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glottal_stop - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-11-06 Thu

#6037. New Zealand English ˤ봧μ¸ [new_zealand_english][article][glottal_stop][consonant][vowel][phonetics][allomorph][phonetics][pronunciation]

(article) 괧괧ˤμ¸ϡѸѼˤäƤ⡤üԸĿͤˤäƤ⡤ˤäƤ͡Ǥ롥ŵŪʵǽȤƶȼ variants äƤȤ⤢ꡤϤޤޤʣȤʤcf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])ˡˡ³줬ҲǻϤޤ뤫첻ǻϤޤ뤫ˤäƤѰۤΤǡ
Ȥ櫓괧μ¸ˤĤƤϡ#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1])#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ơϰѼˤäƤ¸ϤޤޤΤ褦New Zealand English ξ򸫤Ƥߤ褦Bauer (391) ˤȡ³ˤ餺괧 /ðə/ 괧 /ə/ ȯ뷹Ȥ첻³ˤϤƤĺĤʤȤ롥

As in South African English . . . , the and a do not always have the same range of allomorphs in New Zealand English that they have in standard English. Rather, they are realised as /ðə/ and /ə/ independent of the following sound. Where the following sound is a vowel, a [ʔ] is usually inserted.


ܲ˥塼ں NZE 򼪤ˤƤ뤬⤽ⴧϼ夯ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ɤѼǤ variants ¿뤳ȤȤƤäƤΤǡۤɥޡƤʤäϰռʹΩƤƤ
LPD the ƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥

the strong form ðiː, weak forms ði, ðə --- The English as a foreign language learner is advised to use ðə before a consonant sound (the boy, the house), ði before a vowel sound (the egg, the hour). Native speakers, however, sometimes ignore this distribution, in particular by using ðə before a vowel (which in turn is usually reinforced by a preceding [ʔ]), or by using ðiː in any environment, though especially before a hesitation pause. Furthermore, some speakers use stressed ðə as a strong form, rather than the usual ðiː.


NZE ˸¤餺¾ѼˤƤ¸¿ͤȹͤƤ褤ޤĤʤĺ⡤ٰŪȤäƤ褵

Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-11-07-1]

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2022-02-22 Tue

#4684. æ [glottal_stop][grimms_law][phonetics][consonant][debuccalisation][cockney]

ޤʹʤæ (debuccalisation) ȤѲ롥Ĵ⤫г˰ܤ뤳ȤŪˤϡĴα˰ܤäˤ뤳Ȥ¿Crystal (130) θѸ켭ŵ debuccalized ιѤ롥

debuccalized (adj.) A term used in some models of non-linear phonology to refer to consonants which lack an oral place feature, such as glottal stop or [h]. The process through which such consonants are formed is called debuccalization) (also deoralization): examples include [t] > [ʡ] and [s] > [h].


̸Ū˰ŪʲѲΤ褦ǡѸˤܸˤ򻲾ȤǤ⡤㤬Ĥ󤬤äƤ롥ޤˡ§ (grimms_law) ̵ҲѲƤߤ [kh] > [k] > [x] > [h] Τ褦ʷϩꤵ롥ǽã "debuccalised" ໤ [h] Ǥ롥
嵭Ѥˤ⤢뤬åˡ (cockney) ʤɤħȤ롤[t] ĺ [ʡ] Ѥ븽ݤæȤʤ
ܸˤˤΤֿಽ ([p] > [ɸ] > [h]) æŵŪ1Ȥʤcf. #1271. ܸȤθ ([2012-10-19-1]
¾Bybee (27) ˤСڥ /s, f/ > /h/ 㤬󤲤Ƥ롥ޤäХġϤ Lumasaaba ˤơĶ˱ [p] > [h] ǧҲ𤵤Ƥ롥
ʾǤϼ [p] Τ褦ʿæȤƤԲ [t] [k] ʤɡ¾ĴλҲˤĤƤ⡤ƱǤ롥̣ǤϤɤʸ⡤岽æƤޤСǽã [h]ˤ̵ȤʤȤ櫓ǤϡæȤΤϡ"lenition" Ȥ礭ʲΰȤƤȤ館Τ褤Τ⤷ʤBybee "Path of lenition for voiceless stops" ɽǤƤ (29)

Voiceless stop>Affricate>Fricative>Voiclessness>Zero
p>pf>f>h>ø
t>ts/tθ>s/θ>h>ø
k>kx>x>h>ø


Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-16-1]

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2021-06-14 Mon

#4431. cockney ˤߤִ + ĺ + 첻ǻϤޤ [article][glottal_stop][phonetics][cockney][euphony]

괧ˤ괧ˤ衤첻֤ˤäƤϡ̾ [ə], [ðə] ǤϤʤ [ən], [ði] ȯΤŪȤ롥ºݤˤϡ#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤɬ⵬̤ȯԤʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤŪʷȤǧ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥ϢŪаޤŪ¦̤ϡʲεǼ夲Ƥ

#831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])
#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])
#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1])
#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1])
#2814. 첻Ϣ³ĺ ([2017-01-09-1])

Ȥ櫓Ǹε#2814. 첻Ϣ³ĺ ([2017-01-09-1]) ܤƤ餤ε#4430. cockney θߡ ([2021-06-13-1]) ǰѡȤ Fox cockney ȯħ1ĤȤơִ + ĺ + 첻ǻϤޤפ夲Ƥ롥첻Ϣ³򤹤뤿ĺȤ㤬cockney ˤäȤˤʤ롥⡤ŪǶγ׿ȤΤǡޤޤ⤷
cockney μԤ¿ϡ⤽嵭δȯ˴ؤ뵬Ūʶ̤Ƥ餺첻Ǥ [ə], [ðə] ѤȤ첻Ǥ첻Ϣ³ (hiatus) 򤱤褦ˡĺ [ʔ] 򶴤߹෹ߤȤFox (2025) Ѥ롥

In an investigation of young speakers of Bangladeshi and white British origin, Fox . . . found high frequency of the use of a [ə] and the [ðə] before vowel-initial words among Bangladeshi male adolescents in Tower Hamlets, London, and to a lesser extent in the speech of their white Anglo male peers. All speakers used glottal stop to resolve hiatus in the V#V context. Multi-ethnic friendship networks were shown to play a key role in the diffusion of these features.


Ū˽ʬ⤷˼ҲŪˤͻǤȤȤǥƥ󥰤

Fox, Sue. "Varieties of English: Cockney." Chapter 128 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2013--31.

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2017-01-09 Mon

#2814. 첻Ϣ³ĺ [glottal_stop][phonetics][phonotactics][euphony][vowel][consonant]

Ѹϰ̤첻Ϣ³ (hiatus) Ȥ롥첻Ϣ³ꤽʾ硤򤱤٤餫ΡȾ˻Ҳ뤳Ȥ¿㤨С첻ͿȤˤ [j] 첻ͿȤˤ [w] Ϥ겻 (glide) Ȥ졤seeing [ˈsiːɪŋ] [ˈsiːjɪŋ] Ȥȯ줿ꡤdoor [dɔə] [ˈdɔwə] Ȥʤäꤹ롥the apple Τ褦ʾǤ⡤[ði ˈæpl] Ϥ겻 [j] [ðiˈjæpl] ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ʡ#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1]) 򻲾ȡˡϡĴ弫˸Ϥ겻Ǥʡ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ʳˤ⡤ĴŪͳˤΤȤϹͤ줺¿ʤȤֲŪװͿƤΤȤơan apple Τ褦첻֤괧ˤߤ n Ūˤ n ݻȤ٤ˤ䡤the idea(r) is . . . Τ褦 r ⡤Ѹ첻Ϣ³ΰĤȤߤ뤳ȤǤʡ#831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])#500. intrusive r ([2010-09-09-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
⤦1Ĥ⤷ϡĺ (glottal_stop) [ʔ] Ǥ롥ĺϤȤ⤹̵դƤޤȤҲǤ롥̵Ȥʹ䤹ȤȤϡ첻֤ơڤܤɸΤΩȤȤǤ⤢롥Ϥ겻ή礦ȯˤ첻Ϣ³򤹤٤ΤФơĺϤषǫȯˤ2Ĥ첻Τ˶뤳Ȥ¿ʲθϡǫȯˤĺǤƣp. 35ˡ

co-operate [cəʊˈʔɒpəreɪt]
geometry [ðɪˈʔɒmətrɪ]
reaction [rɪˈʔækʃn]
day after day [ˈdeɪ ʔɑːftə ˈdeɪ]
law and order [ˈlɔː ʔənd ˈɔːdə]
better off [ˌbetə ˈʔɒf]

츫첻Τˡִ֡פ֤άΤ褦˻פ뤬 [j], [w], [n], [r] ƱΩɤʡֻҲפǤ롥
첻Ϣ³ȴϢơ#830. sandhi ([2011-08-05-1]) ⻲ȡ

ƣ ظդ򤵤Τܤ롡ˤĤ줿Ѹܸ١ҡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-14-1]

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2011-11-26 Sat

#943. Ƭˤ [alliteration][reconstruction][germanic][glottal_stop]

[2011-07-02-1]ε#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿ŪװפǡޥɤħŪʱͼȤƤƬ (alliteration) ˤĤտŪ˿줿ƬȤϡťɸαʸ Edda űѸαʸŵŪ˸ƱλҲʤȤ첻ˤܤƶ벻ȿ뤳ȡסʡؿѸؼŵ١ˤħȤǤ롥űѸŵŪƬĹԤˤ aa:ax Ȥ롥
ѸˤΦӱ⤿餵졤ƬϱƤʤä14ˤϥ󥰥ǸŪ褷ǤϡƬȾ (a-verse) aa ɸಽƬ (alliterative phrase) ȸƤФäθɽޤ줿㤨С "man on earth" ɽ魯 gome vnder Gode, man vpon molde, segge vnder sunne ʤɤ֤Ѥ줿ѸˤƬΡפʸ̤ʤΤ뤤ϸűѸηѾʤΤطʤˤĤƤϾܤʬäƤ餺Ѹ˾塤ʸػ˾ȤʤäƤ롥
ѸȡƬϻԤιȤƤѤ졤äѤŪǤȤʤä㥤 (chiming effect) ⤿餹Ƭεˡϡ̣ǤϸŪȤʸ˸¤餺Ѷ硤ɸ졤ɽꡤȤФʤɤˤơߤˤޤǹѤ³Ƥ롥Ѹ줫󤲤褦

(1) : flimflam, tittle-tattle
(2) ж硦Ѷ: bed and breakfast, birds and beasts, cash and carry, confidence and cowardice, footloose and fancy-free, from top to toe, house and home, part and parcel, through thick and thin, with might and main
(3) Ūľ (intensifying simile) 뤤ݸŪľ (proverbial simile): as blind as a bat, as bold as brass, as brisk as a bee, as clear as crystal, as cool as a cucumber, as dead as a door-nail, as dry as dust, as fit as a fiddle, as good as gold, as green as grass, as hungry as a hawk, as mad as a March hare, as queer as a Quaker, as strong as Samson, as sweet as summer
(4) : Birth is much but breeding is more; Care killed the cat; Hold with the hare, and hunt with the hound; Look before you leap; Soon ripe, soon rotten; Wilful waste makes woeful want
(5) Ȥ (tongue-twister): Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
(6) : Guinness is good for you, You can be sure of Shell
(7) ʸŪ: fixed fate, free will, foreknowledge absolute (Milton); solid, so still and stable (J. Conrad); the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River (Kipling)
(8) ɽ: Love's Labour's Lost (Shakespeare); Mice and Men (J. Steinbeck); Pride and Prejudice (J. Austen); Twice-Told Tales (N. Hawthorne)

ʾΤ褦ˡǤƬˤϱΧŪŪʸŪ䤬ǧ뤬ƬΤĥޥӸؾΰյ˺ƤϤʤʤűѸʤɤǰۤʤ첻ˤƬƤ¤ϡ첻Ԥĺ (glottal stop) ԤʤƤȤ򼨺ƤꡤʸˤʤƷ (reconstruction) ˴ͿƤ롥ޤ/sp/, /st/, /sk/ Ϥ켫ȤȤƬʤȤ顤2碌ƲŪñ̤ʤƤ餷Ȥ狼롥ƬϡΤ褦˸ŲοȤӸؾνפ˸ƤƤΤǤ롥
Ϣơ[2010-07-08-1]ε֤ˤƸŲꤹ뤫פ[2011-05-25-1]ε#758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2)פ򻲾ȡ

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