hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 ڡ / page 2 (3)

compound - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-08-12 Fri

#4855. ʣǧ --- blackboard ʣ black board ϶ [word][compounding][compound][word_formation][phrase][morphology][syntax][terminology]

ΩʣȤ߹碌ơ1ĤθФʣ (compounding) ȤΤ褦ˤƷ줿Τʣ (compound) ȤʣʸˤʬˤĤƤϡ#924. ʣʬ ([2011-11-07-1])#2652. ʣ̾ΰ̣Ūʬ ([2016-07-31-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ϡʣȶ (phrase) ɤΤ褦˶̤ΤȤ夲롥ξԤȤΩʣȤ߹碌ƺȤǤƱ̤ʣϷŪñ̤ǤꡤŪñ̤Ǥȶ̤ƤȤ館롥㤨Сblack board ʹġˤ϶ blackboard ʹġˤʣȽǤ뤬ɤΤ褦˶̤Τʤֻ2Ǵ֤˥ڡ֤Ƥ뤫ɤϴŪˡˤܼŪʷȤϤʤʤȤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ
ʣǧˤĤơ (39) 3򼨤

a. ̣˴ؤŪʤΡ
2ġʤޤϤʾˤñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤΤΰ̣ʬΰ̣Ūʤ硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥ʰ̣

b. ֤˴ؤŪʤΡ
2Ĥñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤξԤδ֤¾Ǥʤ䡤ǽñΤߤ򽤾ñ줬դʤ硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥ʷŪʶ̩

c. Ūʴʸ̸ͭǡǤϱѸξ
2Ĥñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤ1ǽñ֤硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥


black board blackboard ζŪʥڥǾ嵭δǧƤߤ褦black ʹˤ board ġˤȤ2ĤΩñȤΰ̣ΤäƤС̣­ˤ black board ΰֹ̣ġפưפ˳ФȤǤ롥blackboard ϰŪʹĤǤϤʤعǤμȤʤӤΤ˻ȤΤˤĤ줿̾Ǥ롥顤ºݤˤп˶ᤫäȤƤ blackboard ȤȤǤ롥blackboard ñʰ̣­ˤäͽۤ뤳ȤǤʤüʰ̣ĤΤǤʰ̣ˡ
ˡǤ black board ˤĤƤ very black board blacker board Τ褦 black ΰ̣ĴӤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ʣǤ blackboard ˤĤƤ *very blackboard *blackerboard Τ褦ˤ뤳Ȥϵʤʣ2Ǥδطޤ˶̩ǤʷŪʶ̩ˡ
Ǹˡ blàck bóard ʣ bláckbòard ȤǤϡ֤ʬۤʤ롥ԤϰŪʶζѥ˽ԤϰŪʸζѥ˽äƤ롥
嵭ʣǧϡʤ (word) ΤΤǧȽŤʤȤ¿δϢˤĤƤϡ#910. ʤ񤷤 (1) ([2011-10-24-1])#911. ʤ񤷤 (2) ([2011-10-25-1])#912. ʤ񤷤 (3) ([2011-10-26-1])#921. ʤ񤷤 (4) ([2011-11-04-1])#922. ʤ񤷤 (5) ([2011-11-05-1]) ׻ȡ

򹯡2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס 򹯡 ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-26-1] [2022-08-13-1]

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2021-07-29 Thu

#4476. ŪƩ٤δθôط --- consociation vs. dissociation [lexicology][morphology][etymology][loan_word][word_formation][compound][terminology][lexical_stratification][synonym]

γǰѸΤäƤбѸθôطˤĤƤäȸŪǤȻפΤ˺ǶвäGörlach (110) consociation dissociation ȤôطˤĤƾҲ𤷤ƤʤȤȤ Leisi ˤΤȤΤȡ

Words can be said to be consociated if linked by transparent morphology; they are dissociated if morphologically isolated. Consociation is common in languages in which compounds and derivations are frequent (OE, Ge, Lat). Dissociation occurs when foreign words are borrowed, or when derivations become opaque . . . .


㤨Сheart hearty heartiness ϷŪƩƤꡤŵŪ consociation δطˤȤ롥foul filth filthy filthiness ˤĤƤ⡤ǽ foul filth Ʃ٤ϼ㴳뤬ʤűѸǤϲֵ§ˤꡤ٤Ʃ٤äȤˡΤȤƤ consociation δطȤconsociation ȤäƤ٤κΤꤦôطǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
Ѹä3ع¤ʤɤϡŵŪ dissociation δط򼨤#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) 餤ĤСask -- question -- interrogate, fair -- beautiful -- attractive, help -- aid -- assistance ʤɤ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) ͭ̾cow -- beef, swine -- pork, sheep -- mutton ʤɤθôط dissociation Ȥ롥
eye -- ocular ʤɤ̾졦ƻб⡤dissociation δطȤȤˤʤ롥ܸä򹭤С¸ȴδط뤤ϴɤߤǤзɤߤȲɤߤδط⡤ŵŪ dissociation ȤäƤ褤֤᤬͡סʴˤȡִסʴˤδطϡ嵭 eye -- ocular δط˻Ƥ롥Ϣơ#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Görlach, Manfred.
The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
Leisi, Ernst.
Das heutige Englische: Wesenszüge und Probleme.'' 5th ed. Heidelberg, 1969.

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2021-07-02 Fri

#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥ [greek][loan_word][borrowing][compounding][compound][word_formation][register][combining_form]

Ѹûˤˤ륮ꥷ (greek) ϡƥ졤ե󥹸졤ťΥɸΤ٤ȰŪˤΩʤȤ櫓ؤ䲽ؤʤɤγؽѥ쥸˸ꤹС礭ܥ֥Ǥ͡˼夲Ƥʲ˵󤲤뵭ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1])
#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1])
#616. Ѹβʳظäȯ ([2011-01-03-1])
#617. Ѹ5ʬθä̻ʬۡ ([2011-01-04-1])
#1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1])
#3014. Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷο¸ߴ19 ([2017-07-28-1])
#3013. 19񤵤줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])
#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])
#4191. ʳѸΰ̣νؤŤˤĤơ ([2020-10-17-1])

Joseph (1720) ѸȥꥷŪʴطˤĤƼΤ褦ŪˤޤȤƤ롥

English and Greek share some affinity in that both are members of the Indo-European language family, but within Indo-European, they are not particularly closely related. Nor is it the case that at any point in their respective prehistories were speakers of Greek and speakers of English in close contact with one another, and such is the case throughout most of historical times as well. Thus the story of language contact involving English and Greek is actually a relatively brief one.
   However, the languages have not been inert over the centuries with respect to one another and some contact effects can be discerned. For the most part, these involve loanwords, as there are essentially no structural effects . . . and in many, if not most, instances, as the following discussion shows, the loans are either learned borrowings that do not even necessarily involve overt speaker-to-speaker contact, or ones that only indirectly involve Greek, being ultimately of Greek origin but entering English through a different source.


ѸʹߤˡꥷȤ˭ʸܳŪ˱ѸäƤȤΤˤŪʥ쥸ˤŪʸݤäȤФǤϤ뤬ϤѸθ礭ʥѥȤͿȤäƤ褤üȤ encephalograph Ǿ¤ƿޡˤ夲ȡϥꥷͳ褹 encephalon Ǿ + graph ʿޡˤȤ2ĤϢ (combining_form) 鹽롥 encephalography, electroencephalography, electroencephalographologist ʤɤδϢֱѸ¦ǡ״ñ߽ФȤǤΤǤ롥
ѸˤƤǡ1,3-dimethylamino-3,5-propylhexedrine ȤäʻĶ뤬ˤΤޤ޲صʣפ߽ФȤǤ롥ʤߤˡ˥ꥷǤΤߤʤ벽ʪ̾ΤȤ bromochloroiodomethane ʤ줬 (Joseph (1722))
ˡ⤦ŪʷΩ줫餤СꥷǤˤϡαѸθȤƤŪޤäʣ (dvandva/copulative/appositional compound) η򹭤᤿ȤǤѸŪ˰յ롥㤨 otorhinolaryngologist ʼɡʰˤϡʸ̤ɡʡʼԡˡפΰդǤ롥
dvandva compound ˤĤƤϡ#2652. ʣ̾ΰ̣Ūʬ ([2016-07-31-1])#2653. ([2016-08-01-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Joseph, Brian D. "English in Contact: Greek." Chapter 109 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1719--24.

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2021-06-20 Sun

#4437. ̾ʬפʤʣƻ [adjective][participle][compound][word_formation][syntax][semantics][morphology]

ɸ breath-taking man-made तʣƻؤ2ǤȤƸʬȤN + V-ing פȲʬȤN + V-ed פ2ब롥̾ʬˤʤäƤưȤ̣ŪطˤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤΤ (100--01) 򻲾ȤơηˤĤ󤲤롥碌ơOED ǯդ

ΡN + V-ing

(1) N V ŪȤʤ
breath-taking (1840), man-eating (1607), fact-finding (1833), habit-forming (1899), time-consuming (1600), English-speaking (1798); self-defeating (1812), self-sacrificing (1654), self-respecting (1597)

(2) N ɽ̲ƤʤֻŪȤʤʰʲǤϴͿֻ䤦
ocean-going [across] (1854), fist-fighting [with] (1950), law-abiding [by] (1839)

ΡN + V-ed

(3) "V-ed by [at, in, with] N" ȥѥե졼ǤطʰʲǤϴͿֻ䤦
moth-eaten [by] (c1400), self-taught [by] (1586), man-made [by] (1845), home-made [at] (1547), country-bred [in] (1620), star-spangled [with] (1600)

įƤߤȡʣƻǤȤʤ̾ưʬˤŪطϡˤ¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥СʣƻϡŪŸ줿ե졼٤ȡǴ֤ΰ̣طŪǤʤȤ⤤褦󡤤Τ褦¿ˤĤķȤƤΥѥȤƤ뤳Ȥʣƻ¸߰յʤΤȤϻפ
夲פʣƻŪȯ˴ؤƤϡ嵭νǯį¤ꡤѸΤΤۤȤɤǤ롥ᤤѸѤƤϤɤΤõƤߤʤä

ط١ҡ1988ǯ

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2020-06-03 Wed

#4055. parasynthesis [parasynthesis][compounding][compound][derivation][derivative][word_formation][morphology][terminology][back_formation][conversion]

parasynthesisˤϸ (word_formation) 1ǡʣ (compounding) (derivation) ٤˹ԤʤΤǤ롥θˤäƺ줿ϡ"parasynthetic compound" 뤤 "parasyntheton" ˤȸƤФ롥ζ󤲤Сwarm-hearted, demoralize, getatable, baby-sitter, extraterritorial ʤɤ롥
extraterritorial ǹͤƤߤȡθ extra-(territori-al) Ȥ (extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤ⡤extra-, territory, -al 3ĤηǤƱ˷礷ΤȹͤΤǤ롥ŪˤĤƤɤ줬Ǥɤ줬夫ȤȤΤ񤷤ȤȤǤϡ#418. bracketing paradox ([2010-06-19-1])#498. bracketing paradox ܸ줫 ([2010-09-07-1])#499. bracketing paradox αѸ줫äȡ ([2010-09-08-1]) ε򻲾Ȥ줿ǵ󤲤ϤǤ롥
ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) 1ȹͤʤСpickpocket blockhead Τ褦 (subordinative) exocentric compound ⡤ʣƱ˵äƤȤȤäƤ褤
жԡˡظѸؼŵ (p. 630) Ǥ̤5ʬषƤΤǡͤޤǤ˵󤲤Ƥ

(1) ַƻ̾ hot-tempered, old-maidish. (2) ̾̾ house-wifely, newspaperdom. (3) ư oncoming, half-boiled. (4) ̾ư shopkeeper, typewriting. (5) Τۤmatter-of-factness, come-at-able ʶŤ䤹ˤʤɡ


⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ

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2020-03-01 Sun

#3961. 3ûλ [sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][shortening][shocc][trish][compound][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][gvs][drift]

ε#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) ǿ줿 SHOCC (= Shortening before Consonant Clusters) Ȥ褽Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ûȤơ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening (= TRISH)) ȤѲ롥3ˤƶΤ1Ĺ첻ûȤΤ꼰ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

V [-long]/__C(C)σσ


Ritt (99--100) ꡤѸǤη֤ˤ󤲤褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ󤲤롥

heafodu PL'head'
cicenu PL'chicken'
linenes GEN'linen'
æniȝe PL'any'
ærende'errand'
æmette'ant'
suþerne'southern'
westenne DAT'waste (desert)'
deorlingas PL'darling'
feorþinȝas PL'farthing'
feowertiȝ'forty'
freondscipe'friendship'
haliȝdaȝ'holiday'
alderman'alderman'
heringes PL'herring'
stiropes PL'stirrup'
Monenday'Monday'
Thuresday'Thursday'
seliness'silliness'
redili'readily'
bretheren PL'brethren'
evere'ever'
othere ACC'other''
redeles PL'riddle'
boseme ACC'bosom'
wepenes PL'weapon'


ȤȤ3Фۤʣ3ˤʤäΡ̾ʣʤɤζ޸դ3ˤʤäΤˤ뤳ȤäˤꡤѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơʣ southern, holiday, Monday Ǥû첻ȤʤäƤͳ롥¾ζˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1751. ʣ1Ǥβû̡ ([2014-02-11-1])
#260. ([2010-01-12-1])
#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1])

֤εǡѸ쳫Ĺ (meosl)ƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening)Ҳû (shocc) ʤɡűѸ줫ѸϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ򰷤äƤ餬ߤ䴰طˤäȤܤͤ롥ˤСζή (drift) ϼλΡ첻ܡ (gvs) ˤĤʤäƤΤǤꡤˤ錄Ĺѥפ٤ȤȤʬ롥

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])
#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])
#3916. 岻ζ̤첻Ѳδط ([2020-01-16-1])
#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤס ([2020-01-14-1])

ʸ嵭2020/03/02(Mon)̾ϻ moon Ĺ첻ŦޤơΡָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻ĤΤФơפָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơפ˽ޤ꤬Ȥޤ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-02-1]

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2020-01-17 Fri

#3917. رѸ춵٤Ϣ11֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿Τ [rensai][notice][sobokunagimon][shortening][abbreviation][blend][acronym][compound][compounding][derivation][derivative][conversion][disguised_compound][word_formation][lexicology][borrowing][link]

114ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ2ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤפȤǤ

رѸ춵2020ǯ2



ϢܵϡȥȤƤϾά˾ƤƤ褦ˤߤޤºݤˤϱѸθˤγѤܻؤƤޤʣ (compounding) (derivation) ʤɤ¿ѤűѸ졥¾줫 (borrowing) 뤳ȤܳФ᤿Ѹ졥ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) ȸƤФ븼ŪʵФѸ졥ơḽѸˤƬƤά (abbreviation) û (shortening) Ǥ
Ѹˤ̤͡ȯŸƤθ (word_formation) ή򡤻§׻ˤʤ館绨ĤˤޤȤȡ(1) ­ݤθűѸ졤(2) θѸ졤(3) 껻ζḽѸȤʤޤϾάṳ̂˱ɤƤ껻λȤȤˤʤޤ
Ѹθˤ嵭Τ褦˻§׻ˤʤ館ŤߤƼΤϡϢܵƤǤӺǤϤޤʤȤѸˤήƬˡ1ĤȤƤͭȻפäƤޤҸʸɤߤФȻפޤ
άṳ̂ˤĤơϢܵȴϢ֥إ󥯤򽸤Ƥߤޤ碌Ƥɤ

#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])
#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])
#887. acronym ʬ ([2011-10-01-1])
#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])
#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])
#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1])
#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1])
#2624. Brexit, Breget, Regrexit ([2016-07-03-1])
#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1])
#3075. άȰŹ ([2017-09-27-1])
#3329. ʤϾάʸˤ¿Τ ([2018-06-08-1])
#3708. άṳ̂Ϸ־Τߤʤ餺ǽˡǤ ([2019-06-22-1])

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11󡡤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ2桤罤۽Ź2020ǯ11462--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-21-1]

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2019-10-10 Thu

#3818. űѸˤּʣ [lexicology][word_formation][oe][kenning][compound][disguised_compound]

#3801. gan ˤߤűѸäηŪʡ ([2019-09-23-1]) ǤϡȤƸűѸ (derivative) ιߤűѸäηŪʤϡʣ (compound) ˤäưؤ褯롥ʣȤϡΩ2İʾñĤʤ碌ƿ1ĤñäΤǡѸǤ girlfriend convenience store ʤɤǤߤΥפñǤ롥
äơѸǤʣ (compounding) ȤϤ˳ƤΤűѸǤϤγޤŷ̡ŷ̵˥Ǥ餢롥ʣγǤΰ̣ΤäƤСĤʤ碌ʣ켫Τΰ̣⤪褽ưפǤ뤳Ȥ顤"self-explaining compounds" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Crystal (22) ꡤűѸ줫Ρּʣפ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

gōdspel < gōd 'good' + spel 'tidings': gospel
sunnandæg < sunnan 'sun's' + dæg 'day': Sunday
stæfcræft < stæf 'letters' + cræft 'crat': grammar
mynstermann < mynster 'monastery' + mann 'man': monk
frumweorc < frum 'beginning' + weorc 'work': creation
eorþcræft < eorþ 'earth' + cræft 'craft': geometry
rōdfæstnian < rōd 'cross' + fæstnian 'fasten': crucify
dægred < dæg 'day' + red 'red': dawn
lēohtfæt < lēoht 'light' + fæt 'vessel': lamp
tīdymbwlātend < tīd 'time' + ymb 'about' + wlātend 'gaze': astronomer


ּΡפȤäƤ٤κϤꡤǸ tīdymbwlātend ʤɤ˼ɤϵ路ޤŪѷˤμ٤줿ʣ (disguised_compound) ʤΤ⤢СƼ뤳ȤʸṲ̄ʥʥ̤ФŪʣ (kenning) ʤΤ⤢ʳơ#260. ([2010-01-12-1])#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]) 򻲾ȡˡּʣפȤääǤαԤȤ⤤٤ΤǤϤּʣפϡűѸθˤΩäħ1ĤȤäƤ褤

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-04-01-1]

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2019-07-06 Sat

#3722. ϱ¦βȰפ [blend][syllable][compound][phonology]

(blend) ˤĤơ#630. blend(ing) 뤤 portmanteau word θƾΡ ([2011-01-17-1])#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
Ȥ麮ߤƤߤȡ⤷뤳Ȥ˵Ťβʥ⡼ˤϡΤȤȤʤäƤ2ñΤȾθʱ¦ˤβʥ⡼ˤ˰פȤ¤Ǥ롥
(102--03) ˤ롤ܸȱѸ줫󤲤褦

ʥ⡼
ȡܥ3 + 4 4
ޥܥɥ ޥޥɥ2 + 4 4
ܥå å1 + 3 3
smokefogsmog1 + 1 1
breakfastlunchbrunch2 + 1 1
lunchsupperlupper1 + 2 2


Ūʥ롼ǤϤʤEbony + phonics Ebonics, parallel + Olympics Paralympics ʤɤ㳰ߤ뤬褽ƤϤޤȤϤ롥
ŪˡʣˤƤϱ¦ʻ̣ƤꤹȤ롥ȤݤˤƱ¦礭ꤹȤȤϡ¦ֲŪˤפôäƤ뤳Ȥ򼨤

ůͺ ҡ4ϡֹ¤Ȳ׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ88--105ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-18-1] [2021-04-13-1]

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2018-09-19 Wed

#3432. ꥹIJεȤ⤤٤󥰥 witenagemot [etymology][oe][anglo-saxon][parliament][history][monarch][compound]

åΥեå粦¹륢륹Athelstan; ߰ 924--40ǯˤϡåˤȤɤޤ餺¾κǽΥ󥰥ɲȸƤ֤٤¸ߤǤ롥937ǯΥ֥ʥ֥դ襤Ƿ򤢤ۤեå粦äȯŸˡŵԻڥˡߤ¤ƱʤɤζӤŤͤ (20--21) ˤС

륹ˤȤäƺθӤϡΤιɾIJIJεȤ⤤٤ؤ֤ȤǤ륹ʹߤι񲦤ϡΩˡפ˿Ȥ褦ˤʤꡤΤŪͭϼԤȤβĤ򳫤褦ˤʤäʶʥޥˤ̤ΩˡԤϡΡ֥ꥢΥɥ󲦤λϻǯˤ䥦åΥͲλϻ塻ǯˤˤ⸫줿륹Ϥ򤵤絬ϤʤΤȤꥹȶνפʹԻǤ륭ꥹȹºסʰˡסʻͷˡ׺סʸˤŪ˳Ť褦ˤʤä
줬ָͲġסʥƥʥ⡼ȡˤȸƤФΤǤ롥󥰥ɳϤɽԤ򽸤᤿Ĥǡ󥿥٥꡼ȥ衼ʶ¿λʶ罤ƻĹʥޥˤͭϵ²²ʥˤ餬ʤ褦ˤʤꡤŪ⡤󥰥Τ˴ؤ볰ɱꡤˤΧˡˡ˴ؤ˶ĤƤβĤ˽ޤ褦ˤʤäͭϼԤˤȤäڤȤʤäΤ貦λफ鼡ηѾޤǤδ֤꤬ʤ褦ĴȤޤ˲̷ѾϤ˴ؤǤä
ͲĤϡΥꥹȶԻȤϴؤΤʤˤ⾤줿פβĤǤϽդη˴ؤ̤ˤ˹Ԥʤ줿ޤ夬ȤȤˡʼԤʼʽˤ˷褦ˤʤäƤä


륹ָ֤ͲġפϡűѸǤ witenagemōt ȸɽ witena + gemōt 2줫ʤʣǤꡤ witena ϡָ͡ɾİפ̣̾ wita ʣ°ʷǤ롥̾ϡѸ̾ wit cf. űѸư witan Τסˤƻ wise ȸ츻Ū˴ϢƤ롥
gemōt ϡֲġפ̣̾켫ΤƬ ge- ̾ mōt ʬ򤵤롥ge- Ͻɽ魯ƬǡѸʹߤ˼岽üƤäyclept, yclad, alike, among, enough, either, handicraft, handiwork ʤɤ첻˺פĤmōt ϡ츻Ū meet ʲ񤦡ˤȴطƤꡤǤ moot Ȥǡֵ;ϤΤפ̣ƻȤѤƤ롥
äơwitenagemōt ΰ̣Ϥޤˡָͤ礹ġפǤ롥ʤѸǤѸȤƤȯ /ˈwɪtnəgəˌmoʊt/ Ȥʤ롥
ΥޥʹߤεIJ (parliament) ˤĤƤϡ#2334. ѸȵIJȯŸ ([2015-09-17-1]) ȡ#2335. parliament ([2015-09-18-1]) 򻲾ȡޤ󥰥īηϿޤǯɽˤĤơ#2620. 󥰥īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1]) ȡ#2547. 奤󥰥ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ɤ

ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-15-1]

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2018-04-10 Tue

#3270. mother tongue ʣǤϤʤ̾ä [compound][genitive][inflection][oe][relationship_noun]

#2654. a six-foot man a ten-mile drive ˻ĤʻĤäƤʤ˸űѸʣ°ʷ ([2016-08-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸǤ̵޷ˤߤΤΡϤĤƤζ޷μ岽üФ̤η֤ǤȤ褦㤬Ȥ˳ǧ롥a six-foot man foot whilom, seldom Lady Chapel, ladybird ʤɤˤ1 lady츫ȶޤʤɤƤʤη֤Ȥߤ뤬줾줫ĤƤʣ°ʷʣͿʷñ°ʷͳ褹롥˸ޤä꼺줿ꤷơŪ̵޷Ǥ뤫Τ褦ˤȤ館褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
Ƕᡤmother tongue ˤ⤽Τ褦1Ĥ餷ΤäѸǤʣȤǧ츻Ūˤ1 mother ϤΤޤޤñ°ʷȤĤޤꡤѸȯ֤ۤСޤ "mother's tongue" ȸäƤ褦ʤΤäΤ#703. űѸο²̾ζɽ ([2011-03-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡmother üʶޤ򤹤̾1Ĥǡñʷ mōdor Ʊñ°ʷȤʤꤦ롥mother tongue ȤɽνϡѸ Wyclif moder tonge ȤƽиۤƱ modir langage ⸽Ƥ롥η֤󤯸űѸ̵޷ȿǡƧƤȤ櫓ޤḽŪΤ°ʸȼä modiris langage ƱʸڤƤ뤳ȤդäƤ
ȤϤΤΡˤʤ롥 "mother" űѸ̵Ѳ°ʷ̤ȸѶŪʺϲѸǽФ餫顤ѸƱФǡʣȤƤȤ館줿ȤǽϤʤΤ嵭Τ褦 modiris langage ʻ¸ƤȤȤϡ1ĤΥݥȤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤθǤۤɶϤʤ褦ˤפ롥OED Ǥ⡤°ʷͳ褹Ȥˤ "Probably" źƤ롥դϡѸʣΥѥˤĤƤ褯ؤФʤȡȽǤǤʤ

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2017-12-27 Wed

#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ [waseieigo][latin][greek][scientific_name][compounding][compound][lmode][neo-latin][combining_form][neologism][lexicology][word_formation]

ε#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1]) ȴϢơƤӡֱפμդꡥѸˤϡʳؤȯŸȼӤʳѸ줬ޤ줿ΤۤȤɤꥷƥͳ褹 (combining_form) Ѥ (compounding) ˤ¤Ǥʡ#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1])#1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1])#3013. 19񤵤줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Kay and Allan (20--21) Τ褦˥ȤƤ롥

While borrowing continues to reflect contact with other cultures, many scientific words are not strictly speaking loanwords. Rather, they are constructed from roots adopted from the classical languages. This has the advantage of a degree of semantic transparency: if you know that tele, graph and phone come from Greek roots meaning respectively 'afar', 'writing' and 'sound', and vision from a Latin root meaning 'see, look', you can begin to understand telegraph, telephone and television. You can also coin other words using similar patterns, and possibly elements from other sources, as in telebanking.


"neo-Hellenic compounds" "neo-Latin compounds" ȤƤФ嵭Τ褦ʸäϡ̣Ǥϥƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸȤߤʤ뤫⤷ʤŬڤˡֱפ뤤ϡֱפȤߤʤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤĤñ줬ñȯ¤줵줿櫓ǤϤʤ¤ηŪѤ줿ˡǤ뤫֥ѥ󲽤줿פȸƤ֤ΤŬڤ⤷ʤ

Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.

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2017-09-12 Tue

#3060. 17Ⱦ tea Ѹ [pepys][compound][history]

ε#3059. ٥󥬥ɬΥȥ饤 ([2017-09-11-1]) Darjeeling ˤĤƼ夲ΤǡϢ tea 򡥡#2934. tea ȥꥹ ([2017-05-09-1]) Ǹ褦ˡѸˤ tea νФ1655ǯǤ롥The Diary of Samuel Pepys 1660ǯ925εϿtea ΰʪȤƤϤϤ᤿äȤ狼롥

Tuesday 25 September 1660 . . . . To the office, where Sir W. Batten, Colonel Slingsby, and I sat awhile, and Sir R. Ford coming to us about some business, we talked together of the interest of this kingdom to have a peace with Spain and a war with France and Holland; where Sir R. Ford talked like a man of great reason and experience. And afterwards I did send for a cup of tee (a China drink) of which I never had drank before, and went away.


17Ⱦ18ˤơtea 줿ϤߤȤƽ̱ˤȤäƤҡɤȴƤȤʤ롥tea ο͵ϡϢ뿩ȶʤɤɽ魯ʣ줬ȸ줿¤⸫Ƽ뤳ȤǤCrystal (370) 顤ǯȤȤ˽äƤߤ褦

tea-pot (1662), tea-spoon (1666), tea-table (1688), tea-house (1689), tea-water (1693), tea-cup (1700), tea-room (1702), tea-equipage (1702), tea-dish (1711), tea-canister (1726), tea-tongs (1738), tea-time (1741), tea-shop (1745), tea-things (1747), tea-treats (1748), tea-box (1758), tea-saucer (1761), tea-visit (1765), teaware (1766), tea-cloth (1770), tea-tray (1773), tea-set (1786), tea-urn (1786)


Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2017-07-28 Fri

#3014. Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷο¸ߴ19 [greek][compound][compounding][combining_form][lexicology][scientific_name][word_formation][lmode][neologism]

ε#3013. 19񤵤줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡ19Ѹ¤Τˡŵͳ褹ǤϢ (combining_form) ȤƤѤ줿Ǥ롥ŵȤϥƥȥꥷؤԤϱѸˤ̤¿ʱƶڤܤƤΤΡԤ¸ߴѸޤǤϤۤȤɴʤ褦䤯ѸäơľܤθüѤʤ褦ˤʤäƤˤθ⤷Ф餯äΩĤȤʤä (cf. #516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1])#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1]))
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1]) Υդ#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1]) 󤫤狼Ȥꡤ19˥ꥷǤ¸ߴ̻ŪˤߤȡꥷͳαñΰŪȾ19ʹߤƳǤ롥Beal (26) ΥȤ򻲾Ȥ褦

Whilst Greek had been recognized as a language of learning for centuries, it was not until the nineteenth century that large numbers of neologisms were formed from etymologically Greek words and elements. Indeed, Bailey (1996: 144 [= Bailey, R. W. Nineteenth-Century English. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1996]) points out that 70 per cent of the Greek words in the 80,000-word core vocabulary of English appeared after 1800.


ȤƤѸ줬¿ߤޤǤ˰̲ΤޤޤƤ롥cyclosis ʺ˦ή, creosote ѡѥ쥪ȡ, eclecticism ﵻˡ, ideograph ɽʸ, phonograph ߲, telephone õˤʤɤ
ʤñ¿ϡ̩ˤХꥷ줫μѸȤ⥮ꥷͳ褹Ǥˤ¤ȤߤʤΤŬڤ#1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Beal, Joan C. English in Modern Times: 1700--1945. Arnold: OUP, 2004.

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2016-08-01 Mon

#2653. [terminology][morphology][morpheme][compound][derivation][inflection]

(morphology) Ȥϡ޷ (inflectional morphology) (derivational morphology) ʬΤǤ롥2ʬˡϡ#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])#1761. ޷Ȥʧֹ⤵פȡֹߡס ([2014-02-21-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡŪʤǤϤʤؤǤϹȤƤ롥
2ʬˡˤ˺ʬƤ椯ȤǤ뤬Bauer (33) ŪѸ췲ƳĤķʬ⤷ƤƤΤǡѤ褦ˤϡε#2652. ʣ̾ΰ̣Ūʬ ([2016-07-31-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ʬޤƤ롥

Morphology deals with the internal structure of word-forms. In morphology, the analyst divides word-forms into their component formatives (most of which are morphs realizing roots or affixes), and attempts to account for the occurrence of each formative. Morphology can be divided into two main branches, inflectional morphology and word-formation (also called lexical morphology). Inflectional morphology deals with the various forms of lexemes, while word-formation deals with the formation of new lexemes from given bases. Word-formation can, in turn, be subdivided into derivation and compounding (or composition). Derivation is concerned with the formation of new lexemes by affixation, compounding with the formation of new lexemes from two (or more) potential stems. Derivation is sometimes also subdivided into class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Class-maintaining derivation is the derivation of new lexemes which are of the same form class ('part of speech') as the base from which they are formed, whereas class-changing derivation produces lexemes which belong to different form classes from their bases. Compounding is usually subdivided according to the form class of the resultant compound: that is, into compound nouns, compound adjectives, etc. It may also be subdivided according to the semantic criteria . . . into exocentric, endocentric, appositional and dvandva compounds.


ʸϤƤʬΤפʽˤĤƿ޼褦Bauer (34) 򾯡ѤƼˡ

                                    [ The Basic Divisions of Morphology ]


                  INFLECTIONAL                                                
                        (deals with forms                                    CLASS-MAINTAINING
                        of individual lexemes)                              
MORPHOLOGY                                  DERIVATION  
                                                        (affixation)      
                                                                           CLASS-CHANGING
                  WORD-FORMATION 
                          (deals with                                        COMPOUND NOUNS
                          formation of                                      
                          new lexemes)              COMPOUNDING  COMPOUND VERBS
                                                            (more than one    
                                                            root)              COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

˴ϢפʽѸˤĤƤϡ#700. 졤ǡܼ캬촴ʣ졤Ρ ([2011-03-28-1]) ⻲ȡ

Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-23-1] [2021-07-02-1]

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2016-07-31 Sun

#2652. ʣ̾ΰ̣Ūʬ [compound][word_formation][morphology][terminology][semantics][hyponymy][metonymy][metaphor][linguistics]

#924. ʣʬ ([2011-11-07-1]) ʣ (compound) ʬ򼨤ʣ̾˸¤ꡤỊ̇δʬहȡ(1) endocentric, (2) exocentric, (3) appositional, (4) dvandva 4ʬ롥Bauer (30--31) ˰͵򤷡ơ⤷褦

(1) endocentric compound nouns: beehive, armchair Τ褦ˡʣ̾줬ʸˡŪʼ (hive, chair) β̸ (hyponym) ȤʤäƤ㡥beehive hive ΰǤꡤarmchair chair ΰǤ롥
(2) exocentric compound nouns: redskin, highbrow Τ褦㡥(1) 褦ʣ̾줬ʸˡŪʼβ̸ˤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤredskin skin ΰǤϤʤhighbrow brow ΰǤϤʤषɽƤʤ̣ŪʼʤǤ "person" ۤɡˤβ̸ȤʤäƤΤħǤ롥äơmetaphor metonymy ͿΤ̤Ǥ롥ΥפϡSanskrit ʸˡѸȤäơbahuvrihi compound ȤƤФ롥
(3) appositional compound nouns: maidservant तʣ̾ϡ1Ǥβ̸Ǥ⤢ꡤ2Ǥβ̸Ǥ⤢롥maidservant maid ΰǤꡤservant ΰǤ⤢롥
(4) dvandva: Alsace-Lorraine, Rank-Hovis त줬ʸˡŪʼ׸줬ȽȤ2Ĥ蘆äΤؼΡʣ̾ϡǤβ̸ǤȤ⤤ʤdvandva Ȥ̾Τ Sanskrit ʸˡѸ줫Ƥ뤬ѸǤ 'copulative compound ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥

Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.

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2016-04-24 Sun

#2554. ͭޤʸ̮ [terminology][inflection][morphology][syntax][derivation][compound][word_formation][category][ilame]

(inflection) ˤϡŪʴߤĸͭ (inherent inflection) ȡŪʴߤʸ̮ (contextual inflection) 2बȤ롥Booij (1) ˤȡ

Inherent inflection is the kind of inflection that is not required by the syntactic context, although it may have syntactic relevance. Examples are the category number for nouns, comparative and superlative degree of the adjective, and tense and aspect for verbs. Other examples of inherent verbal inflection are infinitives and participles. Contextual inflection, on the other hand, is that kind of inflection that is dictated by syntax, such as person and number markers on verbs that agree with subjects and/or objects, agreement markers for adjectives, and structural case markers on nouns.


Τ褦ʶޤ2פζ̤ϡޤǤθǤŦ뤳ȤϤäƥñ urbs ʣ urbes ΰ㤤ϡοΰפˤͿ뤳ȤϤ뤬Ȥựοˤưۤʤ㤤ǤꡤͭޤطƤ롥ʷ urbs гʷ urbem ΰ㤤ϡ̣Ūʰ㤤ͿƤ뤬ȤŪ׵ᤵ뺹ۤǤȤǡδͿضȽǤ롥äơǤʸ̮ޤطƤȤ
ѸˤĤƹͤƤ⡤̾οʤɤ˴ؤͭޤϡ̣ŪŪ¦̤äƤ롥бʣΤʤ̾졤бñΤʤ̾pluralia tantum)ñʣŪʰ̣ۤʤʤʤۤʤ2ǤߤСΤȤϼΤǤưʬδ֤ˤδطߤ롥ϡΤ졦ʣδط˶ᤤ
ʸ̮ޤ꿼˴ؤäƤ뤳Ȥϡɸͭޤɸ⳰¦ղä뤳ȤȴͿƤ褦Booij (12) ۩"[C]ontextual inflection tends to be peripheral with respect to inherent inflection. For instance, case is usually external to number, and person and number affixes on verbs are external to tense and aspect morphemes"
콬δ⡤ͭޤʸ̮ޤζ̡äԤԤͥۤȤϻٻ褦ͭޤȼΰ̣Ĥľܤʸ˹׸뤬ʸ̮ޤΩ⤿ޤŪ˴ŪʰյĤˤʤ
ǤϡѲλˤơ󵯤줿褦ʸͭޤʸ̮ޤζ̡ˤԤθԤФͥۤϡɤΤ褦ɽΤѸˤǤߤ褦ˡʸˡŪǽä̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤζ޸üƤäȤˡεǽ顤ζ޸ʬ˾üƤäν餫ˤʤСȾ嵭2ĤζޥפȤϢưشطĴ٤뤳ȤǤ⤷ȡѸƻޤλ㤬Ūˡ餫ƶ⤿餷ƤΤǤϤʤȴƤ롥ѸηƻޤˤĤƤϡilame γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

Booij, Geert. "Inherent versus Contextual Inflection and the Split Morphology Hypothesis." Yearbook of Morphology 1995. Ed. Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996. 1--16.

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2015-08-14 Fri

#2300. ưʻž̾ư [conversion][phrasal_verb][compound][word_formation][diatone][stress][lexical_diffusion]

#1695. ưʻž ([2013-12-17-1]) κǸ˼breakaway, sellout, writeoff ʤɤζư줫ž (verb-particle conversion) ̾ȡincrease, project, record ʤɤưѤ̾Ȥδ֤ˤϡܤ٤롥ϡ̾ưζѥäƤ뤳ȤǤ롥
̾ưˤĤƤϡ#803. ̾ư̻Ū ([2011-07-09-1])#804. ̾ưñ ([2011-07-10-1])#805. 衤̾ưˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ ([2011-07-11-1]) Ϥᡤdiatone γƵˤƤʸȤƤɽƤΤǡ#2. ʾҲ ([2009-05-01-73]) ν򻲾ȡˡverb-particle conversion ˤ̾ưζѥϰäȤϤʤäʻžθǤϡ嵭ζˤĤƤ᤯鵤ŤƤ褦ǡ㤨ܳŪʻžθ路 Biese (246) ϡΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥

It is of interest to note that the structural type so often characteristic of both simple conversion-substantives and verb-adverb combinations converted into nouns is the same, e.g. very often of a form ‿-́ . . .; the simple conv.-subst. showing a light, unstressed first syllable and a heavy, stressed second syllable, while in the adverb groups a (mostly) short verb is followed by an adverb having the main stress of the word-group.


⤷Τϡ2˴ؤơíncrease (n.) vs incréase (v.) Τ褦̾̾졦ưڥǤϥޥ󥹷ϼѸ줬¿ȤȤ⤢ꡤ1᤬̣ηڤƬǡ2᤬̣νŤ캬Ȥ򼨤brékawày (n.) vs brèak awáy (v.) ǤϹդȤʤäƤ뤳ȤäȤ⡤ưѤưϷڤ̣ΤΤ¿Ȥϻ¤̾ưȤ̤ζѥ򼨤Τܤ٤Ǥ롥ϡ̾ưȤΧθݤȤδͿȤϡषʻη˴ؤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨺ΤǤϤʤ
̾ưȤΧϡѸʹߤȯãŪݤưͳ褹̾ưζѥϤ˿ݤȻפ롥
ʻž̤̾ưδطˤĤƤϡǶε#2291. ̾ưžˤȷֲ ([2015-08-05-1]) ǿ줿ΤǻȤ줿

Biese, Y. M. Origin and Development of Conversions in English. Helsinki: Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, B XLV, 1941.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-19-1]

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2014-02-26 Wed

#1766. a three-hour(s)-and-a-half flight [compound][adjective][plural][number][numeral][hyphen]

ɸΤ褦ʿñ̤ޤʣƻˤƤϡñ̤ɽ魯̾ʣʤΤ§Ȥ롥a four-power agreement, a five-foot-deep river, a ten-dollar bill, a twelve-year-old boy ʤɤǡǤ롥
Ȥʣ⻶졤a three-hours-and-a-half flight ⤢뤷a four years course ⤢롥Quirk et al. (Section 17.108) ˤСƱɽȤưʲ4̤꤬ǽǤ롥

. . . in quantitative expressions of the following type there is possible variation . . .:
a ten day absence[singular]
a ten-day absence[hyphen + singular]
a ten days absence[plural]
a ten days' absence[genitive plural]


Ʊͤˡ4ǯפˤĤƤ⡤"a four year course", "a four-year course", "a four years course", "a four years' course" Τ⤢뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѱ۷ˤƤΤȤʬδबꤦΤȤϡ̻ŪŪ˶̣ʳǤ̤ĴǤ롥
ȴϢȤդƤΤϡϤꥤꥹѸˤơ̾θƻˡǤϡ̾줬ʣȤƤٸòƤˡʣη֤ΤޤޤǼ¸뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¤㤨СQuirk et al. (Section 17.109) ˤȡꥹѸΤ褦㤬ߤȤparks department, courses committee, examinations board, the heavy chemicals industry, Scotland Yard's Obscene Publications Squad, Chesterfield Hospitals management Committee, the British Museum Prints and Drawings Gallery, an Arts degree, soft drinks manufacturer, entertainments guide, appliances manufacturer, the Watergate tapes affair.

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-02-1]

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2014-02-11 Tue

#1751. ʣ1Ǥβû [phonetics][word_formation][compound][derivation][vowel][trish]

ε#1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡʣ1ǤŪˤĤŤޤȤϡѸˤǤ⤷ФƤ롥
Skeat (490) ε󤲤Ƥ벻§ˤС"When a word (commonly a monosyllable) containing a medial long accented vowel is in any way lengthened, whether by the addition of a termination, or, what is perhaps more common, by the adjunction of a second word (which may be of one or two syllables), then the long vowel (provided it still retains the accent, as is usually the case) is very apt to become shortened." ȤĤޤꡤΤդ̤μͳǤ³ʣˤơ1ǤȤʤȤδΤĹ첻첻ûʤȤȤ졤ʣ졤¾ξʬơSkeat (492--94) ꡤ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦
ޤϡ㡥Ҳ³ȡΤĹ첻첻û䤹

heather < heath
rummage < room
throttle < throat
harrier < hare
children < child (cf. #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1]))
breadth < broad (cf. #16. -th ̾ΤȤˤʤäư졦ƻϡ ([2009-05-14-1]))
width < wide (cf. #1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]))
bliss < blithe
gosling < goose
led (pa., pp.) < lead (cf. #1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]))
fed (pa., pp.) < feed
read (pa., pp.) < read (cf. #1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]))
hid (pa., pp.) < hide
heard (pa., pp.) < hear

ˡʣ㡥2Ҳ³ȡȤ櫓Τ첻û

bonfire < bone (cf. #1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1]))
breakfast < break (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
cranberry < crane
futtocks < foot (+ hooks)
husband, hustings, hussif, hussy < house (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
Lammas < loaf (+ mass)
leman < lief (+ man)
mermaid < mere (cf. #115. ˤο͵ϤʤΤ ([2009-08-20-1]))
nostril < nose
sheriff < shire (+ reeve)
starboard < steer
Whitby, Whitchurch, whitster, whitleather, Whitsunday < white
Essex < East
Sussex, Suffolk < South

¾ΥȤơ³ҲˤΤǤϤʤ˵Ȥߤ㤬롥

cushat < cow (+ shot)
forehead < fore (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
halyard < hale
heifer < high
knowledge < know
shepherd < sheep
stirrup < sty (+ rope)
tuppence < two (+ pence)
thrippence < three (+ pence)
fippence < five (+ pence)
holiday, halibut, hollihock < holy (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))

Skeat, Walter W. Principles of English Etymology. 1st ser. 2nd Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-01-1] [2015-05-31-1]

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