everyone would probably have 'soldiered on', however.
   Moreover, the borrowing of they meant that the descendant of Old English þeah 'although' was often its homophone. Since both of these are function words, native speakers must have felt uncomfortable with using both, meaning that the northern (in origin Norse) conjunction though was brought into southern systems. This borrowing led to a further ambiguity, since the plural of that in southern England was tho, which was now often homophonous with though. A new plural --- those --- was therefore created. Samuels (1989a) demonstrates these problems can be traced back to northern England and were spread by 'capillary motion' to more southern areas. These changes are part of a much larger set, all of which suggest that northern influence, particularly at a subconscious or covert level, was always present on the edges of more southerly dialects and may have assumed a role as a 'fix' to sort out ambiguity created by change.


Millar Conservative radicalism ̾ΤȤDz⤷ƤηϤ˼ޤƤᥫ˥ϡƵǽŪȤ뤬Υᥫ˥बѤȤơܿ (dialect contact) ȽѰ۷ (variants) ζ¸äȤפǤ롥ܿ (contact) η̤ȤƷ֤Ѱ (variation) εޤ졤ηŪĴ (systemic regulation) ˤꡤ֤Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥ˤϡ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ѳ3 contact, variation, systemic regulation ФäƤ롥Millar conservative radicalism Ȥͤϡ츫ԲĻ׵ĤؤθѲŤȤˡӤŪͿƤ褦˻פ롥
they though Ѳ˴ؤ̤ȤƤϡ#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1]) ȡ#713. "though" "they" Ʊ۵ ([2011-04-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ʤMillar (119--20) ϡ3;νñ̾ she ˤűѸ hēo ִˤ conservative radicalism Ʊ褦ŬѤǤȹͤƤ褦she ˤĤƤϡ#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθ ([2011-06-28-1]), #793. she --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1])#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲([2011-12-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Millar, Robert McColl. English Historical Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2012.

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2013-05-12 Sun

#1476. Fennell ˤѲθ [language_change][causation][variation][contact][systemic_regulation]

Fennell αѸ˳Ƭ˶ᤤ1.2 Language Change (pp. 3--7) ܸ󤹤뵡񤬤äѲθˤĤƤγǤ롥äʤΤǡܥ֥ˤǺܤƤ

ʤ줬ѲΤͳ͡Ǥ롥1ˡưŪŪ¤ͭƤꡤŪʸѲ롥2ˡϡܿȼظ̤ʤɤȤƸ롤üԤԴʽ椨Ѳ롥
ˡʤ͡ϤĤƱä򤹤櫓ǤϤʤΤȤ䤤롥ؼԤϡ٤ƤλҶ콬˴ؤʿǤꡤɤθǤ⽬ǤǽϤäƤ뤳ȡޤƱĴﴱˤƱθ첻ȯǽϤäƤ뤳ȤȤƤ롥ȯˤϤ鷺ѰۤĤǤ¸ߤΤǤ롥`sh' `th' ˶ᤤȤȯΤ⤤С`r' `w' `l' ˶ᤤȤȯΤ⤤롥ޤĿͤθߤƤߤȡռˤ褷ʤˤ衤Ȥ櫓ꡤѤꡤ̤Ѥꤹ롥θĿŪѰۤѲμʤΤǤ롥⤷ȡȯˡҿäƤꡤ֤üԤ餯̵ռˤΰҿäѤȤȤ뤫⤷ʤ䤿ϤߤʡäϢӤ򶯤褦Ȼפ˹碌ä򤹤뤷Υ֤ȻפäˤΥ֤ΤǤ롥ҲؤǤϤָŪפȸƤǤ뤬줬ĿŪǰŪʸݤǤϤʤŪˤŪˤȤСѲؤȯŸ
줬Ѳ⤦1ĤͳϡüԤ̱ʤɤ̤¾üԤܿ뤫Ǥ롥ˤäƤϡȤθ줬Ԥθ˶ִפ뤳Ȥ뤫⤷ʤ뤤ϡ¸ȤƤξԤδ֤Ūʽ󤬤Ǥ뤫⤷ʤξĤ̩ܿƤΤǤС֤αƶ礭ǽ롥ȿФˡξĤʸŪʪŪʬΥƤСߤθŪƶϤۤȤɤʤ
ŪʸȤʳθȤδ֤ܿϤ뤬Ūʶ̹बʤˤϡ¤Τܿ줬ȯã뤫⤷ʤθϡϴά줿ηϤĤˤѰۤ䤹ɬ⤹٤ƤΥߥ˥εǽ̤ʤʳθԥȸƤ֡Υԥ줬夫Ʒ֤ȵǽư˸ȤѤ褦ˤʤȡ쥪ȸƤФʳȯŸȤˤʤ롥Τ褦ʸϡҲꤷήɼҲθϤޤˤĤơФлŪʸΤۤܶᤷƤ椭̤Ȥƥݥȡ쥪Ϣ³ΤȸƤФѼϢ³Τ뤳Ȥ¿ǤϡŪñ㲽ޤޤΡֲءѼŪʸ˶ᤤءѼˡ־ءѼ郎¸Ƥ뤬ѼǤɸѼȤϰۤʤħƤ뤳Ȥդ
ܿϡĤѲɬ׾濫뤤ϽʬǤȤϤʤषʬΥ뤳ȤˤäƸѲ뤳Ȥ¿㤨СѸ줬17˥ꥫˤ⤿餵ȡĤͳǥꥹѸ줫ʬƤäޤ⤿餵줿Ѹϡʣΰ̱ȤˤäơʣȤƤ⤿餵줿Ǥ롥ˡ֤ο͏͡ʸȤܿˤꡤѲ뤲ˡä˥ꥫΩΤȤꥹѸδȤϰۤʤظŪʬФơꥫˤͣθ쵬Ϥʤäˡ줾ϰ˰ҿΤѼ郎ޤ줿ΤǤ롥
嵭Τ褦ʸѲˤñ㲽Τ餤뤳Ȥդ줿¿θѲˤϡ¿ͤͳΤǤ롥㤨СꥫѸ줬ꥹѸ줫ʬͳˤϡ¾Ȥܿ⤢ꡤͱѸ (AAVE) ǤϤʬ٤礭ɸѸˤƤϡ¾줫αƶŪϾǤꡤ͸ùܤ˸¤롥
ޤǽҤ٤ƤѲװϸ쳰ŪʤΤäŪװ⤢褦1ĤϡѸ줬ʸˡǽ̤Τ˷־θ˰¸Ūʸ줫顤˰¸ʬŪʸذܹԤǤ롥¤ŪˤϡϱѸˤˤѲѲͳϸŪǤ롥ǤϸΤɤˤǤ1褦ˤʤꡤ޸ۣ沽ȾüΤǤ롥ʸˡǽ϶޸礬ô褦ˤʤꡤ嵭෿ŪѲä⤽⶯ѲΤʤΤ쳰ŪͳäΤïˤ狼ʤäѲäȤϡϰϢŪѲΤǤ롥
ŪѲ̤ȤơI饦ȤȸƤФűѸޤޥ췲Ѳ롥ޥĸǶ˸³̵ [i] [j] ä硤첻ꤢ뤤ϹˤʤȤѲǤ롥beran bireþmūus mys 򻲾ȡѲθ⡤ŪװʳˤϹͤʤ
ŪѲΤ⤦1Ĥϡ1500ǯʹߤ do ΰư줫ưؤѲѲˤꡤdo ϸ򼺤ʸʸȤʸˡŪʵǽؤȯŸΤ褦ѲϡʸˡפȸƤФ롥
do ѲϡŪˤ빽¤ȷӤĤƤǽ̤ι¤ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäȤ̣ǡֺʬϡפȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤѸηǤϡʬϤβ̶ʬȤƤΡְʬϡפ㤬˭٤Ǥ롥㤨Сnaddre, napron, noumpere ϡ֤괧 an Ȥδ֤ǰʬϤ̡adder, apron, umpire θޤ줿ȿФˡan ewt a newt ȰʬϤ줿Ȥ褦⤢롥ŪѲȤ
ѲθޤȤȡ(1) ŪʬΥܿ(2) νݡʼҲĶˤܿ(3) Դʽ(4) ظ̡(5) ҲŪʰҿװ롥
ŪװȤƤϡ(1) Ĵưײ(2) ѡ(3) ʬϡ(4) 롥


Fennell ϸѲθȤơŪװȸ쳰Ūװ̤Ƥ뤬ΤʤѰ (variation) ε򺹤Ǥ롥碌ȡ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) ǸѲ3ȤƸڤ (1) variation, (2) systemic regulation, (3) contact Ǥ·äȤˤʤ롥Fennell ϡҲŪʱѸˤäƤΤǡʤ variation contact Ȥ櫓Ż뤹뤬ŪˤϤ3åȤDZѸˤˤѲ褦ȤƤȤ

Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-09-13-1]

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2013-05-02 Thu

#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 [language_change][causation][variation][contact][systemic_regulation]

Glasgow ؤ Jeremy Smith ĤҤ٤Ƥ롤Ѳ3ʳ3ˤĤơ
ޤ3ʳ顥ɤθѲɬФ3ʳ롥#275. Ѹλ;ñ̾ ([2010-01-27-1]) Ǿ줿Τ (1) potential for change, (2) implementation, (3) diffusion Ǥ롥塼ؤΩ줫鸷̩ˤС(1) ϸѲʳǤꡤ(2) ʳǽơָѲפȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥Smith ľܸäƤ餦 (7)

The distinction may be made between potential for change, implementation (itself including triggering or actuation) and diffusion. The potential for change exists when a particular speaker or group of speakers makes a particular linguistic choice at a particular time; implementation takes place when that choice becomes selected as part of a linguistic system; and diffusion takes place when the change is imitated beyond its site of origin, whether in terms of geographical or of social distribution. Strictly speaking, the first of these phenomena is not to be included as part of the typology of change. The continual flux of living languages means that new variant forms are constantly being created in a given linguistic state. However, these variants are not themselves linguistic changes; rather, they constitute the raw material which is a prerequisite for linguistic change. A linguistic change happens only when a particular variable is selected and a systemic development follows. In that sense, language change begins with implementation; when implementation of potential for change is for some reason triggered in a linguistic system, then we can speak of a linguistic change. The diffusion of the phenomenon within a particular speech-community is, it is held here, a further process which can be counted as part of the particular change involved; it may, of course, itself have further effects.


ˡѲ3ϸѲ3򤷤Ƥ褤(1) variation, (2) systemic regulation, (3) contact 3ĤǤ롥(1) variation ϡ֡졤̣ʤɤܤˤʣ variants ѰդƤꡤ¸ΤϤΤ줫ǤȤͤ˴ŤƤ롥variants ΤμϰϤ variational space ȸƤФ졤μ¸ϤϰϤΤʤǰۤʤꤦ롥̵¤˰ۤʤꤦ櫓ǤϤʤˤ (2) systemic regulation ηϤεƯƤꡤ¤ߤƤΤǤ롥(1) (2) Ǥ٤ƤĴۤɡñʤΤǤϤʤʶƱΡˤϿˤ¸ߤϤθʶƱΡˤȤδؤΤʤ¸ߤƤ롥ɬŪ (3) contact ξΤǤꡤŪηϤˤȤɤޤäƤϤʤ
ʾ3ߴطʣSmith ΤȤФǤޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ (49)

The three mechanisms of linguistic change distinguished above --- variation, systemic regulation, contact --- are not to be taken as totally separate causes of the phenomenon; rather, they interact in complex and, except in the most general terms, practically unpredictable ways to produce dynamic change in the history of a given language. To sum up the argument so far: new variants are produced, and are imitated through contact; but they are constrained by the changing intra- and extralinguistic systems of which the are a part.


ǶϸѲ͡Ω줫͡Ȥߤ󼨤Ƥ뤬Smith ϡñ㲽ƤΤΡñ㲽Ƥ뤫顩ˡ褯ޤȤޤäƤȻפ

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2012-08-31 Fri

#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ [phoneme][phonology][phonetics][french][anglo-norman][systemic_regulation][phonemicisation][causation][stress][language_change][degemination]

ե󥹸줬ѸͿŪƶȤСäǤΤǤ롥¾ɽֻˤ⾯ʤ餺ƶڤܤˤ¿ʤ˴ؤƤϡФХե󥹸줫μѤȤƸڤ벻Ǥ롥Görlach (337--38) ˤȡˤ5बǧ롥

(1) /v/ βDz (phonemicisation) űѸǤ [v] ϲ /f/ ΰ۲ˤޤΩǤǤϤʤäȤ(a) very Τ褦 [v] ĥե󥹼Ѹή(b) vixen Τ褦 [v] μѡ(c) over : offer ˸ñҲȽŻҲΩξü(d) of ˸̵ˤ໤ͭȤä׿Ūװˤꡤ/v/ ǤȤΩƱȤ [z] ˤĤƤ롥(a) װ˴ؤƤХե󥹸αƶ뤳ȤǤ뤬/v/ /z/ ۲ȤƤϸűѸ¸ߤƤĺ˵ǽƤ̵ͭΩ໤ؤ礷ȤȤ館СηŪĴ (systemic regulation) ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ǤϡGörlach ϡѸηװ׻뤷Ƥ[2010-07-14-1]ε#443. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פפ򻲾ȡˡ
(2) /ʒ/ βDzβűѸǤΩǤǤϤʤAnglo-Norman Ѹ joy gentle θƬ /ʤ/ ȤƼ¸줿ΤǡѸǤ鵩ʲä/ʒ/ βDzϡmeasure ʤɤθǤ [-zj-] ͻ餦Ȥ礭βDzˤꡤηϤ /ʤ : ʒ ? ʧ : ʃ/ оȴطϤꡤǤե󥹸αƶŪǤʤ
(3) ե󥹼Ѹ˴ޤޤ첻αƶǡ첻 /ɔɪ, ʊɪ/ ѸDzDz2Ĥä뤳ȤǡѸ첻ηϤϤμ줿ΤȤʤä

--ɛɪɔɪʊɪ
ɪʊɛʊɔʊ--


(4) ե󥹸 /y(ː), œ(ː)/ ϡ߿첻ȤƤʳˤϼʤäޤ/ɲ/ l mouilli 뤳ȤϤʤäNorman ͤǤˤβ򼺤äƤǤϤʤ
(5) ¿Υޥ󥹼Ѹ줬ѸζηϤͿƶФи뤬bacon battle Τ褦2ϱѸζ˽ޥŪʶηϤŬѤ줿Τϡ3ʾμѸΤߤǤ롥

ΤȤơGörlach ϡե󥹸βαƶϤäȤƤϾǤȹͤƤ롥ƶäȤǤ⡤αƶϡѸη¦˼ǤƤ餳ϤʳΤȤDzǽȤʤäΤȵƤ롥

. . . it is significant that phonemes said to be derived from French survive only where they fill obvious gaps in the English system --- and some of these were stabilized by loans from English dialect . . . . (337)


¦פʤΤζפʤΤ[2010-07-14-1]ε#443. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פפεפ롥

Görlach, Manfred. "Middle English --- a Creole?" Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Szwedek. Berlin: Gruyter, 1986. 329--44.

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2012-02-23 Thu

#1032. -e ο -ly ȯã [suffix][adverb][systemic_regulation][synthesis_to_analysis][flat_adverb][-ly]

#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) #981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ -ly ϡѸϤ᤿Ʊǽ -e ŪפĤĤꡤɸˤʤʤäƤȤǡŪŪΤʸ -ly ͭȤƵǽ褦ˤʤäƤΤȻפ롥-e פ -ly ȯãΰ̴طϡOED "-ly" suffix2 ǤٻƤ롥

In ME. the number of these direct formations was greatly increased, and when the final -e, which was the original OE. adverb-making suffix, ceased to be pronounced, it became usual to append -ly to an adj. as the regular mode of forming an adv. of manner.


ΰϢβˡϢ⤦1դäɬפ롥ϡȤƳ褦ˤʤä -ly äƤƻȤƤ򸺤ƤäȤǤ롥-ø -e Ωȡ -e ΤäƤɸ -ly ꤹ褦ˤʤäȤ-ly ɸܳŪ˲̤ȤСηƻȤƤƯäƼˤʤ롥ǡƻޡȤƤΤƤƤä޼СʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Adverb with -zero, -e, -li, and -lie

ηϤǤϤ뤬-ø, -e, -li(c), -li(c)e ʤ1ĤηŪηϤͤȤСۤξ -e ɤ餮ȤηϤ򤬤äȤؤȤˤʤ롥ηϤǤꡤѲηϤѲǤ뤳Ȥ褯狼ޤѸˤΤ礭Ĭήռ鸫С޸Ѥ synthetic 첽顤Ѥ analytic 첽ؤžȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
äȤ⡤-e פ⡤ƻ줬ƱΤޤ޶¸ flat_adverb Ͼʤ餺ĤäȤƤ -ly ȯãȤäơƻȤƤ -ly ˻䤨櫓ǤʤȤդäƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-02-1] [2012-02-27-1]

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2011-08-12 Fri

#837. Ѳˤ therapy or pathogeny [functionalism][language_change][systemic_regulation][phoneme][phonemicisation][minimal_pair][functional_load][teleology]

2֤εֵǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1]) ȡǽôȸѲ ([2011-08-11-1]) ǡSchendl 礤˽Фʤ顤ǽ (functionalism) Ĵǽ (systemic regulation) (therapeutic power) ǽô (functional load) ʤɤѸѤƤ˴ϢƼΤ褦ʼ䤬󤻤줿

Schendl (69)ΰѤˤĤƤҤȤļ򤵤Ƥ
'therapeutic changes in one part of the grammar may create imbalance in another part'
ȤޤɤΤ褦㤬Τפ⤫Ӥޤ󡥼ϤΤƤޤԶѹդȤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤʤΤȤƤⵤˤʤޤΤǸꤤޤ


Schendl ƱǶŪ󤲤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡɼԤȤƤϳͤƤߤ뤷ʤ㤨вˤѲ¾㤨зˤ̤θѲϢŪ˰Ȥ褦ϱѸˤǤ¿뤬Ūˡ뼣Ū (therapeutic) Ѳ̤ΤȤǤ°Ȥʤ褦 (pathogenic) ѲϢȤΤϤäȡΤ˹ͤ줿
ʤ㤬פ⤫ФʤΤȹͤƤߤȡ"therapeutic" ȤѸ줬Ū˲ؤҴŪ˷᤬Ȥطʤ뤫ǤϤʤȻפä̤ѸǤϡּפܻؤǽɸϡ׾֤ηϤˤơפȤϤʤ֤ؤΤǽΩΩäŪȤƤϡȤ "a symmetrical, balanced, simple, economical system" ظƤȤߤʤȤǤʤηƻ Schendl ˸ˡηϤʣβηϤʣȤ߹碌ˤäͭΤǤꡤΰѲ벼ηϤδ鸫 therapeutic ȤƤ⡤̤βηϤδ鸫 pathogenic Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ǤϡηΤδ餹ȡθѲϤɤ therapeutic ʤΤ뤤 pathogenic ʤΤꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤
ȤƻפĤΤϡεǤ夲 /θ/ /ð/ Ωȯ̤θ򤹤 /ð/ Dz (phonemicisation) ȤѲǤ롥űѸǤ,
[θ] [ð] 1Ĥβ (phoneme) 2Ĥΰ۲ (allomorphs) Ȥ֤Ťˤʤä˼ȤƵǽˤͭ [ð] Ԥʤ褦ˤʤ (ex. that, the, then, there, they, thou, though, with; cf. verners_law) thy vs. thigh Τ褦Ǿ (minimal pair) /θ/ /ð/ ̡βǤؤʬƤä
/ð/ βDzưŤǽŪʴȡҤ٤褦˼Τ褦ˤʤ롥Ѹ˳ (obstruent) Ǥ̵ͭΩ礭ʵǽô̤ôäƤꡤ໤ǤΩηǡ˳о»ʤ°פȹͤ롥/θ/ /ð/ βDzϤо򸺤ǺѤ°ּפƤȲᤵ롥ºݤˤ thy vs. thigh κǾФϾʤΤǡ̵ͭΩϤѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ /θ/ /ð/ βŪΩƤΤϡѸ첻ΤȤ̵ͭȤΩˤƵǽŪǤ롥ʾȤСεϤޤ therapeutic ʹͤɽƤȸ
ƱѲ (graphemics) Ω줫鸫ȡषηŪоƤȤͤ롥ˤơ1Ǥ1ʸбƤΤǤоŪǡѹդƤꡤñǡкŪǤ뤳ȤϵƤʤѸϤ˰̾⤤ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ơоŪǡѹդƤꡤñǡкŪʲǤȽǤδطɵ᤹褦ʸѲȤСϽδ therapeutic ѲȤȤǤȤҤ /ð/ βDz˹碌ƽηϤƱͤѲ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡ̤Ȥ <th> ȤŻ (digraph) ɽ蘆1ĤνǤ2Ĥΰۤʤ벻Ǥб뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäϡΩ줫餹ȡtherapeutic ǤϤʤष pathogenic Ѳȸ롥
ޤȤȡ/ð/ βDzȤѲϡδ therapeutic Ѳäδ pathogenic ѲäȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥϡ䤽¾򤹤٤ƹͤ碌ơѸȤηΤؤαƶȤǸȡѲϤϤƥץ饹äΤޥʥäΤƶμ̤ҴŪ˷¬뤳Ȥ񤷤ΤǡȽǤϤܤĤʤȤˤʤʤΰ̣Ǥϡǽô̤ȤϱƶҴŪ˷¬褦ȤĤߤθǤꡤˡ1ĤʤΤ⤷ʤˡ
ˤơäơּפȤäơ¡פȤ뤫Ϥ褯狼ʤưʪξǤ顤Ʒڤ¤ͽɡ̤ͽܼιͤ롥ʤߤˡѤƤ pathogenic ȯ¤ˤȤƻ therapeutic еȤƺصŪѤޤǤǡѸȤ夷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ

Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.

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2011-08-11 Thu

#836. ǽôȸѲ [functionalism][language_change][systemic_regulation][terminology][phonology][drift][minimal_pair][functional_load]

εֵǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ([2011-08-10-1]) ǿ줿ǽô (functional load or functional yield) ˤĤơǽô̤ȤϤ벻ħ̵ǽι⤵ΤȤǡ¿̤ΩäƤۤɵǽô̤⤤Ȥߤʤ롥
㤨СѸǤϲ /p/ /b/ Ωϡ¿θ̤Ѥ롥̤θ򤹤С¿Ǿ (minimal pair) 򻺤 (ex. pay--bay, rip--rib ) äơ/p/ /b/ Ωεǽô̤礭/ʃ/ /ʒ/ Ωϡmesher--measure ʤɤκǾФ߽ФƤϤ뤬ۤ¿θ̤ˤΩäƤʤƱͤˡ/θ/ /ð/ Ω⡤thigh--thy ʤɤκǾФ뤬ǽô̤Ͼȹͤ롥
ǽô̤Ȥǰϡ嵭Τ褦ʸ̲ǤΩФǤϤʤŪħ̵ͭΩˤĤƤͤ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨СѸˤ̵ͭ (voicing) ȤΩϡ٤Ƥ /h/ ʳ໤ˤĤƸΩǤꡤˤ˻Ȥ󤵤ƤΤǡεǽô̤礭
Ǥϡǽô̤ȸѲɤΤ褦˷夯ȤΤǽŪʹͤˤȡ¿θ̤˹׸Ƥ̵ͭΤ褦ʵǽô̤礭Ω⤷äƤޤȤȡηϤ˵ڤܤƶ礭äơǽô̤礭ΩѲˤȤΩġȿФˡǽô̤ξΩϡ¾װˤäѲСۤɤ񹳤򼨤ʤǤ椯ȡ/θ/ /ð/ Ωϡǽô̤ᡤ⤹мʤȤ¤ʤ԰ΩǤϤ뤬ǤŪʼ̵ͭȤФʡǽô̤礭Ωˤäƻ٤Ƥ뤿ˡۤưפˤϲäʤȤȤˤʤǽԤμĥ롤ηϤߤȤо (symmetry) λظפȤ̩ܤ˴ؤ뤳Ȥʬ
ηŪΩ뤿ˡ뤤Ωβä򤱤뤿ѲȤͽɡפιͤϡƵǽŪʻǤ롥üԡʽġˤηϤ򤱤ͽɡפˤĤƤɤΤ褦˰ռΤüԡʽġˤθư̵ռˡͽɡ׹԰٤ԤʤäƤȹͤ٤ʤΤϡ[2011-03-13-1]ε֤ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1)פǸΤƱεǤ롥

Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.

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2011-08-10 Wed

#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ [homonymic_clash][functionalism][systemic_regulation][language_change][functional_load]

Ѳˤ뵡ǽ (functionalism) ιͤϡǤϹƤ뤬¾ǤϸȽ롥ѲεǽŪκǤΤȤơΥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ⰷäƤƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) 롥homonymic_clash ˴ؤϢεΤʤǤڤƤεǽŪʸѲѤФ϶
ǤСǽŪʸѲѤȤϡˤ systemic regulation ȤĴǽäƤꡤ줿ηϤоŪǶѹդμ줿ηϤؤȼ (therapeutic) ϤȤͤǤ롥ȤƤϡ˿줿 homonymic clash Τۤоؤλظꤹ԰ʻҲ /h/([2009-11-27-1]) ;̾ηϤо ([2009-11-09-1], [2009-10-24-1]) ꡤޤǽô (functional load) ꤬롥
줬üԡʤμҲˤΩƼĴǽϤäƤȤͤϡָʪפȤͤ[2011-07-13-1]εָޤʪޤפ򻲾ȡˤˤĤʤꡤꤽȤȤͽۤ롥ºݤˡǽٻԤ¿СȽԤ¿롥Schendl (69) ȽޤȤƤΤǡѤ褦

A basic problem with such functional explanations is how the individual speakers or the speech community as a whole could know about the actual or threatening asymmetry of systems and act accordingly. Another problem with the notion of 'therapeutic change' is that therapeutic changes in one part of the grammar may create imbalance in another part; finally, if this was the main driving force behind change then we would expect all linguistic systems to have become balanced by now, which they clearly are not. (69)

. . . though linguistic factors such as functional load undoubtedly can contribute to linguistic change, there is no empirical proof of their coming into play in specific cases. (69)


ȽŪոɤ߼ΤϡָѲ⤿餹ϤޤüԤʹ֤ǤηϼȤǤϤʤסָηϤ˼ĴǽȤƤ⡤϶ĴǽǤϤʤסβȤƤϵǽǧ뤬иŪ˼¾ڤǤʤפȤĥ

Schendl, Herbert. Historical Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2001.

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2011-07-08 Fri

#802. ̾ưε (4) [stress][diatone][germanic][conversion][drift][systemic_regulation]

[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1], [2011-07-07-1]εǡ̾ưפε򰷤äƤε[2011-07-07-1]Ǥϡ̾פʬϥޥߤƬη뤬ưפٻưŤޤǤȤʸϤĤ
ˤϤưŤ褦˻פ롥̾ưȯζ̲Ǥ롥̾ưʤ diatones Υڥ[2009-11-01-1]ε󤷤Ȥ¿뤬ֻ϶̤ĤʤΤΡȯΤ˶̤롥ʻž (conversion; see [2009-11-03-1]) դȤѸΤȤǤ뤫顤ȤƱȯζ̤ĤʤȤŪ˺򤭤ȤϤʤǤ⶯ΰ֤ʻζ̤ĤʤС˱ۤȤϤʤȤȤǤϤʤ
[2011-02-11-1]εֶޤο캬ξפǽҤ٤̤ꡤѸˤ϶޸פȤ drift ˤäȯ캬ȤǤ⤤٤ħ롥캬 conversion Ȥβ¥ʤƤȤϳΤʻζ̤ѶŪˤʤȤظƤΤǤϤʤʣʸФʻžȤ˸ƤΤǤꡤʻζ̤ۣˤ뤳ȤȤ櫓ʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤʻζ̤ݤäޤޡĺǾ¤θǡ㤨С̾줫ưǤ̯ˡС˱ۤȤϤʤơξ׵˱̯ˡȤơ̾ưȤʬԤ߽Ф줿ΤǤϤʤ̾ǤưǤ캬Ʊưƶ̤ݤ --- ̯ˡȸƤФƲȸƤܤconversion ¥ʤ륲ޥŪ drift Ť˵դ餦ʵǽŪ (functionalist) Ĭή --- Ѹ̾ưθݤ򤳤Τ褦ª뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2011-07-20-1] [2011-07-09-1]

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2010-10-25 Mon

#546. ѲϸĿͤδ˾̤˿ʤޤʤ [systemic_regulation][functionalism]

[2010-10-18-1]εǡֹŷפȡֹŷפƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) 夲Ȥˡɤ餫ѤƤ椭ͤ򤱤褦ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤȤͽ¬Ҥ٤ͽ¬ϲƱ۵ͤλ򻲾ȤƤȤͽ¬ˤºݤˤΥڥɤΤ褦˿äƤ椯ˤĤƤγμ¤ͽ¬ɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤդˡä˽񤭸դǤϴζ̤Τ顤Ʊ۵Τޤ޻ĤäƤ椯ȤƤޤäԻ׵ĤϤʤޤֹŷפѤƤ椱Фʬܸ줬ϤʤäƤ椯ȤŪʹͤ⤢ꡤƱ۵ȤĤäƤۤȻפԤ⤤뤫⤷ʤ⡤ĿŪˤϤɤ餫ȤФΤ褦Ω
Ѳολ򸫤ȡѲϷ褷ƸĿͤδ˾̤˿ʤΤǤϤʤϼĴǽ ( systemic regulation ) ͭ뼫ΩŪη ( self-regulating system ) Ǥ롥ѲϡĿͤδ˾ǤϤʤĿͤνΤǤʤĿͤϤεڤФʤƱΤμΩŪѤؤؤѲƤ椯ΤǤ롥ΰϡΰ̣Ѳʿ餹Ѳȿɤμĥȿ Trudgill ȯǤ롥

Words do not mean what we as individuals might wish them to mean, but what speakers of the language in general want them to mean. These meanings can and do change as they are modified and negotiated in millions of everyday exchanges over the years between one speaker and another. Language change cannot be halted. . . Languages are self-regulating systems which can be left to take care of themselves. They are self-regulating because their speakers want to understand each other and be understood. If there is any danger of misunderstanding, speakers and writers will appreciate this possibility and guard against it by avoiding synonyms, or by giving extra context . . . . (8)


1ĤդƤΤϡָϼĴǽͭ뼫ΩŪηϤǤפȤȤˡüԤĶۤΩʪΤ褦ͭΤǤȹͤƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤޤǸüԤȷӤĤƤꡤüԺߤǤ¸ߤʤˤ⤫餺üԸĿͤ椬ľܤˤϵڤФʤηϤȤȤǤ롥Ǥϲ椷Ƥ뤫ȤСüԸĿͤĶۤüԽĤΰջפǤ롥ֹŷפȡֹŷפʻ¸⡤ǽŪˤܸüԽĤΰջפ˽äƲäʤ¸³ʤ꤬ޤäƤ椯Τ
üԸĿͤüԽĤκۤȤԻ׵ĤʴطˤĤƤϡ[2009-05-07-1]򻲾ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. "The Meaning of Words Should Not be Allowed to Vary or Change." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 1--8.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-23-1] [2015-08-12-1]

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2010-10-18 Mon

#539. Ʊ۵ [homonymy][antonymy][semantic_change][homonymic_clash][teleology][systemic_regulation]

10ϱư䥤٥ȤηǤ롥Ūʥ٥Ȥή줿ꤹȡ椬ȤնǤϰ⥢ʥ󥹤Įˤޤ롥īϥƥΤפߤȤʤޤפή줿ǤͤùΤϡֹŷפֹŷפɤäʸ̮ȸŪȽǤºݤˤϸ뤳ȤϤʤƬΥʥ󥹤ˤŬʤϸʤȻפäĤƤϡֹŷפƥ󡤡ֹŷפ復ƥȲ̾ξǤϰۤʤäƤȯƱʤΤƱȿոȤ롥
ȤʬˡʤȽǥʥ󥹤ή줿ΤǤ롥ϰŷΤפߤȤʤޤפơ˿ʬˤϡĹˤ밭ŷΤפߤȤʤޤפȺƤѲɤɤʬ䤹ʤäƤǤϤʤ˶ää뤤ϸƤɤ߾夲ƤƲʤʬˤȻפäΤˤ衤Ǻפ˻äͽäˤ褯ʬåȤʤä
ơ¾˸򾷤䤹ƱδϸȤƤϡкߡפȡ׺ߡפפĤѴκݤդפϸ켭ŵ٤ˤȡ

ؤ󡾤кߡ̾ѡˤä¸ߤ뤳ȡԻˡ͸ס٤Ρ
ؤ󡾤׺ߡ̾ѡ椭錄ä¸ߤ뤳ȡܳϤˡ


ܸ񤷤ʤȻפ碌뤬Ʊ۵ ( homonymic clash ) ȸƤФ븽ݤϱѸˤ⸫롥Ѹˤ̾ϡqueen ֽ ( < OE cwēn ) quean ֤Фء ( < OE cwene ) Ǥ롥ξԤϷŪˤ̣Ūˤ̤ƤѸ첻ͻ礷̡Ū˶̤Ĥʤʤạ̈ŪˤȿոȤͤ򾷤ǽ⤤ɡԤ18ȾФ˿ष
gate ( < OE geat ) gait ƻ ( < ME gate < ON gata ) ƱͤǡȿոȤޤǤϸʤʸ̮ˤäƤϸ򾷤ǽʬˤڥʤΤǡԤΡƻϩפθϿषξˤ gait Ȥ켫ΤäƤޤȤϤʤ⤭פȤò뤳ȤˤäĤä
ܸǤѸǤƱ۵줬¸㤬ǧȤϤ¿Ϥʤ٤λ֤Ϥ뤬ǽŪ˥ڥΤɤ餫ޤǸѲʤȤȤ¿Ʊ۵ͤβѲθưϤȹͤ뵡ǽŪʸ ( functionalism ) ϡŪŪ ( teleological ) Ǥ񤵤뤳ȤϤ뤬ΡֹŷפΥʥ󥹤ʹƤȡ⤢ʤƱդʤ롥
ֹŷפ򤱤褦ˤʤäƤ椯ȤܸɽϤϼ岽ȹͤ⤢Сߥ˥βȤߤ⤢ˡʤȤäƤϱѸˤȤǤʤΤ˾λ㤫ȽǤȡĹܤǸСʤȤäդˤơֹŷפֹŷפΤɤ餫ѤʤʤäƤ椯ǽ⤤ΤǤϤʤ

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