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phonetics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-11 Sat

#6193. Ť l θ [l][consonant][phonetics][pronunciation][vowel][rp][etymological_respelling]

Ϣ /l/ ˤĤˤƤ롥RP Ǥ /l/ ΰ۲1ġְŤ [ɫ]פϡѸ˾塤Ԥ첻ФƼ˼ŪʱƶͿ³ƤޤΤ褦첻˱ƶͿˡ [ɫ] 첻ƾäƤȤʤäˤϸ RP Estuary English Ǥ¿쾯ʤƤǤ⤢롥Cruttenden (203) ꡤŤ [ɫ] 첻ؤαƶȡ켫Ȥ첻üˤĤƤβսѤ롥

The velarization of [ɫ] often has the effect of retracting and lowering slightly the articulation of a preceding front vowel, e.g. feel, fill, fell, canal; in the case of /iː/+[ɫ], a central glide between the vowel and [ɫ] is often noticeable, and the [ɪ] element of [eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ] tends to be obscured, e.g. in pail, pile, oil. /uː/ before [ɫ] tends to be more monophthongal and nearer to C[u].


Variations in the quality of the back vowel resonance associated with [ɫ] are, however, to be found among RP


Ϣϡ#2027. 󥰥ɤdzȤ miuk ȯ ([2014-11-14-1]) Ǥ⿨줿ޤ#3947. Ҳˤ l æ ([2020-02-16-1]) Ȥ碌ơl ϼϤβˤƶͿ뤷ʬȤü䤹ȤħǡѸ˾βѲΥץ졼䡼ȤäƤ褤ΤǤ롥

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

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2026-04-10 Fri

#6192. ¦ /l/ μפʥ [l][phonetics][phonology][pronunciation][oe][consonant]

ε#6191. 뤤 l ȰŤ l ([2026-04-09-1]) ˰³¦ /l/ ˴ؤꡥѸˤˤ /l/ Υ롼ġ뤤ϼʥˤĤơCruttenden (204) Ѥ롥

Chief sources---PresE /l/ derives from OE [l,ll] (land, climb, all, tell, apple), from OE [hl], [xl] or [l̥] (loaf, ladder)---since OE front vowels tended to be diphthongized before /l/, it seems likely that /l/ in such a position was velarized in OE as it is today; from OF [l] (lamp, close, colour, veal, able). In many cases pre-consonantal [ɫ], especially after back or open vowels, was vocalized to [ʊ] (walk, talk, half, folk) in the early fifteenth century, such a pronunciation being commonly shown by the seventeenth-century grammarians; but in some cases (halt, salt, malt), it has been retained; in others, an /l/ has been re-introduced in spelling and pronunciation (fault, falcon, emerald, soldier, realm) or merely in the spelling (calm, palm, balm). The loss of /l/ in could, should, would occurred in eModE.


űѸˡʤȤ⤢ĶǤϰŤ [ɫ] ԤʤƤŪڵ򤬤ȤȤ뤤 [l] ˤĤƤϤɤʤΤŤ RP Τ褦ʬۤǡ뤤 [l] ¸ƤΤ뤤ϱѸˤ椫餢Ѽˤ۲ȤʬۤϤ᤿Τե󥹸 /l/ Ū뤤 [l] Ǥ뤳Ȥͤ碌ȡݥ饤ȤĴȤƤ뤤 [l] ѸƳ줿ȤȤϹͤʤΤ/l/ ĴҤȤĤȤäƤߤƤ⡤⤷ѸˤǤ

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

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2026-04-09 Thu

#6191. 뤤 l ȰŤ l [rp][l][phonetics][phonology][pronunciation][minimal_pair][variety][consonant]

RP (= Received Pronunciation) Ǥϡ¦ /l/ ˡ뤤 [l] (clear [l]) ȡְŤ [ɫ] (dark [ɫ]) ̤롥뤤 [l] ϡ̤Ÿ˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥Ť [ɫ] ϸ̤˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥
줾줬ʬۤΤǤ롥첻뤤 /j/ ֤Ǥ뤤 [l] ¸졤ʳΤ٤Ƥΰ֤ǤϰŤ [ɫ]¸롥ʲĤΰ۲ñȤȤ˵󤲤Ƥߤ롥

뤤 [l]: leave, let, lock; blow, glad, splice; silly, yellow, alloy; medley, ugly, nobly; feel it, fall out, all over ʺǸΤ褦˸춭ˤ뤤 [l]
̵θ֤Ǥ̵뤤 [l] : play, please, plant, apply, aplomb, clean, close, climb
̵̵θ֤뤤̵໤θ֤ǤʬŪ̵뤤 [l] : placebo, aptly, butler, antler, ghastly; sloppy, slow, slink, fling, flow, earthly
Ť [ɫ]: feel, fill, fell, help, bulb, salt; alpine, elbow, halter
粻Ū [ɫ̩]: table, middle, cudgel, camel, final
̵Ҳθ֤ǤʬŪ̵粻Ū [ɫ̩] : apple, little, satchel, awful

ڤܤ /l/ ˤĤƤϡξζ̩ˤʤäƤ뤬뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] κǾФ򼨤üԤȤΤ褦üԤˤƤϡǤζڤ˱ coupling [ˈkʌplɪŋ] (connecting device) coupling [ˈkʌpɫɪŋ] (joining) ̤Ȥ
뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] RP Ǥ̤뤬ʳѼǤ϶̤ʤȤ¿㤨С̥ꥫѸ졤ɸॹåȥɱѸ졤ȥꥢѸ졤˥塼ɱѸ졤󥰥Ѹ졤̥륺ѸǤϡ٤Ƥΰ֤ǰŤ [ɫ] 롥ɱѸ졤ɽѸ졤륺Ѹ졤Tyneside Ǥϡ٤Ƥΰ֤뤤 [l] 롥
ʾ塤Cruttenden (200--05) ˰͵򤷤ƼɮϢơ#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-10-1]

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2026-02-14 Sat

#6137. űѸ sc θ (3) [metathesis][oe][palatalisation][sound_change][phonetics][consonant][digraph][dutch][german]

űѸ sc ɽ蘆벻ŵŪˤ /ʃ/ Ȥ롥ʳ /sk/ (palatalisation) Ȼ򵯤ΤΤŪǤ롥ñˤäƤϤβѲФ/sk/ ˤȤɤޤäƤΤ⤢СξΤɤ򼨤Τ⤢롥/sk/ ˤȤɤޤäΤϡž (metathesis) ˤ /ks/ 򼨤Τ⤢ꡤñˤäƤʣʰ۷֤򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤơʲε濴˵Ƥ

#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1])
#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1])
#5626. űѸ sc θ (2) ([2024-09-21-1])

ϡˤĤ Lass (58--59) θ򿷤˲äƤߤ

   A different sort of palatalization contributes further to the new series: a change of */sk/ > /ʃ/. The mechanics are not clear, but one reasonable suggestion would be something like [sk] > [sc] > [sç], with a later 'compromise' articulation /ʃ/ emerging from the back-to-back alveolar and palatal. Or, the [k] may have weakened first to [x], as in modern Dutch, without palatalizing; in this case we could see at least three of the stages mirrored in modern Germanic, in the verbs meaning 'to write': Swedish skriva /skri:va/ representing the original, Dutch schrijven /sxrɛivə(n)/ a further development, and German schreiben /ʃraebən/ the final stage (cf. English shrive).
   The reason for this palatalization is obscure; it occurs in both front and back environments, and before consonants, so it is not obviously assimilatory like the ones discussed above. The OE spelling <sh> for instance appears to represent /ʃ/ not only in scīnan 'shine' (cf. OIc skína), sc(i)eran 'shear' (OIc skera), but also in scofl 'shovel' (OSw skofl), scanca 'shank' (Dutch skank), scūr 'shower' (Go skūra).
   There is however occasional failure in back environments, as shown by the spelling <x> = /ks/, which is due to metathesis (/sk/ > /ks/), in places where <sc> would be expected. This must have occurred while the cluster was still /sk/. Palatalized and nonpalatalized variants of one lexeme may even occur in the same text: the poem Andreas has for 'fish' (Go fisks) both gen sg fisces and dat pl fixum. Failures of palatalization (or dialectal variants: see below) also lead to doublets in later periods, even including ModE: hence ask (OE āscian, ācsian), now frequently with the nonstandard doublet ax (which was the norm in many pre-modern standard varieties). Another example is tusk (OE tūsc, pl tūscas, tūcas), where the nonpalatalized form has come down in most standard varieties, but there are so many dialects with tush.


žȤŪڵˤꡤäƤʤ֤뤳ȤǤȤΤ⤷۷ (variants) ϡ¿ʸŪˤĤƵŤʻǤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2025-11-06 Thu

#6037. New Zealand English ˤ봧μ¸ [new_zealand_english][article][glottal_stop][consonant][vowel][phonetics][allomorph][phonetics][pronunciation]

(article) 괧괧ˤμ¸ϡѸѼˤäƤ⡤üԸĿͤˤäƤ⡤ˤäƤ͡Ǥ롥ŵŪʵǽȤƶȼ variants äƤȤ⤢ꡤϤޤޤʣȤʤcf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])ˡˡ³줬ҲǻϤޤ뤫첻ǻϤޤ뤫ˤäƤѰۤΤǡ
Ȥ櫓괧μ¸ˤĤƤϡ#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1])#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ơϰѼˤäƤ¸ϤޤޤΤ褦New Zealand English ξ򸫤Ƥߤ褦Bauer (391) ˤȡ³ˤ餺괧 /ðə/ 괧 /ə/ ȯ뷹Ȥ첻³ˤϤƤĺĤʤȤ롥

As in South African English . . . , the and a do not always have the same range of allomorphs in New Zealand English that they have in standard English. Rather, they are realised as /ðə/ and /ə/ independent of the following sound. Where the following sound is a vowel, a [ʔ] is usually inserted.


ܲ˥塼ں NZE 򼪤ˤƤ뤬⤽ⴧϼ夯ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ɤѼǤ variants ¿뤳ȤȤƤäƤΤǡۤɥޡƤʤäϰռʹΩƤƤ
LPD the ƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥

the strong form ðiː, weak forms ði, ðə --- The English as a foreign language learner is advised to use ðə before a consonant sound (the boy, the house), ði before a vowel sound (the egg, the hour). Native speakers, however, sometimes ignore this distribution, in particular by using ðə before a vowel (which in turn is usually reinforced by a preceding [ʔ]), or by using ðiː in any environment, though especially before a hesitation pause. Furthermore, some speakers use stressed ðə as a strong form, rather than the usual ðiː.


NZE ˸¤餺¾ѼˤƤ¸¿ͤȹͤƤ褤ޤĤʤĺ⡤ٰŪȤäƤ褵

Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-11-07-1]

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2025-11-06 Thu

#6037. New Zealand English ˤ봧μ¸ [new_zealand_english][article][glottal_stop][consonant][vowel][phonetics][allomorph][phonetics][pronunciation]

(article) 괧괧ˤμ¸ϡѸѼˤäƤ⡤üԸĿͤˤäƤ⡤ˤäƤ͡Ǥ롥ŵŪʵǽȤƶȼ variants äƤȤ⤢ꡤϤޤޤʣȤʤcf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])ˡˡ³줬ҲǻϤޤ뤫첻ǻϤޤ뤫ˤäƤѰۤΤǡ
Ȥ櫓괧μ¸ˤĤƤϡ#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1])#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ơϰѼˤäƤ¸ϤޤޤΤ褦New Zealand English ξ򸫤Ƥߤ褦Bauer (391) ˤȡ³ˤ餺괧 /ðə/ 괧 /ə/ ȯ뷹Ȥ첻³ˤϤƤĺĤʤȤ롥

As in South African English . . . , the and a do not always have the same range of allomorphs in New Zealand English that they have in standard English. Rather, they are realised as /ðə/ and /ə/ independent of the following sound. Where the following sound is a vowel, a [ʔ] is usually inserted.


ܲ˥塼ں NZE 򼪤ˤƤ뤬⤽ⴧϼ夯ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ɤѼǤ variants ¿뤳ȤȤƤäƤΤǡۤɥޡƤʤäϰռʹΩƤƤ
LPD the ƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥

the strong form ðiː, weak forms ði, ðə --- The English as a foreign language learner is advised to use ðə before a consonant sound (the boy, the house), ði before a vowel sound (the egg, the hour). Native speakers, however, sometimes ignore this distribution, in particular by using ðə before a vowel (which in turn is usually reinforced by a preceding [ʔ]), or by using ðiː in any environment, though especially before a hesitation pause. Furthermore, some speakers use stressed ðə as a strong form, rather than the usual ðiː.


NZE ˸¤餺¾ѼˤƤ¸¿ͤȹͤƤ褤ޤĤʤĺ⡤ٰŪȤäƤ褵

Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-11-07-1]

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2025-09-30 Tue

#6000. إߥʡˤơָѸȯȡ첻ܡספäޤ [notice][mindmap][gvs][phonetics][sound_change][spelling_pronunciation_gap][hel][academic_conference][vowel][diphthong]

#5965. Ѹȯȡ첻ܡ --- 928ˤθ塤ܲزβإߥʡˤƤäޤ ([2025-08-26-1]) ǤΤ餻Ȥꡤ928ˤĻرؤˤơܲزڰѰŤ35إߥʡˤ (gvs) ˤĤƤäƤޤߥʡԤ³Υå碌3ֶ᤯ĹǤ̤뤤ϥ饤ˤ¿ˤäˤȤäƤ⤿ؤ󽼼¤ȤʤޤüԤγ󡤤꤬ȤޤޤزĹκƣڰѰɻȤ櫓Ƶ٤Ǥäˤʤäλɧˤϴտ夲ޤ
ߥʡγפˤĤƤ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲ򥯥åƳˡ


lib/phonetics_seminar_re_gvs_20250928_mindmap_large.png



åǤ¿μ򤤤ޤ֤¤ˤꡤ٤Ƥˤ뤳ȤǤޤǤ塤ܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ʤɤ̤Ƽ夲ƤȻפޤҺ첻ܡפˤܤ

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2025-08-26 Tue

#5965. Ѹȯȡ첻ܡ --- 928ˤθ塤ܲزβإߥʡˤƤäޤ [notice][gvs][phonetics][sound_change][spelling_pronunciation_gap][hel][academic_conference][vowel][diphthong]

ܲزڰѰꤪ1ۤɸ92814:00--17:00 ˡ35إߥʡˤɸǤäƤȤˤʤޤѸˤˤƺǤ褯Τ벻Ѳ1ġ첻 (Great Vowel Shift; gvs) ڤȤơѸȯᤰ¿ѲˤĤƵͽǤ
ʤñ name ϡ֥ʥפǤϤʤ /neɪm/ ȯΤroom Ϥʤ֥פǤϤʤ /ruːm/ ʤΤѸؽʤï⤬٤ѤʵǤ礦ѸֻȯδطϰǤϤԵ§ϳؽԡʤӶԡˤǺޤ礭װȤʤäƤޤΡֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) طʤˤϡ͡ŪװäƤޤΤʤǤ⹭ϤʱƶڤܤΤѸѸˤȤ첻ܡפǤβѲϢܥ֥Ǥ#205. 첻ܡ ([2009-11-18-1]) Ϥᡤ¿εǼ夲Ƥޤ
첻ܤϡǤСαѸΤ٤ƤĹ첻βϢưƶͤΤ褦ѲݤǤҤ name ˤȤСĤ /naːmə/ ȯƤ첻 /aː/ 徺 /ɛː/ /e;ː/ ȤʤꡤǽŪ2첻 /eɪ/ Ȥʤޤ
βѲϹϤηŪޤ٤Ƥñˡ뤤Ϥ٤ƤϰǰΧŬѤ줿櫓ǤϤޤǤοƩԶѰӤθ̤βѲŪʸ̤ˤꡤѸˤߤȯ¿߽Ф˻ޤߤɸѸɸѸΰ㤤䡤Ѹ֤κۤˡ礭ʱƶڤܤƤΤǤ
ΥߥʡǤϡŪѲγפ⤹ȤȤˡ줬¿ͤʱѸȯˤɤΤ褦ʥѥȤͿƤΤˤƤȹͤƤޤ
ܥơޤϡؤѸˤȤϤΤȡѸܤѸ򶵤ޤؤǤ¿ˤȤäƤⶽ̣ơޤȤʤϤǤȤ櫓γعDZѸ򶵤ƤѸ춵ܻؤγˤȤäơ֤ʤѸ֤ȯϤۤɤޤǤ˿äƤΤפȤ̤κŪ䤤ˡŪʻ1ĤͿҥȤ뵡ˤʤȻפޤ
ܥߥʡϡĻرؤǤ̤ȥ饤 (Zoom) ǤΥϥ֥åɳŤȤʤޤؿΤϡҤäйǤʲˡز񥵥ȤߥʡΤ󤷤ޤ



ڡ35إߥʡѸȯȡ첻ܡס

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2025ǯ92814:00--17:00
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Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-30-1]

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2025-07-05 Sat

#5913. ޤǤβѲϼ夤ˤȤɤޤ [history_of_linguistics][sound_change][phonetics][phonology][causation][language_change]

ѲΤʤǤⲻѲ뤳ȤϤȤ櫓񤷤ؤˤˤơֲѲפʤΤϤˤϤΤޤǼ夤ˤȤɤޤ롥ʤ첻ѲΤ벻ѲäȤơʤϤΤȤ˵äΤѲϤΤȤ˵ΤȤ̵˵Τ󤲤饭꤬ʤΤ­˲褷ƤʤȤäƤ褤
زˡ٤路ϡƬ˶ᤤ1.2 ѲפκǽˡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

19ʹߤλŪؤȯãȤȤˡ֤ʤѲ뤫װϲפȤ꤬ŪؤˤȤäƽפʴؿ1ĤȤʤäȾεҸءȾѷθܤޤȯŸȤȤ˿ѲƤƤѲϵŪˤϰλ˵ѲΤ餯ʣľŪˤͽΤ뤳Ȥˤ뤬ޤǤθϼȤƸѲؤθȤ夤ȤäƤ롥ʤѲװ򡤸ŪҲŪŪŪװ˵ᡤʸ̮¸ѲˤĤʸ̮θ椬ʸ̮ͳѲˤĤƤϳŪŪװθ椬ԤʤƤ


زˡ٤񤫤줿Τ1985ǯ줫40ǯФäǤ⡤ҤξܼŪѤäƤʤѸˤβѲγˤƤ⡤͡ʹͤƤƤΤΡּȤƸѲؤθȤ夤ȤäƤ׾Ѥ꤬ʤ
丫ǤϡѲΤʤǤ⡤Ȥ櫓ѲϺǸޤΤޤޤ˻Ĥ륿פʤΤǤϤʤ餳ĤΤ롥

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2025-05-30 Fri

#5877. ȯȥȤϤɤܤ --- ˤ٤Ϣܤ [yurugengogakuradio][notice][language_change][dialect][dialectology][stress][pronunciation][sound_change][japanese][phonetics][heldio]

2025ǯ7



ǯ١ʳäɤƤϢܤޤط YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸ο󤬡٤ˤơ֤ȤФѲĤޤפꤷƼɮƤ륷꡼ǤѲ (language_change) ȤȤ⤹ŪǷɱ󤵤줬ʥơޤ˸ơθԤؤΥ󥿥ӥ塼̤Ƥγ˿ȤŪʴǤǯ٤ܻȯԤˤȤĤƤޤޤ
Ϣ3Ȥʤǿ6ǤϡȯȥȤϤɤܤ --- ˸ؼԡʿã餵ʹפꤷơѲΤʤǤä˺ŪȤ벻Ѳ (sound_change) Ƥޤ伫ȡѸ˸ΤʤDz֤Ѳ礿եɤȤƤˡΥơޤˤϤȤ櫓ؿޤƴԤ˰鷺εϿ˿ɤΤޤ
ѲϸѲˤΥߥƥ꡼Ǥ롤ȻϹͤƤޤäʸˡѲƤƤ⤷ΤǤưδפȤʤֲפʤɤΤ褦ˤѤΤȤ䤤ϡǤª̥ŪʤΤǤȤǤ˵礹뤳Ȥ¿ˡؤʿãؤΥ󥿥ӥ塼̤ƥäƤޤι⤤ȥԥå򤳤ۤʬ䤹ƳƤʸϤ򡤻ϤޤɤȤޤ
ϡ֤ʤȯѤΤפȤѤʵ䤫Ϥޤޤʿϡμפư1ĤĴﴱΥࡼʱưפؤߵᡤʤȯڤˤȤüԤԹ˵ޤϸؤǡֺǾϤθ§ (The Principle of Least Effort) ȤƤΤǤ䤿̵ռΤˡȯڤؤѲƤ롤Ȥ櫓Ǥ
⤷θ§ŪʤС٤ƤȯϤɤɤά졤㤨첻Ϥ٤ۣ첻˼̤ƤޤǤ礦ȡߥ˥ƻȤƵǽ˴٤äƤޤϤǤ¤ϤʤäƤʤޤ󡥤ˡֻߤפȤʤϤƯƤ뤫Ǥ
ˤĤơʿϼΤ褦˻ŦƤޤ (p. 171) ָȤΤϲ櫓ǤϤޤñʸˡʤɡۤηϤ̩ܤˤäƤޤ顤Ȥη͹礤ǡˤϿʤޤʤȤ𤬤ޤ
Τ˲ϸäʸˡȤäηϤ¾ιǤȸǤӤĤƤޤơʿϲѲܼ򼡤Τ褦˳ˤޤ (p. 172) ֤ĤޤȯѲϡĴԹǥ饯Ȥưȡ¾ιǤΤǶĥطݤʤ鵯櫓Ǥ
ֶĥطפȤˡѲΥʥߥबŽ̤Ƥޤ͡˰ĥϤȡ˹⤦ϡɹΤʤǡϾɤưѤѤƤޤεϡʣʥץ¸ߤȤǤʤɼԤˤ´ƤޤҳˤεľɤǤФȻפޤ
󤴾Ҳ𤷤 heldio Ǥ#1459. ѲΥߥƥ꡼ --- إ饸οΡϢܡ֤ȤФѲĤޤפȤƾҲ𤷤ƤޤİС



ϢܡȤФѲĤޤ롧ȯȥȤϤɤܤ --- ˸ؼԡʿã餵ʹס١ҡ2025ǯ6桥2025ǯ168--75ǡ

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2025-05-18 Sun

#5865. ֤פŪ [japanese][phoneme][phonology][phonetics][consonant][nasal]

ε#5863. ֤פˡ ([2025-05-16-1]) ǡפŪʵҤǧƱܸظŵ٤ꡤܸ˴ؤ̸ؤδΡפε (p. 103--04) ɤǤߤ

ڲ۲̾ʸΡ֥פ˳벻ǤꡤϤͤ벻Ȥ⤤˳벻ȽиĶˤĤƤϡ̩ɸȴάɸˤ⤢뤬ά[ɴ]첻Ⱦ첻ڤ໤ [s][ʃ]ľ[ŋ][ŋ][ɡ][k]ľ[ɳ]Ÿ[ɳ]ľ[n]Բ[n][d][dz][dʒ][t][ts][tʃ][ɾ]ľ[m]ξ[m][b][p]ľ˰֤ʬۤʤƤȤ롥Ƥβϡ̣ŪΩ˴ͿɡȤǶ̤ƤꡤľλҲˤĶƱʤ[ɴ]ʳƤľλҲδĶƱˤĴۤˤƤȲǤ뤳Ȥ顤ƱβǤ˳۲ǤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥βϡľ첻ȼ˥⡼硤ߤΩ̲ǡ㤨С[ŋ[n][m]ϳ/ŋ//n//m/ˤ˳롥βҲľȤĶΩ򼺤Ȥ顤Ǥϡ²ǤǤȤȤǤ롥²ǤϡȤơɽŪ۲ˤ벻Υե٥åȾʸʸ̥ޥޡͤ礭ǵȤˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ顤ξϡĶƱαƶʤ[ɴ]ɽȤơ/N/ɸΤŪǤ롥ʤ⡼Ȳλߤȡ̥ޥޡ͡ϡ¥ƱͤˡñȤΩ⡼ʤ⡤ñȤǤϲǤʤǤ뤳Ȥ顤ñȤDzǤ뼫Ω⡼ʼΩˤФơü⡼üˤȸƤФ졤/N/ϡü첻ǤȸƤФ롥


²ǡפȤƲ᤹ϰ츫񤷤ΤܸüԤȤǧƤ֤פΤ򡤲Ū˸ʤΤȹͤȡȤԻ׵Ĥʵ롥̵ռ򤷤Ƥ뤳ȤŪ褦ȤȡʤˤɬפʤΤȻפǤ롥ؤ⥷񤷤Τϡդ˥ݥȤΤ

ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ񱡡2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2025-05-16 Fri

#5863. ֤פ [japanese][phoneme][phonology][phonetics][consonant][nasal][romaji][hiragana]

ܸΡ֤פɽϡܸˤǤȯβǤ롥ܸظŵ٤Ρפι (p. 355) ꡤӲؤδ֤פüƤߤ褦

ڲ֤ۡϤͤ벻פȤ⤤Ť˿ȯܸ첻ΰġ¥ȤȤ˻ҲǤΤߤǥ⡼Ȥܸ첻ˤϤʤäդä⡼ɽˤ /N/ Ѥ롥ɥʥɥ[doki]/doki/ˤФɥ󥭡ʥɥ󥭡[doŋki]/doNki/ˤΤ褦ˡ⡼ /N/ 뤫ʤˤꡤΰ̣μ̡ŪħˤʤȤΩġ̤Ǥϡִʸ [kambuN]סִ [kan(d)zi]סִ [kaŋŋo]פΤ褦˸³λҲˤۤʤ벻Ȥʤ뤬ʬۤʤƱ첻Ȳ򤵤ơ⡼ /N/ ΩġͤפȤϡ봶ˤȤ⡤λҲ̾ˤѷȤȤˤ˴ŤȤ롥ˤϡؤȴλΤ [m][n][ŋ] 첻֤줿ˤȤ롥ʸɻ򸫤ȡɽ͡Ǥꡤä˴ˤƸǤ롥m ˤϡ̵ɽõסɽִסɽӸűפʤɤn ˤϡ̵ɽסɽðסɽۥסɽִסüɽפʤɤѤƤ롥ں٤ˤ⡤ŷפ֤Ƥסޤ֤ƤפȵƤ㤬롥Ūˤϡm ϥࡤn ̵ɽȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ m n ȤκƱϰȸ졤ΥɽȾˤϸ褦ˤʤ롥


ˡθβ꤬Ƥ롥

ڲ۴ʸɻ˸褦ˡɽä˴ˤʣ̯ʻѤ褷ɽظˤ롤μ¼뤳ȤʤΤȤƤ롥ܸ첻Ȥ夷ƤˤĤƤ⡤ʬ餫ˤʤäȤϸؤι͵椬ɬפǤ롥


֤פ뤳Ȥʤ졥ʤǤ롥

ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ񱡡2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-05-18-1]

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2025-05-15 Thu

#5862. ֤פ¥֤áפ첻Ū [japanese][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][consonant][vowel][hiragana][romaji][syllable][mora][nasal]

ε#5860. ֤פȯμ¸ ([2025-05-13-1]) ³ܸ֤פˤޤĤꡥ碌¥֤áפˤĤƤͤ롥
ܸɴŵ٤ˡܸ첻פꤹ᤬ (pp. 251--52) ǡ¥˴ؤ붽̣ͻ롥޻ɽǤϻҲɽΤǻҲŪȲ򤵤뤳Ȥ¿ष첻ŪʤΤǤϤʤȤƶ252ǤѤ롥

ʤ¥ϰ츫ҲβȤԼΤ褦ˤפ뤬ϡ̣첻1ȸ뤳ȤǤ롥ʤȤ¥ϡ³ĺ䶹λ³ˤǤmnŋ ptk ǡֲִ뤤Ϥ˽ऺΡˤȰۤʤꡤष첻ʳλ³ˤ˻Ƥ롥ֻʥ١ʥáöפʤɸ治¥ϡ³ȼ褦¥°Ǥʤ³Ҳʥɤ d 䥿 tˤ°ȸ롥
ФѸ "bat" ʤɤ t ϡĺξԤޤ椨ܿͤˤϡ֥Хåȡפǡʹ롥̣¥ϡҲ nt ʤɤȶ̤줾 NTʤ뤤 QˤǡɽΤǤ̡ġ͡


ϲؤǤ⤢ꡤǤ⤢롥Ѹޤ᤿¿θλ٤ȡܸΡü첻ǡפϳΤüǤϤ롥

ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-05-13 Tue

#5860. ֤פȯμ¸ [japanese][phoneme][phonology][phonetics][consonant][nasal][romaji][hiragana]

ܸǡ֤פɽ벻μ¸¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ롥ĶǡŪˤɬƤʤ͡ʲ֤פμ¸ΤѤƤΤüԤˤĿͺ⤢ΤΡ̤ˤϼΤ褦˸Ƥ롥ܸɴŵ٤Ρפι (pp. 246--47) ꡥ

֤פϸ֤ˤäƲۤʤꡤɡҲˤʤɡ첻ˤʤȤʰʲ˼ɽϤʤάʤΤǤˡ
i) ɡĺή
[m] 3 [sammai]
3ա [sambai]
[n] ֽ [onna]
ֲ١ [ondo]
[honrai]
[ŋ] ֶ [kiŋŋjo]
ii) ԻҲ첻Ⱦ첻
[i᷈] ñ̡ [tai᷈i][᷈] [i] 꾯ɡ
ż֡ [de᷈ʃa]
[ɯ᷈] ֺǡ [koɯ᷈wakɯ]
[roɯ᷈soː]
iii) ڤ
ȤС֥ѥפñȤȯˤ [paɴ] ɽ롥[ɴ] ϸɡǤ뤬ѶŪɡҲǤȤϡꡤ㴳Ĥ뤳Ȥˤä벻Ǥʤʤ򲻱ɽǤ /ɴ/ ɽ魯 /ɴ/ Ȳɽ /ɴ/ Ȥϰ̣ۤʤˡ


֤ϲδܸˤδ⤪⤷ޤ֤פϥ޻ɽȤɤʤΤȤˤĤơѸֻΥȥԥå˴ϢŤƤߤΤ⤪⤷Ϣơʲε򻲾ȡ

#3852. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (1) ([2019-11-13-1])
#3853. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (2) ([2019-11-14-1])
#3854. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (3) ([2019-11-15-1])
#3855. ʤֿסʤ󤳤ˤΥ޻ɽ *Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺 Shinkoiwa ȤʤΤǤ ([2019-11-16-1])

ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-05-15-1]

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2024-12-25 Wed

#5721. ħϸŬ¸Ĺ [evolution][sound_symbolism][phonaesthesia][phonetics][vowel]

ε#5720. little i ϲħ ([2024-12-24-1]) ˰³Jespersen ˤ[i] = פβħ (sound_symbolism) ˴ؤͤꡥ
Jespersen Ʊʸβħθ¿󤲤Ƥ뤬Ƭ˶ᤤʬǡħεˤ꤬ʸ2ˤĤơտ⤷Ƥ롥

   In giving lists of words in which the [i] sound has the indicated symbolic value, I must at once ask the reader to beware of two possible misconceptions: first, I do not mean to say that the vowel [i] always implies smallness, or that smallness is everywhere indicated by means of that vowel; no language is consistent in that way, and it suffices to mention the words big and small, or the fact that thick and thin have the same vowel, to show how absurd such an idea would be.
   Next, I am not speaking of the origin or etymology of the words enumerated: I do not say that they have from the very first taken their origin from a desire to express small things symbolically. It is true that I believe that some of the words mentioned have arisen in that way,---many of our i-words are astonishingly recent---but for many others it is well-known that the vowel i is only a recent development, the words having had some other vowel in former times. What I maintain, then, is simply that there is some association between sound and sense in these cases, however it may have taken its origin, and however late this connexion may be (exactly as I think that we must recognize secondary echoisms). But I am firmly convinced that the fact that a word meaning little or little thing contains the sound [i], has in many, or in most, cases been strongly influential in gaining popular favour for it; the sound has been an inducement to choose and to prefer that particular word, and to drop out of use other words for the same notion, which were not so favoured. In other words, sound-symbolism makes some words more fit to survive and gives them a considerable strength in their struggle for existence. If you want to use some name of an animal for a small child, you will preferably take one with sound symbolism, like kid or chick . . . , rather than bat or pug or slug, though these may in themselves be smaller than the animal chosen. (285--86)


1Ĥϡ[i] = פβħŪɬŪʤΤǤϤʤޤdzŪʤΤˤʤγǧǤ롥2ĤϡβħθƤˤĤơβỌ̇̄δط츻餫餢äΤ˷줿ΤʤȤȤ碌ơŪˤ̻Ūˤ⡤ħμطϴˤˤȤɤޤꡤꤹ붯ϤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤפǤ롥
Ǥ Jespersen ϡѤκǸǤѸȤ鷺⤷Ƥ̤ꡤħˤϸΡŬ¸ (survival of the fittest) Ĺ̤ȳοƤ롥ħϡˤʤ˺ѤƤϤȤߤʤȤǤȡ

Jespersen, O. "Symbolic Value of the Vowel I." Philologica 1 (1922). Reprinted in Linguistica: Selected Papers in English, French and German. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1933. 283--303.

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2024-12-24 Tue

#5720. little i ϲħ [sound_symbolism][phonaesthesia][phonetics][hellog_entry_set][link][sound_change][vowel]

ħ (sound_symbolism) ϡؤǤŪ˼ŪʰƤηˤĤƤϡ#1269. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť ([2012-10-17-1]) ϤȤϢεǼ夲Ƥ
Τ褦ǡJespersen ϰۿǤ롥1922ǯʸǡѸ䤽¾θˤ [i] βħˤĤǮäݤƤΤʸƬǮ

Sound symbolism plays a greater role in the development of languages than is admitted by most linguists. In this paper I shall attempt to show that the vowel [i], high-front-unround, especially in its narrow or thin form, serves very often to indicate what is small, slight, insignificant, or weak. (283)


[i] ־פȷӤĤ벻ħϹΤƤꡤܥ֥Ǥ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ǿ줿Jespersen ϡʸΤʤǡ¿󤲤ʤ [i] Ρ־פˤĤƥȵƤ
äˤ⤷Τϡ little ȤȤδϢǿ˻פ⤫ֱñˤĤƤͤǤ롥"Semantic and Phonetic Changes" ꤹ7ǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The influence on sound development is first seen in the very word little. OE. lytel shows with its y, that the vowel must originally have been u, and this is found in OSax. luttil, OHG. luzzil; cf. Serb. lud 'little' and OIr. lútu 'little finger' (Falk and Torp); but then the vowel in Goth. leitils (i.e. lītils and ON. lítinn is so difficult to account for on ordinary principles that the NED. in despair thinks that the two words are "radically unconnected". I think we have here an effect of sound symbolism. The transition in E. from y to it of course is regular, being found in innumerable words in which sound symbolism cannot have played any role, but in modern English we have a further slight modification of the sound which tends to make the word more expressive, I refer to the form represented in spelling as "leetle". In Gill's Logonomia (1621, Jiriczek's reprint 48), where he mentions the "particle" tjni (j is his sign for the diphthong in sign) he writes "a lïtle tjni man" with ï (his sign for the vowel in seen), though elsewhere he writes litle with short i. NED. under leetle calls it "a jocular imitation of a hesitating (?) or deliberately emphatic pronunciation of little". Payne mentions from Alabama leetle "with special and prolonged emphasis on the î sound to indicate a very small amount". I suspect that what takes place is just as often a narrowing or thinning of the vowel sound as a real lengthening, just as in Dan. bitte with narrow or thin [i], see above. To the quotations in NED. I add the following: Dickens Mutual Fr. 861 "a leetle spoilt", Wells Tono-B. 1. 92 "some leetle thing", id. War and Fut. 186 "the little aeroplane ... such a leetle thing up there in the night".---It is noteworthy that in the word for the opposite notion, where we should according to the usual sound laws expect the vowel [i] (OE. micel, Sc. mickle, Goth. mikils) we have instead u: much, but this development is not without parallels, see Mod. E. Gr. I. 3. 42. In Dan. dial, mög(el) for the same word the abnormal vowel is generally ascribed to the influence of the labial m; in both forms the movement away from i may have been furthered by sound-symbolic feeling. (301--02)


[i] = פȤħˤĤơlittle 첻ϥݥƥˡе much 첻ϥͥƥȿѲФƤȤԤƶȤȤθ츻ȤδϢDzħΤߤʤ餺ѲưŤȤƤβħͻƤȤޤפʤΤǤϤʤȵդ줿

Jespersen, O. "Symbolic Value of the Vowel I." Philologica 1 (1922). Reprinted in Linguistica: Selected Papers in English, French and German. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1933. 283--303.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-25-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-11-04 Mon

#5670. Grassmann's law --- ֥饹ޥˡ§ [grassmanns_law][grimms_law][sound_change][sanskrit][greek][indo-european][dissimilation][verners_law][aspiration][phonetics][consonant]

̾ˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤϡƤ줿ꡤ͡㳰뤳ȤŤƤǤͭ̾ʤΤͥˡ§ (verners_law) ˴ؤ㳰⤦1饹ޥˡ§ (grassmanns_law) ȤΤ롥ؿѸؼŵ '(209--300) ꡤβ

ȯ줿㳰ϡ̾殺饹ޥˡ§ (Grassmann's law) ȸƤФΤǤ롥ΰб Grimm ꤷ˹פǤäHerman Grassmann (1809--77) ϥꥷ䥵󥹥åȤΥǡĴ١θǤ㳰ŪԵ§бȯãȤ餫ˤ㤨
Goth.Skt
-biudan 'offer'bódhāmi 'notice'
dauhtar 'daughter'duhitā'
gagg 'street'jánghā 'leg'

бˤơˡ§ˤХޥ b, d, g б륵󥹥åȤθƬӵ (bh, dh, gh) ǤʤФʤʤΤӵǤ롥Grassmann ϡꥷ줪ӥ󥹥åȤˤơĤܤ벻ӵ³Ȥɤ餫Ĥϰ۲ (DISSIMILATION) ˤäӵˤʤ븽ݤΤǤ뤳ȤȯˤƸؼԤϡñħ䲻ĶǤʤܤ벻ȤδطˤդʤФʤʤȤΤäΤǤ롥


Bussmann Ѹ켭ŵƤ (198--99)

Grassmann's law (also dissimilation of aspirates)
Discovered by Grassmann (1863), sound change occurring independently in Sanskrit and Greek which consistently results in a dissimilation of aspirated stops. If at least two aspirated stops occur in a single word, then only the last stop retains its aspiration, all preceding aspirates are deaspirated; cf. IE *bhebhoṷdhe > Skt bubodha 'had awakened,' IE *dhidhēhmi > Grk títhēmi 'I set, I put.' This law, which was discovered through internal reconstruction, turned a putative 'exception' to the Germanic sound shift (⇒ 'Grimm's law). . . into a law.


⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Bussmann, Hadumod.
Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics''. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2024-10-28 Mon

#5663. Ȥϲ [syllable][mora][terminology][phonology][prosody][phonetics][sobokunagimon]

ɸѤʵ¤ϸŪˤϴñˤʤ (syllable) ϲؤǤŪʳǰ¤ϰŪͿΤ񤷤ΤBussmann θѸ콸ɤǤߤ褦

syllable
Basic phonetic-phonological unit of the word or of speech that can be identified intuitively, but for which there is no uniform linguistic definition. Articulatory criteria include increased pressure in the airstream . . . , a change in the quality of individual sounds . . . , a change in the degree to which the mouth is opened. Regarding syllable structure, a distinction is drawn between the nucleus (= 'crest,' 'peak,' ie. the point of greatest volume of sound which, as a rule, is formed by vowels) and the marginal phonemes of the surrounding sounds that are known as the head (= 'onset,' i.e. the beginning of the syllable) and the coda (end of the syllable). Syllable boundaries are, in part, phonologically characterized by boundary markers. If a syllable ends in a vowel, it is an open syllable; if it ends in a consonant, a closed syllable. Sounds, or sequences of sounds that cannot be interpreted phonologically as syllabic (like [p] in supper, which is phonologically one phone, but belongs to two syllables), are known as 'interludes.'


̸βüԤˤȤäľŪ򤵤ñ̤̤ǰƬˤƵҴŪ꼰褦ȻߤƤ⡤ޤʤĴؤİвؤ¦ޤϲŪʲʤɤΤΡɬ⤭줤ˤǤʤǤüԤϲȤñ̤ΤäƤפ餷ȤΤ顤Ի׵Ĥ
ᤰäƤϡhellog ǤϢ夲Ƥʲεʤɤ򻲾ȡ

#347. ñʿѲϤɤΤ餤 ([2010-04-09-1])
#1440. ٥󥭥󥰡 ([2013-04-06-1])
#1513. ʹ١ ([2013-06-18-1])
#1563. ṽ¤ ([2013-08-07-1])
#3715. ṽ¤ Rhyme Ȥñ̤ǧ뺬 ([2019-06-29-1])
#4621. ⡼ --- ܸ줫ΰ̲ؤι׸ ([2021-12-21-1])
#4853. ȥ⡼ ([2022-08-10-1])

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-09-21 Sat

#5626. űѸ sc θ (2) [sound_change][phonetics][consonant][palatalisation][oe][digraph][spelling][alliteration][aelfric]

ˡ#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1]) Ǽ夲ꡥűѸ2Ż (digraph) Ǥ <sc> ˤĤơ͵򤹤ʸ Prins ѤDzҤ٤Ƥ뤫ǧ򿼤᤿Prins (203--04) Ѥ롥

7.16 PG sk

PG sk was palatalized:

1. In initial position before all vowels and consonants:
OE Du
sčēap'sheep'schaap
WS sčield A scčeld'shield'schild
sčēawian'to show'schouwen G schauen
sčendan'to damage'schenden
sčrud'shroud' 


2. Medially between palatal vowels and especially when followed originally by i(:) or j:

þrysče 'thrush'
wysčean 'to wish'

3. Finally after palatal vowels:

æsč 'ash'
disč 'dish'
Englisč 'English'


űѸ츦Ǥ̾ <sc> β [ʃ] ȤƤ뤬Prins (204) ˤȡ [ʃ] äɤϤ狼ʤȤष [sx] äΤǤϤʤȵƤ롥

Note 2. In reading OE we generally read sc(e) as [ʃ], but there is no definite proof that this was the pronunciation before the ME period (when the French spelling s, ss is found, and the spelling sh is introduced).
In Ælfric sc alliterates with sp, and st. So s must have been the first element. The second element cannot have been k, since Scandinavian loanwords (which must have been adopted in lOE) still have sk: skin, skill.
The pronunciation in OE was probably [sx]. Cf. Dutch schoon [sxo:n], schip [sxip], which in the transition period to eME or in eME itself, must have become [ʃ].


Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-02-14-1]

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2024-09-18 Wed

#5623. ֱѸ˥饤2024פ B&C 57 "Chronological Criteria" ɼ¶Ѥޤ [bchel][latin][borrowing][methodology][sound_change][palatalisation][loan_word][oe][chronology][lexicology][phonetics][hellive2024]



Voicy heldio ˤ#1205. Baugh and Cable 57ɼ¶ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ򥢡ۿޤϡ#5607. ֱѸ˥饤2024פ B&C 57 "Chronological Criteria" ɼ¶Ѥޤ ([2024-09-02-1]) ͽ𤷤Ȥꡤ98ˤ˳Ť줿ֱѸ˥饤2024פīȤˤۿ줿ȤȤˤʤäƤޤ
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Baugh and Cable ɥ꡼ΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤҤε˥ƥȤꤷơ1ᤫ餪İС


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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