216ʷˤ˻ X @chariderryu ˤơ3Ѹ (hel_ogiri) ŤޤΤϡ⤷ʣ (disguised_compound) ƤȤΤǤ礦ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡΥȥָѸ30Ϣȯ No. 22 Ȥdaisy ֥ҥʥפθ츻űѸ dæges ēage "day's eye" ΤäƤޤƤľˡⳫŤޤ
ŤζϼԤǤ⤢ heldio/helwa ꥹʡ ari Υ桼饹ηäˤꡤϡͷӿơ֤äΤ긢̿̾ޤͥϪΥեߥȤơΡ֤ʸפ X Ӹޤ
Daisy֤ Day () Eye () äΤġ
2١ʤ٤ι⤤ǤѸ츻ԼԤ¿ɼƤޤĤΤ褦˻Ǥиǡ⤷äΡٶˤʤäΤĤǺܤޤ
Gospel֤ Good (ɤ) Spell (Τ餻) äΤġ
Curfew֤ Cover (ä) Fire () äΤġ
But֤ By (Ф) Out () äΤġ
About֤ On () By (Ф) Out () äΤġ
Kitchen֤ Cook () -ina () äΤġ
Don֤ Do (롤֤) On () äΤġ
Lapwing֤ Leap (ķͤ) Wink () äΤġ
Answer֤ And (Ф) Swear () äΤġ
Worship֤ Worth () -ship (뤳) äΤġ
Chameleon֤ Khamaí (Ϥ礦) Léōn () äΤġ
Zebra֤ Equus () Ferus () äΤġ
Giraffe֤ Zurn (å) Py () äΤġ
Pyjamas֤ Pāy () Jāma () äΤġ
Philip֥եåס Philéō () Híppos () äΤġ
Barn֤ Bere () Ærn (Ȳ) äΤġ
ơari ޤˤΥեޥåȤ11Ϣȯ
bridal eleven ηޤ꤬ä11neighbor Marshal alarm Ĥ餹ȡɤ squirrel vinegar garlic ɤ handkerchief åä dismal ʸʤầФΤ answer ä
ʤˤ㤬ޤȤϡұñ츻ؽȥܥӥˤѤ
ƤΤϡʬѸ줫ǤʲϴƤܸ줫ǤܸȤѤʤȤˤʤꤽǤ͡
ʤҤˡ֤ () Τ () äΤġ
ҡʤ䤷ˡ֤ () () äΤġ
ʩʤۤȤˡ֤ (դȡ֥å) () äΤġסʽ⤢
ܵƱݤǡ227 heldio ˤ #1734. ֵʣ --- ηȯɽϤޤҤ⤪İ
21פΤȤѸDzȤ twenty-one Ǥ롥ŪˤϰۤʤɽˡäŪˤ one and twenty ̤äȤ twenty and one ⤢äʣϡ1ΰ̤10ΰ̤οΤɤ֤Τ³ and ѤΤȤäõȡɤưƤˤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ȶʣ椷Ƥرꡤ⤳ˤϥƥʤĥäƤΤڤ˭٤ˤʤȤݤäƤ롥
2ʣˤĤơJespersen (§§17.14--6) ˾ѲѰۤѤƤ롥ͻϤȤơѤƤ
17.14. In additions of 'tens' and 'ones' this 'one' now generally follows the 'ten' (twenty-one), but originally it always preceded it: one-and-twenty, a word-order which is still used except in numerals above 50.
The only examples I have noticed of the latter word-order in numerals above 50 are the following: Sheridan 197 she's six-and-fifty if she's an hour | Coleridge 452 in Köhln . . . I counted two and seventy stenches | Wells TB 163 Fifty-three days I had outward . . . three and fifty days of life cooped up | Walpole ST 285 never in all his five-and-fifty years.
17.15. We may find both types of word-order in close proximity: Sh H5 1.2.57 Untill foure hundred one and twentie yeeres . . . ib 61 Foure hundred twentie six | Defoe R 330 eight and twenty years . . . thirty and five years | Thack E 1.147 accepted the Thirty-nine Articles with all his heart, and would have signed and sworn to other nine-and-thirty with an entire obedience | Kipling PT 43 She was two-and-twenty, and he was thirty-three | Caine M 131 you are still so young. Let me see, is it eight-and-twenty? --- Twenty-six, said Philip | Jerome T 37 P. was forty-seven ... W. was three-and-twenty | Wells N 142 He was six and twenty, and I twenty-two | ib 199 I grew ... between three and twenty and twenty-seven.
Mr. Walt Arneson states: "Used in U.S. only occasionally, for stylistic effect or facetiously."
17.16. Compounds of two numerals denoting a number below one hundred have and between the two members if the small numeral precedes: one-and-twenty. If it follows the higher numeral, there is generally no connecting word: twenty-one. Especially in early authors we may find the type twenty-and-two, e.g. Malory 101 xx & viij knyghtes | AV Luke 15.7 ninety and nine iust persons | Swift P 132 there are thirty-and-two good bits in a shoulder of veal | Fielding T 1.17 | Goldsm 645 | Carlyle S 16 | Bennett A 50.
If two neighbouring numerals are to be used, the type with the small number first is commonest, as in this case the higher numeral need not be repeated: Thack E 2.150 though now five or six and forty years | Locke CA 315 Between Nadia and him there was but a separation of two or three years; between Nadia and myself two or three and twenty | Crofts Cask 220 a girl of perhaps two or three-and-twenty.
ǤɽȤѤ one-and-twenty 50ʾοˤĤƤϡ줬ʤȤΤԲĻĤǤ롥ޤƱʸ̮ǰۤʤѥʣ줬ȤΤ϶̣ǤʤˤؤäƤꡤΰ֤ŤˤĤƤͻͤ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 7. Syntax. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
ε#5849. Helvillian 5ˤĤƸAI̡ ([2025-05-02-1]) ǡGoogle NotebookLM κǿβ̲ӥҲ𤷤ޤ˳ŪıѲǽʤΤǡȤäͷǤȤǤ롥
Ѹû˳ιֵԤʤäȤιֵ Google NotebookLM ꤲߡʥץץȤDzꤷԤĤȿʬϤ줿եǧȡƶäۤܤΤޤ˽ФǤ6ʬ42äۤɤ̤ˡ90ʬֵΥåͤޤäƤ
ζä̤ȤҲ𤹤벻ۿ stand.fm ΡֱѸˤĤ֤䤭ͥ (heltalk)פֱѸû˳ by NotebookLMȤƸˤ YouTube Ż߲դˤǤۿ줬ǤưǤʴΥޤ11ʬ29áˡ
ܺ٤ʾ̤ȤȤAIεѤϡμˤȤɤޤ餺̤γؤӤˤ礭ǽ롥ѸˤβۿƤԤȤơҤǤ⤢뤬礭ʴ˾Ǥ⤢롥ˡܳŪõäƤ

Ǥλ425˴Ԥ줿λȡΤʤǤýˤĤƤϡ#5824. ᴩؤȤФʸ18ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס ([2025-04-07-1]) ӡ#5845. ؤȤФʸýоȸˤ鸫äʸζ岽פγͤγפҲ ([2025-04-28-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤Ǥ롥ý1ԤͤƤƤꡤΥȥϡֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸפǤ롥ʲơ
1. Ϥ
ܹƤǤϱѸûˤˤ륮ꥷαƶ롥ѸäĹˤ¿θ줫ƶƤʤǤ⥮ꥷ줫μѤðۤʰ֤Ƥ롥ä˳ؽѸʳصѸˤơꥷαƶϸ˻ޤ³Ƥ롥
2. ѸΥꥷȤνв
ѸȥꥷܳŪʽв15̤롥ޤǤƥ𤷤ŪʼѤϤäľŪʼѤ϶ˤƸ¤Ƥ15ˤʤȡͥαƶǸŵؤδؿޤꡤɤǤ⥮ꥷγؽޤä
1453ǯΥƥΡץ塤¿ΥꥷؼԤ˴̿ꥷȤܿäȤطʤˤ롥λμѸˤϡůءءʸˡʤɤʬѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ
3. ѸΥꥷ줫μѸ
1618ˤƤνѸϡѸθä礭礷Ǥ롥λꥷ줫μѤŪä
ħŪʤΤϡ֥סinkhorn_term) ȸƤФ٤˳ؽŪʸäνиǤ롥ϼ˳ؼԤʸͤˤäƻѤ졤̤ο͡ˤǤäȤСadjuvate ʱ, deruncinate ʽ𤹤ˤʤɤθϸѸˤϻĤäƤʤconfidence ʿ, education ʶ, encyclopedia ɴʻŵˤʤɤνפñ⤳λƳ줿
ޤꥷͳƬanti-, hyper-, proto- ʤɡˤ-ism, -ize ʤɡˤѸθΤ˼줿ȤפǤ롥ܼϡḽˤƿǰɽ뤿ζϤƻȤʤä
4. ؽѸȿŵʣ
19ȡʳصѤȯŸȼꥷǤѤθȯ
ʬɽ -ic/-ics/-logy 㡧rhetoric, economics, philology ʤɡˤڤ¿οʬ̾Τ˺Ѥ줿ޤϢcombining_formˤѤ¤ˡΩ줿㤨Сtele- ʱ+ -phone ʲˢ telephone, micro- ʾ+ -scope ʸˢ microscope ʤɡκüѤɽѸ줬ˡǺ줿
ư -ize/-ise 㡧internationalize, modernize ʤɡˤ䡤ۤɽ -ism 㡧capitalism, socialism ʤɡˤѤ褦ˤʤä
ΥꥷǤѤ¤ˡϡŪˤ졤ʳؤιݲ礭ͳȤƤϡν𤵡Ω̩ηʤɤ롥
5. ḽζͭȤ
ǤϡꥷͳθäϱѸΤߤʤ餺¿θ˶ͭŪʻȤʤäƤ롥㤨Сcardiology ʿ¡ء, neurology ʿгء, psychology ʿءˤʤɤѸǶ̤ƻѤƤ롥
ǯΥԥ塼ʳؤѤʬǤ⡤cyber- ʥС, tele- ʱ֡, crypto- ʰŹˤʤɤΥꥷͳϢϽפ̤Ƥ롥
ޤäˤ anti- ȿ, hyper- Ķ, mega- ʵ, -phobia ʶݾɡ, -mania ǮˤʤɤΥꥷͳƬƩƤ롥
Τ褦ˡꥷαƶϱѸˤ̤Ʒ³Ū˸뤬ä˶ʹߡʳصѤȯŸȹݲǽƤ⡤ǰ䵻ѤνиȼꥷǤѤ¤³ȤǤ
6. ˡ
Ѹäζ岽ˤ륮ꥷϡŪˤʸŪˤפʸơޤǤ³
ʸǤϡ¿ñȿޤȤ߹ߤʤƤ롥ǤʩʻˡˤȤ¾μɮԤоȸŪʡ֥ĥåߡפ12äƤꡤɮԼȤˤȤäƤؤ٤뤳Ȥ¿äҤɤߤС
δֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸסýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס Ϻ ԡ δԡˡˡؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ܤΥҡԡˡˡǡ2024ǯ42562--73ǡ

47ε#5824. ᴩؤȤФʸ18ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס ([2025-04-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ýءԤͤƤƤޤơޤϡֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸפǤʲƤޥɥޥåײΤޤʲȤƤɤˡ
ε#5783. ꥷϢ뼭 (connective) -o- ȥƥϢ뼭 -i- ([2025-02-25-1]) Ǽ夲 -o- ˤĤơKruisinga (II. 3, p. 7) ʤ˱ԤȤŦƤ롥
1587. In literary English there is a formal way of distinguishing compounds from groups: the use of the Greek and Latin suffix -o to the first element:
Anglo-Indian, Anglo-Catholic, the Franco-German war, the Russo-Japanese war.
Of course, this use, though quite common, is of a learned character, clearly contrary to the natural structure of English words.
Ƭ "a formal way of distinguishing compounds from groups" Ǥ롥ñǤ2¤٤硤ŪȤ߹碌ʣ (compound) ȤʤꡤŪȤ߹碌 (phrase) Ȥʤ롥̤θȡʣ12Ǥ롥ؾ¸ߤλۤʤΤŪ˲ۤʤΤȡΤ˾֤פ롥
ȯƤߤС֤ۤʤȤϤ褯Ǥ bláckbòard ʹġˤʣblack bóard ʹġˤ϶Ǥcf. #4855. ʣǧ --- blackboard ʣ black board ϶ ([2022-08-12-1])ˡֻǤ⥹ڡ뤫ݤȤ̤롥ϱΧˡˤ̤Ǥꡤζ̤Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤʣȶʬˡϡճȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
դˤΤȤ˵դƤ줿ΤΰѤäʤۤɡϢ뼭 -o- 2Ǵ֤ƤСΤ϶ǤϤʤʣǤȽǤǤ롥ޤŪʶȤˡ֤ĤʤפȤ -o- Ѥ¸ߤʤʾʤȤ⡤פ⤫٤ʤˡȡϢ뼭 -o- ϤƷŪǤǤɸǤ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1]) ˤơϢη (3) ǡanthropology anthrop- -logy combining form ʤ뤬֤ˤϤޤäƤϢ첻 -o- Τˤɤ°ȤϤפȤƼ夲 -o- ȤΤϲ
رѸ츻ŵٸ츻õȡꥷˤƹʡʣˤ1Ǥ2Ǥ֡Ϣ뼭 (connective) Ȥ롥ΤˤСꥷ̾졦ƻθ촴첻ˤΤܤ롥aristocracy, philosophy, technology ˤߤ̤ꡤϥꥷǤĤʤ륱ͭä˥ƥ䤽¾νǤ־ˤѤ褦ˤʤä
̤ʣΤۤAnglo-French, Franco-Canadian, Graeco-Latin, Russo-Japanese Τ褦Ʊʴطɽ魯ʣ (dvandva) ˤ褯Ѥ롥ѸθˤǤϡμʣŪΤǤꡤʥꥷϢ뼭 -o- β̤Ϸ褷ƾʤˤĤƤϡ#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥȡ ([2021-07-02-1]) ȡ
ƱͤϢ뼭ȤơꥷǤϤʤƥͳ褹 -i- ⤢롥ѸäƤʣȤ omnivorous, pacific, uniform ʤɤ롥 -i- Ϻǽ2ñˤĤƤϸ촴ΰȤƤäǸθˤĤƤϤʤäΤǡϢ뼭ȤƵǽƤȤˤʤ롥
Ϣŵͳ褷եФơѸˤäƤѸˤ붦ŪȤƤϡ֤Ĥʤ첻פȤȤ館ƤƤ褤ʳѸ濴ȤƹѤ褦ˤʤäʥǤǤ롥
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ε#5779. Ϣϸб빴«ǤǤ ([2025-02-21-1]) ǡϢ (combining_form) ܤ³ܤƤؿѸؼŵ٤βɤǤߤ褦
combining form ʸ͡Ϣˡʣ졤¤ȤѤ빴«Ūʰ۷֤ѸǤϸ (BASE) ȶ̤ʤꥷ졦ƥͳ褹֤ξϢȼ¸ߤΤդĤǤ롥Ϣħ鸫Ϣ㤨 philo-ˤȸϢ㤨 -sophyˤȤʬ뤳ȤǤ롥ƬΤ褦ʽʹ«ȰۤʤꡤϢϸߤˤƱΤǷ礷ꡤ뤤ܼȤ뤳ȤǤ롥
褽εҤȽŤʤ뤬ֱѸǤϸ (BASE) ȶ̤ʤפλŦӸŪˤоȸŪˤⶽ̣ѸǤϡŤʳθűѸǤ顤 (word) ñ̤ʤΤǡȤ̤˸촴 (stem) 캬 (root) ڤФŪưŤŪ夤
ФơꥷƥʤɤθŵǤϡѸ٤ƶޤ褯ĤäƤꡤȿǤơŪΩȤϰۤʤΩŪϢ¸ߤ롥
θŵϢȴϢƻפФΤϡܸΩ뤤ʤȸƤФ֤#3390. ܸ i-mutation Ȥ٤첻ء ([2018-08-08-1]) Ƴ̤ꡤ㤨С֤סˤȡ֤סˡ֤դ͡סˤȡ֤դʡסˡ֤סʱˤȡ֤ޡסʱˤΤ褦ˡΩȡʣݤѤΩ2äŪˤϲŪѲη̡2ΤθŵϢˤĤƤƱȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Ƭ (prefix) ݤ뤤 (suffix) ݤǤƤɤǤʤȤȾüʰ֤Ťη (morpheme) 롥Ϣ combining_form Ǥ롥ϢˤĤƤϡ#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1]) ǿ줿ȤرѸ켭ŵ٤Ǥβ⤬ʬ䤹äΤǡϤιܤѤ
combining form ̸͡Ϣ¤ˡ (COMPOUND) Ȥ (DERIVATIVE WORD) ηѤ빽ǤOED aero- ˤϤѤ줿ȹͤ롥ϥꥷ졦ƥϤͳ褹Τ¿Ϣ philo-ˤȸϢ -logyˤ2ब롥Ϣϼͳ (FREE FORM) ʤ (WORD) ι«۷ (bound allomorph) ȤȤǤΩȤѤʤǶǤ anti ( anti-)graph ( -graph) Τ褦㳰ŪˡäƤ롥ޤϢƬ (PREFIX) (SUFFIX) ٤ựضŪǤꡤϢδطŪǤ롥ǶǤ bio-degradable (= biologically ---) Τ褦㳰ǧ롥ˡƬľܸߤϢ뤹뤳ȤʤΤФơϢϸ¾ϢΤܼۤäϢ뤹뤳ȤǽǤ㡧-morphic ( -morph + -ic)heteroness ( hetero- + -ness)ˡ
Ϣϸб빴«ǤǤפȤªϡȤƤʬ䤹
ʤˤ OED ؤθڤˤĤƤcombining form ιܤ˽ȤưʲǺܤƤ
1884 Gr. ἀερο-, combining form of ἀήρ, ἀέρα
New English Dictionary (OED first edition) at Aero-
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
ε#5775. passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ ([2025-02-17-1]) ³ʣ -s ʶǤˤĤơ Poutsma Ȥ (142--43)
եδѶͳ褹ʣ̾ʶˤ¿ϡѸäƤեȿǤơ̾ǡܷƻǡפνˤȤɤޤ롥ѸȤƤϡθʣˤäơ̾Ǥ -s ĤΤŪǤ롥attorneys general, cousins-german, book-prices current, battlesroyal, Governors-General, damsels-errant, heirs-apparent, knights-errant Τ褦ˤʤattorney generals, letters-patents ⤢ˡ
ȯüǤ passer(s)-by Υסʤ̾Ǥθֻ硦줬դʣ⡤̾Ǥ -s դʣΤŪcommanders-in-chef, fathers-in-law, heirs-at-law, quarters-of-an-hour, bills of fare; blowings-up, callings-over, hangers-n, knockers-up, lookers-on, lyings-in, standars-by, whippers-in, goers-in, comers-out, breakings-up, droppings asleep, fallings forward ʤ (cf. men-at-arms)
ɽϥե̵ͭʤɤˤĤƤФɤ줬̤ꡤơɽˤĤˤ䴷ѤΤȻפ졤̲§ߤ뤳ȤθˤȤ롥
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.
ʣǤʤʣ̾ˤĤơʣϸˡĤޤǽǤ -s ղäФ褤ȤΤŪʵ§Ǥ롥brother-officers, penny-a-liners, forget-me-nots, go-between, ne'er-do-wells, three-year-olds, merry-go-rounds Τ褦ˤǤ롥
Ȥɸ passers-by Τ褦ˡζư (phrasal_verb) ˤͳ褷줬ʻžत̾˴ؤƤϡ𤬰ۤʤ륱롥ǽǤȤʤ뾮ֻƱθˤ뤳Ȥˤʤäơľ -s դΤ뤫*passer-bys ǤϤʤ passers-by ȤʣΤ
#5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) ͤˤȡpassers-by ʣȤΤȤ crossings-out, lookers-on, tellings-off, tickings-off, turn-ups 뤳ȤǤ롥
ǤϹԤʤƱפ˸Ƥ⡤絬§˽äƸ -s դ turn-ups, hand-me-downs, lace-ups, left-overs, makeshifts, onlookers 㤬ФƤ롥
Ϣơ -ful(l) ǸǤȤƤʣϡɤ줬롥ѸǤϤʤѸλǤ뤳ȤǤĤġ§Ȥ handfuls (of marbles), bucketfulls (of fragrant milk) ʤɤȺǸǤ -s դʣ뤬Ȥ (two) table-spoonsfull (of rum), (two) donkeysful (of children), bucketsfull (of tea) Τ褦1Ǥ -s Ĥ۷ߤ줿
ʾ塤Poutsma (141--43) ȤƼɮñˤäɤ줬ȤȤϡ̣Ūʹθ̻Ū¦̤δͿ⵿롥̣
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.
German ʥɥĿ͡ˤʣ Germans Ǥ *Germen ˤϤʤʤ츻Ū -man ʣǤϤʤƱͤ human ʿʹ֡, Ottoman ʥޥȥ륳͡, talisman ʸˤʤɤ⡤-man ϤޤǸ촴ΰǤꡤ츻Ū -man ʣǤϤʤˡʣϵ§Ū - s Ĥ humans, Ottomans, talismans Ȥ롥*humen, *Ottomen, *talismen ȤϤʤʤ
ȼ㴳𤬰ۤʤΤ#707. dragoman ([2011-04-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̾ʣǤ롥dragoman ˤϸ츻Ūˤ -man ʣǤϤʤΤΡʣȤƤ dragomans Τߤʤ餺 dragomen Ѥ롥Ԥϰδ㤤뤤ϰʬ (metanalysis) ˴ŤŪˤϵƤƤ
˰ۤʤ륿פ夲 Norman ʣ̾ϡ츻Ūˤ north + -man Ǥꡤ餫 -man ʣǤcf. #1568. Norman, Normandy, Norse ([2013-08-12-1])ˡäơʣ *Normen Ȥʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ뤬ºݤˤΤȤ1Ĥ̾촴ȤƲᤵ褦ˤʤäΤNormans ȤѤƤ
Ȥ Norman θˤҤȤȡĤƤʣȤ Normen ѤƤȤ狼롥OED űѸ줫κǽʸƤߤ褦
OE Þær wæs Harold cyning of Norwegan & Tostig eorl ofslagen, & gerim folces mid heom, ægðer ge Normana ge Englisca, & þa Normen [flugon þa Englis[c]a].
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Tiberius MS. B.i) anno 1066
OE Harold for to Norwegum, Magnus fædera, syððan Magnus dead wæs, & Normen hine underfengon.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Tiberius MS. B.iv) anno 1049
Ť Normans Τ̤ۤʣä褦ǤϤ롥
c1275 (?a1200) Seoððen comen Normans [c1300 Otho MS. Normains]..and nemneden heo Lundres.
Laȝamon, Brut (Caligula MS.) (1963) 7115
c1325 (c1300) þus was in normannes hond þat lond ibroȝt.
Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester (Caligula MS.) 7498
-man ָ̱츻Ūʣᤰϡۤˤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
ܲ䤬ܤȤƷǤܤƤ1ĤѸϢʤѸ by-name Ǥ롥Ǥ̾ͳ褹˴ؿƤ롥
Fransson (14--15) ˤȡ̾١ʣȤʤѸǤ¸ߴƤ롥Ūˤʣ2Ǥ̤Ƥ롥Ūˤ -maker, -man, -monger-, -wright तŵĴ٤Ƥߤ¾ˤ⤿롥ʣ2ǤȤŵŪʤΤ Fransson ΰƷǤ褦
-BATOUR: Orbatour.
-BETER: Coperbeter, Flaxbeter, Goldbeter, Ledbeter, Wodebetere, Wolbetere.
-BIGGERE: Fetherbycger, Shoubiggere.
-BYNDER: Bokbynder.
-BREDERE: Haryngbredere.
-BREYDER: Lacebreyder.
-BRENNER: Askebrenner, Lymbrener.
-BREWERE: Alebrewere.
-BROCHER: Ploghbrocher.
-KARTERE: Heryngkartere.
-KERNERE: Smerekernere.
-CLEVER: Burdclever.
-DRAGHER: Wirdgragher.
-DRAPER: Lyndraper.
-FEUERE: Baiounsfeuere, Orfeuere.
-GRAVER: Orgraver, Selgraver.
-HEWERE: Bordhewere, Fleshhewere, Marlehewer, Silverhewer, Stonhewere, Vershewere.
-HOPER: Goldehoper.
-YETERE: Belleyetere, Bligeter, Brasyetere, Ledyetere, Pannegetter.
-LEGGER: Streulegger.
-LETER: Blodleter.
-LITTSTER: Corklittster.
-MAKER: Aketonmaker, Aruwemakere, Aunseremakere, Belgmakere, Bokmakere, Bordmakere, Botelmaker, Bowemakere, Callemaker, Candelmaker, Kelmaker, Chalunmaker, Chapemaker, Chesemakere, Clokkemaker, Cordemaker, Cottemakere, Delmaker, Dofkotemakere, Elymaker, Flourmakere, Gourdmaker, Hayremaker, Hodemaker, Lepmaker, Maltmakere, Medemaker, Meysemakere, Melemakere, Moldemaker, Netmaker, Oylemaker, Paniermaker, Potmaker, Pouchemaker, Pundermaker, Quyltmaker, Saucemaker, Seggemaker, Sheldmakere, Strengmakere, Walmakere.
-MAKESTERE: Kallemakestere.
-MAN: Butterman, Candelman, Capman, Chapman, Cheseman, Clothman, Elyman, Fetherman, Flaxman, Flekeman, Glasman, Hauerman, Honyman, Laxman, Lekman, Lynman, Meleman, Mustardman, Oilman, Pakeman, Panierman, Redman, Sakman, Saltman, Sherman, Syveman, Slayman, Smeremay, Tailman, Wademan, Waxman, Werkman.
-MARTER: Bukmarter.
-MONGERE: Bukmongere, Ketmongere, Chesemonger, Clothmangere, Cornmongere, Fethermongere, Fishmongere, Flaxmongere, Fleshmongere, Garlekmongere, Gosmanger, Heymongere, Henmongere, Heryngmongere, Hermonger, Horsmongere, Irmongere, Lusmonger, Madermanger, Maltmongere, Melemongere, Otmongere, Sklatemanger, Smeremongere, Taylmongere, Tymbermongere, Waxmongere, Whelmonger, Wolmongere, Wudemonger.
-MONGESTERE: Bredmongestere.
-POLLARE: Felpollare.
-SELLER: Clothseller.
-SLIPER: Swerdsliper.
-SMITH: Ankersmyth, Arowesmith, Balismith, Blakesmyth, Bokelsmyth, Boltsmith, Botsmith, Brounsmyth, Knyfsmith, Copersmith, Exsmyth, Goldsmyth, Hudsmyth, Ledsmyth, Lokersmyth, Loksmyth, Orsmyth, Schersmyth, Shosmyth, Watersmyth, Whelsmyth, Whitesmyth.
-SNITHER: Lakensnither.
-TAWYERE: Whittewere.
-TEWERE: Whittewere.
-THEKER: Ledtheker.
-TOWERE: Whittowere.
-WASHERE: Skynwashere.
-WEBBE: Poghwebbe, Sakwebbe.
-WIFE: Flaxwife, Silkwife.
-WYNDER: Flekewynder.
-WOMAN: Silkwoman.
-WRIGHT: Arkewright, Bordwright, Bowewright, Brandwright, Briggwright, Cartwright, Chesewright, Kystewright, Kittewright, Culewright, Detherwright, Glaswright, Hayrwright, Lattewright, Limwright, Nawright, Orewright, Ploghwright, Shipwright, Syvewright, Slaywright, Tywelwright, Tunwright, Waynwright, Whelwright, Whicchewright.
-WRYNGERE: Chesewryngere.
Ϣơ#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ ([2024-06-07-1]) ʤɤε⻲Ȥ줿
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Ѹο̾ӤӤ (by-name) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥Fransson Thuresson ΰįƤȡƱοȤȤܤΤˡ͡ʸƾΤäȤ褯ʬäƤ롥Ȥ櫓Ƥμ¿ΤԥååפƤߤǧ줿ǯθƤߤ褦
˿ (Fransson 66--67): Cheseman (1263), Cheser (1332), Chesemakere (1275), Chesewright (1293), Chesemonger (1186), Furmager (1198), Chesewryngere (1281), Wringer (1327)
ꡤ (Fransson 87--88): Webbe (1243), Webbester (1275), Webbere (1340), Weuere (1296)
ޤ (Fransson 95--96): Pouchemaker (1349), Poucher (1317), Pocheler, Poker (1314)
ٹ (Fransson 133--34): Goldsmyth/Gildsmith (125), Gilder/Golder (1281), Goldbeter (1252), Goldehoper (1327)
֡ء繩 (Fransson 161--62): Whelere (1249), Whelster (1327), Whelwright (1274), Whelsmyth (1319), Whelemonger (1332)
֥ (Thuresson 65--67): Swynherde (1327), Swyneman (1275), Swyner (1257), Swyndriuere (1317), Swon (c1240)
Ļ (Thuresson 75--76): Hunte (1203), Hunter (1301), Hunteman (1235)
Τ褦ʰ۷֤ϡȤ櫓̣δ鶽̣롥ʾˡοȤ¿䡤͡μΡ¾ΤؤΤ꤬졤鴶ưФ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Thuresson, Bertil. Middle English Occupational Terms. Lund Studies in English 19. Lund: Gleerup, 1968.
#5348. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed ([2023-12-18-1]) εǡʻ (parasynthesis) ȤѸƳ
OED ˤ "Derivation from a compound; word-formation involving both compounding and derivation." Ȥ롥бƻ parasynthetic ȤȤˡꥷζ˴ؤܤΤʤ1862ǯ˽ФƤ롥OED ǤϷƻ parasynthetic ιܤΤۤ⤬ܤΤǡ餫⡤ʸѤ롥
Formed from a combination or compound of two or more elements; formed by a process of both compounding and derivation.
In English grammar applied to compounds one of whose elements includes an affix which relates in meaning to the whole compound; e.g. black-eyed 'having black eyes' where the suffix of the second element, -ed (denoting 'having'), applies to the whole, not merely to the second element. In French grammar applied to derived verbs formed by the addition of both a prefix and a suffix.
1862 It is said that synthesis does, and parasynthesis does not affect the accent; which is really tantamount to saying, that when the accent of a word is known..we shall be able to judge whether a Greek grammarian regarded that word as a synthetic or parasynthetic compound. (H. W. Chandler, Greek Accentuation Preface xii)
1884 That species of word-creation commonly designated as parasynthetic covers an extensive part of the Romance field. (A. M. Elliot in American Journal of Philology July 187)
1934 Twenty-three..of the compound words present..are parasynthetic formations such as 'black-haired', 'hard-hearted'. (Review of English Studies vol. 10 279)
1951 Such verbs are very commonly parasynthetic, taking one of the prefixes ad-, ex-, in-. (Language vol. 27 137)
1999 Though broad-based is two centuries old, zero-based took off around 1970 and missile lingo gave us land-based, sea-based and space-based. A discussion of this particular parasynthetic derivative is based-based. (New York Times (Nexis) 27 June vi. 16/2)
оݤȤʤ˱ parasynthetic/parasynthesis λؤۤʤȤ𤬤褦ǡǤդνѸǤ롥ѸǤ -ed Ϳ parasynthesis ŵȤƵ뤳Ȥ¿褦-ed parasynthesis ˸ꤷƹͻˤ衤ʥѥꤽǡŪˤϤ˺ʬɬפ
Ⱥ˰³green-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤߤ̾դ -ed ˤĤ (cf. [2023-12-18-1], [2023-12-19-1])
OED -ed, suffix2 ̣ˡβѤ
Appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. In modern English, and even in Middle English, the form affords no means of distinguishing between the genuine examples of this suffix and those participial adjectives in -ed, suffix1 which are ultimately < nouns through unrecorded verbs. Examples that have come down from Old English are ringed:--Old English hringede, hooked: --Old English hócede, etc. The suffix is now added without restriction to any noun from which it is desired to form an adjective with the sense 'possessing, provided with, characterized by' (something); e.g. in toothed, booted, wooded, moneyed, cultured, diseased, jaundiced, etc., and in parasynthetic derivatives, as dark-eyed, seven-hilled, leather-aproned, etc. In bigoted, crabbed, dogged, the suffix has a vaguer meaning. (Groundless objections have been made to the use of such words by writers unfamiliar with the history of the language: see quots.)
ܵȤƤϡ~ġ~ħդ줿դ̾Ȥꤢƻ첽ˤˡ⤢ȤΤȤ̾ -ed ղäˤĤƤϡ̾ղäƤΤ뤤̾줬äưʻž (conversion) ǡư˲ʬ -ed ղäƤΤȽȤʤȤˤƤ롥ʻžư줬Ωʸڤʤˤ⡤ޤʸڤƤʤȤ뤷뤤夽Τ褦˹ͤ뤳ȤϲǽȤΩ⤢뤫⤷ʤΤǤϤ롥
ΰѤκǸˡ̾ + -edλѤȿФ̡ˤĤƤθڤ뤬OED ľ˵ƤΤ϶ŪˤϼǤ롥
1779 There has of late arisen a practice of giving to adjectives derived from substantives, the termination of participles: such as the 'cultured' plain..but I was sorry to see in the lines of a scholar like Gray, the 'honied' spring. (S. Johnson, Gray in Works vol. IV. 302)
1832 I regret to see that vile and barbarous vocable talented..The formation of a participle passive from a noun is a licence that nothing but a very peculiar felicity can excuse. (S. T. Coleridge, Table-talk (1836) 171)
Johnson Coleridge ޤ "writers unfamiliar with the history of the language" "Groundless objections" ȽҤ٤դꡤOED Ϥʤʤ긷
ε ([2023-12-18-1]) ³Ԥǡgreen-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤˤĤơ OED Ȥ -ed ΤΤ롥
OED ǤưβʬȤƤ -ed, suffix1 ȡΤ褦̾ˤĤȤƤ -ed, suffix2 ̸ФΩƤƤ롥Ԥθ츻Ѥ롥
Cognate with Old Saxon -ôdi (not represented elsewhere in Germanic, though Old Norse had adjectives similarly < nouns, with participial form and i-umlaut, as eygðr eyed, hynrdr horned); appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. The function of the suffix is thus identical with that of the Latin past participial suffix -tus as used in caudātus tailed, aurītus eared, etc.; and it is possible that the Germanic base may originally have been related to that of -ed, suffix1, the suffix of past participles of verbs formed upon nouns.
εҤˤȡޥǤʶʬۤǤϤ뤬бꡤƱɳΥƥʤɤˤбǤȤȤˤʤ롥̤ķϤɤޤ̤Τ뤤ϳƸɡˤǤΩʿȯãʤΤ뤤ϰ¾ؤμѤͤΤʤɡ䤹褷ˤʤΤ褦
⤦1Ĺθ٤Ȥơ -ed ñ̾դ (ex. dogged) ʣ̾դ (ex. green-eyed) ȤηδƱΤȤߤƤ褤Τ뤤ϰۤʤΤª٤ʤΤŪˤŪˤ⡤Τ˶̣Ǥ롥
khelfʷѸ˥եDZĤƤ Discord ߥ˥ƥˤơɸ˷Ǥ the green-eyed monster ФܤʪˤΤ褦ʶˤ -ed ˤĤƵ䤬줿ưβʬ -ed Τ褦ˤߤ뤬̾ˤĤƤȤΤϤɤȤ⤷Dz狼ȤդƤΤǡ伫ȤĴٻϤƤȤǤ롥
Ϥ뤬ޤɽ˴Ϣƺǽ˲ƤѸҲ𤷤ʻ (parasynthesis) Ǥ롥ؿѸؼŵ٤ɤǤߤ褦
parasynthesis ̸͡ʻˡäơʹžȤ褦ˡĤ¤ˡ٤˹Ԥʤ뤳ȡ㤨Сextraterritorial extra-territorial Ȥ⡤(extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤǤʤʬϤ extra+territory+-al Ǥ롥Ʊͤ intramuscular intra+muscle+-ar Ǥ롥 baby-sitter (= one who sits with the baby) baby+sit+-er Ʊȹͤʻ (parasynthetic compound) ȤȤǤ롥ޤ blockhead ʤФˡpickpocket ʤˤ⡤⤷ -head, pick- žˤäơֿ͡פȤСʻȤȤǤ롥
嵭Ǥ green-eyed Υפ㼨Ƥʤʻ1ȤäƤ褤a double-edged sword ξϤη, a four-footed animal ʻͤĵӤưʪ, middle-aged spread ǯˤʤˤϻ礫ʤ
ʤ the green-eyed monster ϸ鷺Τ줿 Shakespeare Othello (3.3.166) ζǤ롥green-eyed the green-eyed monster ⤤ Shakespeare ߽ФɽǡʹߡּʡפεͲɽȤƹѤ褦ˤʤä
⤳ΥפʻˤĤƹͤƤ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ʣΤưŪǤޤޤ̾̾졤뤤̾ȷƻǤʤΤ1ʣ̾ȸƤ֡ (56--57) ꡤѸܸ줫Ƥߤ褦Ȥ櫓2Ǵ֤ΰ̣طܤ줿
a. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾˻Ƥ
catfish ʥʥޥˡeggplant ʥʥˡ껱ۤ
b. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾Ӥɽ
ashtray ʳˡbirdcage Ļˡ֥饷
c. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾ΰǤ
doorknob ʥɥμüˡpianokey ʥԥΤθסˡƬ𤸤
d. 2ܤ̾줬ǽ̾Ф
honeybee ʥߥĥХˡsilkworm ʥˡȥ
e. ǽñ줬ƻ2ܤ̾Ǥ
darkroom ʰżˡblackboard ʹġˡĿ桤ֿ
1Ǥ2ǤȤȡΤ褦ˤޤȤ
a. Τ褦ʢ
b. Τ
c.
d. 뢤
e. ʢ
ŵŪ2Ǵ֤ΰ̣ط㼨ΤˤʤʣˤϤ¾͡ʰ̣ط롥㤨С#4856. Ĺʣ --- farm produce delivery truck repair shop ([2022-08-13-1]) student film society committee scandal ְͿȹפʤɤϤɤǴ֤ΰ̣طϤ줤Ǥʤ餤¿ͤǤ롥
2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
ε#4855. ʣǧ --- blackboard ʣ black board ϶ ([2022-08-12-1]) ³ʣ (compound) ꡥѸ¸ߴƤ1ĤĹ̾Ϣʣ礬롥¿ξڡ˵ͤߤȤҲΥˡȿǤƤΤWorld Heath Organization, Trades union congress centenary, New York City Ballet School instructor, railway station waiting room murder inquiry verdict ʤˤȤޤʤʹʤɤСǤ뤳ȤǤcf. #399. Ѹ˵äƤѲ ([2010-05-31-1])#629. Ѹο쥵 Word Spy ([2011-01-16-1])#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1])ˡ
(52--53) ϡѸܸĹʣʤ顤Ρַ֤ǽ (recursive) ܤƤ롥
farm produce delivery truck repair shop ǺΤ줿ʪãѥȥåνŹ
student film society committee scandal inquiry ʳDz趨ѰΥĴ
bathroom towel rack designer training ἼѥݤΥǥʡ
bathroom towel rack designer training program committee ἼѥݤΥǥʡײѰ
Ϳȹ
̳Ĵ
ǯϫƯưٱ
϶̺ұкư
ξȤ⡤Τ褦ǤĤʤˤƤǤĹʣФƤȤǤ롥줬 "recursive" ΰ̣Ǥ롥§ȤƺǸ˸ǡʲˤ̣ŪʼȤʤꡤʣ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ˡ嵭κǸǡˤɤޤĹĤʤ뤫ĩ路Ƥߤ϶̺ұкưμɮĹôʽԻȻٱ²ưפȤΤϤǤ礦recursive ʤΤǥ꤬ʤ50ʸǻߤޤˡ
2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס סܹʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
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