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compound - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-12-17 Tue

#1695. ưʻž [conversion][phrasal_verb][compound][word_formation][diatone]

Ѹʹߡʻž (conversion) ϤƤаޤˤĤƤϡ#190. ʻž ([2009-11-03-1]) #1414. ʻžϥͥ󥹴Ϥθ줫 ([2013-03-11-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤʻžΤʤǤ⡤ä˸ѸˤʤäƤϤФΤư̾ؤžǤ롥#420. 20ȾˤϤäĤθ ([2010-06-21-1]) Ǥϡsell-out, write-off, call-up, take-over, breakdown ʤɤ󤲡ʣˤȤ餳 headless compounds 뤤 exocentric compounds ȸƤư줫žȤȤ館ۤ狼䤹⤷ʤбư줬ʤ love-in, think-in ʤɤ̾⤢ΤǡξˤžȤϹͤ줺ľܤʣˤȤȤˤʤ롥
ۤȤɤξ硤ưǤѤΤǡޥ󥹷Ϸ٤ȡľŪ˿˶϶ŪǡʤȤФ褤Potter (171) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Among the commonest of recent shifts are those of Germanic-derived phrasal verbs into nouns. These new forms are felt to be more forceful and vigorous than those Latin-derived synonyms which they so often supplant.


Potter (172--73) 󤲤Ƥ󤹤ȡbreakaway, breakdown, breakout, breakthrough, breakup, buildup, dropout, followup, frameup, getaway, getby, getout, gettogether, getup, hideout, holdup, hookup, layout, leadin, leftover, letup, makeup, payoff, rakeoff, sellout, setback, setup, shakeup, shareout, showdown, stepup, takeoff, takeover, throwaway, walkout, walkover Ȥʤ뤬ŻҼǸ¾ˤǤФƤ롥㤨СOALD8 -away ׸ȡ+breakaway, castaway, +cutaway, getaway, +giveaway, hideaway, layaway, +runaway, stowaway, takeaway, tearaway ʤɤҥåȤ롥+ դΤϸƻȤƤѤ졤¾ˤƻȤƤΤѤ flyaway, foldaway, soaraway, throwaway ʤɤ⸫Ĥ롥ư좪ƻž⾯ʤʤ褦ǡष̾ؤžŪԤƤΤ⤢롥
away ˤȤɤޤ餺˼פֻƱ褦˸׸򤫤ƴϢΰȻפäϾ֤ꤽʤΤǡϸäƤǯåɬפ뤬Ѹ줫鸽ѸˤƤλ˽иΤ¿Ǥ롥
ư줫žϤΤΤоݤˤʤۤ̾ư (diatone) ζѥδ⡤ưͳ̾졦ƻܤǤ롥

Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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2012-06-18 Mon

#1148. űѸ˭ʸ [oe][lexicology][derivation][compound][compounding][word_formation][productivity][kenning]

űѸθ (word formation) (derivation) ʣ (compounding) ˤꡤ˭Ǥ뤳ȤϡűѸʸˡѸˤγ̤Ƥ褯ΤƤ롥Baugh and Cable (64--65) ǤϡŪȤơűѸ mōd "mood, heart, mind, spirit; boldness, courage, pride, haughtiness" Ȥ1Ĥθ캬顤100ʾθ줬Ȥ¤Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥100ĤȤޤǤϤʤǵ󤲤Ƥ򡤰̣ȤȤ󤷤Ƥߤ褦

mōdig "spirited, bold, high-minded, arrogant, stiff-necked"
mōdiglic "magnanimous"
mōdiglīce "boldly; proudly"
mōdignes "magnanimity; pride"
mōdigian "to bear oneself proudly or exultantly; to be indignant, to rage"
gemōdod "disposed; minded"
mōdfull "haughty"
mōdlēas "spiritless"

mōdsefa "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgeþanc "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgeþoht "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgehygd "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgemynd "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdhord "mind, thought, understanding"

mōdcræft "intelligence"
mōdcræftig "intelligent"

glædmōdnes "kindness"
mōdlufu "affection"
unmōd "despondency"
mōdcaru "sorrow"
mōdlēast "want of courage"
mādmōd "folly"
ofermōd "pride"
ofermōdigung "pride"
ofermōdig "proud"
hēahmōd "proud; noble"
mōdhete "hate"

micelmōd "magnanimous"
swīþmōd "great of soul"
stīþmōd "resolute; obstinate"
gūþmōd "warlike"
torhtmōd "glorious"
mōdlēof "beloved"

Hall θűѸ켭2ǡˤ mōdig դΤȡۤˤϢΤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

MOD in Hall's Dictionary

Τ˸űѸθ "resourcefulness" ˤ϶äʣ˴ؤƤϡαĹ kenning ȤʸŪΤ뤳ȤŦƤ
"resourcefulness" űѸζŪɽ魯ΤɤȤˤĤƤϽθפ롥[2011-05-28-1]ε#761. űѸ derivation ϻǤפǹͻ褦ˡ "resourcefulness" ϡűѸ̻Ūʣη̤ߡѤ졤˭ʸåͥåȥȤƸűѸ˶Ū˸ƤȤȤǤϤʤsynchronic productivity diachronic productivity ȤʬƹͤɬפΤǤϤʤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Hall, John Richard Clark, ed. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1916.

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2012-02-07 Tue

#1016. pangram ɲ [word_play][japanese][alphabet][etymology][compound][combining_form]

[2012-01-29-1]ε#1007. Veldt jynx grimps waqf zho buck.פǡե٥åȤ26줹٤ƤѤʸ pangram ȤȤͷӤҲ𤷤
εǡ褯Τ줿ΤȤơԥȤ׳ǧѤȤ The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Ҳ𤷤 pangram Ȥΰϡߡ̿ȳ "fox message" (FOXåˤȸƤФƤꡤ̿ƥȤΤѤƤȤ顤pangram ñʤ뤳ȤͷӤǤʾˡƤȤ٤
pangram Ȥϡpan "all" + gram "letter" Ȥꥷ combining form Ȥ߹碌 neo-classical compound ǡ1933ǯФȿͷӤΤΤϸŤOED "pangram" ΤȤ˰ѤƤ Medium Ævum ʸʸ̮ʤǤϤ뤬˰ͤǤϡ13ꤺäȰˤΤܤ褦
Ѹ pangram ˤĤơسظܸμŵ٤ΥߥμֱѸǤϲΡפǿ˸ĤΤ򡤰ʲ˵󤲤Ƥ

The five boxing wizards jump quickly. ʣͤΥܥ󥰤ѻդФ䤯פ
Mr. Jock, TV quiz Ph.D., bags few lynx. ʥƥӤΥΥåϻǭۤȤޤʤ
Quick wafting zephyrs vex bold Jim. ʤ䤵Ȥ褰ʥΩ
Waltz, nymph, for quick jigs vex Bud. ʥĤˤʤ衤®ȥХɤΩĤ


ܸΤϲΤˤĤƤϡ[2012-01-27-1]ε#1005. ʿ̾ˤǸŤΡ֤ϲΡפȯ줿פǿ줿ϲΤԤ롤Ʊ47Ρ֤˲ΡפҲ𤷤褦

ˤǤʤĤ򤾤ߤ᤹ȤꤪҤ椯ޤΤؤ뤳Ϥۤ褨դͤ
ĵ˽ФǺŦ򤾷ȡῩɤҹԤΡǿؤҤϴ衡Ҥ̡


֤˲ΡפˤԤʿ½Ρ֤ĤλפˤĤƤ⿨ƤϤޤ [e] [je] ̤Ƥꡤ47ǤϤʤ48ʤ pangram ȾΡ֤Τפ2ĤΡ֤פ [je] ɽ路ȹͤ롥

ŷˤĤϡˤۤˤʶˤޡʻˤϡˤߤ͡ˤˡëˤʱˤ̸ˤʼˤݡˤҤȡʿ͡ˤ̡ʸˤءʾˤˤβˤʱˤդդˤʱݤλޤˤʤơơ


ޤسظܸμŵ٤ˤȡ˿ʹīפϲΤ罸Ȥ֤ȤʲΡפʤ뼡ΤΤФ줿Ȥ

Ȥʤ񤹤ᤵޤߤ褢錄Ҥ󤫤򤽤餤ϤƤĤؤˤۤդ̤ͤΤ
ĻĤ̴Фޤ錄롡򡡶ɤơդˡ̡ˤ

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2011-12-07 Wed

#954. ӱƧ2।ǥ [binomial][rhyme][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram][suffix][compound]

ε#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1]) ˰³ϡӱƧ٤ binomial COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) n-gram ǡ١ˤ꽦ФƱͤˡ3-gram Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽǡ A B ӱƧǤ褦̤Ǽ᤿ƥȥե
̤įƤƺʤ鵤դȤʤΤӱƬ٤ƥѥ󤬸Ĥ䤹ä˸ʤΤϡӱ¿촴θ˰¸ƤȤϡ˰¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ-ing, -ed, -ly, -al, -y, -ion, -er ʤɤζƤ롥

positive and negative, national and international, internal and external, Friday and Saturday, teaching and learning, gifted and talented, elementary and secondary, hunting and fishing, personal and professional, presence or absence, reliability and validity, coming and going, winners and losers, physical and psychological, formal and informal, directly and indirectly, advantages and disadvantages, rising and falling, physically and mentally, buyers and sellers


ޤͤƤߤС⤢ʤȤʤΤʣ2ǤƱǤѤ뤳Ȥˤ걤ƧǤ¿ self-rhyme ǤϤ롥

Friday and Saturday, children and grandchildren, Saturday and Sunday, hardware and software, himself or herself, formal and informal, parents and grandparents, direct and indirect, buyers and sellers, mother and grandmother, father and grandfather, Afghanistan and Pakistan, anything and everything, football and basketball, indoor and outdoor, direct or indirect, servicemen and women, likes and dislikes, urban and suburban, indoor and outdoor


¿Ѥޤ right-headed ʣ򹥤ѸˤƤϡӱѤ2।ǥηưפǤꡤˤǤ뤳ȤϡǤդ鸫С촴θƬѤƬ2।ǥηϡŪ񤷤ȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-09-07-1] [2011-12-08-1]

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2011-11-07 Mon

#924. ʣʬ [compound][word_formation][morphology]

ʣ (compound) ʬˤϤĤδ롥Lieber (46--49) ʲ󤹤롥

(1) right-headed compound or left-headed compound: head ʼˤȤϡʣ2ĤθǤΤ̣ƤŤǤؤ㤨Сgreenhouse, sky blue Ǥϡ줾 house, blue head Ǥ롥greenhouse ϲȤΰ狼̾Ǥꡤsky blue Ŀΰ狼ķƻǤ롥Ǥϼ¦ǤǤ뤿ᡤright-headed ȸƤФ롥ѸʣŵŪ right-headed ե󥹸ʣ timbre-poste ڼˤŵŪ˸褦 left-headed Ǥ롥äơե󥹸줫Ѥ줿ʣ court martial ʷˡġˤʤɤϱñǤäƤ left-headed ȤȤˤʤ ([2010-03-29-1]ε#336. Law Frenchפʣ򻲾ȡˡ
(2) root (or primary) compound or synthetic (or deverbal) compound: θǤưͳǤꡤưιȤʤäƤ褦ʣ synthetic compound ȸƤФ롥2ĤθǤΰ̣Ūʴط꼫ͳǤʣ root compound ȸƤФ롥ǤϼưͳǤʤΤ̤Ǥ롥synthetic compound Ȥ dog walker, hand washing, home made 󤲤졤root compound Ȥ windmill, ice cold, hard hat, red hot 󤲤롥
(3) attributive compound, coordinative compound, or subordinative compound: attributive compound ϡˤ̣ŪϢؤˤ򽤾ƤʣǤ롥ˤ̣ŪϢؤȤϡ㤨 school book ϡֳعǻȤܡסyearbook ϡ1ǯν򵭤Ģ̡סnotebook ϡ֥ΡȤȤƻȤĢ̡פȤä褦ˡƱ book äƤƤ⤽줾Ǵ֤δطϸꤷƤʤȤؤ
coordinative compound ϡproducer-director, prince consort, blue-green ʤɤξǤδطǷӤĤƤʣΤȤǤ롥ޤdoctor-patient confidentiality ˸ doctor-patient Τ褦ʡִطפɽ魯 coordinative compound ⤢롥ξǤ⡤̣ŪˤϳƸǤȤ롥
subordinative compound ϡŵŪưͳΡ˼Ȥδطˤʣǡ(2) Ǹ synthetic (or deverbal) compound μϰϤȤۤܽʣ롥truck driver, food shopping, meal preparation, cost containment ʤɤȤʤ롥pickpocket Τ褦ˡξǤ subordinative ʴطˤʤ (to pick pockets) Ǥ pocket ¦ưͳǤϤʤȤ synthetic compound ǤϤʤ⤢Τǡsubordinative compound = synthetic compoundפɬΩʤ
(4) endocentric compound or exocentric compound: ʣλؼоݤμλؼоݤƱǤ褦ʣ줬 endocentric ǤꡤǤʤΤ exocentric Ǥ롥windmill, producer-director, truck driver ϤʣλؼоݤϼλؼоݤƱʤΤ endocentric Ǥ롥air head Ƭäݤο͡ˡparent-child ʿƻҤΡˡpickpocket ʥˤǤƱǤϤʤΤ exocentric Ǥ롥

ä (3) (4) δȤ߹碌ʣʬޤǤޤȤȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Classification of Compounds

Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-12-1] [2016-07-31-1]

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2011-10-06 Thu

#892. ʸˡ Dionysius Thrax η [derivative][compound][grammar][greek][word_formation][dionysius_thrax]

[2011-09-27-1]ε#883. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (1)פǡΤˤηʸˡȾΤ륮ꥷʸˡؼ Dionysius Thrax (c100BC) ˸ڤ路 Techne Grammatike ϡҤʤ⡤ǯʾδɸƥȤȤѤ줿ˤդΥ󥰥顼Ǥ롥ϡDavidson ˤˤꡤThrax ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤսɤǤߤꥷμѤ碌ƤʤΤǡThrax θʬϿʬä˸뤬ѸθͤDzͤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤΤǡפ򵭤
Thrax ϡSection 14 ̾ˤ2Ĥ Species Ƥ롥1Ĥ primitive ǡ⤦1Ĥ derivative Ǥ롥ηѸǤСԤϸ캬뤤 simplexԤ줢뤤 complex 7ब̤Ƥ뤬δϰ̣ä굡ǽäǻʬ줬ʤ7ĤȤϡPatronymics, Possessives, Comparatives, Diminutives, Nominals, Superlatives, Verbals Ǥ롥ˤ̾줬Ф뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Thrax ̾ˤ3Ĥ Forms Ƥ롥1ܤ simple ǡ2ܤ compound ǡ3Ĥ super-compound Ǥ롥줾ȤơMemnon, Agamemnon, Agamemnonides 󤲤Ƥ롥compound ˤ4ब̤ƤꡤȤƤ϶̣(1) 2Ĥδ줫ʤ (ex. Cheirisophos), (2) 2ĤԴ줫ʤ (ex. Sophokles, (3) 1ĤԴ1Ĥδ줫ʤ (ex. Philodemos), (4) 1Ĥδ1ĤԴ줫ʤ (ex. Periklês)
Thrax θäǤꡤľܤѸ˱ѤǤ櫓ǤϤʤͳǤȹ«Ǥζ̤ռƤܤͤ롥primitive simple ȤѸ⡤ѸƳǤ롥
ʣΤ˶̤ Thrax ϡѸˤ⳵ͼѤƤ褦

Davidson, Thomas, trans. "The Grammar of Dionysios Thrax." Journal of Speculative Philosophy 8 (1874): 326--39.

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2011-09-17 Sat

#873. ѸοˤʣΥХ [romancisation][compound][derivation][lexicology][pde][word_formation][productivity][statistics][pde_language_change]

Ѹäˤϡ븻Ȥ顤绨Ĥ˼Τ褦˳礵롥űѸǤʣ (composition) (derivation) äѸ줫ѸˤƤϼ (borrowing) ѸʹߤϺƤʣĥƤθûˤήơϿζ븻򡤼Ѥ¸ǡʤ켫ΤȤϸ¤ʤˤκѤ¿äƤȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϡѸħŤȤʣ2ĤθǤϡɤ餬⤤ȤPotter (69--70) ϡξԤΥХ󥹤Ϥ褯ƤɾƤ롥

German and Dutch, like ancient Greek, make greater use of composition (or compounding) than derivation (of affixation). French and Spanish, on the other hand, like classical Latin, prefer derivation to composition. Present-day English is making fuller use of both composition and derivation than at any previous time in its history.


ξԤΥХ󥹤Ƥ뤫Ȥä¾ͥ줿ȤȤˤϤޤäʤʤޥɤȥޥ󥹸ɤθħƤ뤳ȤˤꡤѸ줬Ω줫ֶᤤ׸ȴȤ̤Ϥ뤫⤷ʤʴϢ[2010-05-27-1]εֱѸΥޥ󥹸첽ˤĤƤɾפ򻲾ȡˡޥϤǤ⤢ޥ󥹷ϤǤ⤢ȤѸħϡ˸¤餺Τˤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ơPotter Ͼ嵭Τ褦ʣιХ󥹤ŦŪ¬ä櫓ǤϤʤ¾μפʥ衼åѸ줢뤤ϸŤѸȤӤˤɾˤʤˤĤƤҴŪĴΤBauer (32--33, 36--39) Bauer The Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (1972--86) Ѥ̵ɸĴǡоݤФ줿Ǥ뿷1559ǯˤ (1) 1880--1913, (2) 1914--38, (3) 1939--82 3˶ʬơ¤ˡ̤˸̤줿¤ˡȤϡAbbreviations, Blends, Shortenings, Compounds, Prefixation, Suffixation, Names, Neo-classical compounds, Simultaneous prefix and suffix, Other 10Ǥ롥
Bauer (38) ηǤɽΥǡ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 ꤲ׽ƤߤʥǡHTML򻲾ȡդϰʲ򻲾ȡˡΤȤƻ̤κ p < 0.05 Υ٥ͭդǤꡤʬ̻ۤŪѲѻȸäƤ褤¤ˡ̤Ѳ򸫤ƤߤȡAbbreviations p < 0.01 Υ٥ͭդä򼨤Suffixation Neo-classical compounds 줾 p < 0.05 Υ٥ͭդʸ򼨤¾¤ˡˤĤƤϡ3ˤ錄ɤϸϰȤȤˤʤ롥Bauer (37--38) ϡBlends äͭդǤȼƤꡤФлŦƱݤηٻƤ褦׻ p < 0.05 Υ٥ǤͭպǧʤäΤդɬפǤ[2011-01-18-1]εblending γפ򻲾ȡˡ

Processes of Word-Formation: Changes over a Century

ʣ (Compounds, Neo-classical compounds) (Prefixation, Suffixation, Simultaneous prefix and suffix) ٤ȡ3̤ƸԤγԤγ2.7٤ǰݤƤʰʲΥդ򻲾ȡˡŪˤϡΤۤ˥Х󥹤ФäƤ褦

Composition and Derivation: Changes over a Century

Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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2011-08-07 Sun

#832. every each [etymology][compound][i-mutation][disguised_compound]

every ϡ֤롤ȤȤΡɤΡĤפɽ魯ƻǡñ̾줬³뤳ȤϱʸˡǤ褯ΤƤ롥¿ΤΤˤĤƸġˤߤƤ礹Ȥǡall ̣Ȥ롥every ĴȤ single դȤ⡤̤˿ƤΡ֤٤ơפǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
ñ̾򽾤̲εǽôƻȤСֳơΡᤤᤤΡפɽ魯 each פФ롥every each ̣ǸˡƤ뤬⤽ΤϤ츻ŪˤԤϸԤζ˲᤮ʤeach ϸűѸ ǣlc ̤ꡤ ā "aye, always" + ġelīc "alike" ʬϤ롥֤ĤƤʳơΡˡפۤɤθǤ롥ŪǤʤŪ each δްդϡ֤ĤפˤäƤȹͤ롥
ā ġelīc ͻ礷Ƭ첻 i-mutation ([2009-10-01-1]) ˤѲ (disguised compound; [2010-01-12-1]) Ȥ⤤ ǣlc ȡā ôƤ֤ĤפθȤʤäᡤơ֤ĤפĴɬפŪ֤줿Τ ǣfre "ever" Ǥ롥űѸǤ ǣfre ǣlc 2ʬ񤭤Ƥ10ꤹǤʣȤǧƤ褦ǡѸˤ ev(e)rilc, æv(e)ric, everi ʤɤη֤Ϥ᤿
Ѹ every Ϥ2ʳεȤ⤤롥every κǸʸ <y> each ͤޤƤꡤβ [i] ϡ֤Ĥפ̣ ā "aye, always" i-mutation Ǥ롥ĤޤȤevery θ "ever always" ȤȤˤʤ롥
every each ϤθŪȤ椨ˡ괧 a(n) 򽾤뤳ȤΤǤ夬롥MED entry for "everi" (pron.) 3 MED entry for "ech" (pron.) 3 㤬뤬OED ˤԤ14--15Ԥ12--15ʸڤ롥ˡϡmany a(n) Ӥ[2010-11-12-1]εMany a little makes a mickleפ򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-03-05-1] [2011-11-28-1]

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2010-11-02 Tue

#554. cranberry morpheme [morphology][compound][word_formation][terminology]

( morpheme ) ϰǤϤʤǤϤФСְ̣ͭǾθñ̡פȤ뤬ǽҤ٤褦ɬΤʰ̣ͭƤʤ⤢롥
blackberry, blueberry, strawberry ͤ褦3˸ berry 餫˷ǤȤߤʤȤǤ롥⡤ñȤǤѤ뼫ͳ ( free morpheme ) Ǥ롥̡פȤ̣3˶̤Ƥ롥Ǥϡberry ǤϤɤblack, blue, straw ȤȤΩǤ뼫ͳǤǤʣΤΰ̣˹׸ƤΤ blackberry Ϲblueberry ĤΤạ̇̄Ūʹ׸ǧ뤬straw ֤פ strawberry ֥פΰ̣ˤɤΤ褦˹׸Ƥ뤫꤫ǤϤʤǤ̣ͭñ̤ȲꤹΤǤСstraw ηǤȤƤϰ̤ϴʤ롥
straw ξñȤǡ֤פΰ̣ĸȤʤΤǡǤȤƤϰ̤ϴ֤ޤ줳졤˽Ȥ뤳ȤϤʤcranberry huckleberry Ϥɤcran huckle ñȤǸȤʤꤨʤʤʤꤨȤƤʸȤƤΤߡˤФ꤫ʤȤƤ¾θ˸뤳ȤϤʤʤ̣ΤǤϤʤ̣ͭñ̤ȤƤŬʤǤ롥̵̣Ȥͳ cran huckle ǤȤߤʤʤȤȡϤǤ롥ȤΤϡξ cranberry huckleberry Τ̣ͭ1ĤηǤȤߤʤȤˤʤ뤬餫ʣΰ̣˹׸Ƥ berry ڤФʤȤˤʤ뤫Ǥ롥
̷äˤϡǤỌ̇̄ȤϢŪʤΤǤϤʤˤ䤫ʤΤˤȤɤƤΤ褤cran ̣Τblack blue Ʊ̣֤ͤͭ餷פϸ롥٤ǷǤϰ̤ǧƤФΤǤϤʤʤȤƤ1Ĥθˤʤ cran Τ褦ʷǤ cranberry morpheme ȸƤФƤ ( Carstairs-McCarthy, pp. 19--20 )
[2010-10-17-1]εǡbikini ⤸äȤͷӤ monokini trikini Ȥ줬뤳Ȥ˿줿ȤͷӤȤưʬϤڤФ줿 -kini bikini ˤʤ cranberry morpheme ä櫓ۡԡפۤɤΰ̣¾θʤȤƵǽ褦ˤʤä¾ˤ bankini γԡ, camikini ֥ߥ롦ȥåפΥӥˡ, tankini ֥󥯥ȥå, zerokini ǤפʤɤꡤȤФεȤϤ "cranberry" Ȥư "morpheme" ȤʤäȤߤʤƤ褤⤷ʤ

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.

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2010-10-31 Sun

#552. combining form [morphology][compound][latin][greek][word_formation][combining_form][terminology][morpheme][connective]

Ѹʣηݤ˼갷񤷤פη ( morpheme ) 롥 combining form ϢפȸƤФƤΤǡCarstairs-McCarthy ˤȼΤ褦Ť롥

bound morpheme, more root-like than affix-like, usually of Greek or Latin origin, that occurs only in compounds, usually with other combining forms. Examples are poly- and -gamy in polygamy. (142)


ʣ combining form ʤʣϲʳѸʤɤѸ줬ŪǤ롥󤲤Ф꤬ʤex. anthropology, sociology, cardiogram, electrocardiogram, retrograde, retrospect, plantigrade
combining form äʤΤϡĤװˤ롥

(1) ̾« ( bound morpheme ) ܼȤƵǽͳ ( free morpheme ) ϸ캬ȤƵǽ롥combining form Ϲ«ǤǤʤ캬Ū˵ǽΤʬ尷ˤ
(2) ŪʻܻؤˤȤäơŵͳ褹ȤäŪ˿줶ʤǡcombining form ΰ֤Ť񤷤
(3) 㤨 anthropology anthrop- -logy combining form ʤ뤬֤ˤϤޤäƤϢ첻 -o- Τˤɤ°ȤϤ񤷤
(4) ̾ʣ̾Ǥ1Ǥ˶֤뤬combining form ޤʣ̾Ǥɬ⤽Ȥϸ¤ʤanthropology ǤϡϢ첻 -o ˶롥¾ monogamy, philosophy, aristocracy Ʊ͡

嵭 combining form νħָѸηˤͤޤ줿 Greco-Latin Ѥ޺פȸƤӤѸ줬ƥ졤ꥷ졤ƥե󥹸줫̤μѸƤƤˤˤĤƤϤΥ֥Ǥ⤤ʷǿƤϢΩäȤƤ [2010-08-18-1], [2010-05-24-1], [2009-11-14-1], [2009-08-25-1], [2009-08-19-1] դ򻲾Ȥ줿

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.

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2010-08-12 Thu

#472. kenning [kenning][oe][compound][compounding][old_norse]

űѸλˤ kenning ֥˥󥰡פȸƤФ뱣Ūնɽ롥¿2ĤǤʤʣ ( compound ) ǡȴ˭ȯۤ˴ŤǤȤ߹碌ˤŪɽФhwælweg "whale's way" ַߤƻפɽŪˡֳפؤ夲褦ξ硤ʣμƻפȻؼоݡֳפȤϴŪϢۤƯʤַߡפȡֳפȤϴŪ˷ӤĤƤ롥θַߡפ𤷤ƼƻפȻؼоݡֳפȤƴŪ˷ӤĤȤ̣ǡŪ뤤նŪɽȸΤǤ롥Τ褦˰̣Ū˸̩ kenning ȡkenning ȸƤ٤ɽϸűѻǤ⤫ʤ¤Ƥ롥̣DZŪնɽȤȤ館ΤǤСʤμबǧƤ롥
Ȥơ kenning λؼоݤƤߤƤ餤ʬ򥯥å롥

kenningliteral sensemeaning
beaduleoma"battle-light"sword
famigheals flota"foamy-necked floater"ship
feorhhus"soul-house"body
goldgiefa"gold-giver"prince, lord
hēafodgimm"head-gem"eye
merehengest"sea-horse"ship
sǣwudu"sea-wood"ship
swanrād"swan-road"sea
sweordplega"swordplay"fighting
wælstōwe"place of slaughter"battlefield
woruldcandel"world-candle"sun


űѸʳǤϸťΥɸο Edda ʤɤѤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥ťΥɸǤ kenning μϸűѸӤƤϤ뤫˭٤Ǥꡤºݤ "kenning" ȤѸϸťΥɸΡΤ餻뤳ȡܥפ̣ͳ褹롥θťΥɸˤ kenning 㤬ʤȤ顤ޥ kenning ϸűѸäƤȤΤŬڤ
̤ˡkenning ϸ奲ޥħǤȿƤ롥Τ˥ޥʣ ( composition ) ˤä¤줹ΤդǤꡤkenning Τ褦ɽȯפϤäȹͤ뤫⤷ʤkenning ϼºݤˤϸ奲ޥͭΤΤǤϤʤŪˤϥӥƥ̤ꤦĤ餷ޤkenning оݤȤʤ복ǰϸ¤ƤꡤűѻˤƤϤ٤㤤Ȥ顤Ϥ̾٤Τۤ⤤űѻɽˡȤäƤ褤

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2010-06-21 Mon

#420. 20ȾˤϤäĤθ [word_formation][morphology][pde][prefix][compound][phrasal_verb]

Carstairs-McCarthy (108--09) ˤȡ20Ⱦ˸ʸǧȤĤϥƥ䥮ꥷͳ褹Ƭˤ⤦ĤΥפ headless compound Ǥ롥
19衤super-, sub- Ȥäƥͳ褹Ƭ䡤hyper-, macro-, micro-, mega- Ȥäꥷͳ褹Ƭˤ줬¿줿superman, superstar, super-rich, supercooling ʤɤ㤬ꡤƱƬˤ supersede, superimpose ʤɤȰۤʤꡤͳ褹ΤղäΤħǤ롥Υ֡ϸߤƺ³ƤȻפ졤ä giga-, nano- ʤɤƬˤ줬Ƥǽ롥
headless compound exocentric compound ȤƤФ졤pickpocket, sell-out ʤɤΤ褦ʣΤɽ ( head ) ʤʣΤȤǤ롥 sell-out, write-off, call-up, take-over, breakdown ʤɡưפΥפбư줬¸ߤΤ̤Ǥʤפ⤢ꡤԤΤ -in ʣ줬1960ǯˤˤ狼ήԤȤsit-in, talk-in, love-in, think-in ΥפǤ롥
ήԤ⡤ѸʹߤθΰŪĬήȿƤΤħǤ롥ƥ䥮ꥷƬƱ츻δΤղä졤ϼѸ˸¤Ƥʣбư줬¸ߤΤäηˤȤȾȤΤΤ褦Ǥ롥

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002. 134.

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2010-04-09 Fri

#347. ñʿѲϤɤΤ餤 [syllable][lexicology][compound][statistics]

Τ˼ȤǤ븦ȴϢơɸ䤤ˤĤĴɬפƤ롥䤤ظˤռȤƤϡñθ츻̤ʿѲӤơȤС֥ޥϤñϥޥ󥹷ϤñûפʤɤȤŪʿͤȻפäƤΤϲʳʬƥץƤ椯Τ褵Ǥ롥ɸ䤤ΤޤޤǤŬڤȤϤʤĤͳ롥
ĤϡؤǺǤⰭ̾⤤ΰĤǤñȤϲפȤ䤤˴ط롥狼䤹Ȥơ ( compound ) ͤȤ褤school boy 1ʤΤ2ʤΤ ˡͭ̾ New York City Ϥɤ ֻδˤʣθȤߤʤȤǤ뤬ǰ̣ΤޤȤޤȤƤϰĤǤ뤫1ȤΩ롥kick the bucket Τ褦ʥǥϤɤ [2010-02-07-1], [2010-02-08-1]ǿ줿 crane Τ褦¿ ( polysemy ) ϡȤ̤θȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤ ñʿѲͤˤäƤ⡤Ū򤱤̤ʤ
ܤͳϡѸäȤȤϰϤǤ롥OED ˤ50ۤɤȥ꡼Ƥ뤬ݼθȡºݤˤϤܤθäΤǤϤʤȤ⤤Ƥ롥ʿͤФˤϡŪˤϤäñθ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥Ȥʤȡ[2009-06-30-1]εǤߤ pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis Τ褦ʶüʸ19ˤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥⤽⸽Ѹä¸ߤʤʾ塤ɤޤǴޤƤɤޤʤȽǤŪˤʤ餶򤨤ʤºŪʸ˺ݤƤϡɤǶڤɬפ롥
ܤϡƱθǤ⡤Ѽˤä1٤ꤦȤǤ롥[2010-03-08-1]ǿ줿褦ˡsecretary ŵŪʱȯΤDzɤ줬롥äȤ⡤оݤȤѼƤޤС嵭Ĥۤ礭ˤϤʤʤ⤷ʤ
ܡܤˤĤƤ̤κŪʲϤʤʤ񤷤ȤäƤƤϻʤȤΤΤǤ롥ŪĴʤƤߤ褦Ȼפȡ[2010-03-01-1]ǾҲ𤷤ѱñꥹդ꤫饹ȤΤ褵Ǥ롥ҤȤޤϡBNC Word Frequency List 6318ΥꥹȤϤƤߤ褦Ȼפ

ƣ ͺ¼  Ϻ ԡرѸ쥳ѥ?äȼ?١ҡ1998ǯ110--13ǡ

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2010-01-16 Sat

#264. Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo. [conversion][compound][syntax][word_play]

ɸʸʸˡŪǤ롥Steven Pinker Υ٥ȥ顼 The Language Instinct ͭ̾ˤʤäʸǡˤ Pinker γ Annie Senghas ФΤȤ (208)
ܤʸˡϡBuffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo - Wikipedia ˤΤǾά뤬ä (The) Buffalo buffalo (that) Baffalo buffalo (often) buffalo (in turn) buffalo (other) Buffalo buffalo. ȹͤǤʲݥȤǤ롥

buffalo ֥Хåեꥫפʣϡ§Ū buffaloes ˲äơñʣƱ buffalo ⤢ꤦ
Buffalo ϡ֡ʥ˥塼衼λԡ˥ХåեפΰդǡƻŪѤƤ
to buffalo ϡֶҰ롤𤵤פΰդưȤƤѤƤ
쥫Ǵط̾줬άƤ

ѸǤΤ褦ʷǽʤΤϡ(1) conversion ʻžפͳǤ뤳ȡ(2) طάʤɤŪʵ§Τ¸ߤ뤳ȡˤ롥Pinker Ǥä (2) ¦̤˸ƤȤʤäƤ뤬(1) conversion β̤ƤǤ롥ΥǤ̾Ǥ buffalo / Buffalo ƻŪˡˤȤƤưȤƤȤ줦ȤפǤ롥̾ưΤ conversion ˤĤƤ[2009-11-03-1]Ƿڤڤ̾줫ƻŪˡˤؤ conversion Ϥꤤäͳ٤⤤
̾줫ƻŪˡˤؤ conversion ϡ褽̾θŪˡ ( attributive use ) ȸƤФΤ롥̾θŪˡȤ Christmas tree, silk hat, Tokyo branch ʤɤǤ̾β̤ؤBradley ŦȤ "a new part of speech, halfway between the substantive and the adjective" (45) ȤǤ⤤٤ΤǤ롥Bradley Ϥˡ "One highly important feature of English grammar which has been developed since Old English days" (45) ɾƤꡤBuffalo buffalo ȤɽˤθؤȿǤΤȤBuffalo ʸθͷӤ̣襤ϤҤȤǤ롥

Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: W. Morrow, 1994. New York : HarperPerennial, 1995.
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-02-11-1] [2010-01-17-1]

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2010-01-13 Wed

#261. ޤط [compound][stress][disguised_compound]

ε[2010-01-12-1] ( disguised compound ) 򤤤Ĥ󤲤ϡȤƩ٤ι⤤äΤѲ䤽¾ηѲФơϤǧʤʤä֤Ǥ롥줬ޤطʤĽҤ٤롥
ܤϡä˱ѸˤĤƸǤ롥ޥħΰġ첻ᥢȤθ§פפФ ([2009-10-26-1])̾ǤǤʤ뤬Ȥθ§ˤǤŪȯ岽ü䤹ʤȤˡμ ( head ) ̾ǤôΤǡǤηŪʼ岽Ϲ줽ΤΤΰ̣ȷ֤δϢƩˤƯChristmas ϸ mass ֥ߥפΰǤϤΤ褦ʰռϴǤ뤷lady ϸ diġe ֤ͤ͡פθ츻ΤäƤȤƤ⸽ʸ̮ǡ֤ͤ͡פȤȤϤʤޥΰ錄ѸǤϡɬŪǤ岽ε줬ޤ䤹Ȥˤʤ롥
줬ޤ䤹⤦ĤطʤϡɽǰΩǰȤˤɬפȤ褦ˤʤȡǤʬϤ줺˻СγФ뤳Ȥ¿ʤ뤳ȤǤ롥lady ( OE hlǣfdiġe ) θϡ֥ѥ򤳤ͤ͡פǤ˸űѸʳǤ̣ϡֽ͡פؤѲƤꡤϢۤƯƤʤäΰֽ̣͡פǤʾ塤षϢۤƯʤۤ챿Ѿ˾ޤȤ롥⤷ռƤ顤Ѿΰ̣Ǥֽ͡פˤɤ夯ޤǤˡ(1) Ǥؤʬ(2) Ǥΰ̣ǧ(3) Ǥΰ̣η硤(4) ̣ŪĥȤĹƥåפФʤФʤʤǤ롥
ǡȤƤβˤ˻ˤơ lady = ֽ͡פȤ ( sign ) ˺꤫ƤޤФ褤ȤȤˤʤ롥֤äΤȤĤƤγƹǤΰ̣ʤ˺ƤޤפȤˤĹƤȤ
Bradley θդڤơμݤޤȤ롥

A compound word is a description, often an imperfect description; and when an object of perception or thought is familiar to us, we desire that its name shall suggest the thing to our minds directly, and not through the intervention of irrelevant ideas. Accordingly, a compound word for a simple notion gives a certain sense of inconvenience, unless we are able to forget its literal meaning. It is true that we frequently succeed in doing this: we use multitudes of compound words without mentally analysing them at all. In such cases the compound often undergoes processes of phonetic change which a distinct consciousness of its etymological meaning would not have allowed to take place. (83)


Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.

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2010-01-12 Tue

#260. [compound][etymology][disguised_compound][trish]

ʤޤˤȤ̯ѸϡΤϹǤäΤѲǤθΩʤɤǹ¤Ƥˤʤꡤ졦ñˡפʤäΡʡؿѸؼŵ p. 236lˡdisguised compound ¾ˤ ex-compound ִסobscured compound ۣסamalgamated compound ͻסverdunkelte Zusammensetzung ʤɤθƤ̾롥򤹤ˤϡߤΤᤤ

abed < LOE on bedde "on bed"
about < OE onbūtan < on + bi "by" + ūtan "out"
as < OE ealswā "all so"
Christmas < LOE Crīstes mæsse "Christ's mass"
daisy < OE dæġes-ēage "day's eye"
gossip < LOE godsibb < "God relationship"
holiday < OE hāliġdæġ "holy day"
hussy < ModE housewife
lady < OE hlǣfdiġe "loaf kneader" (see [2009-05-21-1])
lord < OE hlāford "loaf ward"
window < ME windoȝe < ON vindauga "wind eye"

¾breakfast ([2009-12-04-1]) ֻǤߤ¤ break + fast ȹƩ٤⤤ȯ /ˈbrɛkfəst/ 졤Dzû岽ƤꡤΤȤƷ֤ѷƤȤǤϵȸƤ٤뤫⤷ʤspelling-pronunciation ֤ȯ ([2009-11-24-1]) ǤϤʤŪȯȤƤ cupboard, forehead ʤɤƱͤǤ롥

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
ס ׯҡرѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ207ǡ

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2009-08-20 Thu

#115. ˤο͵ϤʤΤ [etymology][compound][political_correctness]

ǥޡΥڥϡؤαؤƤơƱԤΥܥǤֿ͵ɱפΥǥ̿äƤ줿ʤ꤬Ȥˡ

The Little Mermaid

ؿ͵ɱ ( The Little Mermaid ) 񤤤ǥ륻 ( Hans Christian Andersen ) ϡǥޡϥǥ󥻽пȤƸúȤǤ롥̾⤤ᤷʪˤơ1913ǯ˿͵ɱڥϡγߤ˿줿ǯΤ˲٤˲԰٤ˤäƤ롥ƬӤå줿ꡤ֤ڥ󥭤ɤä줿ꡤ󤶤Ǥ롥äʹȡƸäƴݤˤҤĤĤϤФܤ餳Ҥߤ˹ԤԤϡʤȤᤷʤäƤޤʤĤƻ⤽ΰͤäˡ͵ɱϤĤޤǤäƤ⤫ФʤȤȤ
ơmermaid 줫ʤʣǤ롥űѸ mere "sea" + maide "maid" ʤΤǡޤֿ͵ɱפȤդ路Τ褦 mere maide ȤʤŤ餢ä櫓줬Ȥ߹蘆äʣȤƻȤ褦ˤʤäΤ14Ǥ롥űѸǤϡmerewīf ( "sea" + "wife" ) meremin ( "sea" + "female slave" ) ȤϤʤʣ줬ѤƤmermaid ϸȯȤϤǤΩĶˤŪʱѸʣȤ褦
ֳפ̣űѸ mere ϸѸǤϻ졦ŸǡָСפΰ̣ɽűѸ maide ¿ŤᤫΤΡmaid ȤƸǤ롥maide ȤűѸη֤ mægden "maiden" θĤŤޤäΤǤꡤ̤֡Ρ˾פ̣ѸǤ maiden ϤʸŪʶӤӤƤꡤmaid ʣʤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤäդˡȤʬʤƤ롥
mermaid Ϥ maid ʣΰĤ¾ˤ barmaid, chambermaid, dairymaid, housemaid, milkmaid, nursemaid ʤɤ롥ʣ⸽ǤϤǤ˸Ťᤫ롥political correctness ˤꡤʣ줬äƤ椯϶ᤤ⤷ʤܸǡ֥᡼ɡפȤϡֽ桤ۥƥνεҼפؤǶϡ֥ᥤɵפȤϢۤʤäƤƤꡤ᡼ޤʤʢ
maid ʣ¸³֤ޤȾǽҤ٤mermaid ϼ㤦⤽⡤͵ȤϽͥʼǤ롥ؿ͵ɱ٤ˤϿ͵λ夳ФƤ뤬ˤαƤϸʤꥷäΥ ( Siren ) ȷӤĤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ⡤͵ȤнΥ᡼ʤΤ
ο͵⤤롥㤨СꥷäΥݥɥ ( Poseidon ) ©ҤΥȥȥ ( Triton ) Ͽ͵ȸΩƤ뤳Ȥ¿ѸǤ merman ֿ͵פȸƤ֤ΤǤ롥ʣ줬Ѹ˽ƸΤ17ΤȤǤꡤο͵ɽ줬űѸ줫¸ߤΤ٤ơʬƤ뤷ȤäƤĤ褦ʸǤ롥Ϥꡤο͵¸ߴϸ¤ʤ
Τ˥ǥ륻áؿ͵˷ ( The Little Merman ) 񤤤ƤȤ顤ʤäʡȻפ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-02-11-1] [2011-08-29-1]

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2009-08-04 Tue

#99. ŪƬ neo- [japanese_english][affix][etymology][compound][productivity][greek]

شۤο޴ NEO꡼116켰޴դϸƤ˰ʤص٤δǤϥʥȷҤθʬ򡤡Ļ٤δǤϥեκμΰ֤ۤʤ뤳ȤΤꡤȤʤ餵줿ҶκįƤ޴դϾشۤäظä˺줿˸ƲʤߡNEO꡼פ켰ФäΤ١Ƥʤ˽¤Ƥ롥
ΡNEOʥͥˡפȤƬܸˤ夷ƤѤ롥عϻǤǤ֥ͥפθФ롥

(ꥷǡֿװդ neos )ֿפΰդɽƬ졥֡ޥƥ


֥ͥפѤʣȤƤϡˤϼΤ褦ʸ줬ȥ꡼Ƥ롥֥ͥץå˥ néo-impressionnisme, ֥ͥ饷 neo-classicism, ֥ͥ˥ꥺ neo-colonialism, ֥ͥ neo-con(servatism), ֥ͥХ륵 Neosalvarsan ʥɥĸ, ֥ͥ Neodym ʥɥĸ, ֥ͥ˥ neo-Darwinism, ֥ͥ Neo-Dada, ֥ͥƥˡ neoteny, ֥ͥȥߥ neo-Thomism, ֥ͥʥ neo-Nazism, ֥ͥԥʡ Neopilina ʥƥ, ֥ͥե neo-fascism, ֥֥ͥåǥ Neo-Buddhism, ֥ͥץ Neoprene, ֥ͥޡƥꥺ neo-mercantilism, ֥ͥޥ neomycin, ֥ͥޥ륭 neo-Lamarckism, ֥ͥ쥢ꥹ neorealismo ʥꥢ, ֥ͥ neologism, ֥ͥ neon, ֥ͥ󡾥 neon sign, ֥ͥ󡾥ƥȥ neon tetra, ֥ͥ󡾥ס neon lamp褯Τʤ줬¿
Ѹ줬ѸǤϤʤȤ顤neo- ȤƬϥ衼åѽ˹äƤ뤳Ȥ¬롥ơܸǤ־شۤο޴ NEO꡼פΤ褦˻ȤФƤꡤƬȤƤϥХ벽ƤΤ⤷ʤѸǤ OED θˤ neo ǻϤޤñ326ĥҥåȤ
neo- εϡꥷ néos "new" Ǥ롥Ūˤϰĸ *newo- "new, young" ˤΤܤꡤѸ new ƱǤ롥neo- αѸǤƬȤƤˤ19ȾܳŪ˻ȤФޤ礵³Ƥ롥
бƥ novus "new" ǡƱѸ˼Ѥ줿⡤ʲ̤ꤤĤ롥

innovate, innovation, nova, novel, novelty, novice, renovate, renovation

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