Ѹʻž (conversion) 뤤 (zero-derivation) ȤƤϡ̾ưΤ㤬¿β2ٷ֤㤬롥[2011-07-30-1]ε#824. smoke --- 2Ťʻžפǡ smoke ֱעֱۤעֵʱפȤФΤǤϤʤȤҲ𤷤2ˤƶΰưȼβʻžȤߤʤȤˤΤǤСabstráct ݤˡábstract ݡˡábstract ˡߴط˲ä[2011-11-08-1]ε#925. conversion ϶ŪƱǤ뤫פ (3) ȡˡ
ΰưˤʻ줬ؤȤݤϡѸǤϡ̾ưפȤΤƤꡤܥ֥Ǥ diatone γƵˤƤabstract ϡѸȯã conversion diatone Ȥ2Ĥβ¤˳ѤȤȤǤƸΨŪǤ롥䤬 diatone θĴ٤ȤƤϰʲθ줬롥줾ž̤ǧ3Ԥδط smoke abstract ȻƤ롥
discóunt ʹθʤˡdíscount ʳˡdíscount ʳ
éxtract ʪˡéxtract Фˡextráct ȴ褹
combíne ʷ礹ˡcómbine ʥХˡcómbine ʥХǼϤ
concréte ʶŷ뤵ˡcóncrete ʥȡˡcóncrete ʥȤǸǤ
contráct µˤ롨̤ޤˡcóntract ʷˡcóntract ʷ
contról 椹ˡcontról ˡcóntrol ֡
retárd ٤餻ˡretárd ٤ˡrétard η٤ο͡
Τ褦Ͽ¿ʤѤǽΤǤϤʤѸˤήΤʤǡŤŪȤʤäƤˡȤϢơ (169--70) ڤ Hotta (59) ȡ
ط١ҡ1988ǯ
Hotta, Ryuichi. "Noun-Verb Stress Alternation: An Example of Continuing Lexical Diffusion in Present-Day English." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 110 (2012): 36--63.
ε[2012-01-12-1]˰³դ very ˤˤĤոϡvery Ū˷ƻȤȤȤĶˡˤĤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ Mustanoja Ҳ𤷤MED Ʊͤ˹ͤƤ褦ǡ"verrei (adj.)" θ츻ˤơ뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ롥
When verrei adj. precedes another modifier, it is difficult if not impossible to distinguish (a) the situation in which both function as adjectives modifying the noun, from (b) that in which the modifier nearest the noun forms a syntactic compound with it (which compound is modified by verrei) and from (c) that in which verrei functions as an adverb modifying the adjective immediately following; some exx. of (a) and (b) now in this word may = (c) and belong to verrei adv.
㤨Сa verrai gentil man ȤǹͤС(a) ɤߤǤ "a true gentle man"(b) Ǥ "a true gentleman"(c) Ǥ "a truly gentle man" ȤѸɽ˼칽¤βȤʤ롥μζܤΤޤʹ¤顤ʬ (metanalysis) η̡ȤƤ very ȯãȹͤ롥
ǵäΤϷƻ줫ؤʻž (conversion) ˤֿ¡פȤϤޤݻƤȤϤֿ¤ˡˡפθ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפζդθؤƻΤϡƶᤤ֤κζϾǤ뤳ȤϡMED "verrei (adv.)" 2 (a) (d) ͿƤΥǡ⤦Τ롥Ƹɽ魯ʸ̮٤Ƥ⡤ߤ˰̣ɤۤʤΤˤ狼ˤȽǤǤʤ
ֿ¤ˡפ֤ȤƤפζϺ´ˤϡǤѤ "sign-off" ʸ㤬Ŭvery ȤƤˡȯãȤơPaston Letters ʸ Vere hartely your, Molyns 롥Ǥ hartely "sincerely, affectionately" ۤɤΰդǡvere ϡֿ¤ˡפθȡñ˶դ֤ȤƤפθȤ¸ƤȲᤷ (Room 278)
ʾΤ褦ˡvery ϡեƻμѢƻֿ¤Ρעֿ¤ˡע֤ȤƤפءˡȸȯŸƤߡȯŸκǽʳȤ⤤٤⤦1ĤѲʹǤ롥϶ոν̿Ȥ⤤̣ѲʤΤοζդƤƤȤΤǤ롥ʲϡåץ mere ιǿƤ륳ȡ
very ˡˤϤۤȤϤΤʤդˤʤäƤޤäI'm very glad to meet you. ʤǤƤȤƤ⤦줷ˤϡI'm glad to meet you. ʤǤƤ줷ˤ⡤Фդ˷礱ɽȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥
very ΰ̣ѲˤϡΰΥɥޤޤƤ롥䡤ȤˤϻʤȤäƤ⡤very ϡˤΤ顥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
[2012-01-04-1]ε#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverbפǡ衤ƻǤ good real ȤƸȤѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ƻ줫ʻž (conversion) Ǥͭ̾ȤƤϡո very ʤ櫓ˤʤ
very ϡѸǺѤζոȤäƤ褤Frequency Sorter ˤСBNC ˤ very ٤86̤Ǥ롥θ줬դȤܳŪѤФΤ15ʹߤǤꡤѸ̤м礿ˡϡֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻä⤽ΤϤǡθϸťեƱηƻ ve(r)rai ѤΤǤʸեǤ vraiˡѸǤνϡc1275θϡin very truth, Very God of very God ʤɤδѶ˻ĤäƤ롥14ˤϡ괧ͭ̾ȼäơ֤ޤˤΡΡפ̣붯ոȤƤѤϤᡤˡϸѸ the very hat she wanted to get, at the very bottom of the lake, do one's very best ʤɤˤߤ롥
14Ⱦˤϡ嵭ηƻбȤơֿˡˡפθ very λѤǧƤ롥ʤƻ줫ؤžȤϡthat is a verrai gentil man (Gower CA iv 2275), he was a verray parfit gentil knyght (Ch. CT A Prol. 72), this benigne verray feithful mayde (Ch. CT E Cl. 343) ʤɤ˸ȤǤ롥Ǥ very ˡϡ³ƻƱʤηƻǤ롥̣ŪˤŪˤ⡤2ηƻĴȲǤʤȤʤĤޤꡤʬ (metanalysis) ȵ롥Τ褦ʶ礬Ū˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤȡ٤̾줬ʤĶǤ very ƻԤȤƵǽ˻äΤǤϤʤޤverray penitent verray repentaunt ʤɤΤ褦ˡvery ̾Ū˵ǽƤȤᤷƻ褦⡤ʻžή岡ȹͤ롥ơ15ˤ϶դȤ̤ˤʤꡤ16ȾޤǤˤϤޤŵŪʶդǤä full, right, much ɤȤΤ褦٤ޤä
ʾ塤Mustanoja, pp. 326--27 ͤ˵Ҥ1ĤϤΤȤѸѤ줿¾¿ζ⡤ΥڡǺ٤ҤƤΤǻͤޤǤˡ
ͤƤߤС[2012-01-04-1]ǤߤƸŪ real ⤫ĤƤ ve(r)rai Ʊ͡եѸǤꡤġֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻǤ롥a real good soundtrack ʤɤɽߤȤҤ Mustanoja very ˴ؤΤޤƤϤޤ褦ˤפ롥ˤ֤Ƥ뤫Τ褦
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
[2009-11-03-1]ε#190. ʻžפۤ conversion νǤϡconversion ȤŪȤƲᤷƤŪʸô֤δطȤƲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥ξˤ conversion ϰռƤ褦˻פ롥conversion zero-derivation ȹͤȡνȯ (base) (derivative) ȸƤʬ뤳ȤǤ뤬ŪˤƱǤ base derivative Ū˶̤꤬ϤɤˤΤ (167--73) Lieber (49--50) ȤפˡˤĤ褦
(1) ̣Ȥˡ̾ưˡ net ˼ȡ̾ȤƤΡ֡פȤȡư "put into a net" ȤưפǤ뤬εդϴñǤϤʤ̾ȤƤ net Ūʰ̣äƤȤȤǤꡤȹͤ٤ŪʺƤ롥ȿФˡư줫̾ؤžɽ魯̻Ū˳ǧƤȤƤϡwash throw 롥줾̾ΰ̣ϡбư X Ȥ "an instance of X-ing" ȤΤ̤ǤꡤդˤŵŬ礷Ƥư줫̾ؤžǤǽ⤤
(2) ܼäˤȤˡθˡʻŵŪ˷ӤĤܼǤղäƤˤϡʻȤƤˡǤȹͤ롥㤨Сcommission ŵŪ̾äƤΤǡ̾ˡǡưˡǤꤵ롥
(3) conversion ǤϤʤθؤȼ̾ư (diatone θǤϡ§ȤƴΤưǤȹͤ롥Sherman (53) Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤ1˶ĤΤ̤Ǥ̾줬ΤǤˤϡư첽Ȥ˶θؤΨ㤤 ("the creation of stress alternation is more likely to occur as stress-retraction in an oxytonic pair than to occur as stress-advancement in a paroxytonic pair") Ϣơabstráct Фˢ ábstract ȴˢ ábstract ȴ褹ˤΤ褦2ʳ conversion ([2011-07-30-1]ε#824. smoke --- 2ŤʻžפȡˤФա
(4) ͭ̾줬ΤȤʤäƤˤϡṲ̄Ĥ䤹boycott ʥܥåȤ, lynch ʥä, meander ʶʤ꤯ͤ, shanghai ʰռ碌Ϣǿפˤ, japan ʼɤˤʤɡ
(5) Ĥȳब conversion δطˤ硤ԤԤؤžǤǽ⤤But me no buts. ʤȸʡˤʤɡ
(6) ư줫줿̾ʳǤϡ̾ϹȤ뤳ȤǤʤȤ˴Ťˡthe robber of the bank ϲǽ*the thief of the bank ԲǽǤ롥ϡthief ̾Ǥʤ̾Ǥȹͤ롥Ѥȡhis release by the government the government's release of the prisoners Ǥ release ϹȤäƤΤ̾ȽǤ롥
(7) conversion ˤ를ܼϡ奯饹IIܼǤȵ뤳ȤǤ뤿ᡤ饹IܼղäǤ뤫ɤǴΤζ̤ǽǤ롥figure Ϸƻ -al ղä figural ΤǡŪˤ̾Ǥȹͤ롥picture ϡư -ize ղä picturize ΤǡŪˤưǤȹͤ롤
Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.
ط١ҡ1988ǯ
[2011-10-02-1]ε#888. 캬ˤĤư͡פǿ줿 Kodak ˤĤơꥫμ̿åҤʡʼ˥եˤˤĤ줿ɸǡåҤ϶ȼ George Eastman (1854--1932) ¤Ȥ롥캬ŵȤƵ뤳Ȥ¿
ɸȤƤνФ OED ˤ1888ǯǡ̾Ȥơ֥åʤǻƤ줿˼̿פθǤ1895ǯСˡ1891ǯˤʻž (conversion) ФơưȤƤΡ֥åǻƤפиƤ롥 Kodaker, Kodakist, Kodakry Ω³˸졤Υåο͵꤬ŤФ롥ǿͤǤñ˻ƤǤΤǡΤȤʸ "You press the button, we do the rest" 褯ɽ蘆Ƥ롥ꥫѸǤϡ֥åפΰ̣ Kodak moment ʤ¸ߤ롥
Kodak ȤȯˤĤƤϾܤаޤĤƤ롥¹Ȥʤ뤬Mencken ˵äƤ Strang (24) Ѥ롥
To the history of kodak may be added the following extract from a letter from its inventor, George Eastman (1854--1932) to John M. Manly Dec. 15, 1906: 'It was a purely arbitrary combination of letters, not derived in whole or in part from any existing word, arrived at after considerable search for a word that would answer all requirements for a trade-mark name. The principal of these were that it must be short, incapable of being mis-spelled so as to destroy its identity, must have a vigorous and distinctive personality, and must meet the requirements of the various foreign trade-mark laws, the English being the one most difficult to satisfy owing to the very narrow interpretation that was being given to their law at that time.' I take this from George Eastman, by Carl W. Ackerman; New York, 1930, p. 76n. Ackerman himself says: 'Eastman was determined that this product should have a name that could not be mis-spelled or mispronounced, or infringed or copied by anyone. He wanted a strong word that could be registered as a trade-mark, something that every one would remember and associate only with the product which he proposed to manufacture. K attracted him. It was the first letter of his mother's family name. It was "firm and unyielding." It was unlike any other letter and easily pronounced, Two k's appealed to him more than one, and by a process of association and elimination he originated kodak and gave a new name to a new commercial product. The trade-mark was registered in the United States Sept. 4, 1888.'
Eastman ȤȤơåҤHPˤ⼡Τ褦ʵҤĤ뤳ȤǤ
I devised the name myself. The letter 'K' had been a favorite with me -- it seems a strong, incisive sort of letter. It became a question of trying out a great number of combinations of letters that made words starting and ending with 'K.' The word 'Kodak' is the result.
(phonotactics) ȲͿݤŰŪ˹ͤȴǤεʸ캬Ȥ
Strang (24--25) ˤȡ㤫ϡּ̿פ֥եפȤ̾ȤƤ Kodak λѤ뤬ɸ鴰̾첽ȹͤ hoover ݽˤʤɤȤϰۤʤꡤ̾첽ٹ礤㤤ΤǤϤʤȤɸȤƻϤޤä塤֤ʤ̾첽ƤӾɸȤƤΤȤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤޤꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥̣ˡѲɬǤϤʤȤȹͤ뤫⤷ʤ
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
̾ smoke ˤϼפʸȤơֱפȡֵʱפ2Ĥ롥The air was thick with cigarette smoke. ǤԤθAre you coming outside for a smoke? ǤϸԤθѤƤ롥ξ̩ܤǤꡤδطϴ (metonymy) ˤäưפǤ롥äơñ̾ smoke ΰ̣γդƤޤǤ롥
ȤBradley ϡŪˤ2Ťʻž (conversion) ǤǸƤ롥ʤۤɤǼ
Occasionally it happens that a noun in this way gives rise to a verb, which in its turn gives rise to another noun, all three words being exactly alike in sound and spelling. Thus, in the following examples: (1) 'The smoke of a pipe,' (2) 'To smoke a pipe,' (3) 'To have a smoke,' the noun of (1) is not, strictly speaking, the same word as the noun of (3). It is true that in cases like this our dictionaries usually treat the secondary noun as merely a special sense of the primary noun; and, indeed, very often, this treatment is unavoidable, because the difference of meaning between the two is so slight that in some contexts it disappears altogether. Still, it ought not to be forgotten that from the historical point of view the two nouns are really distinct: if English had retained its original grammatical system this would probably have been shown by a difference of termination, gender, or declension. (93--94)
ѸˤˤʻžˤĤƤ[2009-11-03-1]ۤ conversion γƵǰäƤεϸűѸ˻Ϥޤäοʿݤ̤롥űѸˤ̾ưʤɥƥȤ˰ۤʤͿäοʿˤꥫƥ֤ηṲ̄ȡƱ֤ƥޤǼͳ˱ǤϤäBradley ϡsmoke ̾ȤƤξϡαˤޤ줿ΤȤƤ롥̣ΤϡѤκǸˤ褦ˡűѸηߤǤȲꤹСֱפȡֵʱפϰۤʤŪħʷ֤ΤΡޥפʤɡˤİۤʤ̾Ȥ¸ߤƤȤȤǤ롥
smoke ˤĤƤϤޤDzäºݤ˸űѸηŪħݤäޤƤ㤬롥㤨Сbath ϡ(1) 'take a bath,' (2) 'bathe in the sea,' (3) 'take a bathe in the sea' Τ褦ȯŸƤƤꡤ(1) (3) smoke ξȰ㤤ۤʤ֤Ƥ롥ϡűѸ <th> 촴βǤĶ˱̵ [θ] ͭ [ð] ȤƸ벻ǤäȤͳ褹뺹ۤǡ[2011-03-30-1]ε-ths ȯפǿ줿褦 breathe, clothe ˤⶦ̤롥
Τ褦 bath bathe ˤ餫ȡsmoke 2ŤʻžȹͤϤĤ褦˻פ롥
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1], [2011-07-07-1]εǡ̾ưפεäƤε[2011-07-07-1]Ǥϡ̾פʬϥޥߤƬη뤬ưפٻưŤޤǤȤʸϤĤ
ˤϤưŤ褦˻פ롥̾ưȯζ̲Ǥ롥̾ưʤ diatones Υڥ[2009-11-01-1]εȤ¿뤬ֻ϶̤ĤʤΤΡȯΤ˶̤롥ʻž (conversion; see [2009-11-03-1]) դȤѸΤȤǤ뤫顤ȤƱȯζ̤ĤʤȤŪ˺ȤϤʤǤΰ֤ʻζ̤ĤʤС˱ۤȤϤʤȤȤǤϤʤ
[2011-02-11-1]εֶޤο캬ξפǽҤ٤̤ꡤѸˤ϶פȤ drift ˤäȯ캬ȤǤ⤤٤ħ롥캬 conversion Ȥβ¥ʤƤȤϳΤʻζ̤ѶŪˤʤȤظƤΤǤϤʤʣʸФʻžȤ˸ƤΤǤꡤʻζ̤ۣˤ뤳ȤȤ櫓ʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤʻζ̤ݤäޤޡĺǾ¤θǡ㤨С̾줫ưǤ̯ˡС˱ۤȤϤʤơξ˱̯ˡȤơ̾ưȤʬԤ߽Ф줿ΤǤϤʤ̾ǤưǤ캬Ʊưƶ̤ݤ --- ̯ˡȸƤФƲȸƤܤconversion ¥ʤ륲ޥŪ drift Ť˵դ餦ʵǽŪ (functionalist) Ĭή --- Ѹ̾ưθݤΤ褦ª뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ѸθħȤʻž ( conversion ) ǤȤȤ롥ʻžˤĤƤ[2009-11-03-1], [2009-11-01-1]εʤɤǽҤ٤줬Ū˲ǽȤʤäΤϡűѸ줫ѸˤƵäοʿȤ³ü椨Ǥ롥űѸǤϡ̾ưϼ̣Ūʵǽ˱ƶ̤ζȤäβפʤˤĤ졤ζ̤Ĥʤʤäοϡ٤κϤ졤1˥Ȥħĥޥ˶̤θݤǤ ( see [2009-10-26-1] (4) )
Ѹˤʻžȯϡ嵭Τ褦˥ޥ˶̤οࡤɺή ( drift ) αĹˤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ϲŪȤ⤦1ĤȤƤϡ[2010-01-16-1]εǿ줿褦ˡ絬§γΩȴϢŤΤ롥Ѹʹߡ礬褽ޤäȤˤꡤ㤨ư̾ζ̤Ϸ֤ˤ餺ȤˤäƤĤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤäΤȤʻžȯ˹Ū˺ѤȤ롥ϡŪȤ롥
ޤŦ줿ȤϤʤ褦˻פ뤬⤦1ġ̣Ū롥νȯϡƤӥޥ˶̤Ҥ drift Ǥ롥ޥˤ drift ν϶ޤοˤȲᤵ뤳Ȥ¿֤ȤƱ餤פʤΤϡỤ̄ô캬˾Ƥ뤳ȤˤʤäȤǤ롥ˤäơ㤨 love ϡʸǤŪϲϲǤ뤫ʤɤβѤξɸô졤ְפȤỤ̄ɸ뤳Ȥ˽椹뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤälove Ȥ֤ϡְפȤŪɽ魯Τò֤Ǥꡤ줬ʸ̾ȤơְפȤѤΤưȤơְפȤѤƤΤϡŪǤʤʻ줫줬ꤷƤ롥ޤοȤŪʲˤϡ캬ξȤ̣Ūʴߤտ路ƤȤȤܤͤ
Le développement grammatical du germanique est donc commandé par deux grands faits: l'intensité initiale a donné aux radicaux une importance nouvelle, la dégradation des finales a tendu à ruiner la flexion, et l'a en effet ruinée dans des langues comme l'anglais et le danois. (Meillet 100)
äơޥʸˡȯã2Ĥνפʻ¤˻ۤƤ롥1ĤϸƬζ캬˿ʽͿȤȤǤꡤ⤦1ĤϸοबޤǤꡤºݤ˱ѸǥޡʤɤθǤƤޤäȤȤǤ롥
Meillet, A. Caracteres generaux des langues germaniques. 2nd ed. Paris: Hachette, 1922.
Ѹʻž ( see [2009-11-03-1] ) ˤϡ͡롥ư좪̾졤ƻ좪̾졤̾좪ư졤ƻ좪ư졤̾좪ƻ㤬Ū¿ƻ좪ưǤϡ?ˤפ뤤ϡ?ˤʤפΰդؤž calm, dirty, humble; dry, empty, narrow ʤɤ롥̣Ǥϡƥưβʬ -atus ͳ褹 -ate ¿μѸư⡤ƻ좪ưžȹͤ뤳ȤǤ ( ex. assassinate, fascinate, separate )
ȤDZʸƥȤɲˡƻӵȤѤƤ lower ưȤɤ߰㤨ȤǵŤΤӵη֤ưžȤΤǤϤʤ㤯פȤưžΤǤСӵǤϤʤΤޤޤ low ǤϤʤΤ¤ΤȤOED ˤưΤȤƤ low ϸߤǤѤ1200ǯ˸졤18ޤǻȤƤǡưȤƤ lower ϡֲפΰ̣17˽ƸƤ롥
ƻӵ餫ưž¾õȤ顤better פĤϸűѸ줫ȤƤ롥worse űѸ줫ưȤƻȤƤ19ѤȤʤäƤưĤƤΤžǤϤʤ13˽Ф worsen Ӥ褦ˡɤ佼ˡ ( suppletion ) ˤԵ§ӵפܤĤ OED ˰Ƥ椯ȡless ⸽ߤѤ13?17ޤưȤѤƤȤ狼ämore 14?15˻㤬ä
佼ˡˤӵϡб븶ȤηŪʷӤĤ夤Τǡ̸ĤθȤƸäΤʤϿƤ롤ĤޤòƤȹͤ롥㤨 better good ȤֲˤäΤǤϤʤgood ΩäȤϿƤ뤫餳ưؤžꤦΤǤϤʤդˤС佼ˡˤʤ̤ηƻ -er ӵ֤ϡ֤ȶӤĤƤΤǡžˤȤȤʤΤǤϤʤβΤ lower 㳰ȤʤäƤޤ
ͤƤߤȷƻ lower ñʤ low ӵǤϤʤȤ˵Ťlower ϡ֤㤤פȤ than ³Ǥʸ̤ΰ̣¾ˡ֡ʬ˲̤ΡסäפȤŪȯỴ̈äƤ롥Ԥΰ̣ǤνФ1590ǯǡκ lower low Ȥ̸ĤθȤƸòȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤlow lower Ϸ֤ -er ̵ͭˤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤƤ뤬̣ξǤϾֵΥפȹͤ롥ϡžˤư lower 17˸ϤȤȻŪˤ礹褦˻פ롥
[2010-01-15-1]εǷǺܤε[2010-05-25-1]Ϣ饤Ǽꤢ to pluto ֹ߳ʤפ American Dialect Society ˤ2006ǯαѸήԸޤФ줿ͭ̾ưǤ롥
2006ǯ8ιŷʸϢ ( IAU ) ᤰǮȤϵ˿εķ̽ ( Pluto ) ǤϤʤ ( dwarf planet ) Ȥƺ뤳ȤˤʤꡤСֹ߳ʡפ뤳Ȥˤʤä̽۷9ܤȤ˹ƤޤƤˡIAU εķ˥åͿȤȤˡ̽߳ʤȷӤĤҲŪʥ硼ޤ줿ΰĤư to pluto Ǥ롥ADS ˤСưϼΤ褦롥
To pluto is to demote or devalue someone or something, as happened to the former planet Pluto when the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union decided Pluto no longer met its definition of a planet.
ʲˡʸĤۤɡ
Pluto got plutoed, but it still won WOTY [Word of the Year].
He was plutoed like an old pair of shoes.
A recent Andy Borowitz humor column . . . reports that the Bush presidency has been plutoed: An international group of scientists who demoted the planet Pluto to dwarf status three months ago met in Oslo, Norway today and reclassified the Bush White House as a dwarf Presidency. . . . with the President's approval rating in a free fall, it became clear even before the scientists convened that some sort of reclassification along the lines of the Pluto demotion was in order.
ͭ̾ Pluto ʸư첽ȤǤΤ⡤Ѹ conversion ȤμʤͿƤ뤫Ǥ롥ܸǤϡͷˤʤֹסʶʪʤˤʤɤ to pluto žѤ˶ᤤȻפ뤬Ѹϲ֤פⲿĤˤΤޤʻžƤޤ-ed ޤղäƤޤΤΤconversion ˤĤƤ [2009-11-03-1] ȡ
to pluto ξܺ٤ϡ2007ǯ15դ ADS 饤PDFΥץ쥹Ȥ줿
ɸʸʸˡŪǤ롥Steven Pinker Υ٥ȥ顼 The Language Instinct ͭ̾ˤʤäʸǡˤ Pinker γ Annie Senghas ФΤȤ (208)
ܤʸˡϡBuffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo - Wikipedia ˤΤǾά뤬ä (The) Buffalo buffalo (that) Baffalo buffalo (often) buffalo (in turn) buffalo (other) Buffalo buffalo. ȹͤǤʲݥȤǤ롥
buffalo ֥Хåեꥫפʣϡ§Ū buffaloes ˲äơñʣƱ buffalo ⤢ꤦ
Buffalo ϡ֡ʥ˥塼衼λԡ˥ХåեפΰդǡƻŪѤƤ
to buffalo ϡֶҰ롤𤵤פΰդưȤƤѤƤ
쥫Ǵط̾줬άƤ
ѸǤΤ褦ʷǽʤΤϡ(1) conversion ʻžפͳǤ뤳ȡ(2) طάʤɤŪʵ§Τ¸ߤ뤳ȡˤ롥Pinker Ǥä (2) ¦̤˸ƤȤʤäƤ뤬(1) conversion β̤ƤǤ롥ΥǤ̾Ǥ buffalo / Buffalo ƻŪˡˤȤƤưȤƤȤ줦ȤפǤ롥̾ưΤ conversion ˤĤƤ[2009-11-03-1]Ƿڤڤ̾줫ƻŪˡˤؤ conversion Ϥꤤäͳ٤⤤
̾줫ƻŪˡˤؤ conversion ϡ褽̾θŪˡ ( attributive use ) ȸƤФΤ롥̾θŪˡȤ Christmas tree, silk hat, Tokyo branch ʤɤǤ̾β̤ؤBradley ŦȤ "a new part of speech, halfway between the substantive and the adjective" (45) ȤǤ⤤٤ΤǤ롥Bradley Ϥˡ "One highly important feature of English grammar which has been developed since Old English days" (45) ɾƤꡤBuffalo buffalo ȤɽˤθؤȿǤΤȤBuffalo ʸθͷӤ̣襤ϤҤȤǤ롥
Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: W. Morrow, 1994. New York : HarperPerennial, 1995.
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
[2009-11-01-1]Ƿڤ줿ʻž ( conversion ) ˤĤƤ⤦ܤ롥
ʻžϡܼղäˡܤ˲ä뤳ȡʤž뤳ȡפŤ롥̤θƤȤƤϡǽž ( functional conversion )ǽ ( functional shift ) ( zero derivation ) 롥ʻžϼ˶Ѹ衤ѸθỌ̇̄ĥ礭ʱƶڤܤƤѸμ礿ħΰĤȤäƤ褤
Ѹ˴줿üԤؽԤϡI'm in love with you I love you ܸۤǽǤ뤳ȤΤäƤ뤬love ȤƱ֤Ǥʤˤä̾ˤưˤʤȤȤϡä٤ȤǤ롥ܸǤ̾ʤСְפȡưʤСְפȡΤƱθ촴ѤƤϤ뤬ưˤư֤פղäƤꡤʻȽ̤Ǥ롥¿θǤϡΤ褦ưǤθĤʤɡ餫εǽɸΤѸˤϤ줬ʤȤƤ˴ͭθݤȤäƤ褤
Ѹ⤫ĤƤϵǽɸälove ǤߤȡűѸǤ̾ lufu ư lufian Ȥ̡η֤ä츻ϤϤƱǡ촴̤Ƥ뤬-u ŵŪʽѲ̾ñʤɸƤ뤷-ian ŵŪʼѲưɸƤ롥̾ư⤽줾ʣʶơ˷֤פ뤳ȤϤ뤬§ȤƷ֤̾줬ư줫ϤɤȽ̤Ǥ㤨Сlufa ̾ȤƤʣʷʤɤȤʤꤦ뤷ưȤƤ;ñ̿Ȥʤ
ȤűѸ줫ѸˤƵäοʿȤ³üˤꡤ̾ư love Ȥ֤夤ƤޤäΤǤ롥ˤꡤѸʹߡɬŪʻžμʤȤ櫓տŪ˳ѤΤϡѸηȤäʲ Shakespeare Ƥߤ롥åΤθܡ
Season your admiration for a while. . .
It out-herods Herod . . .
Grace me no grace, nor uncle me no uncle. . .
Julius Caesar, / Who at Phillipi the good Brutus ghosted. . .
Destruction straight shall dog them at the heels. . .
I am proverbed with a grandsire phrase. . .
ѸΤĤμͳˤϰݤ롥
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧ ԡ罤۱Ѹؼŵ١罤ۡ1983ǯ
Ѹȳǡ̾ưפȸƤФ븽ݤ롥ѸǤϡ֤Ʊʻΰۤʤ줬¸ߤ롥ä̾ưΥڥξ硤̾ǤϥȤβˡưǤϥȤβ뤳Ȥꡤڥ̾ưפȸƤǤ롥ѸǤϡ̾ưפ̾ΤϤʤΤ褦ŪˤʤäƤޤ
diatonic homograph pairs that exhibit the alternating stress pattern between noun (paroxytonic) and verb (oxytonic)
ȥ꤬ʤ
absent, accent, addict, annex, combat, combine, concert, contract, contrast, convert, discard, discount, discourse, dismount, export, finance, implant, import, intercept, interchange, misprint, object, overturn, permit, protest, reject, research, retract, transplant, transport, etc.
ѸϡѸ˵äξüˤꡤưפʻž ( conversion ) βǽʸȤʤäϸȤƤϴͭθݤǤꡤä˶ѸʹߡΤ˥եѤƤ̾ư֤꤬ƱǤ뤳ȤϤʬȤƤ⡤ξԤΤǥȤΰ֤˶̤Ĥ줿ΤϤɤƤ
ʥϸűѸ졤䤽ˤ롥
ε[2009-10-31-1]Ǹ褦ˡűѸñǤϸ§Ȥ1˥ȤƬˤǤϡƬȤƻȤƤ뤫ȤƻȤƤ뤫ˤäơȤΰ֤ѤäƬȤѤƤˤϤƬ˥ȤȤѤƤˤϸ촴1˥ȤΤǤ롥̣Τϡ̾Ƭˤ϶ưƬˤϼηŪղäƤǤ롥ʲб̾ưΥڥȤΰ֤ܤ٤Ƥߤ褦
| ̾ | ư |
|---|---|
| ˈǣwielm "fountain" | aˈweallan "to well up" |
| ˈæfþunca "source of offence" | ofˈþyncan "to displease" |
| ˈætspyrning "offence" | otˈspurnan "to stumble" |
| ˈandsaca "apostate" | onˈsacan "to deny" |
| ˈbīgenga "inhabitant" | beˈgān "to occupy" |
| ˈorþanc "mind" | aˈþencan "to devise" |
| ˈwiþersaca "adversary" | wiþˈsacan "to refuse" |
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