parasynthesisˤϸ (word_formation) 1ǡʣ (compounding) (derivation) ٤˹ԤʤΤǤ롥θˤäƺ줿ϡ"parasynthetic compound" 뤤 "parasyntheton" ˤȸƤФ롥ζСwarm-hearted, demoralize, getatable, baby-sitter, extraterritorial ʤɤ롥
extraterritorial ǹͤƤߤȡθ extra-(territori-al) Ȥ (extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤ⡤extra-, territory, -al 3ĤηǤƱ˷礷ΤȹͤΤǤ롥ŪˤĤƤɤ줬Ǥɤ줬夫ȤȤΤȤȤǤϡ#418. bracketing paradox ([2010-06-19-1])#498. bracketing paradox ܸ줫 ([2010-09-07-1])#499. bracketing paradox αѸ줫äȡ ([2010-09-08-1]) εȤ줿ǵϤǤ롥
ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) 1ȹͤʤСpickpocket blockhead Τ褦 (subordinative) exocentric compound ⡤ʣƱ˵äƤȤȤäƤ褤
жԡˡظѸؼŵ (p. 630) Ǥ̤5ʬषƤΤǡͤޤǤ˵Ƥ
(1) ַƻ̾ hot-tempered, old-maidish. (2) ̾̾ house-wifely, newspaperdom. (3) ư oncoming, half-boiled. (4) ̾ư shopkeeper, typewriting. (5) Τۤmatter-of-factness, come-at-able ʶŤ䤹ˤʤɡ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
114ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ2ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤפȤǤ

ϢܵϡȥȤƤϾά˾ƤƤ褦ˤߤޤºݤˤϱѸθˤγѤܻؤƤޤʣ (compounding) (derivation) ʤɤ¿ѤűѸ졥¾줫 (borrowing) 뤳ȤܳФѸ졥ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) ȸƤФ븼ŪʵФѸ졥ơḽѸˤƬƤά (abbreviation) û (shortening) Ǥ
Ѹˤ̤͡ȯŸƤθ (word_formation) ή§ˤʤ館绨ĤˤޤȤȡ(1) ݤθűѸ졤(2) θѸ졤(3) 껻ζḽѸȤʤޤϾάṳ̂˱ɤƤ껻λȤȤˤʤޤ
Ѹθˤ嵭Τ褦˻§ˤʤ館ŤߤƼΤϡϢܵƤǤӺǤϤޤʤȤѸˤήƬˡ1ĤȤƤͭȻפäƤޤҸʸɤߤФȻפޤ
άṳ̂ˤĤơϢܵȴϢ֥إƤߤޤ碌Ƥɤ
#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])
#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])
#887. acronym ʬ ([2011-10-01-1])
#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])
#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])
#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1])
#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1])
#2624. Brexit, Breget, Regrexit ([2016-07-03-1])
#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1])
#3075. άȰŹ ([2017-09-27-1])
#3329. ʤϾάʸˤ¿Τ ([2018-06-08-1])
#3708. άṳ̂Ϸ־Τߤʤ餺ǽˡǤ ([2019-06-22-1])
ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ2桤罤۽Ź2020ǯ11462--63ǡ
set, put, cut त̵ѲѤưˤĤơ#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) εǼ夲ƤǤϡưοѸβˤ˾Ȥ餻СϤΤͿ뤳Ȥߤ
촴 t d ñǤ롤ȤΤưζ̹ŪˤϡξƤ¤ˤơۤưƱ̵ͤѲѤƤȤäȤСfast, fret, lift, start, waft ʤɤǤ롥Jespersen (36) Ƹ褦
4.42. The influence of analogy has increased the number of invariable verbs. Especially verbs ending in -t tend in this direction. The tendency perhaps culminated in early ModE, when several words now regular had unchanged forms, sometimes side by side with forms in -ed:
fast. Sh Cymb IV. 2.347 I fast and pray'd for their intelligense. || fret. More U 75 fret prt. || lift (from ON). AV John 8.7 hee lift vp himselfe | ib 8.10 when Iesus had lift vp himselfe (in AV also regular forms) | Mi PL 1. 193 With Head up-lift above the wave | Bunyan P 19 lift ptc. || start. AV Tobit 2.4 I start [prt] vp. || waft. Sh Merch. V. 1.11 Stood Dido .. and waft her Loue To come again to Carthage | John II. 1.73 a brauer choice of dauntlesse spirits Then now the English bottomes haue waft o're.
Jespersen Τ褦ˡŪˡ뤤ϲѲˤäǤ륿פ̵ѲưȤϡޤ set ʤɴ¸Ū̵Ѳư˿ȯ줿 (analogy) η̤Ȥ̵ѲưȤߤ٤Ǥ2Ū̵ѲưȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤϸޤǤˤɸѸ줫ϾäȤϤʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤΤϡ餬ΥǥȤʤäơʤƤǽ⤢뤫Ĥޤꡤ촴 -t ǽ뤬θΤ褦ñǤʤХޥͳǤʤΤˤ顤Ʊݤĥܤ뤫ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡεǤꤢ -ate ưʤɤǤʡ#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) ȡˡ
Ʊ Jespersen (36--37) ꡤλݤ˴ؤսѤ褦
4.43. It was thus not at all unusual in earlier English for a ptc in -t to be = the inf. The analogy of these cases was extended even to a series of words of Romantic origin, namely such as go back to Latin passive participle, e. g. complete, content, select, and separate. These words were originally adopted as participles but later came to be used also as infinitives; in older English they were frequently used in both functions (as well as in the preterit), often with an alternative ptc. in -ed; . . . A contributory cause of their use as verbal stems may have been such Latin agent-nouns as corruptor and editor; as -or is identical in sound with -er in agent-nouns, the infinitives corrupt and edit may have been arrived at merely through subtraction of the ending -or . . . . Finally, the fact that we have very often an adj = a vb, e. g. dry, empty, etc . . ., may also have contributed to the creation of infs out of these old ptcs (adjectives).
ѤθȾǡΥǥ뤬ۤˤ2Ĥ˿ƤΤפǤ롥corruptor, editor פε (back_formation) dry, empty פư졦ƻѤñ¸ߤǤ롥#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
set, put, cut त̵ѲѤưˤĤơ#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) εǼ夲ƤǤϡưοѸβˤ˾Ȥ餻СϤΤͿ뤳Ȥߤ
촴 t d ñǤ롤ȤΤưζ̹ŪˤϡξƤ¤ˤơۤưƱ̵ͤѲѤƤȤäȤСfast, fret, lift, start, waft ʤɤǤ롥Jespersen (36) Ƹ褦
4.42. The influence of analogy has increased the number of invariable verbs. Especially verbs ending in -t tend in this direction. The tendency perhaps culminated in early ModE, when several words now regular had unchanged forms, sometimes side by side with forms in -ed:
fast. Sh Cymb IV. 2.347 I fast and pray'd for their intelligense. || fret. More U 75 fret prt. || lift (from ON). AV John 8.7 hee lift vp himselfe | ib 8.10 when Iesus had lift vp himselfe (in AV also regular forms) | Mi PL 1. 193 With Head up-lift above the wave | Bunyan P 19 lift ptc. || start. AV Tobit 2.4 I start [prt] vp. || waft. Sh Merch. V. 1.11 Stood Dido .. and waft her Loue To come again to Carthage | John II. 1.73 a brauer choice of dauntlesse spirits Then now the English bottomes haue waft o're.
Jespersen Τ褦ˡŪˡ뤤ϲѲˤäǤ륿פ̵ѲưȤϡޤ set ʤɴ¸Ū̵Ѳư˿ȯ줿 (analogy) η̤Ȥ̵ѲưȤߤ٤Ǥ2Ū̵ѲưȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤϸޤǤˤɸѸ줫ϾäȤϤʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤΤϡ餬ΥǥȤʤäơʤƤǽ⤢뤫Ĥޤꡤ촴 -t ǽ뤬θΤ褦ñǤʤХޥͳǤʤΤˤ顤Ʊݤĥܤ뤫ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡεǤꤢ -ate ưʤɤǤʡ#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) ȡˡ
Ʊ Jespersen (36--37) ꡤλݤ˴ؤսѤ褦
4.43. It was thus not at all unusual in earlier English for a ptc in -t to be = the inf. The analogy of these cases was extended even to a series of words of Romantic origin, namely such as go back to Latin passive participle, e. g. complete, content, select, and separate. These words were originally adopted as participles but later came to be used also as infinitives; in older English they were frequently used in both functions (as well as in the preterit), often with an alternative ptc. in -ed; . . . A contributory cause of their use as verbal stems may have been such Latin agent-nouns as corruptor and editor; as -or is identical in sound with -er in agent-nouns, the infinitives corrupt and edit may have been arrived at merely through subtraction of the ending -or . . . . Finally, the fact that we have very often an adj = a vb, e. g. dry, empty, etc . . ., may also have contributed to the creation of infs out of these old ptcs (adjectives).
ѤθȾǡΥǥ뤬ۤˤ2Ĥ˿ƤΤפǤ롥corruptor, editor פε (back_formation) dry, empty פư졦ƻѤñ¸ߤǤ롥#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
ε#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1]) ˰³ -ate ꡥư -ate ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) Ǽ夲ϤεȯãˤĤơOED -ate, suffix1 Ȥʤ顤⤦ܺ٤˹ͤƤߤ褦
Ҥ٤褦ˡ-ate ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤뤫顤ưθȤϡʲʬ˷ƻθȤ٤ΤǤ롥ư -ate εȤƤΤϡ-ate ˴ؤƷƻ줫ưؤʻž (conversion) äȤȤǤ롥ƻ줫ưؤʻž¿θǧ졤ºݤ˸űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤˤȤޤʤȤСűѸǤ hwít hwítian, wearm wearmian, bysig bysgian, drýge drýgan 졤줾Ԥư϶ѸˤƶԤȷŪͻ礷Ȥаޤ롥
ƥǤƱͤˡƻ줫ưؤʻžӤäȤСsiccus siccāre, clārus clārāre, līber līberāre, sacer sacrāre ʤɤ줿˥եǤǡsec sècher, clair clairer, content contenter, confus confuser ʤɤ줿Ѹϥƥե줫餳θѤηƻưϤοˤ15ޤǤͻ礷
ήΤʤǡ16ˤϥƥβʬƻΤޤưȤѤ륿פʻžŪˤߤ褦ˤʤädirect, separate, aggravate ʤɤ㤬롥ѸǤΤ褦㤬Ƥȡƥ -ātus ŪˤϲʬбƤϤŪˤϤФбѸưθˤҤŤ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤʬƻŪʵǽβߤʤˡ-ate ľܤưθȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ηդޤȡƥʤեˤư촴ڤƤơ -ate ĤСѸ¦ǿưñƳǤȤ1θˡȯã16ˤ fascinate, concatenate, asseverate, venerate ޤɴ -ate ư줬߽Ф줿
äˡΩƤޤСºݤ˥ƥʤեˤ¸ߤɤ鷺֥ƥʤեŪǡפǤСäƤ -ate դ뤳ȤˤꡤȤ⤿䤹ưǤ褦ˤʤä櫓ˤ nobilitate, felicitate, capacitate, differentiate, substantiate, vaccinate ʤ¿ -ate ư줬ḽ߽Ф줿
ΤȤ -ate ȯãϡȤ̤ȤƤ -ate ư췲Ȥδ֤Ρ䤨֤ʤѤȵ§ĥˤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ѸŵŪư1ĤȹͤƤ -ate ϡ¤ϤĤηƻˤߤ롥aspirate, desolate, moderate, prostrate, sedate, separate ưȤƤˡ⤢뤬ƻǤ⤢롥 innate, oblate, ornate, temperate ʤɤϾ˷ƻǤ롥ƻȤƤ -ate εȯãɤäƤߤ褦
ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤롥եϤˤߤܼ -us, -um, -a æѸƥݤˤæδޤƥեΤ̤ȤơѸ1400ǯ餤顤ƥ -atus ʤɤ -at ʤΤԤ첻ĹȤ e ź -ate) ȤƼཬƤä
嵭Τ褦 -ate εưβʬǤ뤫顤ѸǤʸ̤ưβʬΤۤƻȤƤⵡǽƤȤ̵ʤǤ -ate ưθʬϤ˵ڤǡŪʲʬϡ¿˵§Ū˺줿 -ated Ȥ֤˼ä졤ʬʷƻˤȤƤ -ate ¿ѤȤʤäƤޤäƻȤƼŪ˻ĤäΤ⤢äƬ˵ -ate ƻϡΤ褦ʷаޤǡĤäפΤǤ롥
ʾή⤷սOED -ate, suffix2
Forming participial adjectives from Latin past participles in -ātus, -āta, -ātum, being only a special instance of the adoption of Latin past participles by dropping the inflectional endings, e.g. content-us, convict-us, direct-us, remiss-us, or with phonetic final -e, e.g. complēt-us, finīt-us, revolūt-us, spars-us. The analogy for this was set by the survival of some Latin past participles in Old French, as confus:--confūsus, content:--contentus, divers:--diversus. This analogy was widely followed in later French, in introducing new words from Latin; and both classes of French words, i.e. the popular survivals and the later accessions, being adopted in English, provided English in its turn with analogies for adapting similar words directly from Latin, by dropping the termination. This began about 1400, and as in -ate suffix1 (with which this suffix is phonetically identical), Latin -ātus gave -at, subsequently -ate, e.g. desolātus, desolat, desolate, separātus, separat, separate. Many of these participial adjectives soon gave rise to causative verbs, identical with them in form (see -ate suffix3), to which, for some time, they did duty as past participles, as 'the land was desolat(e by war;' but, at length, regular past participles were formed with the native suffix -ed, upon the general use of which these earlier participial adjectives generally lost their participial force, and either became obsolete or remained as simple adjectives, as in 'the desolate land,' 'a compact mass.' (But cf. situate adj. = situated adj.) So aspirate, moderate, prostrate, separate; and (where a verb has not been formed), innate, oblate, ornate, sedate, temperate, etc. As the French representation of Latin -atus is -é, English words in -ate have also been formed directly after French words in --é, e.g. affectionné, affectionate.
Ĥޤꡤ-ate ϡߤФषƻˤդ路Ȥ٤Ǥꡤưˤդ路ؤѲΤϡѸʹߤοȤȤˤʤ롥ʤ -ate ŵŪưȤʤäΤȤäƤϡʣŪ𤬤롥ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) ȡʤޤεǤⰷͽˡ
-ate ˤĤƤϡ֤ȯʤɤδ#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-30-1])#3686. -ate -ment ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-31-1])#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]) Ϥᡤ-ate εǼ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
Encyclopaedia Britannica "English language" εƬˡѸδŪħ3ĵƤ롥ޤñ㤵 (simplicity of inflection) ǽν (flexibility of function) äγ (openness of vocabulary) Ǥ롥ޤñ㤵ȸäγˤĤƤϡ#151. Ѹ5ħ ([2009-09-25-1]) Ϥ pde_characteristic εʤɤǼ夲Ƥǽν𤵤ѸδŪħ1Ĥ˿夲븫ŪΤǤϤʤȻפʲBritannica Ѥ롥
Flexibility of function has grown over the last five centuries as a consequence of the loss of inflections. Words formerly distinguished as nouns or verbs by differences in their forms are now often used as both nouns and verbs. One can speak, for example, of "planning a table" or "tabling a plan," "booking a place" or "placing a book," "lifting a thumb" or "thumbing a lift." In the other Indo-European languages, apart from rare exceptions in Scandinavian, nouns and verbs are never identical because of the necessity of separate noun and verb endings. In English, forms for traditional pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs can also function as nouns; adjectives and adverbs as verbs; and nouns, pronouns, and adverbs as adjectives. One speaks in English of the Frankfurt Book Fair, but in German one must add the suffix -er to the place-name and put attributive and noun together as a compound, Frankfurter Buchmesse. In French one has no choice but to construct a phrase involving the use of two prepositions: Foire du Livre de Francfort. In English it is now possible to employ a plural noun as adjunct (modifier), as in "wages board" and "sports editor"; or even a conjunctional group, as in "prices and incomes policy" and "parks and gardens committee."
ˤʤäƤֵǽν𤵡פȤϡѸȤСפʻž (conversion) 뤤 (zero derivation) ΤȤǤ롥֤餺˵ǽ̣ͳѤƤޤȤϡΤ˱ѸΤäħȤäƤ褤ѸΤͻ̵ϡޤο˵ָ캬פȤطѸν˿߹üȤʤäƤcf. #655. ޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1])ˡ
Ϣơ#190. ʻž ([2009-11-03-1]) ɮƬ conversion εȤ줿
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008.
(70) ϡåƥʤʻˤʤ顤̾ -- ƻ -- ưϢ³ܤƤ롥ζˤ˰꤬ꡤ¾ζˤ˰ưѲ1ĤϢ³ΤȤ
åƥΩĴפϡγФξѤоݤȡѲȤʤȤΩ˸ФȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤǤϻ֤ηвǰꤷоݤꡤ⤦ǤϤΰưѲβγФ롥ΩȤ˹ͤȡ̾ΥץȥפϡѲΤʤꤷäоݤǤ롥ؼԤˤϡƤسԤΤʪΤǤ뤳ȤܤȤʤ롥ФưΥץȥפϡ֤ѲȤäǤ롥ҤԤΤϡΩäѲߤȤ줿礬ǤꡤŵŪˤϹ٤η̤ȤƸ뤫Ǥ롥äǤεǽȤ餳С̾餷פǰоݤ³ˤ뤿ΰꤷطʤߤư餷פϻ֤ǤѲˤäƵ֤οʹԤɽϤ餭ġ
Τ褦˹ͤȡŪ˷ƻ줬̾餷ư餷δ֤ǡɤפ뤤ϼΩƥȤƤϸ¤줿С⤿ʤȤ¿Ȥϡƻ줬ˡȻפ롥ƻϽŪˡ㡧֤סˤȽŪˡ㡧֥֤סˤξäƤꡤԤоݤ̤ơ̾餷פ¦ˡԤϡʹ٤ǤϤʤˤĤƤνҤ̤ơư餷פ¦˶ŤǤ롥ƳǰŪ˥ץȥפ鳰줿Ȥˤϡ̾ư줫ˤäɽ뤳Ȥ¿ʤ롥
ƻ줬̾ư˶ޤ줿ŪƤǤ뤬椨ˡȤˡ̾餷פȤˡư餷פӤӤȤϤ롥ΰ㤤ŪˡȽŪˡ˸ƤΤǤϤʤȤƶԤޤŪˤäơƻȤƥϸÿʸˡŪˤƸ֤ΰۤʤ꤬㤷Τ⡤ŪʥƥȤ⼨٤㤨СܸǤϷƻΩƽҸˤʤư˶ᤤǤ϶Ūˤ̾˶ᤤȹͤˡ
Τ褦Ϣ³ƲȤʻȤ館ȡʻž (conversion) ˤޤḤ̂䤽¾ηˤ⿷ʸƤ뤫⤷ʤ
סǧθء١ؽDz2002ǯ
Ƭ en- ưˤĤơ#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1]) Ǽ夲ϡƬˤĤƷδꤿ
Ǥϡֱ¦§ (right-hand head rule: RHR) Ȥ§Ūˤߤ졤ˤȡŪʣʸμϱ¦ǤǤȤ롥̤θС¦ǤΤʻꤹȤȤǤ⤢롥ȤСsinger μϱ¦ -er ǤꡤϹټԤɽ魯ƬǤ뤫顤Τ̾Ȥʤ롥peaceful μϤϤ걦¦ -ful ǤꡤˤΤƻȤʤ롥ŪˤСʻǽϤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤǤ롥
ǤϡƬˤĤƤϤɤƬ屦¦ǤȤʤ뤳ȤϤꤨʤΤǡʻǽϤ⤿ʤϤǤ롥ε ([2014-06-17-1]) 褦ˡΤƬ en- դưϾʤʤƵСΤ̾졤ƻ졤ưΤΤޤ encase, enchain, encradle, enthrone, enverdure; embus, emtram, enplane;, engulf, enmesh; empower, encollar, encourage, enfranchise; embitter, enable, endear, englad, enrich, enslave; enfold, enkindle, enshroud, entame, entangle, entwine, enwrap ʤ¿롥ϡ嵭ΰȿơֺ¦§פŬѤƤ뤫Τ褦˻פ롥
ФŪнˡ1ĤȤơΤˤʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥβꤹȤΤ롥ƻδ rich Ƭ en- դư enrich ǹͤƤߤ褦нˡˤСƻ rich ˤϡޤư를դ졤ˤɽŪˤϷ֤Ѥ̤ޤưز롥ơθ塤äʻǽϤĤ櫓ǤϤʤƬ en- ղä줿ˤʤȹͤΤǤ롥Τ褦˲᤹Сư를θκǤⱦ¦ǤȤʤꡤ줬ΤʻǽϤĤȲꤹ롤ᦧŬʾ3ƥåפηֲޤȤСΤ褦ˤʤp. 54ˡ
(i) lexicon: [rich] A
(ii) suffixation: [[rich] A + 0] V]
(iii) prefixation: [en + [rich] A + 0] V] V
ǤϡƬ en- εǽϤäʤΤȤϻĤ롥Ūˡϡembolden, enfasten, engladden, enlighten ʤɡ -en դƤǤư첽ƤΤФƤƬ en- դ륱ˤĤƤݤƤǤƤ롥
Ϣơʻž䥼ˤĤ conversion γƵȤ줿
ůͺ2ϡι¤ˤĤơ ůͺԡˡظīоȸإ 3īҽŹ2012ǯ39--63ǡ
récord ̾ˤ recórd ưˤΤ褦ˡ̾ưݤ2ˤƶ֤̾ưפȤʤ븽 (diatone) ˤĤơ#803. ̾ư̻Ū ([2011-07-09-1])#804. ̾ưñ ([2011-07-10-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ̾ưפñ16Ⱦ鸽ˤƽƤϢ夲ƤѸŪʥեȤȤįƤߤȤ⤷ (cf. [2018-07-07-1], [2018-07-08-1], [2018-07-09-1]) ѸϳάȤƤϸűѸ줫鸽Ѹˤ stem-based morphology word-based morphology ȥեȤƤȲǤ뤬̾ưפϤŪĬήФ뾮ʵήȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫
record ǹͤƤȡѸǤ̾ recórdư recórd(en) Ǥꡤ֤2ǰפƤưθ -en ϾüäƤ̵ͭˤ餺̾졦ưȤ recórd Ȥ̤ˤѤθ촴äƤΤǡξδطϻ¾ʻž (conversion) ȤֲˤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ǺѤƤϡword-based morphology ȤäƤ褤
Ȥ16Ⱦʹߤ̾ˤƶưˡޤǶͭƤ1Ĥθ촴̾촴 récord ư촴 recórd 2Ĥʬ뤳ȤˤʤäʸβϤ줾 /ˈrɛkəd/, /rɪˈkɔːd/ˡޤѤθ촴˴Ť stem-based morphology ǽƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸˤϡŪĬήȤƤ stem-based morphology word-based morphology ȲǤ뤬ˤγʳƤġѲη̤ȤơʬŪ word-based morphology stem-based morphology εήΤ⤢ꤦȤȤָűѸ stem-based morphology λ塤Ѹ word-based morphology λפΤ褦˥ƥꥫʬहΤǤϤʤߤ٤ȤƤȤ館ΤǤ롥
ñˤ -ate ĤΤ¿ϥƥ1ưβʬθ˸ -atus, -atum ͳ褷ѸǤϸͽۤƻ̾ȤƵǽƤФ꤫ưȤƤⵡǽƤ롥ʻ줴ȤˡĤ褦ʤˤϡʣʻͤƤΤ⤢뤳Ȥ˵Ť
̾졧 advocate, legate, centrifugate, duplicate, mandate, vulcanizate; alcoholate, ferrate, acetate, carbonate; episcopate, pontificate, professorate, rabbinate
ƻ졧 consummate, degenerate, inanimate, Italianate, temperate; branchiate, chordate, foliate
ư졧 activate, assassinate, camphorate, capacitate, chlorinate, concentrate, domesticate, evaporate, fractionate, hyphenate, locate, negotiate, orchestrate, pollinate, pontificate, substantiate, triangulate, ulcerate, vaccinate, venerate
-ate ϥƥβʬͳ褹Τ顤ѸǤƻȤơ뤤Ϥ̾ˡͳ̾ȤѤȤΤ䤹ѸǤ -ate 줬ưȤѤ㤬¿ष-ate ıñȤСޤư㤬פ⤫֤ΤǤϤʤʤ -ate ưȤʤΤ
ͳˤĤƤϡƻ줬ưʻž (conversion) 뤳ȤϱѸˤʤ-ate ƻ⤽η˾äƼͳưؤʻžΤȸƤ롥ΤǤ white, warm, busy, dry, empty, dirty ʤɤǷƻ줫ưؤʻžϸ뤷եѸǤ clear, humble, manifest ʤɤ㤬롥顤ƥͳ褹 -ate ƻ⤽ΤޤưȤѤƻ졤ˤβ̲˵ڤǡȤȤΥƥ1ưϤȤˤ -ate ȼưȤƱѸ˼ޤȤ夷ΤȤ (see #1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]))
嵭ϡBaugh and Cable (222) ǤѤƤꡤ˶ᤤΤȤʤäƤ롥OED -ate, suffix3 ǤƱܤƤ뤬κǸˡΤ褦ʥȤդդƤꡤ̣
(It is possible that the analogy of native verbs in -t, with the pa. pple. identical in form with the infinitive, as set, hit, put, cut, contributed also to the establishment of verbs like direct, separat(e, identical with their pa. pples.)
κǸθȴϢơ#1860. Ʊβʬ ([2014-05-31-1])#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1]) ȡ#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ޤ-ate ̤¦̤#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#1880. -ee εȯŸ (1) ([2014-06-20-1]) ǰäƤΤǡɤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
εmorn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1]) tomorrow θ츻˿줿Ϥθȡ⤦1ĸϢ today ˤĤõäƤߤ褦
tomorrow θȤƤϡֻ to ˡ֡īפɽ魯̾ morrow ͿʷղäΤȹͤ졤Ǥ˸űѸǤ tō morgenne ȤȤѤƤΰ̣ϡεDz⤷ȤꡤǤˡˡפȯŸƤѸǤϡmorrow Τɤä͡ʷŪȯãˤä to morwen to morn ߤˤơԤɸŪ tomorrow ˡԤʤɤ˻Ĥ tomorn Ϣʤä衤ֻǤ뤫顤ޤˡפȤȯã15ʻžˤꡤ̾ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤä
#2698. hyphen ([2016-09-15-1]) Ǵñ˿줿褦ˡ to morrow ʬ줿Ѹ to-morrow ȥϥեǷ礵졤1Ȥ֤褦ˤʤäʤǤѸκǽˤϡض٤ Shakespeare First Folio ʤɤǡޤʬΤ̤ۤäˡϥեǤĤʤֻ20Ƭޤ³θ塤ϥեæߤɸŪֻ tomorrow Ω
today ˤĤƤ⡤餯Ʊͤλ𤬤äȻפ롥űѸֻ tō dæġ (on the day; today) Ǥꡤ16ޤǤʬ줿θ20Ƭޤ to-day ȥϥեդ֤줿̾ȤƤˡϡtomorrow Ʊͤ16Ǥ롥
tomorrow today ȯŸηаޤƤ¿ߤ˴ϢŤڥǹͤɬפ
ɸˤĤƤϡȤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ή (drift) Ȥδطˤ unidirectionality γƵǰäƤϡԡԡ (227) ȤơʸˡȴϢƵƤѲñˤĤơŪ餤ԤˤСΤ褦ˤ롥
ʸˡ ȤϡŪǤδĶǷ֤Ȥ졤ʸˡŪʵǽ̤ǤؤѲʸˡŪʵǽŪʤΡ㡧ֻˤ餵˷ŪʤΡ㡧ܼˤؿʤळȤؤʸˡΥץʤʤŪ > Ū > ŪǡˤդؤϿʤޤʤȤñפβȸ
㤨Сmeans Ȥ̾ޤ by means of ʤɽ魯ʸˡŪǤˤʤ뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ǤʸˡŪǤǤ with 㤨 "tool" ΰդ̾ȯŸ뤳ȤϤʤȤˤʤ롥ifs, ands, buts ʤɤ³줬̾첽Ƥ뤷ְߴפΰ̣ư down ֻͳǤꡤȿ餷ΡĤޤæʸˡ (degrammaticalisation) ⸫롥
ʸΩ줫ΡΤ褦ʡֵפФȿȤơʸˡȤιʸǹͤ٤ΤǤȤĥ롥㤨С̤ɽ魯 be going to ϡgo ñȤʸˡ櫓ǤϤʤbe to ȼäιʸΤʤʸˡΤȹͤ롥ifs, down ʤɤϡñȯʻž (conversion) ˤΤ褦äưؤȿȤߤʤȤϤǤʤ롥ޤѲΥץŪǤ뤫ݤȤǤ be going to ifs ϰۤʤäƤꡤƱɶǤʤΤȤ⡥
Ǥ⡤ȿȸƤ٤ϵ¸ߤ롥°ʤɽ魯ä -es -'s Ȥܸ (clitic) ѲϡŪǤŪǤؤѲǤꡤؤȿȤʤ (cf. #819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1])#1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])#1479. his °ʤο ([2013-05-15-1]))
βϡѲΤߤʤ餺ŤκƷܻؤӸؤ䡤θλѤ餫ˤ褦Ȥ쵯θˤƤʴߤġΤᡤȿ㤿æʸˡθݤȹ碌ơǮ깭Ƥ롥
סԡˡؿԡǧθإɻŵ١ҡ2013ǯ
#1695. ưʻž ([2013-12-17-1]) κǸ˼breakaway, sellout, writeoff ʤɤζư줫ž (verb-particle conversion) ̾ȡincrease, project, record ʤɤưѤ̾Ȥδ֤ˤϡܤ٤롥ϡ̾ưζѥäƤ뤳ȤǤ롥
̾ưˤĤƤϡ#803. ̾ư̻Ū ([2011-07-09-1])#804. ̾ưñ ([2011-07-10-1])#805. 衤̾ưˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ ([2011-07-11-1]) Ϥᡤdiatone γƵˤƤʸȤƤɽƤΤǡ#2. ʾҲ ([2009-05-01-73]) νȡˡverb-particle conversion ˤ̾ưζѥϰäȤϤʤäʻžθǤϡ嵭ζˤĤƤ鵤ŤƤ褦ǡ㤨ܳŪʻžθ路 Biese (246) ϡΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥
It is of interest to note that the structural type so often characteristic of both simple conversion-substantives and verb-adverb combinations converted into nouns is the same, e.g. very often of a form ‿-́ . . .; the simple conv.-subst. showing a light, unstressed first syllable and a heavy, stressed second syllable, while in the adverb groups a (mostly) short verb is followed by an adverb having the main stress of the word-group.
⤷Τϡ2˴ؤơíncrease (n.) vs incréase (v.) Τ褦̾̾졦ưڥǤϥޥϼѸ줬¿ȤȤ⤢ꡤ1̣ηڤƬǡ2̣νŤ캬Ȥbrékawày (n.) vs brèak awáy (v.) ǤϹդȤʤäƤ뤳ȤäȤ⡤ưѤưϷڤ̣ΤΤ¿Ȥϻ¤̾ưȤ̤ζѥΤܤ٤Ǥ롥ϡ̾ưȤΧθݤȤδͿȤϡषʻη˴ؤǤ뤳ȤΤǤϤʤ
̾ưȤΧϡѸʹߤȯãŪݤưͳ褹̾ưζѥϤ˿ݤȻפ롥
ʻž̤̾ưδطˤĤƤϡǶε#2291. ̾ưžˤȷֲ ([2015-08-05-1]) ǿ줿ΤǻȤ줿
Biese, Y. M. Origin and Development of Conversions in English. Helsinki: Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, B XLV, 1941.
Ѹˤӥޥˤˤơ̾ưžˡϤäޤܼź (affixation) ˤ¾ʻˡäűѸǤС̾ lufu (love) ưդ lufian (to love) Ȥ륿פǤ롥Ѹˤ light (n.) lighten (v.) Τ褦ʥڥ졤٤̤Ȥơˡ켫Τϳǧ (cf. #1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1]))
ˡΤ褦źä줿ܼŪ˼岽ĤˤϾüƤޤäΤ롥ϡŪˤߤСʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) ȸƤФΤǤ롥Ѹʹߤ love 1Ǥꡤ̾ưϷֲޤä̤ʤ
ˡźä줿ܼŪפȤǤϥƱܼκפ촴ΰ˴Τ褦˻ĤäƤȤ롥ŵŪʥפ1Ĥϡhouse /haʊs/ (n.) vs house /haʊz/ (v.) Τ褦˸촴Ҳ̵ͭΤǤ롥촴첻Ĺûääơbreath /brɛθ/ (n.) vs breathe /briːð/ (v.) Τ褦ΩΤ⾯ʤʤ (cf. #2223. ФˤҲ̵ͭ ([2015-05-29-1]), #979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]))
֤ĤƤܼκספΤ⤦1ĤŵŪʥפϡi-mutation Ǥ롥i-mutation Ȥϡܼ i/j ʤɤ첻ǤȤˡԤ촴첻Ĥꤢ뤤Ϲ⤤֤شŪʲǤ (cf. #157. foot ʣϤʤ feet ([2009-10-01-1])) ܼ˾üƤޤȡ꤬ϸ촴첻ѰۤΤߤȤȤˤʤ롥food (n.) vs feed (v.), tooth (n.) vs teethe (v.) ʤɤ
ʥˤ̾ưβ֤ܴۤ˰פǤ⡤¿ξˡ֤Ѱۤˤʻ줬̤Τ롥diatone γƵǰäƤ̾ưפǤꡤrécord (n.) vs recórd (v.), íncrease (n.) vs incréase (v.) ʤɿ¿¸ߤ (cf. #804. ̾ưñ ([2011-07-10-1]))
ǸƤ褦ˡѸˤӥޥˤˤơܼž촴Ҳ̵ͭΩi-mutation̾ưϡ줾Ūˤ϶̤븽ݤǽŪˤߤʻžȤ̤ͭƤȤ롥ŪˤϴϢΤʤ褦ˤߤ i-mutation ȥ̾ư夬˾塤䴰Ū˵ǽƤȤȤ϶̣˴Ūʰ̴طǤϤűѸ i-mutation षȤȡѸǥ̾ư夬иŪȤʤäȤȤϥƤΤ
ʾƶͿƤ줿ΤϡBiese (250--51) Ǥ롥ʲ˰ѤƤ
[W]e must mention another feature in the development of English sound-changes that was to become important to the process of conversion. In Old English there existed a great number of denominative verbs derived from the corresponding nouns by a suffix causing an i-umlaut, i.e. word-pairs of the following character were very common: scrȳdan?scrūd, hiertan?heorte, rȳman?rūm.
We may regard this differentiation of nouns and verbs in OE. as a phenomenon on the same lines as the stress-distinction . . . . Now, while in the other Germanic languages the umlaut remained a living featuring principle in the field of word-formation, it soon ceased to be an integral principle of English word-formation. Even in early Middle English the umlaut as a living feature of the language, e.g. as used in forming denominatives from new substantives, had disappeared. Moreover, during the development of English a lot of levelling took place in word-pairs that had originally been distinguished by umlaut. In other cases one of the two words, the subst. or adjective on the other hand or the verb on the other, became obsolete. This feature in the development of the structure of the English language was necessarily very favourable to the spread of the process of forming new words by the method of direct conversion.
Biese, Y. M. Origin and Development of conversions in English. Helsinki: Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, B XLV, 1941.
̾ (53--54) Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡطˤǡҲͭ¾̵ʤСͭưΤۤǤפȤ§롥ʲͿƤꡤۤȤɤư̾ФǤ롥
[f] <f> vs [v] <v>: life--live, proof--prove, safe--save, belief--believe, relief-relieve, thief--thieve, grief--grieve, half--halve, calf--calve, shelf--shelve
[s] <s> vs [z] <s>: close--close, use--use, excuse--excuse, house--house, mouse--mouse, loss--lose
[s] <s> vs [z] <z>: grass--graze, glass--glaze, brass--braze
[c] <s> vs [z] <s>: advice--advise, device--devise, choice--choose
[θ] <th> vs [ð] <th>: bath--bathe, breath--breathe, cloth--clothe, kith--kithe, loath--loathe, mouth--mouth, sheath-sheathe, sooth--soothe, tooth--teethe, wreath--wreathe
close--close Τ褦λҲֻƱΤ⤢Сadvice--advise Τ褦˰ۤʤΤ⤢ (cf. #1153. ̾ adviceư advise ([2012-06-23-1])) ޤưϸ e ĤΤ⾯ʤʤ (cf. #979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1])) <th> ˴ؤΤˤĤƤϡԤ첻βۤʤΤ¿
ФθҲ (voicing) Ωˤϡ¿ξ硤ŪʲͿƤ롥١̵̾ưͭפΥѥΩȡ줬פȤʤä (analogy) ˤ㤬ȤȤ⤢줾ФΩǯʤɤĴɬפ롥
ߤطˤ̾ưΤβ֤ˤƤˡƱ (homonymic_clash) 뤿ΩѤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ƱưŤϡ֤㤨 récord vs recórd Τ褦ʡ̾ưפΥڥ (diatone) ˤѻ褦˻פ롥
̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Ѹˤ affect, attract, celebrate, dedicate, indicate, relate ʤɥޥϤư줬¿¸ߤ롥촴 /t/ ĤθϥƥβʬŵŪʸ -ātusˤͳ褹뤬Ѹؼޤݤˤ /t/ ޤΤư촴Ȳᤵ줿طʤˤϡƻ줫ưؤʻž (conversion) ѸˤƹŪǤäȤͿƤȸ롥ηаޤˤĤƤϡ#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1]) #1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]) εǴñ˿줿̤Ǥ롥
ơΤ褦ʸ췲ΰˤϡѸˤƸˡǤϤ뤬ΤޤʬȤѤΤ롥㤨Сcreate, dedicate, frustrate ϡΤޤޤη֤ǡ§Ūʲʬ created, dedicated, frustrated ƱβʬȤѤ뤳Ȥ롥ˡȤƤϸŪѸѸǤϡưˤƸƱβʬ§Ū -ed ¤ǹԤƤڡ켣 (206--08) ϡѸˤ -ed ȥ٤ Reuter (45, 89) ˤʲΥǡǺܤʤ顤촴 /t/ ǽưˤĤƤϤषΤۤޤ줿ȤŦƤ롥
| /t/ ǽ | /t/ ǽʤ | ||||
| {-ed} | {-ø} | {-ed} | {-ø} | ||
| 13--14 | Chaucer | 55 | 58 | 19 | 9 |
| Wyclif | 17 | 26 | 3 | 0 | |
| Trevisa | 15 | 62 | 2 | 1 | |
| Gower | 3 | 29 | 2 | 9 | |
| 15 | Lydgate | 13 | 116 | 7 | 1 |
| Tr. Palladius | 5 | 70 | 3 | 7 | |
| Tr. Higden | ˤ | ۤȤ | ٤ | 0 | |
| Tr. Delm | 1 | 44 | 4 | 0 | |
| Capgrave | 9 | 54 | 2 | 0 | |
| Ripley | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | |
| Henryson | 3 | 48 | 0 | 0 | |
| Monk of Evesh | 5 | 29 | 1 | 0 | |
| Bk. St. Albans | 11 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Caxton | 165 | 118 | ٤ | 0 | |
Ѹʹߡʻž (conversion) ϤƤаޤˤĤƤϡ#190. ʻž ([2009-11-03-1]) #1414. ʻžϥͥϤθ줫 ([2013-03-11-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤʻžΤʤǤ⡤ä˸ѸˤʤäƤϤФΤư̾ؤžǤ롥#420. 20ȾˤϤäĤθ ([2010-06-21-1]) Ǥϡsell-out, write-off, call-up, take-over, breakdown ʤɤʣˤȤ餳 headless compounds 뤤 exocentric compounds ȸƤư줫žȤȤ館ۤ狼䤹⤷ʤбư줬ʤ love-in, think-in ʤɤ̾⤢ΤǡξˤžȤϹͤ줺ľܤʣˤȤȤˤʤ롥
ۤȤɤξ硤ưǤѤΤǡޥϷ٤ȡľŪ˿˶϶ŪǡʤȤФ褤Potter (171) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Among the commonest of recent shifts are those of Germanic-derived phrasal verbs into nouns. These new forms are felt to be more forceful and vigorous than those Latin-derived synonyms which they so often supplant.
Potter (172--73) Ƥȡbreakaway, breakdown, breakout, breakthrough, breakup, buildup, dropout, followup, frameup, getaway, getby, getout, gettogether, getup, hideout, holdup, hookup, layout, leadin, leftover, letup, makeup, payoff, rakeoff, sellout, setback, setup, shakeup, shareout, showdown, stepup, takeoff, takeover, throwaway, walkout, walkover Ȥʤ뤬ŻҼǸ¾ˤǤФƤ롥㤨СOALD8 -away ȡ+breakaway, castaway, +cutaway, getaway, +giveaway, hideaway, layaway, +runaway, stowaway, takeaway, tearaway ʤɤҥåȤ롥+ դΤϸƻȤƤѤ졤¾ˤƻȤƤΤѤ flyaway, foldaway, soaraway, throwaway ʤɤ⸫Ĥ롥ư좪ƻž⾯ʤʤ褦ǡष̾ؤžŪԤƤΤ⤢롥
away ˤȤɤޤ餺˼פֻƱ褦˸ƴϢΰȻפäϾ֤ꤽʤΤǡϸäƤǯåɬפ뤬Ѹ줫鸽ѸˤƤλ˽иΤ¿Ǥ롥
ư줫žϤΤΤоݤˤʤۤ̾ư (diatone) ζѥδ⡤ưͳ̾졦ƻܤǤ롥
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.
ʻž (conversion) 뤤 (zero-derivation) ˤĤƤϡ#190. ʻž ([2009-11-03-1]) Ϥ conversion γƵǴϢ夲ƤʻžŪʸȤо줹ΤϽѸ졤ä Shakespeare ˤƤǤꡤͥγϡ㡹ĩʤɤȷӤĤ뤳Ȥ롥³ϼλ椷ơΤˤΤӤΤӤȤʷϵǤ롥Baugh and Cable (250) ⡤ͥαѸħ1ĤȤơʻžʲΤ褦ɾƤ롥
English in the Renaissance, at least as we see it in books, was much more plastic than now. People felt freer to mold it to their wills. Words had not always distributed themselves into rigid grammatical categories. Adjectives appear as adverbs or nouns or verbs, nouns appear as verbs---in fact, any part of speech as almost any other part. When Shakespeare wrote stranger'd with an oath he was fitting the language to his thought, rather than forcing his thought into the mold of conventional grammar. This was in keeping with the spirit of his age. It was in language, as in many other respects, an age with the characteristics of youth---vigor, a willingness to venture, and a disposition to attempt the untried. The spirit that animated Hawkins and Drake and Raleigh was not foreign to the language of their time.
μҲĬʻžȤȤӤĤƹͤΤϡΤ̥ŪǤϤ롥#1015. ҲѲȸѲΰ̴طɵǤ뤫 ([2012-02-06-1]) Ǽ夲 Martinet μĥ˽ޤʻžȯŸȤޤǸŪɬפΤǤϤʤ
ֶޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸϤλޤǤˤۤܤ٤Ƥʻˤƶޤव캬ȤǤƤ֤٤ʬŪʸؤȯŸƤƱˡ⸷경ȤŪʰ֤ˤƸʻˡƱꤵȤʤäƤΤ褦ŪŪħĤ˻äѸˤƤϡѸޤǤäѸ¿ϡǤʻžμͳͿƤȤ롥إƥ濴ȤӤѸ줬˲äʤ̼ѤͥλλʪǤȤߤʤȤˤϰϤʤˡʻžȤˡդ뤳ȤȤʤäȤȤǤϤʤ
ҲĬʻžΤδطꤹ٤ȸäƤΤǤϤʤδطľŪȤϥåŪʤΤǤȹͤޤǸŪǽŪʰ̴طõΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
[2012-01-06-1]ε#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻפǡٹ (127) νҤ٤Ƥ֥ƥϤηƻ줬ѤȤʤפɤٻ¤ʤΤȤռäФ餯ƤȤ Schmitt and Marsden (57) ˼Τ褦ʵҤĤ
Most adverbs of manner in Modern English have the suffix -ly. This derives from Old English lice (meaning "like"), which went through several changes before it was eventually reduced to -ly. Many adverbs in Modern English derive directly from their Old English versions: boldly, deeply, fully, openly, rightly. Others come from the great period of adverb formation in English in the later 16th century, when many adjectives were simply converted to adverbs with zero inflection. These included many so-called "booster" adverbs, such as ample, extreme, detestable, dreadful, exceeding, grievous, intolerable, terrible, and vehement. But others were supplied with -ly from the start (horribly, terribly, violently), and use of the inflection gradually gained ground. During the 18th century, the pressure for normalization ensured that the suffix became the rule. We still use this suffix regularly today to make new adverbs from adjectives.
Ĥޤꡤ16Ⱦˡƻ줫饼ñ (flat_adverb) 礷äȤŦǤ롥ٹθڤѸǰƬˤƤ褦ʤΤǡSchmitt and Marsden Ʊλ¤ˤĤƸäƤȸƤ褤ƥϤηƻȤƤʤ˵Ƥ9Τ dreadful 8ޤǤʥեͳޤ˥ƥϼѸǤ롥
ܤϤ¿̤Ĵפ뤬-ly ñȯŸγάϼΤ褦ˤʤűѸȯãƤ -ly ѸˤʤäʤűѸ̤ -e üȤˤñλѤ⡤Ѹˤ˿ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤäषѸˤϡƥϼѸˤ岡⤢ꡤñμϰŪ礷ñˤϡˤ³Ū connotation ޤȤĤƤ褦ǡ18˵ϼŪʸˡѤƬ˵ڤӡʸȤߤʤ褦ˤʤäθ塤-ly ŪͥȤʤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
ʤ -ly ˴ؤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ -ly suffix adverb γƵǼ夲ƤΤǡȤ줿
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow