hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

euphony - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-08-06 Sat

#4849. ͭ -'s ˤĤƤκ [youtube][voicy][heldio][apostrophe][orthography][euphony][sobokunagimon]

83˹줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥκǿ46ƤMacy's -'s ʤΤ Harrods ˤϥݥȥեʤ櫓Ǥ' (apostrophe) λѤᤰ붦Ū̻Ū˾Ƥޤ



ݥȥեĤʤǴˤϢȤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ#432. ʤû̷ that's ϤΤ *this's ϤʤΡȤѤʵ夲ޤ⤪İ



ˡͭʤ 's ˴ؤȤȤΤʤ򡤡Űʸˡ٤򻲾ȤĤġɲäȻפޤs դ˥ݥȥեñդƽͭʤɽ魯ĤΤǤ1Ĥʣ -s ǤդƤ륱Ǥa girls' school birds' nests Τ褦Ǥ
ˡʣǤϤʤȤֻ -s ǽñŵŪˤϸͭ̾ˤͭʤˤˤϡ -'s ǤϤʤ -' Τߤդ뤳Ȥ¿ǤSocrates' death, Achilles' tendon, Moses' prophecy Τ褦ǤColumbus' discovery, Dickens' novels, Venus' flower basket ʤɤʤΤǤ -'s ǽȤȤǡ䤳
ޤfor ---'s sake Υե졼Ǥϡ̾줬 [s] ȯǽäƤȤˤ -'s -' ޤޤfor convenience' sake, for goodness' sake, for appearance' sake ΤȤǤ
ݥȥեκȤ⺮ζˤߤȤäۤ褤Ǥ͡ݥȥեˤĤƤϰʲε⤴Ȥ

#198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1])
#3889. ͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨륹ڥ󥰡 ([2019-12-20-1])
#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1])
#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1])
#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1])
#3892. greengrocer's apostrophe (2) ([2019-12-23-1])
#3656. kings' Τ褦ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθˤϲάƤΤǤ ([2019-05-01-1])
#3661. ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθ˲άƤ뤫Τ褦˴Τϼ ([2019-05-06-1])
#4755. ݥȥեϤȤʤʤ롩 ([2022-05-04-1])

ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ

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2021-06-14 Mon

#4431. cockney ˤߤִ + ĺ + 첻ǻϤޤ [article][glottal_stop][phonetics][cockney][euphony]

괧ˤ괧ˤ衤첻֤ˤäƤϡ̾ [ə], [ðə] ǤϤʤ [ən], [ði] ȯΤŪȤ롥ºݤˤϡ#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤɬ⵬̤ȯԤʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤŪʷȤǧ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥ϢŪаޤŪ¦̤ϡʲεǼ夲Ƥ

#831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])
#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])
#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1])
#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1])
#2814. 첻Ϣ³ĺ ([2017-01-09-1])

Ȥ櫓Ǹε#2814. 첻Ϣ³ĺ ([2017-01-09-1]) ܤƤ餤ε#4430. cockney θߡ ([2021-06-13-1]) ǰѡȤ Fox cockney ȯħ1ĤȤơִ + ĺ + 첻ǻϤޤפ夲Ƥ롥첻Ϣ³򤹤뤿ĺȤ㤬cockney ˤäȤˤʤ롥⡤ŪǶγ׿ȤΤǡޤޤ⤷
cockney μԤ¿ϡ⤽嵭δȯ˴ؤ뵬Ūʶ̤Ƥ餺첻Ǥ [ə], [ðə] ѤȤ첻Ǥ첻Ϣ³ (hiatus) 򤱤褦ˡĺ [ʔ] 򶴤߹෹ߤȤFox (2025) Ѥ롥

In an investigation of young speakers of Bangladeshi and white British origin, Fox . . . found high frequency of the use of a [ə] and the [ðə] before vowel-initial words among Bangladeshi male adolescents in Tower Hamlets, London, and to a lesser extent in the speech of their white Anglo male peers. All speakers used glottal stop to resolve hiatus in the V#V context. Multi-ethnic friendship networks were shown to play a key role in the diffusion of these features.


Ū˽ʬ⤷˼ҲŪˤͻǤȤȤǥƥ󥰤

Fox, Sue. "Varieties of English: Cockney." Chapter 128 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2013--31.

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2020-08-19 Wed

#4132. ʤ괧 the 첻Ǥ the apple Τ褦ˡ֥פȯΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][article][clitic][euphony][vowel][prescriptive_grammar][sociolinguistics]

hellog 饸17ϡ괧 the ȯ˴ؤǤ̤ the θ첻³ˤ [ði ˈæpl] Τ褦ȯ졤[ðə ˈæpl] ȤȯʤȽޤȯΤ䤹ȤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ㴳ε䤬ޤԤȯˤΤǤ礦ȤƤäʤ褦˻פΤǤºݡĴ٤ƤߤȸαѸüԤǤ [ðə ˈæpl] ȯ륱ʤΤǤ
Ǥϡʤ [ði ˈæpl] ŪȯȤƤΤǤ礦ʲβޤ᤿İ



ήǤƤСѸˤ̤ä th'apple, th'orange ʤɤ elision ȯѤƤޤ˵ϼŪʸѤΤȤ the apple ʤ⤽ȯñζܤȤΤˤʤ褦 [ði ˈæpl]ˤʷפȤơֿͰŪ줿פΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤȯˤ貿ˤ衤ټȯãǴάά줿ΤƤӤȤʣĹȤΤϡQǤϹͤˤǤˤϵŪŪͰŪȸƤӤŪϤƯȻפޤ嵭ϤޤDzǤͤޤǤˡ
ȴϢơ##906,907,2236εåɤߤ

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2018-05-06 Sun

#3296. state estate (2) [french][latin][phonetics][euphony][loan_word][doublet]

ĤƤε#1571. state estate ([2013-08-15-1]) ­ε#3295. study <u> û첻Τ櫓 ([2018-05-05-1]) Ǽ夲 study ϡƥ studiāre üȯťե󥹸 estudie ФƱѸ˼Ѥ줿Ǥcf. ե󥹸 étudier) ϡUpward and Davidson (114--15) ˰͵򤷡ťե󥹸˸ e- ܤ
ƥˤ sc-, sp-, st- ǻϤޤϡΤޤޤη֤DZѸ˼Ѥ줿⤢뤬¿ϥե󥹸䥹ڥʤɤͳ esc-, esp-, est- η֤DZѸäƤե󥹸䥹ڥǤϡƥ2ŻҲ˲ (euphony) Ȥ e ΤäŵŪʸƬź (prosthesis) 㡨#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ĤǤˡƥ exc-, exp-, ext- ⤽줾 esc-, esp-, est- ؤȴά줿ᡤˤϤȤȤ sc-, sp-, st- Ʊϩ򤿤ɤ뤳ȤˤʤäʰʲǤϡexc-, exp-, ext- ͳ褹Τ + դˡ
ƬˤΤ褦ʷ֤ĸ췲ʤ餺Ѹ˼Ѥ졤̤ȤƱѸǤϼ3ĤΥǧ롥

(1) ޤʥǤϤ뤬Ƭ e- ĸΤߤä (ex. eschew, +escord, esplanade)
(2) ФСƬ e- ĸȻʤ줬2Ÿ (doublet) Ȥƶ¸Ƥ (ex. +escape/scapegoad, escalope/scallop, escarpment/scarp, especial/special, espy/spy, espouse/spouse, estate/state, +estranged/strange)
(3) Ǥ¿ΤϡƬ e- 򼨤ʤǤ (ex. +scaffold (< OFr eschafalt), +scald (< OFr eschalder), spine (< OFr espine), stage (< OFr estage), stew (< OFr estuve), study (< OFr estudie))

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2017-01-09 Mon

#2814. 첻Ϣ³ĺ [glottal_stop][phonetics][phonotactics][euphony][vowel][consonant]

Ѹϰ̤첻Ϣ³ (hiatus) Ȥ롥첻Ϣ³ꤽʾ硤򤱤٤餫ΡȾ˻Ҳ뤳Ȥ¿㤨С첻ͿȤˤ [j] 첻ͿȤˤ [w] Ϥ겻 (glide) Ȥ졤seeing [ˈsiːɪŋ] [ˈsiːjɪŋ] Ȥȯ줿ꡤdoor [dɔə] [ˈdɔwə] Ȥʤäꤹ롥the apple Τ褦ʾǤ⡤[ði ˈæpl] Ϥ겻 [j] [ðiˈjæpl] ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ʡ#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1]) 򻲾ȡˡϡĴ弫˸Ϥ겻Ǥʡ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ʳˤ⡤ĴŪͳˤΤȤϹͤ줺¿ʤȤֲŪװͿƤΤȤơan apple Τ褦첻֤괧ˤߤ n Ūˤ n ݻȤ٤ˤ䡤the idea(r) is . . . Τ褦 r ⡤Ѹ첻Ϣ³ΰĤȤߤ뤳ȤǤʡ#831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])#500. intrusive r ([2010-09-09-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
⤦1Ĥ⤷ϡĺ (glottal_stop) [ʔ] Ǥ롥ĺϤȤ⤹̵դƤޤȤҲǤ롥̵Ȥʹ䤹ȤȤϡ첻֤ơڤܤɸΤΩȤȤǤ⤢롥Ϥ겻ή礦ȯˤ첻Ϣ³򤹤٤ΤФơĺϤषǫȯˤ2Ĥ첻Τ˶뤳Ȥ¿ʲθϡǫȯˤĺǤƣp. 35ˡ

co-operate [cəʊˈʔɒpəreɪt]
geometry [ðɪˈʔɒmətrɪ]
reaction [rɪˈʔækʃn]
day after day [ˈdeɪ ʔɑːftə ˈdeɪ]
law and order [ˈlɔː ʔənd ˈɔːdə]
better off [ˌbetə ˈʔɒf]

츫첻Τˡִ֡פ֤άΤ褦˻פ뤬 [j], [w], [n], [r] ƱΩɤʡֻҲפǤ롥
첻Ϣ³ȴϢơ#830. sandhi ([2011-08-05-1]) ⻲ȡ

ƣ ظդ򤵤Τܤ롡ˤĤ줿Ѹܸ١ҡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-14-1]

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2015-06-11 Thu

#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ [pronunciation][article][euphony][vowel]

ʤ the apple ̤ [ði ˈæpl] ȯ졤[ðə ˈæpl] ȤʤˤΤˤĤƤϡ#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1]) ǤĤθҲ𤷤Ƥβ (euphony)[i] ĴŪİŪΤ϶θ̤ʤɤͿƤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ̾ (68--72) 첻ζĥдˤȤ顤äƤ롥
Ѹ첻ˤϡĥ (tense) д (lax) Ω롥첻Ǥ [i(ː)] ĥ첻[ɪ] д첻ñdzơĶϲŪˤ褽ޤäƤ롥㤨̵ˤƤ happy [ˈhæpi] Τ褦˶ĥ첻Τ̤θ˲᤬³ happily [ˈhæpɪli] Τ褦д첻뤳Ȥ¿ˤäƤϡд첻 [ɪ] Ϥд˲[ə] ˻뤳Ȥ⤢С첻üƤޤȤ餢롥
˲᤬³Ǥ⡤β᤬첻ǻϤޤˤϡhappier [ˈhæpiə] Τ褦˶ĥ첻ݤΤ§Ǥ롥ϡĥ첻ĴŪˤİŪˤΤǤꡤ³첻ͻ礷æƤޤΤɤƯ򤷤ƤΤĥ첻ϡζ̤ݻΤΩĤȤȤ³Τ첻Ҳǡĥ첻д첻ؤϡcreate [kriˈeɪt] vs cremate [krɪˈmeɪt], react [riˈækt] vs relate [rɪˈleɪt], beatitude [biˈætitjuːd] vs believe [bɪˈliːv] ʤɤˤ⸫ȤǤ롥
the ζĥ첻 [i] д첻 [ə] (or [ɪ]) θؤ⡤Ʊ褦˹ͤ뤳ȤǤ롥첻³ˤϡthe βΩݤĤ˶ĥ첻 [i] Ѥ졤the apple [ði ˈæpl] Τ褦ˤʤ롥Ҳ³ˤϡthe 첻дˤȤƤⲻΩݤ뤿ᡤĥ첻ɬܤȤϤʤʤ衤괧̵Ǥ뤫ȯޤꡤд첻ȼä the grape [ðə greɪp] Τ褦ˤʤΤϡԤǤ롥

̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2014-11-13 Thu

#2026. intrusive r (2) [rhotic][rp][phonetics][phonotactics][euphony][analogy]

#500. intrusive r ([2010-09-09-1]) Ǹ "The idea(r) is . . . ." ʤɤ˸ r ˤĤơθݤϡRP ޤ฽Ѹνʬۤ򹭤Ƥ롤߿ʹθѲǤ롥ñΤǤ뤤ϻҲ³Ȥˤ /aɪˈdɪə/첻³ĶǤ /aɪˈdɪər/ Ѱۤ붦Ūݤ֤ȤȤʬۤ򹭤ƤȤǤ̻ŪݤǤ⤢롥
εǽҤ٤褦ˡintrusive r ΤϡŵŪ /ɔː/, /ɑː/, /ɜː/, /ə/ Τ줫첻ǽˤƤǤ롥Ѱۤ򼨤üԤˤȤäƤϡθδ첻ˤ /r/ ޤޤƤꡤ첻³ĶǤ /r/ Τޤ޼¸뤬ʳδĶǤ /r/ æǡʤȤƼ¸Ȥ§ߤƤȹͤ롥
Ѱۤ뤤ѲطʤǺѤƤ륫饯ͤƤߤ褦Ūɸ।ꥹѸѼǤϡ㤨 ear δ첻 /ɪər/idea δ첻 /aɪˈdɪə/ Ǥꡤ/r/ ̵ͭ˴ؤΤ˶̤Ƥñ첻³ĶʳǤ /ɪə/ ȤǼ¸뤿ˡ줾δ첻ˤ /r/ ̵ͭˤĤơɽŪʥҥȤ뵡񤬾ʤΤϤС첻 /ə/ ǽ /ər/ ǽΤۤŪ¿Ȥ⤢ꡤ (analogy) θ̤ idea ʤɤδ첻 /r/ 뤳ȤȤʤäˤꡤear idea ɽŪˤƱǼ¸뵡¿ˤ⤫餺ۤʤ첻⤿ʤФʤʤȤôȤʤ֤ä줿Ȥˤʤ롥
Υ饯ϡɽŪʥҥȡפηǡǤ롥첻³ĶʳȤ櫓ñΤǼ¸ݤˡear idea ȤǸζ̤ʤȤˤꡤߤδ첻Τˤ̤ʤϤȤǽȤʤ롥դ˸С¸벻˶̤硤ʤ줾 /ɪər/, /aɪˈdɪə/ ȯѼˤƤϡΥ饯꤬ư뤭äʤˡintrusive r ʤͽ¬롥ơºݤˤͽ¬Ȥ狼äƤ롥non-prevocalic /r/ 򼨤ѼǤ intrusive r Ƥ餺Τ褦ѼüԤϡ¾ѼǤ intrusive r ̯ʸݤȤȤ館Ƥ褦Trudgill (58) ΥȤ̣

. . . of course it [intrusive r] is a process which occurs only in the r-less accents. R-ful accents (as they are sometimes called), in places like the southwest, USA and Scotland, do not have this feature, because they have not undergone the loss of 'r' which started the whole process off in the first place. Speakers of r-ful accents therefore often comment on the intrusive-'r' phenomenon as a peculiar aspect of the accents of England. One can, for example, hear Scots ask 'Why do English people say "Canadarr"?'. English people of course do not say 'Canadarr', but those of them who have r-less accents do mostly say 'Canadarr and England' /kænədər ən ɪŋglənd/.


r ȯ̵ͭˤĤƤϡ#406. Labov New York City /r/ ([2010-06-07-1])#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1])#453. ꥫѸνˤ r ([2010-07-24-1])#1050. postvocalic r Υ󥰥ϿޤˤĤ­ ([2012-03-12-1])#1371. New York City ˤ non-prevocalic /r/ ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-27-1])#1535. non-prevocalic /r/ μҲŪʲ͡ ([2013-07-10-1]) ۤrhotic 򻲾ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-20-1] [2014-11-14-1]

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2014-07-26 Sat

#1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ [adjective][syllable][pronunciation][prosody][participle][euphony][numeral][personal_pronoun]

#643. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ ([2011-01-30-1]), #712. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2) ([2011-04-09-1]), #752. ¾ưȼưüʲʬƻ ([2011-05-19-1]) ǴϢ˿줿Ѹˤϲʬˡ˱2Ĥΰۤʤ֤򼨤 drunk / drunken, bent / bended, proved / proven, beloved / belovèd Τ褦ʥڥ롥ûԤϽŪˡ1ʬĹԤϸŪѤ뷹롥εǤϡꥺȴϢŤơλȤʬˤĤ
嵭ΥڥϤưβʬƻưͳǤϤʤƻˤ⡤2Ĥΰ۷֤㤬Ѹ˸줿ξԤɤٴϢ뤫Ϥ狼ʤȤʬȤƤΤǾҲ𤷤two / twain, my / mine, thy / thine, old / olden γƥڥˤơԤη֤ϸ /n/ ޤʬĹȤ־ħ뤬ˡȤƤԤԤ٤Ƥ֤ʤ롥ڡ켣 (462) 򻲾Ȥơ줾ħޤȤ褦

(1) two / twain
twain ϸűѸ tweġen ʡгʤη֤ͳ褷two бη֤ͳ褹롥twain two ȤȤѸ̤ƹѤ졤ѸäƤ⡤(i) ̾θֽȤơ(ii) ̾θƱʸȤơ(iii) ˡȤơѤƤtwain two ˲³ƤϤˡ򶹤ʤѸޤӤȤˤʤ롥

I have receivyd twaine your lettres. (1554 Cdl. Pole in Eng. Hist. Rev.)
lovers twain (MND. V. i. 151)
O Perdita, what have we twain forgot! (Wint. IV. iv. 673)
I must become a borrower of the night For a dark hour or twain. (Mac. III. i. 26--27)
Thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. (Rom. III. v. 240)


twain ӱΤѤ䤹äȤϸޤǤʤ

(2) my / mine, thy / thine
줾űѸο;̾°ʷ mīn, þīn ̤롥ͭɽ魯ˡˤơƥڥԤη my, thy ǤϻҲ֤ /n/ æΤǡԤη mine, thine Ǥ첻 /n/ ݻ줿ΤǤ롥λȤʬϡ1318ޤ³ñȤѤˡǤϡmine, thine /n/ ֤ͭФ졤ߤ˻롥

(3) old / olden
olden 15Ⱦ˽Ф٤㤤۷֤äShakespeare Ǥ1٤Τ "Blood hath been shed ere now, i' the olden time," (Mac. III. iv. 75) ȤƸ졤餯 the olden time ȤɽޤäΤȻפ롥Scott ˤ olden times Ȥ㤬롥19㳰Ū˽ˡѸǤϸ§ȤƤäѤ嵭θѤ롥

ΥڥǤĹ֤ˤ /n/ ˲äƤ뤬ºݤ˲䤹ʤäƥꥺ˴ͿȹͤˤΤ (3) ΤߤǤ롥(3) Ǥ2 olden ˡȤƤλѤ˸¤Ƥꡤ ##643,712 Ǽꥺˤ˹פ롥(1), (2) ǤϡɲäʤΤ /n/ դĹ֤Τۤषˡ򼺤äƤΤ(3) 椷оŪǤ롥

ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ

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2013-08-19 Mon

#1575. -st θźä˴ؤ Dobson ιͻ [phonetics][euphony][-st]

ε#1574. amongst -st ([2013-08-18-1]) ۤ##508,509,510,739,1389,1393,1394,1399,1554,1555,1573 εǡ-st θź (paragoge) ˤĤưäƤˤĤ Dobson (437, pp. 1003--04) 'excrescent' [t] Ȥ1ڡۤɤ䤤ƵƤ롥ʤĹλȤؤΤ˰Ѥ롥

Excrescent [t] in against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst, &c. is explained by OED as due to the analogy of the superlative ending -est, and by Jordan, 199, as developing in phrasal groups when the prepositions were followed by te 'the'. But in view of the cases discussed in the preceding paragraph and in Note 1 and of the occurrence in modern dialects of [t] after [s] in words which do not have OE adverbial -es (see Note 3 below), we may explain [t] as developed by a phonetic process; at the end of the articulation of [s] the tip of the tongue is raised slightly so as to close the narrow passage left for [s], and the stop [t] is thus produced. But as this [t] is recorded earlier and more often, and in StE is confined to, prepositions and conjunctions, it is clear that a special factor is also operating, and that suggested by Jordan is altogether more likely than OED's (for there seems no good reason why the superlative should exercise the influence alleged); [þ] becomes [t] after spirants, including [s] (see Jordan, 205), and the tendency to develop excrescent [t] after [s] would therefore, in prepositions and conjunctions, be strongly aided by the fact that they were so commonly followed by the definite article in the form te. The development is shown sporadically from OE onwards in betwixt and in ME in against and whilst (see OED and Jordan, 199), but is not commonly recorded until the fifteenth century; but as it presupposes final [s] it must either antedate the change of unstressed -es to [əz], which is to be dated to the fourteenth century (see 363 above), or operate solely on forms with early syncope, and the paucity of evidence before 1400 must therefore be largely accidental.
The prepositions regularly have [t] in the orthoepists: so against in Hart, Bullokar, Robinson, Gil, Hodges, and Wallis, amidst in Robinson, amongst in Hart, Robinson, Gil, and Hodges, and (be)twixt in Hart, Bullokar, Robinson, and Hodges. The conjunction whilst, however, which would be less commonly followed by the definite article, occurs as [hwɪls] (showing early syncope) in Smith and as [hwəilz] in Hart (beside -st) and Gil (transcribing Spenser); but it has [st] in, for example, Hart, Bullokar, and Robinson. Bullokar also records excrescent [t] in unless (twice); in this case the occasional acceptance in the sixteenth century of the form with [t] is probably due to confusion with the superlative least, since unless is derived from the comparative less (see OED, s.vv. unleast, unless, and unlest).


Dobson ϡt źäϴŪ˲äȤʤ⡤괧֤Ǥβؤ "special factor" ȤƺѤȹͤƤ롥ޤ1400ǯ t źä㤬ʤϤ餯 "accidental" Ǥꡤºݤˤ᤯źä֤ԤʤƤȿ¬Ƥ롥
ܤǤȡWright (295) ˤС[n] θǤ [t] sermon, sudden, vermin ˸ [s] θǤ once, twice, ice, nice, hoarse ˸Ȥ顤ȯŪʤճ¿θ t θźääƤ褦

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1905. Repr. 1968.

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2013-08-18 Sun

#1574. amongst -st [preposition][phonetics][euphony][analogy][suffix][morpheme][-st]

-st θź (paragoge) ˤĤƤϡε#1573. amidst -st ([2013-08-17-1]) ޤᡤ##508,509,510,739,1389,1393,1394,1399,1554,1555,1573 γƵǰäƤήǡ amongst ˤĤơ
OED ˤȡź÷15˵äƤꡤ󤲤ƤȤƤ amongest ֻ16Ƭ "1509 Bp. J. Fisher Wks. (1876) 296 Yf ony faccyons or bendes were made secretely amongest her hede Officers." ǤŤľܤΥǥȤʤäȹͤ amonges Τ褦ʷ֤ϤǤѸǹѤƤMED among(es (prep.) 򻲾ȡˡapheresis ʸƬüˤФ 'mongst 16ȾФ鸽Ƥ롥
(69) ˤСamong amongst Τ˰̣ΰ㤤Ϥʤ٤101Ǥ롥ꥹѸǤϥꥫѸ amongst λ٤⤤첻ǤϹĴ (euphony) amongst Ѥ뷹ȤŦ⤢뤬BNC ѤĴǤϤΤ褦ʷ̤ϽФʤäȤƤ롥λŦŪʤΤϡ#1554. against -st ([2013-07-29-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ-st źäϸ³괧θƬҲȤη˵ȤȤδϢˤƤǤ롥⤷ amongst + 첻ηȤСǤϤ뤬Ʊ euphony 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ơܥ֥ǤϤޤ -st θźäˤĤ against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, unbeknownst, whilst 6ˤĤƤߤƤOED 츻ŵлξƤߤ褦

againstc1300
betwixtc1300
whilsta1400
amongstC15
amidstC15
unbeknownst1854


unbeknownst ̤Ȥơ㤬14--15˽ޤäƤ롥ޤäƤȤߤ뤫ФäƤȤߤ뤫ϴĤѸʹ -st 췲δˤ䤫Ϣ礬ȯãƤ褦˻פ롥Ϥ㤤ʤ⡤ -st 򸫽ФȤΩƤΤϹԤ᤮

ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-08-19-1]

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2013-08-15 Thu

#1571. state estate [french][latin][phonetics][euphony][loan_word][doublet]

ѸˤɸΤ褦ʡƬ e ̵ͭˤ (doublet) 롥ȤƤ special -- especial, spirit -- esprit, spouse -- espouse, spy -- espy, squire -- esquire ʤɤꡤstable -- establish Ϣ줾ФǤȯΤ̣ۤˡζ̤Ƥ뤬ե󥹸졤˥ƥƱ̤뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤƬ e ΩƬǤäϤ狼䤹Τ櫓Ǥʤ
ޤѸȸե󥹸б٤Ƥ⡤Ƭ e ˴ؤƶ̣бѻ롥sponge (E) -- éponge (F), stage -- étage, establish -- établir ʤɤǤ롥Ѹ2ŸˤĤƤ⡤ʩбˤĤƤ⡤e /sk, sp, st/ λҲȤδطˤǤ餷Ȥ狼δطϡŪ˹ͻȤ褯Ǥ롥
e ̵ͭˤ餺餹٤ƤθθƬϡƥˤƬҲ /sk-, sp-, st-/ ̤롥¯ƥˤϡθƬҲȯˤäΤľ i e 첻źä줿ϰβ (euphony) Ǥꡤ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ǤߤƬź (prosthesis) ŵȤ롥㤨Хƥ spiritus ϡťե󥹸 ispirtu(s) ʤɤȯŸʥۡॺp. 52ˡ̤Ȥƥƥ˵ĸťե󥹸ñǤϡ¤ esc-, esp-, est- ʤɤθƬŪȤʤäΤǤꡤλ˸ťե󥹸줫Ѹ˼Ѥ줿⡤ƱθƬ򼨤ϡѸ estate, especial, esprit, espouse, espy, esquire, establish ʤɤȤäƤ롥e ĸťե󥹸η֤¤ǡe Τʤƥθ򻲾Ȥ֤Ѹ˺Ѥ졤state, special, spirit, spouse, spy, squire, stable ʤɤäƤ롥
ºݡѸѸǤϡξ֤礭ʰ̣ˡʤʻѤ뤳Ȥ⤳Ȥ⤢ꡤ㤨 establish stablish ΥڥǤϡѸǤϸԤΤ̤ۤäʤThe Authorised Version Ǥξ֤Ѥ졤Shakespeare ǤϤǤ establish ͥȤʤäƤ롥Τ褦ʥڥϡˡstablish Τ褦ˡ줿뤤Ϥ줾줬̣ˡζ̤ȯãơ2ŸȤӤΤǤ롥
ơե󥹸ˤ¦ǤΡesc-, esp-, est- Τθ򸫤Ƥߤ褦ťե󥹸ˤƲؤη̤ȤθƬǤϡˡs æ³̵ȤλҲϢ³줿 s æκפϡľ e 첻ե󥹸ǤϥĤ <é> ֤뤳Ȥ餦 (ex. éponge, étage, établir)
äȤ⡤ե󥹸 e ʤ /sk-, sp-, st-/ ǻϤޤ줬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ15˥ե󥹸˼ޤ줿ƥñϾҤΤ褦 e Ƭźä뤳Ȥ¿ää16ʹߤ˥ƥ줫ѤǤϡѸˤ¿ξƱͤˡƥ e ʤη֤Ȥ졤Ѥ줿
Ȥơstate -- estate ˤ衤stage (E) -- étage (F) ˤ衤η֤Ʊƥ /st-, sk-/ θƬҲ̤ΤΡťե󥹸Ǥβءθβȯãե󥹸줫ѸؤμѡƥλȡѸǤ2ŸȯŸȲäȤä⳰μŪˤꡤߤȤƤߤʣʴطȤʤäȤȤǤ롥

U. T. ۡॺA. H. å إե󥹸ˡ١罤ۡ1974ǯ

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2013-04-09 Tue

#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱ [french][law_french][latin][binomial][register][loan_word][euphony][lexical_stratification]

ѸˡΧ˴ؤѰ (register) ˥ե󥹸θ礬Ƥ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1])#433. Law French ȱѹ񲦤ϡ ([2010-07-04-1])#1240. Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȸˡΧѸִ ([2012-09-18-1]) γƵǼ夲Ƥ󥰥ɤˤˡΧʬθؤγά򼨤С13ˤϥƥäƥե󥹸줬ˡΧطɽˤͥȤʤäƤ椯ե󥹸ˡʸˤƤƥȶ礤14ˤͥȤʤ롥15ˤϡLaw French Law English ˽˼äƤ椯˻ޤǥե󥹸ΰ仺ϼѤ줿
ˡΧʬǥե󥹸줫ѸؤθؤʤǤ椯ȡˡΧѸˤեñ줫ñؤθؤȤƤ롥ȤɤθѸѤ뤫Ȥϡ¿ξ硤ɤѤȤߤĤޤꡤξ and ʤɤ³ǤĤʤơ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) ˤƤޤȤǤʴϢ[2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפ⻲ȡˡ2Ԥδ֤̯ʰ̣ζ̤⤢Сƶ̤Ϥʤñ˰̣ζĴǤȤ⤢ä֤ȤȤˤΤ褦󤬴ˡΧʬθħŤʸΤؤȯŸȤΤȤΤϡñʩñΤߤʤ餺ʩñ2Ĥñ2Ĥʤɤ⸫褦ˤʤꡤ츻ȤʸΤȤȤ館ۤŬڤǤȹͤ뤫󡤤ʸΤȯŸˡ2।ǥħǤ뱤ΧˤϤΤ褵 (euphony) ѤƤȤ񤯤ʤ
ʲˡCrystal (152--53) ˼Ƥ󤲤褦3İʾ⤢롥

acknowledge and confess (English/French)
aid and abet (French/French)
breaking and entering (English/French)
cease and desist (French/French)
each and every (English/English)
final and conclusive (French/Latin)
fit and proper (English/French)
give and grant (English/French)
give, devise, and bequeath (English/French/English)
goods and chattels (English/French)
had and received (English/French)
have and hold (English/English)
heirs and assigns (French/French)
in lieu, in place, instead, and in substitution of (French/French/English/French or Latin)
keep and maintain (English/French)
lands and tenements (English/French)
let or hindrance (English/English)
made and provided (English/Latin)
new and novel (English/French)
null and void (French/French)
pardon and forgive (French/English)
peace and quiet (French/Latin)
right, title, and interest (English/English/French)
shun and avoid (English/Latin)
will and testament (English/Latin)
wrack and ruin (English/French)


ˡΧʬ׵᤹ΤȸʤŪ˰ޤƤѸäع¤ΧȸϤº2।ǥΤ褦ʽװ蘆äơʹߡˡΧѸȤäѼ郎ȯãƤΤȹͤ롥

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2011-12-08 Thu

#955. ʸϤ碌2।ǥ [binomial][rhyme][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram][suffix][proverb]

[2011-12-06-1], [2011-12-07-1]εǡCOCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) 3-gram ǡ١ФѸˤƬƧ2।ǥ (binomial) ȵӱƧ2।ǥ򸫤ƤʬϤʤǡξꥹȤΤʤǽʣ2।ǥब줿ΤǡФƤߤ줾ƬȵӱξͤʤʸϤ碌ȤƤζɽǤ롥ʸ̤᤿ƥȥե50ɽ󤲤褦

Saturday and Sunday, personal and professional, himself or herself, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, quantitative and qualitative, security and stability, best and brightest, latitude and longitude, sixteenth and seventeenth, whenever and wherever, sensitivity and specificity, watching and waiting, majority and minority, basketball and baseball, fight or flight, ranting and raving, forties and fifties, cooperation and coordination, nature and nurture, pushing and pulling, tossing and turning, twisting and turning, grandchildren and great-grandchildren, skiers and snowboarders, communication and collaboration, cooking and cleaning, psychiatrists and psychologists, biggest and best, development and deployment, slipping and sliding, communication and cooperation, Dungeons and Dragons, heterosexual and homosexual, healthier and happier, grandmother and grandfather, stopping and starting, sixteen or seventeen, hooting and hollering, competence and confidence, stalactites and stalagmites, waxing and waning, positive and productive, reading and rereading, patience and perseverance, bedroom and bathroom, consultation and collaboration, going and getting, grandfather and grandmother, protection and promotion


¿ϡƬȵӱϤȤƶ˰פȹͤϡ촴ɤ˸츻ŪʴϢ뤬椨ƬƧǤΤǤꡤƱѤƤ뤬椨˵ӱƧǤΤȲ᤹٤
ñʤϤͷӤȤʤ졥嵭ϡỌ̇̄Ĵ¤򤤤䤪ʤ2δ֤˰ɬƤӵΤ褦ʡ٤˽ŪɽȤfight or flight, nature and nurture, competence and confidence, positive and productive ʤɤϡñʤ٤ζɽǤȤʾˡŪȤ虜ŪǤ餢롥

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2011-12-07 Wed

#954. ӱƧ2।ǥ [binomial][rhyme][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram][suffix][compound]

ε#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1]) ˰³ϡӱƧ٤ binomial COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) n-gram ǡ١ˤ꽦ФƱͤˡ3-gram Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽǡ A B ӱƧǤ褦̤Ǽ᤿ƥȥե
̤įƤƺʤ鵤դȤʤΤӱƬ٤ƥѥ󤬸Ĥ䤹ä˸ʤΤϡӱ¿촴θ˰¸ƤȤϡ˰¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ-ing, -ed, -ly, -al, -y, -ion, -er ʤɤζƤ롥

positive and negative, national and international, internal and external, Friday and Saturday, teaching and learning, gifted and talented, elementary and secondary, hunting and fishing, personal and professional, presence or absence, reliability and validity, coming and going, winners and losers, physical and psychological, formal and informal, directly and indirectly, advantages and disadvantages, rising and falling, physically and mentally, buyers and sellers


ޤͤƤߤС⤢ʤȤʤΤʣ2ǤƱǤѤ뤳Ȥˤ걤ƧǤ¿ self-rhyme ǤϤ롥

Friday and Saturday, children and grandchildren, Saturday and Sunday, hardware and software, himself or herself, formal and informal, parents and grandparents, direct and indirect, buyers and sellers, mother and grandmother, father and grandfather, Afghanistan and Pakistan, anything and everything, football and basketball, indoor and outdoor, direct or indirect, servicemen and women, likes and dislikes, urban and suburban, indoor and outdoor


¿Ѥޤ right-headed ʣ򹥤ѸˤƤϡӱѤ2।ǥηưפǤꡤˤǤ뤳ȤϡǤդ鸫С촴θƬѤƬ2।ǥηϡŪ񤷤ȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ

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2011-12-06 Tue

#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ [binomial][alliteration][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram]

[2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפǡ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) Ҳ𤷤and, but, or ʤɤ³ǷФ2फʤɽϸѸǤ⸲ߤǤꡤ褯ΤˤϡϤΤ褤 (euphony) ¿ѸˤƸϤɤȤС[2011-11-26-1]ε#943. ƬˤפǼ夲Ƭ (alliteration) ŵ1ĤȤƵ󤲤롥
Ȥǡ1122ˡ絬ϥ饤󡦥ѥ COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) ʤɤΤ륳ѥؼ Mark Davies COCA ˴Ť n-gram ̵Ǹ2, 3, 4, 5줫ʤ롤줾100ζɽ (collocation) ٿȤȤ󤷤ǡ١ǡɤƥե饤Ǽͳ˽Ǥ롥

Visit N-GRAMS: from the COCA and COHA corpora of American English. For downloading, directly visit Free lists.
Also visit Word frequency lists and dictionary: from the Corpus of Contemporary American English for other COCA-derived n-grams and frequency lists.

ǡCOCA n-gram 鸽Ѹ2।ǥ˸ƬõƽФƤߤ褦ȻפΩä3-gram ǡ١Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽõäüԤΰռƤʤȤǤ⡤ƬɽΤʤѤƤϤȤͽۤΤȤǤθäºݤ¿򽦤ФȤǤ̤Υƥȥե2θƬλҲפƤΤФʤΤǡ줬ɽ魯ҲפƤȤϸ¤餺դɬפǤ롥Ǥ⡤ŪƬ򽦤ФȤǤ
̤̾ˤϡhis or her, four or five, six or seven, this or that, Saturday and Sunday ʤɡʤۤɤȤϻפ碌뤬ۤɶ̣ʤ㤬ʤʤǥŪʤΤ⤦Τ褦ʶɽ⼡ȵ󤬤ꡤι夬ä­

public and private, rules and regulations, pots and pans, command and control, flora and fauna, free and fair, death and destruction, go and get, safety and security, signs and symptoms, fame and fortune, families and friends, fresh or frozen, peace and prosperity, past and present, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, slowly but surely, professional and personal, name and number, facts and figures, pencil and paper, state and society, small but significant, clear and convincing


n-gram ˤĤƤϡ[2010-12-25-1]ε#607. Google Books Ngram Viewerפ⻲ȡ

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2011-08-05 Fri

#830. sandhi [assimilation][euphony][phonetics][terminology][sanskrit][article]

[2011-08-02-1]εshe θ츻פ (3) ǡ"sandhi-theory" ˸ڤsandhi ʥǥˤȤϥ󥹥åȸ (Sanskrit) ͳ褹ʸˡѸǡ椬ǤϢʤ󤸤礦ˤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ǥϡ֡ϡˤޤȤ롤Ĥʤפɽ魯 saṃ-dadhāti ̾ǡϢפ̣롥θȸ³θƬΤ˸벻 (euphony) ؤθϸˤä͡¿첻ҲƱ (assimilation) ޤࡥ
Sanskrit ˤ sandhi ֵ§ȤƿޤƤꡤβʸˤȿǤΤ˽פʲǤ롥ȸΤ뤤ʣιǤΤ˸ϢϳϢ (external sandhi) ȸƤФ졤θ촴ܼܼΤ˸ϢϢ (internal sandhi) ȸƤФ롥
Ѹ˸ʳϢȤƤϰʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥

did you [did juː] ǤϤʤ [diʤuː] ȤʤҲƱ
far ñȤǤ [fɑː] Τ褦 non-rhotic far away Ǥ [ˈfɑːrəˈweɪ] Τ褦 rhotic ˤʤ linking r θݡ
a 첻ʤȤ̵ h ˤǻϤޤ֤ an Ȥʤ븽 (see [2010-07-30-1], [2010-08-01-1]) 嵭2Ȱۤʤꡤsandhi ̵ͭ򼨤۷֤ˡ̤ƤǡѸǤǤ롥

ϢפγǰϡֲءפȤѸˤܸˤѤƤꡤ󥪥ʰ²ˤΥˡ襦ʱۻաˤߥ祦ˡĥ㱣ˤå󡤥󥤡ʻ̡ˤߤˤʤ褦ˡ󡤥IJ˥ԡԡԲ³ĶǼȤƴ㤬¿롥12濴Ȥ뱡ޤǤˤäʩŵ֤ȯƤ褦ޤθݤǤꡤߤޤǤ򼺤äƸŪ˸경Ƥ롥
ե󥹸 vous aimez [vuzeme] est-il [ɛtil] ʤɤ˸ (liaison) sandhi ΰѸܸΤηŪǤ롥

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-01-09-1] [2011-08-06-1]

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2011-07-16 Sat

#810. -ly Ϣ³ cacophonous [adverb][suffix][euphony][-ly]

εeuphony and cacophony([2011-07-15-1]) ˴Ϣơcacophony 1ġŪʸˤȡextremely carefully Τ褦 -ly Ϣ³򤱤٤Ȥ롥ξˤϡwith extreme care ʤɤɽѤΤŬڤȤ롥Fowler's Modern English Usage "-ly" ι (p. 473) ˤ⡤-ly Ϣ³ŪˤϹޤʤȤݡ⤬롥

Considerations of euphony and meaning make it desirable to avoid placing two -ly adverbs in succession when their function in the sentence is different. Thus We are utterly, hopelessly, irretrievably, ruined is acceptable because each of the -ly adverbs has the same relation to ruined. But the following show slightly uneuphonious contiguities: Many of the manuscripts were until comparatively recently in the keeping of Owen's family---English, 1987; he reverts to it (apparently disbelievingly) on several occasions---Encounter, 1987; Appearing relatively recently, Kyra represented change---New Yorker, 1987. The cruder type Soviet industry is at present practically completely crippled is avoidable by substituting almost for practically.


ǤϡʬŪ euphony δʤĤޤ cacophony Ȥơ -ly Ϣ³Ƥ뤬 euphony 뤤 cacophony δळȤϤǤʤΤǤϤʤƤȤꡤʣ -ly 줬³ΤȤƤƻˤˤϡʤǧ롥षξˤϵӱˤ궯դθ̤Ƥꡤeuphonious ǤȤᤵ줦롥
ȤṲ̄δطǤϤʤ°δط򼨤 comparatively recently Τ褦ǤϡŪˤǧ٤ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ͳϡϤƤʤή줫餹 cacophonous ȤȤˤʤeuphony cacophony ϲϢ³ˤ˴ؤɾɽ魯ѸǤꡤ̣˸ڤΤǤϤʤȤȤСƱ褦 -ly Ϣ³ euphony Ǥ cacophony ǤɾΤ̯Ǥ롥-ly Ϣ³򤵤ΤϡäѤ̣ŪʴˤΤǤϤʤ
cacophony δ̵뤹櫓ˤʤΤ⤷ʤ̴طȽ°طȤǤȤȶΥѥ󤬰ۤʤ뤬̯ʺۤ euphony cacophony ȤʬƤǽ롥뤤ϡ§Ȥ cacophonous ǤϤ뤬³줿 -ly ϶դʸṲ̄椨ǧ٤夬ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
-ly ˤĤƤϡ[2009-06-07-1]ε -ly פ򻲾ȡ

Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

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2011-07-15 Fri

#809. euphony and cacophony [phonetics][euphony][assimilation][terminology]

ڲƱͤˡ첻ˤԲ롥euphony ֲĴפ cacophony ԲĴפζ̤ϡñˤĤƤ뤷Ϣ³ˤĤƤ롥̤ˤ (1) Ĵ֤˰ۤʤ벻Ϣ³롤(2) ҲϢ³롤(3) Ʊ첻ܤϢ³롤ʤɤξ cacophonous Ȥߤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ԲϤޤǼŪʴǤꡤʸˤäƤȤ館ϰۤʤ롥ѸˤƤϡ餫ή褦ʡͻŪʲ euphonious Ȥߤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪˤĹ첻Ⱦ첻 /j, w/ ɡή /l, m, n, r/ ĴɽǤ롥
İƲŬǤΤȯ䤹ΤȤ̤ΤȤǤϤ뤬ϢϤƤ롥ä˸ԤϱѸη˾ʤ̱ƶͿƤ롥Ūʰ۷¸ߤˡcacophony euphony ȤŪǡ֤򤵤Ƥ褦˸㤬롥*a apple ǤϤʤ an apple, *Amn't I ǤϤʤ Aren't I, *tobaccoist ǤϤʤ tobacconist ( n ˤĤƤ[2011-07-03-1]εnightingaleפ򻲾ȡ, *for conscience's sake ǤϤʤ for conscience' sake, *inpossible ǤϤʤ impossible ʤɤǤ롥ǸΤ褦Ʊ (assimilation) euphony ΰȤ
Τ褦ˡeuphony ۷˱ƶϤäƤ褦˸ϤĤ⤢뤬ŪϤäƤ뤫ȸФǤϤʤθβ󡤸ˡδѤʤɤ궯ƶϤͭƤ뤳Ȥ¿euphony ϡ[2011-04-09-1]εΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2)פǿ줿 eurhythmy Ʊͤˡ˸ƤϤ뤬Ū˼夤ϤȤƹͤ롥
Ǥϡcacophony Ͼ˷ԤȤСR. Browning Hopkins Τ褦ʻͤˤȤäƤϤषǤä cacophony ѶŪѤ뤳ȤǡʲϢ³ФṲ̄äΤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2011-07-16-1]

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2010-09-09 Thu

#500. intrusive r [rhotic][rp][phonetics][phonotactics][euphony]

[2010-07-23-1]εǿ줿ȤŵŪʥꥹѸ졤Ȥ櫓 RP ( Received Pronunciation ) Ǥ̾ postvocalic r ȯʤ non-rhotic r 졤ľθ줬첻ǻϤޤˤ r פꥨ ( liaison ) ѻ롥㤨 "My car is very old." "Necessity is the mother of invention." ʤɤǤ r ȯΤ̤Ǥ롥
פ뤿ˤŪ r ʤФʤʤϤcar mother ȤñȤȯˤ r ϼ¸ʤ嵭ߤŪ˸ r ꤹΤǤ롥ȤŪ r 礱Ƥˤ⤫餺θ줬첻ǻϤޤ r 礬롥ξˤϡפȤϸƤ٤ʤΤǡפֳߡ ( intrusion ) ȸƤ֤Ȥˤʤ롥intrusive r äդǤˤ롥
Ǥ褯Τ줿ϡlaw(r) and order the idea(r) of this ٤ι⤤ɽǤϡŪˤϤΤʤ r ͩΤ褦˸롥¾ˤ Shah(r) of Persia, Africa(r) and Asia, an area(r) of disagreement, drama(r) and music ʤɤ롥ޤ1Ǥⲻڤܤ r awe(r)-inspiring, draw(r)ing ʤɤ㤬롥ݤȤơIndia(n) and Pakistan ʤ intrusive n ʤΤ⸫롥
intrusive r 첻Ϣ³򤱤褦Ȥβ ( euphony ) ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥βǤϡʤΤ r ǤʤФʤʤΤʤ *"I(r) am a student" ʤ intrusive r ʤ礬Τ򤦤ޤǤʤȯΤ䤹˴Ť euphony ȤƤ⡤(1) ٤ι⤤ɽ˵䤹ȡ(2) 첻ؤȤ˵䤹Ȥ2Ŧɬפ롥
(2) ˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦r פ륿פθθ첻ϡ¤4षʤfour, car, fur, mother ˤ줾ޤޤ /ɔː/, /ɑː/, /ɜː/, /ə/ Ǥ롥첻ǽ뤬פʤסĤޤŪ r ޤޤʤפθϡ˾ʤ㤨 law, Shah, sofa ʤɤ뤬/ɜː/ бΤϤʤäơ4첻ǽϽȬ塤Ū r äƤǤꡤintrusive r ȼΤ̾Ǥ롥ǡŪ r Ĥ¿ɤΰϤˤäơ㳰° law Shah intrusive r ȼ褦ˤʤäȹͤ롥Ǥϡ ( phonotactics ) Τ䤹 ( likelihood ) ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥
intrusive r ȯεϤռ͡ˤä񤵤뤳Ȥ뤬ܿͤ "the idea(r) of an intrusive r is obnoxious" r ꤷơϤȤ񤷤Τʤ뤫 ( Crystal, p. 61 )

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002. 60--61.

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2010-05-12 Wed

#380. often <t> ǤϤʤ <n> ⤷ [spelling_pronunciation][euphony][analogy]

ε[2010-05-11-1] often ֤ȯ ( spelling pronunciation ) ꤢoften ϱѸˤδߤƤʤꤪ⤷ȽҤ٤Ϻäۤˤͳ롥<t> ȯ˼ꤢ뤳Ȥ¿ΤϺŪȤΤȤѸŪˤߤȤϸ <n> ε˹Ԥ夯ȹͤƤ롥ơ <n> εȤΤȽȤϤʤΤ⤷
"often" ΰ̣ϡűѸǤ oft ȤɽƤ-en ϤޤĤƤʤθϥޥˤбθ˸ŤǤ롥Ѹˤϡ oft ǤǤǤϤ뤬 -e ղä ofte ⸽졤16Ⱦޤǰ֤ȤƻĤäˤޤ³ oft Ǥ롥Ǥ oft ϸŸ졦ȤѤۤofttimes oft-told, oft-quoted ʤɤʣǤȤѤ롥
often, oftin ʤɤηǸ -n Τ13ΤȤǤʰŪˤʤΤ16ʹߡˡ괧 an a λȤʬƱͤˡ첻ǻϤޤ often ҲǻϤޤ ofte ̤ƻȤƤפ Chaucer ʤɤˤ뤬ǤϤᤤʳǼθƬˤ餺 oftin ȤƤꡤ euphony ˤȤʤ롥
ǹͤ줿Τselden "seldom" ( analogy ) ȤǤ롥٤ɽȤƱ°ΤǡʬΥåȤˤʤꤦȹͤ졤ϤϹ⤤ selden Τϡhwīlum "whilom" ʤɤʣͿʷͳ褹ǡűѸ -m Ѱ۷Ǥ⸽Ф [ see [2009-06-06-1]seldom ѤȤʤȡʲΤ褦ΩĤΤǤϤʤ
<t> ɤफɤޤʤȤϡ⤽ <t> ɤޤʤȤ褬Ȥ¸롥<t> ɤޤʤȯ줿ΤϡѸ˻Ҳ治æȤѸβѲǤ롥ҲȤĶäƤΤϡܤ <n> ѸƤǤ롥<n> 줿Τϡ餯 selden "seldom" Ǥ롥Ȥȡ often ȯ [ˈɒfən] [ˈɒftən] Ȥϡseldom ǤȤȤˤʤΤǤϤʤ
ʤȤˡѸˤδ鸽Ѹߤ뤪⤷ΤǤϤʤ

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