131ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ10ߴ1ȤƳ֤ޤơޤϡvery --- ʪפ纮ζոءפǤ
very ȤСǤŪ̵ɸʶո (intensifier) ǧƤȻפޤޤܶñʤΤǿͤȤʤ⤷ޤѸŪˤ͡ʴǤ롤οԤʤùܤǤֵǤϡvery εȯŸɤꡤ¾ӤոȤðۤޤǻ̩90ʬȤʤäȻפޤ
īֺ10Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС

ʤīֺ¤Υ19ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])
11228ڡˤǡϡthat --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפȤʤޤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ǤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤйǤ

ǯ٤Ϸ1ī㡼ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤Ƥޤȥϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñפǤѸŪ˸ߤȴߤΤñ1ӡ⤭ơرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡεҤȤʤ顤αñˡҤƤϱѸΤˤޤ
1ָ塤131ڡˤιֺ¤ߴνȤʤޤ夲ΤϡѸؽԤˤȤäơʤ¿αѸüԤˤȤäƤ˺Ǥ߿1ĤǤʤ顤˶ä٤äƤ very Ǥ
䤿ʡʤ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפȤ̣ very ȤäƤޤǽ˶ᤤ̤դ줿ñǤѸˤδ餳θįȡˤϡֶĴפȤʹֿˤĤޤȤ㤷¸ˤƤޤʲvery ᤰäƼ夲ĤƤߤޤ
ٸ very ϡ¤ϱѸǤϤʤե줫μѸǤʤΤ褦ʴŪñ줬Ѥ˻äΤǤ礦
եǤϤȤȡֿ¤Ρפ̣ƻ (cf. Fr. vrai) ǤꡤѸäƤƻȤѤƤޤthe very man ֤ޤˤˡפʤɤˡˤκפĤäƤޤ줬ʤ뤭äǶդȤʤꡤ⤳ޤǹ٤ˤʤäΤǤ礦
ոˤϡֶˡ§פȤ̣ν̿ޤĴɽϻȤ줹ȼ깤ĤĴٹ礤긺äƤޤΤǤ
Ѹˤ̤ơӤո줬ƤϾäƤޤűѸѸǻȤƤɽŪʶոƤߤޤ
¿ζո줬ä椯ʤ뤤岽ˤʤǡʤ very Ĥꡤ˸ѸˤƤۤɤΰ괶ƤΤǤ礦礭Ǥ
ŪˡֶĴפȤϲֶոפȤϸˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤΤˤĤƤͤƤߤȻפޤ
Τ褦ˡvery Ȥ츫ññظˡƻ줫ؤʻẓ̌ɺȤζȤäѸû˾ΤΥåͤޤäƤޤΥƥˤ90ʬǤäޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤߴΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ2026ǯ볫⡤DZѸˤڤؤǤޤ礦
- 10131ڡ 15:30?17:00very --- ʪפ纮ζոء
- 11228ڡ 15:30?17:00that --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤ
- 12328ڡ 15:30?17:00be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ư
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
726ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ4ʲƴȤƤ1ˤȤʤbut --- Ĥ¿³פɶˤƳ֤ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ#1518. Ѹ butűѸ acۿޤ
4ֺ¤Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡѤˤȤ

ʤīֺ¤Υ13ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
μ5ϡ823ڡˤˡguy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פꤷƳ֤ޤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤС
Poutsma ѥѥäƤȡ̣ñĤ롥㤨Сƻ줫̾ʻž (conversion) ꥹȤ⤷ (Chapter XXIX, 1--3; pp. 368--76) ޤΥꥹȤʬѤ褦
A large group is made up by such as end in certain suffixes belonging to the foreign element of the language. Some of these seem to be (still) more or less unusual in their changed functions. In the following illustrations they are marked by † . . . . The suffixes referred to above are chiefly: a b l e, al, an, a n t, a r, a r y, a t e, end, e n t, (i) a l, (i) a n, ien, ible, i c, ile, ine, ior, ist, ite, i v e, ut, among which especially those printed in paced type afford many instances. (368)
ĤΤ¿ȤϡʲΥꥹȤζįȤ褯ʬʤPoutsma 1914ǯǤ뤳Ȥաˡ
adulterant
aggressive
alien
annual
astringent
barbarian
captive
casual
ceremonial
classic
cleric
clerical
confidant
consumptive
constituent
contemporary
cordial
corrective
†degenerate
dependant
†detrimental
dissuasives
domestic
†eccentric
ecclesiastic
†electric
†effeminate
elastic
†epileptic
†exclusive
†expectant
†exquisite
†extravagant
familiar
fanatic
†fashionable
†flippant
†fundamental
gallants
†human
illiterate
†imaginative
imbecile
immortal
†incapable
†incidental
†incompetent
†inconstant
incurable
†indifferent
†inevitable
†infuriate
innocent
†inseparable
†insolent
†insolvent
†intellectual
†intermittent
intimate
†irreconcilable
†irrepressible
juvenile
†legitimate
lenitive
mandatory
mercenary
†miserable
†militant
moderate
mortal
†national
native
†natural
necessary
negative
†neutral
†notable
†obstructive
ordinary
orient
oriental
original
particular
peculiar
†pragmatic
†persuasive
†pertinent
†politic
†political
preliminary
private
proficient
progressive
reactionary
†regular
†religious
requisite
reverend
revolutionary
rigid
†romantic
†royal
†solitary
specific
stimulant
†ultimate
†undesirable
unfortunate
unseizable
†unusual
vegetable
visitant
voluntary
voluptuary
†vulgar
ƻ줫ʻž̾ΰ̣ˤʤäƤȤηƻΰ̣ŪħƶƤΤΤͿƤ
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.
ʣǤʤʣ̾ˤĤơʣϸˡĤޤǽǤ -s ղäФ褤ȤΤŪʵ§Ǥ롥brother-officers, penny-a-liners, forget-me-nots, go-between, ne'er-do-wells, three-year-olds, merry-go-rounds Τ褦ˤǤ롥
Ȥɸ passers-by Τ褦ˡζư (phrasal_verb) ˤͳ褷줬ʻžत̾˴ؤƤϡ𤬰ۤʤ륱롥ǽǤȤʤ뾮ֻƱθˤ뤳Ȥˤʤäơľ -s դΤ뤫*passer-bys ǤϤʤ passers-by ȤʣΤ
#5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) ͤˤȡpassers-by ʣȤΤȤ crossings-out, lookers-on, tellings-off, tickings-off, turn-ups 뤳ȤǤ롥
ǤϹԤʤƱפ˸Ƥ⡤絬§˽äƸ -s դ turn-ups, hand-me-downs, lace-ups, left-overs, makeshifts, onlookers 㤬ФƤ롥
Ϣơ -ful(l) ǸǤȤƤʣϡɤ줬롥ѸǤϤʤѸλǤ뤳ȤǤĤġ§Ȥ handfuls (of marbles), bucketfulls (of fragrant milk) ʤɤȺǸǤ -s դʣ뤬Ȥ (two) table-spoonsfull (of rum), (two) donkeysful (of children), bucketsfull (of tea) Τ褦1Ǥ -s Ĥ۷ߤ줿
ʾ塤Poutsma (141--43) ȤƼɮñˤäɤ줬ȤȤϡ̣Ūʹθ̻Ū¦̤δͿ⵿롥̣
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.

Ҥηؤդ٤ϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤޤǿǤϡѸΥեѸ줬ѸäͿפꤷƵޤκǸ (hybrid) 夲ޤoddity, murderous ʤɤΤ褦˱ѸδΤ˥եѸĤƤ褦ʡ֤ݤפΤȤǤܸǤΡ¤Ρ֥ǥϲᤰפʤɤޤ
⤷ʤΤ Voicy heldio Ǥ夲ꥹʡγˡܸ줫Ƥ褦˸ƤӤޤɤ¿㤬ޤޤڡۿİ
#1159. ϥ֥åɸΤ⤷ --- ؤդ8DZʩϥ֥åɸ˿Ƥޤ
#1160. ®ꥹʡ줿ϥ֥åɸҲ
ͷӴˤȿ줿Τ콤ءˤǤȤ note ˤ֥ϥ֥åɸʸ츻δˡꤹ뵭ޤΥϥ֥åɸ줬ƤꡤŪʬϤƤޤˤĤΤɬɤǤ
ɤƶäΤϡϥߤΰǡܥ֥̾ˤʤhellogפʤư줬¤졦ѤƤȤΤȡ̣ϡhellogĴ٤פȤȤΤ褦ǤˤϤޤޤθ줬ޤ˥ϥ֥åɸȤƤޤȤʬϤƤꡤ٤Ӥäꡥ
note ǡhellogפη֥ĥƤޤȤƤܺ٤ʬϤʤФȤȤǡʲǤȻפޤ

hellogפˤĤǡheldioפФƤ뤳ȤԤƤޤʡheldioĴ٤סheldioİסheldioϿסheldio˽פʤ¿ˡ
#2032. ƻ -ive ([2014-11-19-1]) Ǽ夲ƻʤӤŪ̾ˤ (suffix) ˺ƤܤOED -ive (SUFFIX) "Meaning & use" äɤǤߤ褦
Forming adjectives (and nouns). Formerly also -if, -ife; < French -if, feminine -ive (= Italian, Spanish -ivo):--- Latin īv-us, a suffix added to the participial stem of verbs, as in act-īvus active, pass-īvus passive, nātīv-us of inborn kind; sometimes to the present stem, as cad-īvus falling, and to nouns as tempest-īvus seasonable. Few of these words came down in Old French, e.g. naïf, naïve:--- Latin nātīv-um; but the suffix is largely used in the modern Romanic languages, and in English, to adapt Latin words in -īvus, or form words on Latin analogies, with the sense 'having a tendency to, having the nature, character, or quality of, given to (some action)'. The meaning differs from that of participial adjectives in -ing, -ant, -ent, in implying a permanent or habitual quality or tendency: cf. acting adj., active adj., attracting adj., attractive adj., coherent adj., cohesive adj., consequent adj., consecutive adj. From their derivation, the great majority of these end in -sive and -tive, and of these about one half in -ative suffix, which tends consequently to become a living suffix, as in talk-ative, etc. A few are formed immediately on the verb stem, esp. where this ends in s (c) or t, thus easily passing muster among those formed on the participial stem; such are amusive, coercive, conducive, crescive, forcive, piercive, adaptive, adoptive, denotive, humective; a few are from nouns, as massive. In costive, the -ive is not a suffix.
Already in Latin many of these adjectives were used substantively; this precedent is freely followed in the modern languages and in English: e.g. adjective, captive, derivative, expletive, explosive, fugitive, indicative, incentive, invective, locomotive, missive, native, nominative, prerogative, sedative, subjunctive.
In some words the final consonant of Old French -if, from -īvus, was lost in Middle English, leaving in modern English -y suffix1: e.g. hasty, jolly, tardy.
Adverbs from adjectives in -ive are formed in -ively; abstract nouns in -iveness and -ivity suffix.
OED βɤƤȯȤƤϡ
(1) -ive ³Τϡƥưʬ촴Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿¾θ촴¾ʻ⤢롥
(2) ƥǺ줿 -ive Ǹťե˼Ѥ줿ΤϾʤޥѸˤ -ive ¿ϡĤƤ -ivus ƥñ췲ǥȤ¤Ǥǽ⤤
(3) ʬͳηƻܼȤϰۤʤꡤ-ive ϹŪŪʰ̣ɽ魯
(4) -sive, -tive η֤Ȥʤ뤳ȤŪ¿Ԥ˴Ť -ative Ϥ켫ΤܼȤƤ롥
(5) -ive ϷƻܼǤ˥ƥǤ̾ؤʻžλ㤬¿ä
(6) -ive λҲæͳηƻ -y ȹήñ⤢ä
嵭βθ塤-ive ʣ줬951Ƥ롥οǤοʤΤOED Ū˵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤɹΰѤȤߤ٤-ive Ȥ뤿ˤϡޤϿʬʤ̤ǤϤʤ
Ⱥ˰³green-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤߤ̾դ -ed ˤĤ (cf. [2023-12-18-1], [2023-12-19-1])
OED -ed, suffix2 ̣ˡβѤ
Appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. In modern English, and even in Middle English, the form affords no means of distinguishing between the genuine examples of this suffix and those participial adjectives in -ed, suffix1 which are ultimately < nouns through unrecorded verbs. Examples that have come down from Old English are ringed:--Old English hringede, hooked: --Old English hócede, etc. The suffix is now added without restriction to any noun from which it is desired to form an adjective with the sense 'possessing, provided with, characterized by' (something); e.g. in toothed, booted, wooded, moneyed, cultured, diseased, jaundiced, etc., and in parasynthetic derivatives, as dark-eyed, seven-hilled, leather-aproned, etc. In bigoted, crabbed, dogged, the suffix has a vaguer meaning. (Groundless objections have been made to the use of such words by writers unfamiliar with the history of the language: see quots.)
ܵȤƤϡ~ġ~ħդ줿դ̾Ȥꤢƻ첽ˤˡ⤢ȤΤȤ̾ -ed ղäˤĤƤϡ̾ղäƤΤ뤤̾줬äưʻž (conversion) ǡư˲ʬ -ed ղäƤΤȽȤʤȤˤƤ롥ʻžư줬Ωʸڤʤˤ⡤ޤʸڤƤʤȤ뤷뤤夽Τ褦˹ͤ뤳ȤϲǽȤΩ⤢뤫⤷ʤΤǤϤ롥
ΰѤκǸˡ̾ + -edλѤȿФ̡ˤĤƤθڤ뤬OED ľ˵ƤΤ϶ŪˤϼǤ롥
1779 There has of late arisen a practice of giving to adjectives derived from substantives, the termination of participles: such as the 'cultured' plain..but I was sorry to see in the lines of a scholar like Gray, the 'honied' spring. (S. Johnson, Gray in Works vol. IV. 302)
1832 I regret to see that vile and barbarous vocable talented..The formation of a participle passive from a noun is a licence that nothing but a very peculiar felicity can excuse. (S. T. Coleridge, Table-talk (1836) 171)
Johnson Coleridge ޤ "writers unfamiliar with the history of the language" "Groundless objections" ȽҤ٤դꡤOED Ϥʤʤ긷
khelfʷѸ˥եDZĤƤ Discord ߥ˥ƥˤơɸ˷Ǥ the green-eyed monster ФܤʪˤΤ褦ʶˤ -ed ˤĤƵ䤬줿ưβʬ -ed Τ褦ˤߤ뤬̾ˤĤƤȤΤϤɤȤ⤷Dz狼ȤդƤΤǡ伫ȤĴٻϤƤȤǤ롥
Ϥ뤬ޤɽ˴Ϣƺǽ˲ƤѸҲ𤷤ʻ (parasynthesis) Ǥ롥ؿѸؼŵ٤ɤǤߤ褦
parasynthesis ̸͡ʻˡäơʹžȤ褦ˡĤ¤ˡ٤˹Ԥʤ뤳ȡ㤨Сextraterritorial extra-territorial Ȥ⡤(extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤǤʤʬϤ extra+territory+-al Ǥ롥Ʊͤ intramuscular intra+muscle+-ar Ǥ롥 baby-sitter (= one who sits with the baby) baby+sit+-er Ʊȹͤʻ (parasynthetic compound) ȤȤǤ롥ޤ blockhead ʤФˡpickpocket ʤˤ⡤⤷ -head, pick- žˤäơֿ͡פȤСʻȤȤǤ롥
嵭Ǥ green-eyed Υפ㼨Ƥʤʻ1ȤäƤ褤a double-edged sword ξϤη, a four-footed animal ʻͤĵӤưʪ, middle-aged spread ǯˤʤˤϻ礫ʤ
ʤ the green-eyed monster ϸ鷺Τ줿 Shakespeare Othello (3.3.166) ζǤ롥green-eyed the green-eyed monster ⤤ Shakespeare ߽ФɽǡʹߡּʡפεͲɽȤƹѤ褦ˤʤä
⤳ΥפʻˤĤƹͤƤ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
#5213. ưʻž ODPV ([2023-08-05-1])#5214. ưʻž ODPV (2) ([2023-08-06-1]) ơOxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (= ODPV) δ (514--17) ˵ƤɽθΰƸ롥Ƥߤ372濫äɹΰѤʤΤȻפ
Ϣƺī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡȴŪ˴ؤ#798. outbreak breakout --- ưѲΰ֤ᤰۿΤǡİС
ʲΰ˵äƤۤܤ٤Ƥθ줬ưѲפθȤʤäƤ뤬uplift upturn ΤߤѲưפȤʤäƤ롥2ϳơ a1845, 1868 ФȤʤäƤꡤŪˤСѲưפθȤ٤¤ȤȤˤʤ롥
back-up
balls-up
bawling-out
beating-up
blackout/black-out
blast-off
blowout
blowout (main entry)
blowing-up
blow-up
botch-up
(a) breakaway (group)
(a) break-away (state)
break-back
breakdown
break-in
break-out
breakthrough
break-up
brew-up
brush(-)down
brush-off
build-up
bust-up
bust-up (main entry)
call(ing)-up
carry-on
carryings-on
carve-up
castaway
cast-off
cave-in
change-down
change-over
change-up
check-in
check-out
check-over
check-through
check-up
clamp-down
clawback
clean-out
clean-up
clear-up
climb-down
clip-on (ear-rings)
clock-in (time)
clock-off (time)
clock-on (time)
clock-out (time)
close-down
cock-up
come-back
come-back (main entry)
come-down (main entry)
come-hither (look) (main entry)
come-on
cop-out
count-down
cover-up
crack-down
crack-up
crossing(s)-out
cut-away
cut-back
cut-off
cut-out
die-back
dig-in
doss-down
downpour
drawback (main entry)
dressing-down
drive-in (main entry)
drop-out
drying-up
fade-out
falling-off
fall-out (main entry)
feedback
fight-back
fill-up
fit-up
flare-up
flashback (main entry)
flick(-)through
flip(-)through
flyover (main entry)
flypast
follow-on
follow-through
follow-up
foul-up
frame-up
freak-out
freeze-off
freeze-up
freshen-up
fuck-up
gadabout
getaway (main entry)
get-together
get-up
give-away
glance-over/through
(the) go-ahead (to do sth)
(a) go-ahead (organization)
go-between (main entry)
go-by (main entry)
goings-on (main entry)
going-over (main entry)
hand-me-down(s)
hand-off
hand-out
hand-over
hang-out
hangover/hung over (main entry)
hang-up/hung up (main entry)
hideaway
hold-up, holdup
hook-up/hooked up (main entry)
hose down
hush-up
jump-off
kick-back
kick-off
kip-down
knockabout (main entry)
knock-down, knockdown (price)
knock-down, knockdown (furniture)
knock-on
knock-on effect (main entry)
knock-out
knock-up
lace-up(s)
layabout (main entry)
laybay (main entry)
lay-off
lay-out
lead-in
lead-off
leaf-through
leaseback
left-over(s)
let-down
let-out
let-up
lie-down
lie-in
lift-off
lift-up
limber-up
line-out (main entry)
line-up
listen-in
(a) live-in (maid)
(a) living-out (allowance)
lock-out
lock-up (main entry)
(a) look about/around/round
look-in (main entry)
looker(s)-on
look-out
(be sb's) look-out (main entry)
look-over
(a) look round
look-through
make-up
makeshift(s)
march-past
mark-down
mark-up
marry-up
meltdown (main entry)
mess-up
mix-up
mock-up (main entry)
(a) mop-up (operation)
muck-up
(a) nose(-)about/around/round
offprint
onlooker(s)
outbreak
outcast
outlay
output
overspill
passer(s)-by
paste-up
pay-off, payoff
peel-off
phone-in
pick-me-up
pick-up
pick-up (truck) (main entry)
pile-up
pile-up (main entry)
pin-up (main entry)
play-back
play-off
(a) poke(-)about/around
(a) pop-up (book)
(a) potter(-)about/around
print-off
print-out
pull-in
(a) pull-out (section)
pull-up
punch-up
push-off
pushover (main entry)
put-down
(a) put-down (point)
(a) put-up (bed)
quickening-up
(a) rake(-)about/around/round
rake-off
rake(-)round
rave-up
read-through
read-through (main entry)
riffle(-)through
rig-out
rinse-out
rip-off
roll-on/roll-off (main entry)
roll-up (main entry)
round-up
rub-down
rub-up
runabout (main entry)
run-around (main entry)
runaway (children)
runaway (main entry)
(a) runaway (marriage)
(a) runaway (victory)
run-down
run-down (main entry)
run-in (with) (main entry)
run-off
run-through
run-up
(a) scout-about/around
(a) see-through (blouse etc)
seize-up
sell-off
sell-out
sell-out/sold-out (main entry)
send-off (main entry)
send-up
setback
set-to
set-up
setback
set-to
set-up
set-up (main entry)
shake-down
shake-out
shake-up
share-out
shoot-out
(a) shop around
show-down (main entry)
show-off
shut-down
sit-down
sit-down (demonstration/strike) (main entry)
sit-in
skim-through
sleep-in
(a) sleep-in (nanny)
slip-up
smash-up
snarl-up
snoop(-)about/around/round
speed-up
spin-off (main entry)
splash-down
(a) spring-back (binder)
stack-up
stake-out
standby
stand-in
stand-off (main entry)
stand-to
stand-up comedian/comic (main entry)
start-up (capital)
step-up
(a) stick-on (label)
stick-up
stitch-up
stop-over
stowaway
strip-down
summing-up
sun-up
swab(-)out
sweep-out
sweep-up
swill-out
swing-round
switch-over
tailback
take-away
take-home (pay)
take-off
take-out
take-up
talk-in (main entry)
talk-through
teach-in (main entry)
tearaway (main entry)
tee off (main entry)
telling(s)-off
(a) through-away (can)
(a) throw-away (remark)
throw-back
throw-back (main entry)
throw-in
throw-out
(a) thumb(-)through
ticking(s)-off
tick-over
tidy-up
tie-up/tied up (main entry)
tip-off
(a) tip-up (seat)
top-up
toss-up
touch-down
trade-in
trade-off
try-on
try-out
turnabout
turn-around
turndown
turn-off
turn-on
turn-out
turn-over
turn-over (main entry)
turn-round
turn-up(s) (main entry)
turn-up for the books (main entry)
upturn
uplift
(a) wake-up (call)
walkabout (main entry)
walk on (main entry)
(a) walk-on (part)
walk-out
walk-over
walk-through
warm-up
wash-down
wash-out
wash-out (main entry)
watch-out
weigh-in
whip-round (main entry)
wind-up
wipe-down
wipe-over
work-in (main entry)
work-out (main entry)
write-in (main entry)
write-off
write-up
(a) zip-up (jacket)
Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.
ε ([2023-08-05-1]) ˰³ư켭ŵ Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (= ODPV) ȤĤĶư (phrasal_verb) ʻž (conversion) ˤĤơ
ODPV δ (514) ˡ̾첽ưˤĤƳ㤬ǺܤƤ롥ʬɤǡưʻžᤰ͡¦̤ߤƤ롥㤨С2Ǥδ֤˥ϥեޤΤɤޤˡꡤưΥǤϤʤư -ing դư̾첽ˡ¸ߡ츫ưʻžΤ褦ǤƼ¤ϤȤбư줬礱Ƥ륱ƻؤʻžλʤɡ
This index covers all the nominalized forms (ie nouns derived from verbs + particles/prepositions) recorded in the main part of the dictionary (usually but not always the base form of the verb + particle/preposition, with or without a hyphen). For a full treatment of these forms, see The Student's Guide to the Dictionary.
Nominalized forms sometimes consist of the -ing form of the verb + particle/preposition (eg (a) dressing-down, (a) summing-up, (a) telling-off). The more common examples are recorded here.
Each nominal form is listed alphabetically and is followed by the headphrase(s) of the entry (or entries) in which it appears in the main text:
change-over change over (from)(to); change round/over
output put out 7
When the nominalized form is the headphrase itself, the fact is noted as follows:
fall-out (main entry)
(There is no finite verb + particle expression in regular use from which fall-out derives: a sentence such as *The nuclear tests fell out over a large area is unacceptable.)
When a nominalized form is generally used attributively, a noun with which it commonly occurs is given in parentheses after it:
(a) see-through (blouse) see through 1
start-up (capital) start up 2
Whether a nominalized form appears as one word, as one word with a hyphen, or as two words, is often a matter of printing convention or individual usage. The entries in the dictionary and in this index generally show the most accepted form in British usage, but variations are recorded where appropriate, eg. a) poke(-)about/around.
ʤߤ1ǻȤƤ The Student's Guide to the Dictionary γս (xiii) ˤϡΤ褦ˤ롥
1 what is a nominalized form?
A nominalized form ('nom form' for short) is a noun formed from a phrasal verb: make-up, for instance, is formed from make up (ie 'apply cosmetics to one's face') and take-off is formed from take off (ie 'leave the ground in an aircraft'). Sometimes nom forms have a spelling which includes the letters -ing: tell off (ie 'reproach, reprimand') has the nom form telling-off.
ǤȤʤΤưȯŸȤ٤ʻž̾졦ƻˤĤƤʣʻ𤬤褦
Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.
ư (phrasal_verb) ʻž (conversion) ˤĤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǼ夲ޤ#796. get-together, giveaway --- ưʻžİ
ۿΤʤǿ줿 Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (= ODPV) ˤĤƾҲ𤷤ޤǤФƤ褦ǤۿΤ˻䤬ȤΤ1993ǯǤǤ

μδ (514--17) ˶ư줬ʻžƤǤ¿̾ʤȤ˷ƻˤƤޤ400ĶΤǤϤʤǤ礦Ǥ20ǯФäƤޤߤޤǤʻžư⾯ʤʤΤޤ
ưʻžˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεǿƤޤΤǤȲ
#420. 20ȾˤϤäĤθ ([2010-06-21-1])
#1695. ưʻž ([2013-12-17-1])
ޤư˸¤餺̤ʻžˤĤƤϡܥ֥εȤƤ conversion heldio ۿȤƤդˬͤС
Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.
2֤ε ([2023-01-16-1], [2023-01-17-1]) ɸθˤĤƹͤƤ Speake θŵ OED ꡤŪʥꥨФƤߤ褦
c 1340 R. Rolle in G. G. perry Religious Pieces (EETS) 88 When Adam dalfe [dug] and Eue spane ... Whare was than the pride of man?
1381 in Brown & Robbins Index Middle English Verse (1943) 628 Whan adam delffid and eve span, Who was than a gentilman?
a1450 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 96 When adam delf & eue span, spir, if þou wil spede, Whare was þan þe pride of man þat now merres his mede.
a1450 T. Walsingham Historia Anglicana (1864) II. 32 Whan Adam dalf, and Eve span, Wo was thanne a gentilman?
c1525 J. Rastell Of Gentylnes & Nobylyte sig. Aviv For when adam dolf and eue span who was then a gentylman.
1562 J. Pilkington Aggeus & Abadias I. ii. When Adam dalve, and Eve span, Who was than a gentleman? Up start the carle, and gathered good, And thereof came the gentle blood.
1777 T. Campbell Philos. Surv. S. Ireland xxxii. 308 England..had its Levellers, who, aggrieved by the monopoly of farms, rebelliously asked, When Adam delved, and Eve span, Where was then your Gentleman?
1979 C. E. Schorske Fin-de Siécle Vienna vi. When Adam delved and Eve span Who was then the gentleman? The question had ironic relevance for the arrivé.
2013 New Statesman May (online) An oral peasant culture, such as still survives in the Balkan countryside, is a fertile context for the transmission of history and ideas through ballad and song. This is not so different from 'When Adam Delved and Eve Span', which we've inherited from our 14th-century Peasants' Revolt.
delve βȤƤϡѸʳ齾ζѲ˲äƿѲ⸽ƤȤʬ롥ξڵϰǤϡ span ѤǤꡤɸŪ spun ֤줿ϤʤޤȤ who where ѤƤΡa gentleman your gentleman Τ褦 the ʳѤƤΤ⤢ägentleman pride of man ȤΤ⤪⤷
Ǹˡ뤤ϤۤȤɻȤʤ̾ delve ˤĤưƤϸűѸ gedelf (> PDE delf) ̤ΰ۷ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤФ1590ǯ Spenser Faerie Queene Ǥ뤳ȤͤȡSpenser ήβŪŪʸոȿǤ줿ư delve ʻž (conversion) λȤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤcf. #1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])ˡहΤȤ롥
Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.
ָΤΡפ̣ mouth /maʊθ/ μդ줳ȡ
츻ϸűѸ mūþ ʸˤǤ롥̤а캬 *men- (to project) ̤ꡤΤȤͤФΤ̤ȤȤ館Ȥͳ褹롥캬ˤߤ *n ϡűѸˤæ˻ĤäƤʤбɥĸ Mund ʸˤˤϻĤäƤ롥Ʊ캬ϥեͳ mount Фˡmountain/Mt. ֻפʤɤƤ롥
mouth ˤưȤơ֤⤰⤰Ǹפΰ̣⤢롥14̾줫ʻž (conversion) ƤǤΤǡϡ֤٤פۤɤθä
ʤưȤƤȯϸͭ /maʊð/ Ȥʤ뤳Ȥաmouth ʳˤ⡤th ̾Ǥ̵ưǤͭȤʤϾʤʤ (ex. bath -- bathe, breath -- breathe, cloth -- clothe, sooth -- soothe, tooth -- teethe) ¤Ϥθݤ th ˸¤餺 f s ʤ¾ˤ⸫롥#2223. ФˤҲ̵ͭ ([2015-05-29-1]) ȡ
mouth th ͭΤưˡξǤϤʤ̾ȤʣȤʤˤ mouths /maʊðz/ Τ褦ͭΤդǤʤ̵ȯ /maʊθs/ ޤäʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡƱͤ baths, oaths, paths, truths, youths ʤɤǤ /-ðz/ ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ܤϡ#702. -ths ȯ ([2011-03-30-1]) ȡ
mouth ˤĤܤͳΥǥȤ out of the mouths of babes (and sucklings) 롥"Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength because of thine enemies, that thou mightest still the enemy and the avenger" (The Book of Psalms 8:2) ͳ褹ɽߤǤϻҶפȯԤդ桼饹˻ؤɽȤʤäƤ롥
Ѹ mouth ܸΡָפ⡤Τ̤ɽȶñȤξǰ̣ĥͻҤ褯Ƥ롥㤨СܸΡֲϸסʮиסƶθפȤäָפΥեϡѸǤ the mouth of a river/volcano/cave Ȥ褦ˤΤޤб롥ָסָĤפ a foul mouth, shut one's mouth ˤΤޤбȥ˥ߡǤ롥
hellog Ϥ13ǯȾۤɤФޤϤ2009ǯˤϥ֥ȤϤǤ˿ƩƤޤblog ȤñνиϤ餵10ǯ̤ä1999ǯΤȤǤOED εҤˤаޤɤäƤߤޤ礦
blog Ȥ weblog ǤƬڤ (clipping) ˤꡤṳ̂줿 blog ޤweblog 1997ǯ˼Τ褦 URL ʸΰȤƽФޤ (sv weblog, n.)
1997 J. Barger Lively New Webpage in alt.culture.www (Usenet newsgroup) 23 Dec. I decided to start my own webpage logging the best stuff I find as I surf, on a daily basis:..www.mcs.net/~jorn/html/weblog.html.
2ǯ1999ǯ blog Фޤ
1999 P. Merholz peterme.com 28 May (blog, Internet Archive Wayback Machine 25 Dec. 1999) For those keeping score on blog commentary from outside the blog community.
Ʊǯˡʻž (conversion) ̤ư첽ΤФƤޤ֥֥ɤˡפΰ̣Ǥ
1999 TBTF for 1999-08-30: Aibo Rampant in cistron.lists (Usenet newsgroup) 30 Aug. Blog..to run a Web log.
ưȤƤ blog 顤ϤƱǯΤ blogging, blogger ޤƤޤ
θ塤blog 2004ǯ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary ˤ "word of the year" Ȥ졤ȤñȤʤޤcf. #262. 2009ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2010-01-14-1])ˡblog ΤʬǤȤ뿷Ȥʤꡤmoblog, audioblog, photoblog, videoblog (vlog), linklog, sketchblog, microblogging, blogstorm, blog swarm, blogoise, blogerati, bleg, blogorrhea ʤɤο줬߽Фޤ (Crystal, p. 457) 줾ɤʰ̣ʬǤ礦㤨кǸñϡĹ¡פۤɤǤ
伫Ȥ blogger ǤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Υ֥ⱿĤƤΤ audioblogger Ǥ⤢ΤȻפޤȤȤ I (audio)blog therefore I am. ȽҤ٤ƤȻפޤ³ꤤޤ
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
ֱѸƳ2021Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡˤֱDzإޥȥå٤ѸˤΤΡǤϲΤȤʬʤȻפޤƱDz褫ޤ줿 the red pillthe blue pill Ȥɽ˾ƤƥĤǤƱƥĤˤСblue pill Ȥϡο¤Τ뤳ȤʤʬȤ뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥħred pill ¿ˤߤȼ褦ʡĤ餤ο¤Τ뤳ȤξħפȤΤȡμˤ̤ǺܤǤΤǡΤ˿ʵˤΤ褦Ǥ
ˤ̾礬ʻžˤư첽We need to red pill it Canadians. ʤĤ餤¤ܤɬפΤʥͤ补ˤΤ褦˻ȤȤΤǡäޤto blue pill it ⤢褦ǤĤ#4405. ݥåפȤƤΡֶưʻžס ([2021-05-19-1]) ꤹ뵭ˤơֶư̾졦ƻؤʻžפλ夲ФǤϡ̾ưؤʻžפȤդλȤȤˤʤޤΥƥĤΤʤȤФٶˤʤޤ
to red/blue pill it ȤɽƤդȻפäΤǤŪʴѶ (idiom) ˤФи롤ưŪȤƤ̵̣ it ȤΤϲʤΤǤ礦͡I made it. Ȥ Take it easy. Ȥ Damn it. ȤΥΤ褦˸Ūʸ̮ǿư첽ξˤϡΤޤǻȤ夭ΤǡȤʤ it źơ¾ưäݤФƤߤȤ褦ʴǤ礦
Ѹ˼¼Ūʰ̣⤿ʤ it ˡ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤprop/dummy/empty/expletive/introductory/ambient it ʤɤ͡˾ΤƤޤפ˲餫ʸˡŪʵǽϲ̤Ƥ뤱ɤ⡤¼Ūʻؼоݤ⤿̣äݡʤ˶ᤤˤȤ٤ it ˡΤȤǤΤʤǤ to red/blue pill it Τ褦ưŪȤʤ it ̵̣褦˻פޤºݡQuirk et al. (6.17n) ǤϤμ it ˿졤ִ˶äݡפɽƤޤ
Perhaps the best case for a completely empty or 'nonreferring' it can be made with idioms in which it follows a verb and has vague implications of 'life' in general, etc:
At last we've made it. ['achieved success']
have a hard time of it ['to find life difficult']
make a go of it ['to make a success of something']
stick it out ['to hold out, to preserve']
How's it going?
Go it alone.
You're in for it. ['You're going to be in trouble.']
OED it, pron., adj., and n.1 ˤȡ8aΤȤˡ夲ƤޤФϰʲ̤16ȾΤ褦Ǥ
8.
a. As a vague or indefinite object of a transitive verb, after a preposition, etc. Also as object of a verb which is predominantly intransitive, giving the same meaning as the intransitive use, and as object of many verbs formed (frequently in an ad hoc way) from nouns meaning 'act the character, use the thing, indicated'.
Through verbs having corresponding nouns of the same form, as to lord, the construction seems to have been extended to other nouns as king, queen, etc. There may have been some influence from do it as a substitute, not only for any transitive verb and its object, but for an intransitive verb of action, as in 'he tried to swim, but could not do it', where it is the action in question.
?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Eviv And I can daunce it gyngerly..And I can kroke it curtesly And I can lepe it lustly And I can torn it trymly And I can fryske it freshly And I can loke it lordly.
. . . .
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Ҳ𤹤ֱѸƳ2021ΤΥƥĤϡˤPOP-UP STORE äƲǤŪǡ֥ݥȾ夬뷿ΡӽФΡɤʤɤӳȳӽФפۤɤ̣ƻȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿pop-up birthday card, pop-up toaster, pop-up window ʤɡȿȶʤΤ¿ΥƥĤǰƤΤϡǶᥤꥹܤǤήԤäƤƤȤ pop-up store Ǥ롥
pop-up (n. and adj.) ȤŪ OED ˤҲ𤷤Ƥ줿ƥĤ¤ϱѸŪˤϤܤ٤ʤΤǤ롥ϡư pop up ʥݥӽФˤΤȤƷƻ줢뤤̾ȤƵǽֶưʻžפȤ٤1ĤǤ롥ơζưʻžϡ20ʹߤȯãƤŪdzŪʸ1ĤʤΤǤ롥ºݡǯˤϤΥơޤǽʸߤ⤳Υơޤ˴ؿر롥ʤʤݥåפʥȥԥå
ˤĤƤϡǤˡ#420. 20ȾˤϤäĤθ ([2010-06-21-1])#1695. ưʻž ([2013-12-17-1])#2300. ưʻž̾ư ([2015-08-14-1]) εǼ夲ƤΤǡ
ưʻžϳΤ˸ѸŪʸݤȤܤͤΤѸˤĹŪѥδ餹ȡŪȤ (1) Ѹ˶ư (phrasal_verb) ΤΤȯãȡ (2) Ѹˤʻž (conversion) ȤֲΩȤפǤ롥ΤȤǤϤ뤬2ĤŪʽͿξ郎ʤСѸˤưʻžήԤʤɤʤäϤΰ̣ǡŪͿ2ưʻžϢʤϲ̮ȸƤǤ
ʻ (parts of speech) ΤʤǤ⡤̾ (noun) ϺǤŪʤΤ1ĤǤ롥Ȥꤢ֥Τ̾פȤäƤФ褽ǤʡʻΤ褦˻פ롥ºݤˤϤñǤʤΤ٤ȴˤƤȤꤢϤˤϤʤ
̾ʬहˡΩˤäƤCrystal (208) ͤˤȡȤựŪȤŪʴʲΤ褦ʬव롥
Proper
Concrete
Nouns Count
Abstract
Common
Concrete
Noncount
(Mass) Abstract
Shakespeare αʸػ˾ΰյˤĤƤϸޤǤʤʡֱѡפơʸػ˾ΰյȤäƤѤʤˡޤѹʸ˾ΰյƱ褦˿ޤ˼ƵˤʤʤȤȿ¿ˤʤ
Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤϤɤShakespeare ѸȤͿѥȡ䤤ľƤ褤ϡ˽Ҥ٤ʸػ˾塤ѹʸ˾ΰյ٤ơѸ˾ΰյϤۤ礭ʤȹͤƤ롥ΰոʤɤʹƤȡŪˡֱʸءѹʸѸפȤΩäƤ褦ǡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյޤ礭Ȥˤʤ뤳ȤŪ¿
ʤΤǤäƤShakespeare ˻Ĥɽ졤硤ñ졤ˡʤɡˤμ˭٤ˤĤƤϡ;ϤϤʤ˻ޤǤ٤ȤȤǤС Shakespeare ȸۤɤвԤǤ롥ۤɤͭ̾ͤǤ뤫顤Ѹ˵ҤǤⲿо줹뵡¿伫ȤѸ˳μȤǽѸ⤹äơShakespeare ˿줺˺ѤޤȤϤǤʤcf. #1412. 16Ⱦ˸Ū2ͤ Thomas ([2013-03-09-1])ˡ줺˺ѤޤˤϤäʤ¸ߤǤ롥
εΥݥȤϡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյǤ롥Shakespeare ѸȤˤɤۤ¿¿ͤʥѥȤͿǤ롥˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ̾äʤɤΡɽפѸˤƳꡤꡤ夵ꤷȤ˴ؤƤϡʬѸ˱ƶͿɾǤ롥ѸȤϡΤ褦ʡɽפΤߤΩäƤ櫓ǤϤʤShakespeare ϡϤӸαѸȯ˲餫ΥѥȤͿֻˤĤƤϤɤޤʸˡˤĤƤϤɤϤޤѤˤĤƤϤˡɽפСShakespeare ѸľŪʥѥȤͿϤޤʤΤǤϤʤȵäƤ롥
ľŪǤϤʤŪʥѥȤϤɤ㤨СǤ˴Ū˹ԤʤƤȯֻʸˡѤʤɤ Shakespeare ˺Ѥ졤Shakespeare ȤƶϤΤΤˤäƹ졤˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäȤ褦ʤȤä֤ɽפ˴ؤƤϡľܤˤܤˤ⥤ѥȤͿȤϤäѸ뤽ʳθؤΥѥȤȤΤϡɤäΤ㤨СͷӤŷͤǤ Shakespeare ʻž (conversion) ¿ѤȤäबʻžȤŪʲѸˤ⤿餷ǽοͤʤɤǤϤʤǤϡƱѸ˹ꡤ夵ꤹΤ˰äۤɤƯϤΤˤϡShakespeare οͤǤϤʤΰȤαѸ춦ƱΤΤȤƱήԤ˹Ȥ褦˻פΤǤcf. #1414. ʻžϥͥϤθ줫 ([2013-03-11-1])ˡ
⤽οˤƸĿ̤ͤȤϡ礭ǤΤ#2022. ѲˤĿͤαƶ ([2014-11-09-1]) 褦ˡե顼ɤ䥤ꥢؤǤϡĿͤ䤬Ż뤵ΤΡȤƤϡäȤƤŪˤȤɤޤȹͤƤ롥ܼŪʸˤĤƤϡƤߤȻפäƤ롥
Ȥ Shakespeare ɽפȤɽŪˤƶͿƤʤäȤƤ⡤ǤĿͤޤǤαƶͿȤΤȤǤϤʤȤȤȤСˤϻⴰ˻Ʊ롥ĴơShakespeare ѸȤΡˤ˿ʥѥȤͿɽΤϸǤϤʤShakespeare ѸβˤɤΤ餤ƶͿΤʤ̣ۤä Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյɾ뤳ȤˤʤȻפäƤ롥ϡѸˤˤΰյ Chaucer ΰյȤȤⶦ̤Ƥcf. #1439. ͳ褹ɽ ([2013-04-05-1])#257. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ ([2010-01-09-1])#298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1])ˡ
ʤ1ۤ˽#4250. Shakespeare θθ˴ؤ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤŪ ([2020-12-15-1]) ǤϡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյ餫ˤפб¦̤ŪˤϿƤʤä
Υԥ졼ǡɸιټ (agentive_suffix) ˴ؿĸϥեͳΤΤۤȤɤǤꡤȿǤơȤ˶Ȥħߤ롥Ĥޤȯ /ˈɪə(r)/ Ȥʤ롥engineer, pioneer, volunteer ϤȤơauctioneer, electioneer, gazetteer, mountaineer, profiteer ʤɤ롥츻Ūˤ -ier ⤽ηȤ٤Ǥꡤcachier, cavalier, chevalier, cuirassier, financier, gondolier ʤɤ -eer Ʊħͭ롥ե餷ʤѸˤƤΥեηȯֻˤ夷ΤȤǶ̣cf. #594. ѸʹߤΥեѸħ ([2010-12-12-1])#1291. եѸμѻκ ([2012-11-08-1])ˡ
Jespersen (15.51; 243) ꡤ-eer, -ier ˴ؤѤ롥
15.51 Words in -eer, -ier (stressed) -[ˈɪə] are mostly originally F words in -ier (generally from L -arius). Most of the OF words in -ier were adopted in ME with -er, and the stress was shifted to the first syllable . . . , as also in a few in which the i was kept . . . .
A few words borrowed in ME times kept the final stress, and so did nearly all the later loans (many from the 16th and 17th c.). The established spelling of most of these, and of nearly all words coined on English soil, is -eer, as in auctioneer, cannoneer, charioteer (Keats 46), gazetteer, jargoneer (NED from 1913), mountaineer, muffineer, 'small castor for sprinkling salt or sugar on muffins' (NED 1806), muleteer [mjuˑliˈtiə], musketeer, pioneer, pistoleer (Carlyle Essays 251), routineer (Shaw D 54), and volunteer, but many of them preserved the F spelling, e.g. cavalier and chevalier, cuirassier, and finanicier.
The recent motorneer, is coined on the pattern of engineer.
Sh in some cases has initial-stressed -er-forms instead of -eer, e.g. ˈenginer, ˈmutiner (Cor I. 1.244), and ˈpioner.
β˽С-eer ϻ䤿褯Τټ -er ΰѤäȤƤȤ館Ƥ褵
-eer ˤϰ̣ŪŪܤ٤롥ޤ줿ټ̾ϡŪʰ̣ӤӤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¤롥crotcheteer, garreteer, pamphleteer, patrioteer, privateer, profiteer, pulpiteer, racketeer, sonneteer ʤɤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥϡټ̾줬Τޤưʻž (conversion) 㤬ߤ뤳Ȥelectioneer, engineer, pamphleteer, profiteer, pioneer, volunteer ʤɤǤ롥Ͼ嵭ηŪʸȤ̩ܤ˴طƤ뤫⤷ʤʤcommandeer ϡưȤƤѤʤȤ̯ -eer Ǥ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
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