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phonetics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-10-29 Sat

#4933. wh ȯ [pronunciation][spelling][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][ame_bre][digraph][consonant]

<wh> Ȥ2Ż (digraph) ϵΤ褦ʹٸ˸Τ߿2ŻбȯˤĤƤ褯򤷤ƤѸؽԤ¿ʤ
what, which ֥ۥåȡס֥եåפȥʽ񤭤ȯꤹͤ¿⤷ʤꥹɸѸˤƤϡ֥åȡס֥åפǤ롥ĤޤꡤWatt, witch ȤޤäƱȯȤʤ롥Ūˤ̵ [ʍ] ǤϤʤޤͭ [w] ȤȤ
嵭ϥꥹɸѸäǤꡤꥫѸϤθ¤ǤϤʤ what, which ϳơ [ʍɑt], [ʍɪtʃ] ŪȤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ºݾͭ [w] ǤȯޤäƤƤ褦
<wh> ɽ魯ҲθˤĤ Cruttenden 򻲾ȤƤߤ褦

In CGB (= Conspicuous General British) and in GB speech in a more formal style (e.g. in verse-speaking), words such as when are pronounced with the voiceless labial-velar fricative [ʍ]. In such speech, which contains oppositions of the kind wine, whine, . . . /ʍ/ has phonemic status. Among GB speakers the use of /ʍ/ as a phoneme has declined rapidly. Even if /ʍ/ does occur distinctively in any idiolect, it may nevertheless be interpreted phonemically as /h/ + /w/ . . . . (Cruttenden 233)


ʤߤ˾嵭ʸ "CGB (= Conspicuous General British)" Cruttenden (81) ˤȡ"that type of GB which is commonly considered to be 'posh', to be associated with upper-class families, with public schools and with professions which have traditionally recruited from such families, e.g. officers in the navy and in some army regiments" Ȥ롥 "RP" (= Received Pronunciation) ˶ᤤΤªƤ褤͡ͳ RP ȸƤ֤٤ǤʤȤΩ줬ꡤΤ褦Ѹ츯򤷤ƤΤǤ롥
¾ѼˤĤƤϡΰѤͤˤʤ

The only regional variation concerns the more regular use of [ʍ] in words with <wh> in the spelling. This happens in Standard Scottish English, in most varieties of Irish English and is often presented as the norm in the U.S., although the change from [ʍ] to /w/ seems to be more common than is thought by some. (Cruttenden 234)


긵ˤä Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.) "wh Spelling-to-sound" Ƥߤ

Where the spelling is the digraph wh, the pronunciation in most cases is w, as in white waɪt. An alternative pronunciation, depending on regional, social and stylistic factors, is hw, thus hwaɪt. This h pronunciation is usual in Scottish and Irish English, and decreasingly so in AmE, but not otherwise. (Among those who pronounce simple w, the pronunciation with hw tends to be considered 'better', and so is used by some people in formal styles only.) Learners of EFL are recommended to use plain w.


ѤκǸˤ̤ꡤ䤿ѸؽԤϰ̤ <wh> /w/ 򤷤ƤƤĤʤ
<wh> ȴϢơ#3870. Ѹˤ wh- ʤ q- ֻ ([2019-12-01-1])#3871. åȥɱѸˤ wh- ǤϤʤ quh- ֻʸ Alexander Hume ([2019-12-02-1]) ε⻲ȡ

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

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2022-08-23 Tue

#4866. Ѹβȷ2ʬ --- ̿󥰡ֱѸء Day 2 [english_linguistics][phonetics][phonology][voicy][reference][double_articulation][2022_summer_schooling_english_linguistics]

ֱѸءץ󥰤 Day 2 Ǥ褤ܳŪȤäƤޤΥɤ2ʬ (double_articulation) (phoneme) (morphology) ǤָȤϲפȤȴʤʤǤ夲Ȼפޤ֤դϥͥǤʾСˡ



1. Ѹ: #3093. դ tongue twisters ([2017-10-15-1])
2. ء
2.1 2ʬ: #767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1])
2.2 ǤȲ (morpheme vs phoneme)
2.3 ǤȲ (phoneme vs phone): Ȳؤΰ㤤
3.
3.1 첻: #19. 첻շ ([2009-05-17-1])
3.2 Ҳ: #1813. IPA ٵήˤҲʬ ([2014-04-14-1])
3.3 Ѹܸβ: #1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1])
3.4 Χ (prosody): ͡ʱΧŪħ
4.
3.1 ä: Ȥϲ
3.2 ޷: #2653. ([2016-08-01-1])
3.3 ʣä: ͡ʣ
5. heldio #449. 2ʬȤϲεå




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2022-08-10 Wed

#4853. ȥ⡼ [syllable][mora][phonology][phonetics][prosody][typology][japanese]

塤 (syllable) ȥ⡼ (mora) ϰۤʤñ̤Ǥ롥⡼Τۤñ̤ǤꡤƤĹ첻2첻ϲȤƤ1ȥȤ뤬⡼ȤƤ2⡼ȥȤ롥ܸ줫㤫顤ξԤδطƤʷp. 15ˡ

ñ
---------------------- ----------------------------- -----------
Х 3 (o.ba.ma) 3 (o-ba-ma)
֥å 2 (bus.syu) 3 (bu-s-syu)
ȥ 3 (ku.rin.ton) 5 (ku-ri-n-to-n)
ȥ西 3 (to.yo.ta) 3 (to-yo-ta)
ۥ 2 (hon.da) 3 (ho-n-da)
˥å 2 (nis.san) 4 (ni-s-sa-n)

θؼ Trubetkoy ˤСθϡ֥⡼פȡֲפʬǤȤ˽ȡܸϥ⡼졤ѸϲȤȤˤʤ롥 (16--17) ϡǾ (minimality constraint) λ˿ʤ顤Τ褦˻ŦƤ롥

ʹ֤θȥ⡼ʬͤϡ֤ΰ㤤򤢤ªƤǡȥ⡼¸Ǥʤñ̤ȤªȤϤǤ롥ºݤˤϡѸΤ褦ʡֲפˤ⡼ɬפǤꡤܸɸˤΤ褦ˡ֥⡼פȤˤⲻ᤬ԲķȤʤ롥
㤨бѸǤϡ1θ¿1⡼θϵƤʤ[pin] pin [pi:] pea Ȥ2⡼1¸ߤ뤬[pi] Ȥ1⡼Ĺ1¸ߤʤ¸ߤʤΤǤϤʤ¤Ū˵ƤʤΤǤ롥ġġά͡ġĺǾϱѸΥե٥åȯˤɽƤꡤե٥åȤ1ĤĸȤȯˤ A [æ] ǤϤʤ [ei]B [b] [bi] ǤϤʤ [bi:] 2⡼ʰʾˤĹȯ롥
⡼ȤܸɸˤεҤˤⲻȤñ̤ԲķȤʤ롥㤨гû̷ˤϡά͡2⡼ʾפȤǤʤ2ʾפȤݤ롥祳ʡ祳졼ȡˤ䥹ȡʡ㥹ȥ饤ˤȤ22⡼ṳ̂ϤäƤ⡤*ѥʡѥեåȡˤ*ʡ㥷ݥˡ*ѡʡѡޥȡʥˡˤȤû̷ƤʤΤϤΤǤ롥2⡼βǻϤޤ3⡼ܤޤǤĤơ2û̷ʥѥաݡѡޡˤФ롥


顤ȥ⡼ΧȿŪñ̤ǤϤʤ1ĤθΤʤƱ路䴰Ūʴطˤñ̤ȤȤ館ɬפ뤳Ȥʬ롥ܸβ⡼ˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȡ

#1023. ܸμȿ ([2012-02-14-1])
#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1])
#3720. ʤѸ make ܸ˼Ѥȸ첻 /u/ ΤĤ meiku /meiku/ ȤʤΤǤ ([2019-07-04-1])
#4621. ⡼ --- ܸ줫ΰ̲ؤι׸ ([2021-12-21-1])
#4624. ܸΥ⡼鴶С ([2021-12-24-1])

ס1ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס 򹯡 ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ

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2022-08-05 Fri

#4848. 첻ȻҲͭɸ [markedness][phonetics][vowel][consonant][typology]

ܸθ޽ޤˤ첻¤ӤδܤϡޤǤʤ [a, i, u, e, o] Ǥcf. #2104. ޽ޡ ([2015-01-30-1])ˡư5ʳѤǤֹԤʤסֹԤޤסֹԤסֹԤȤסֹԤСסֹԤסֹԤפȾ褦ˡ[a, i, u, e, o] ¤ӤȤʤäƤ롥ʤ¤ӤʤΤ
ϡ¤ӤŪ̵ɸ (unmarked) ͭɸ (marked) ؤν˱äƤ뤫Ǥ롥
(6) ˤСθϤȡ3첻ηϤθˤ [a, i, u] Ǥ¿4첻ηϤǤ [a, i, u, e] 5첻ηϤǤ [a, i, u, e, o] Ǥ¿ȤĤޤꡤ෿Ūˤäơ첻ͭɸ (markedness) ϡ㤤⤤ [a, i, u] [e] [o] ȤΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥
ҲˤƱͤͭɸν󤬤롥 (9) ϡ෿Τߤʤ餺콬ᤵǰƬˤĤġ̵ɸʻҲͭɸʻҲν򼡤Τ褦ͿƤ롥ʲ A > B ϡA B Ū̵ɸǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤

a. Ĵξ >
b. Ĵˡĺ > ໤
c. ĺ໤˻ ̵ > ͭ
d. ĺ໤˻ʳͭ > ̵


λҲͭɸǰƬˤƸ޽ޤΡ֤ʤϤޤפ¤ӤįȡɬŪʽǤϤʤ¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤʡ֤ϡפλҲϸŤ [p] äȤաˡ
ͭɸȤϸؤˤƤʤʤ񤷤ǰǤ롥#550. markedness ([2010-10-29-1])#551. ͭɸ̵ɸԵ§§ ([2010-10-30-1])#3723. ͭɸ ([2019-07-07-1])#4745. markedness ˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2022-04-24-1]) ʤɤε򻲾Ȥ줿

ס1ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס 򹯡 ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ

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2022-05-19 Thu

#4770. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ɾ [personal_pronoun][sound_change][phonetics][etymology][laeme][cone][orthography][epenthesis][she]

ε#4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ ([2022-05-18-1]) ǡѸˤˤǯФ뿷ñ˾Ҳ𤷤Laing and Lass ʸηսѤȡΤ褦ˤʤ (231)

(a) For the history of she, we posit an approximant epenthesis of a type already found in OE, spreading to further items in ME, and occurring in all periods of Scots as well as PDE. This turns the word-onset into a consonant cluster with its own history, independent of that of the nuclear vowel (though it seems primarily to occur before certain nuclear types).
   (b) The nuclear vowel derives in the normal way from OE [eo], with no need for 'resyllabification' or the creation of 'rising diphthongs'.
   (c) This account allows an etymology with no interim generation of trimoric nuclei, or the problem of maintaining vowel length when the first element of the nucleus is the first vowel of the diphthong that constitutes it. It therefore allows for the unproblematic derivation of both [ʃe:] (required for PDE [ʃi:]) and [ʃo:] (required for some regional types such as [ʃu:]).
   (d) We claim that the so-called 'she problem' has been a problem mainly because of a misconception of the kind of etymology it is. The literature (and this is true even of Britton's account, which is clearly the best) founders (sic) on the failure to separate the development of the word-onset and the development of the nuclear vowel.
   The mistake has been the attempt to combine a vocalic story and a consonantal story and at the same time make phonological sense. We suggest that in this case it cannot be done, and that by separating the two stories we arrive at a clean and linguistically justifiable narrative.


ǵξܺ٤Ω뤳ȤϤʤοФ伫ȤɾҤ٤ʤСޤƤƤ¾ϤȤߤƤ롥

ޤLAEME ȤǿΥġѤĤġŪʼ̤λ˰͵򤷤ƤפǤ롥礭ʻ餳˼ȤǤȤ褯ʬȤ餯뿮괶ȤФ褤ιȿ˶ò롥
嵭ȴϢ뤬LAEME ϢȤƤ CoNE (= A Corpus of Narrative Etymologies from Proto-Old English to Early Middle English) CC (= the Corpus of Changes) ԻȤʸץȤΰĤȤơshe 夲ƤŦƤCoNE ϡѸʸڤñΤ۷֤ˤĤơѲֻѲδԤȤŪʴǤʡֽѸȤӸءפȸƤӤۤɤˡshe ˤĤƤСγƳʷޤ᤿٤Ƥΰ۷֤Ϳ褦ȤƤꡤ[ʃ] ޤ֤ΰ⤢ޤǤΰˤʤΤǤ롥scha, þoe, þie, yo Τ褦㳰Ūʰ۷֤ˤĤƤ⡤̣ͿƤ롥
ơ"Yod Epenthesis" Ƥ켫Τڥ˥Ūžäshe θ츻ˤǤ [j] 򤤤˼ƳФ뤫ײ1ĤȤʤäƤ [j] ƳФ뤳Ȥ򤢤̣Ƿ餯ᡤ֤ [j] äƤޤäפȼĥΤǤ롥ˤ [j] ɬԼפȤ櫓ǤʤȯŪǤϤ졤㤬뤳ȤʸΤ˼Ƥ뤫

Ū¿ĤҤȤĤεˤĤƤԤ䤤Ƥߤ⤢ΤΤȤϤꡤĻɷŪʹɾ

Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "On Middle English she, sho: A Refurbished Narrative," Folia Linguistica Historica 35 (2014): 201-40.
Lass, Roger, Margaret Laing, Rhona Alcorn, and Keith Williamson. A Corpus of Narrative Etymologies from Proto-Old English to Early Middle English and accompanying Corpus of Changes, Version 1.1. Edinburgh: U of Edinburgh, 2013--. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/CoNE/CoNE.html.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-20-1]

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2022-05-18 Wed

#4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ [personal_pronoun][sound_change][phonetics][etymology][laeme][epenthesis][she]

3;ñ̾ she θ츻ä100ǯʾ褬³ƤˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ⼡εǼ夲Ƥ

#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθ ([2011-06-28-1])
#793. she --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1])
#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])
#829. she θ츻ν ([2011-08-04-1])

θŤ LAEME ȤǿΥġѤĩΤ2014ǯ Laing and Lass ʸǤLAEME ˤĤƤϡ#4086. Ѹ츦ˤ LAEME ([2020-07-04-1])#4396. ѸϿޤȥդѥ󶡤Ƥ LAEME ([2021-05-10-1]) Ϥ laeme γƵ򻲾ȡˡ
she ϡüŪˤСѸǧ۷֡ʸɸ she Ϣʤ֤ޤˤ˸ (1) Ҳ [ʃ](2) [eː] [oː]ɤΤ褦ΤȤ2˽󤵤롥Ȥ櫓θȤʤܤƤ۷ [hjoː] ʤɤ˴ޤޤ [j] ɤΤ褦ƳФ뤫פȤʤ롥
Ǥϡ [j] ϴ¸βϢ³ΤʤŪƳФ뤳ȤȤƤLaing and Lass οϡ[j] ŪƳФ줿ΤǤϤʤŪ줿ˤʤȤȤñˤС [j] äƤޤäΤȤȤо嵭 (1), (2) Τ̵ʤǤ뤷LAEME ۷֤ʬۤδ̷ʤȤ
֤ [j] äƤޤäϡƱʸǤ "Yod Epenthesis" (= YE) ̾դƤ롥űѸ [heo] YE ͳ [hjeo] Ȥʤꡤθ "eo-Monophthongisation/Merger" (= EOM) ̤ [hjeː] 뤤 [hjoː] ƳФȤϩʼºݤˤϡκǸβطʤŪ [hjøː] ꤵƤ餷ˡˡƬ [hj] "Fusional Assimilation" (= FA) Ф [ç] ȤʤꡤǸ "Palatal Fronting" (= PF) η̡[ʃ] Ϥ롤Ȥƻڤ
űѸ줫ή޼мΤ褦ˤʤ (Laing and Lass 217)

*heo ((YE)) > *hjeo ((EOM)) >
1 *hjo: ((FA)) > [ço:] ((PF)) > [ʃo:]
2 *hje: ((FA)) > [çe:] ((PF)) > [ʃe:]


Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "On Middle English she, sho: A Refurbished Narrative," Folia Linguistica Historica 35 (2014): 201-40.

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2022-02-26 Sat

#4688. Voicy Mond ʤɤζᶷ [hellog_entry_set][ukrainian][russian][slavic][mond][phonetics][acoustics][stress][intonation][prosody][sobokunagimon][notice]

ĥ֤ä饤ʾۤƤޤؤͫƤޤīåפ Voicy ΡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 Ǥϡʿ¤򵧤ĤġƺξŪطʤ˻񤹤٤ǡ֥饤ʡʸˤˤĤơפȤϤƤޤɤİϢ hellog å碌Ƥɤ



äѤޤ#4672. μͭӥMondפDZѸ˴ؤѤʵ˲Ƥޤ ([2022-02-10-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤ3֤ۤMond˴󤻤ƤѸˡѸءؤμ˲Ƥޤ館ʤۤɤ䤬¿Ǥ˥åץåפʤΤǤޤǰʲ10˲ƤޤֲפȤϤޤ¤ǡȥꥬȤƻ䤬ͤȤ񤤤ƤߤȤܥ֥γưαĹʤΤǤ⤷äƤ館ФȻפޤ󤷤ޤ

Ƹȯˡι⤵ˤϴطΤǤ礦
Ѹ¾ȤθܿˤޤѤʤɤ̵ʤäƤäȤΤȤǤȲˤĤƤϤΤ褦ʷʤΤϤɤƤǤ礦
ˤäƲǤο礭ۤʤΤϤʤǤ礦
ߤΤȤ虜λ줬ޤϤޤޤƤʤȤ虜λ줬ɴǯޤǽϤޤ
ƱȯʤΤˤޤạ̈ΰ㤦դ¸ߤΤϤʤǤ礦
ܸʤSOVѸʤSVOӥʤVSOʤɸˤäƸ礬ۤʤޤϤɤΤ褦ʸ㤤ʤΤǤ礦
֥ꥫѸȥꥹѸ졤ȥꥢѸδطϡܤǸȤϰۤʤΤʤΤǤ礦
ֲȲؤΰ㤤褯ʬʤΤǤѤƶƤ
֥ɥĸե󥹸ϡֽ̾פȡ̾פȤʬबޤɤΤ褦ޤäƤΤǤ礦
ָ줬ʸΤǤ礦ȤʸΤǤ礦

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2022-02-24 Thu

#4686. ӸؤǤϲǤϤʤб [comparative_linguistics][reconstruction][methodology][phonetics][sound_change][etymology]

Ӹ (comparative_linguistics) Ǥϡطˤ뤫⤷ʤȵ2ĤθԥååפбȤܤɤβӤ롥κݤˡξβ餫ǡֻƤפȤܤΤľŪǤϤ뤬ӸؤΡӡפ (similarity) ǤϤʤб (correspondence) Ǥ롥ϰճ⤷ʤȤƤޤäƤĤʤɤƱ츻̤⤢Сդ˸ɤϤäɤŪ̵ط⤢뤫
줾Ȥơ#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1])#1151. ¿ ([2012-06-21-1])#1136. ۤʤδ֤줬 ([2012-06-06-1])#4683. ۤʤδ֤ǡֶ줬 ([2022-02-21-1])#4072. Ѹ have ȥƥ habere, ե󥹸 avoir ̸츻 ([2020-06-20-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ӸؤˤĤơCampbell (266--67) ϼΤ褦ͺۤ˻ŦƤ롥

. . . it is important to keep in mind that it is correspondences which are crucial, not mere similarities, and that such correspondences do not necessarily involve very similar sounds. It is surprising how the matched sounds in proposals of remote relationship are typically so similar, often identical, while among the daughter languages of well-established, non-controversial, older language families such identities are not as frequent. While some sounds may stay relatively unchanged, many undergo changes which leave phonetically non-identical correspondences. One wonders why correspondences that are not so similar are not more common in such proposals. The sound changes that lead to such non-identical correspondences often change cognate words so much that their cognancy is not apparent. These true but non-obvious cognates are missed by methods such as multilateral comparison which seek inspectional resemblances.


ϻȤȤͽۤ⤺äȷ㤷Ѥ롥줬ӸؤζǤ롥Ϣơ#411. Ʒ---Ʊ줫Ѹ줫 ([2010-06-12-1]) ⻲ȡ

Campbell, Lyle. "How to Show Languages are Related: Methods for Distant Genetic Relationship." Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Oxford: Blackwell, 262--82.

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2022-02-22 Tue

#4684. æ [glottal_stop][grimms_law][phonetics][consonant][debuccalisation][cockney]

ޤʹʤæ (debuccalisation) ȤѲ롥Ĵ⤫г˰ܤ뤳ȤŪˤϡĴα˰ܤäˤ뤳Ȥ¿Crystal (130) θѸ켭ŵ debuccalized ιѤ롥

debuccalized (adj.) A term used in some models of non-linear phonology to refer to consonants which lack an oral place feature, such as glottal stop or [h]. The process through which such consonants are formed is called debuccalization) (also deoralization): examples include [t] > [ʡ] and [s] > [h].


̸Ū˰ŪʲѲΤ褦ǡѸˤܸˤ򻲾ȤǤ⡤㤬Ĥ󤬤äƤ롥ޤˡ§ (grimms_law) ̵ҲѲƤߤ [kh] > [k] > [x] > [h] Τ褦ʷϩꤵ롥ǽã "debuccalised" ໤ [h] Ǥ롥
嵭Ѥˤ⤢뤬åˡ (cockney) ʤɤħȤ롤[t] ĺ [ʡ] Ѥ븽ݤæȤʤ
ܸˤˤΤֿಽ ([p] > [ɸ] > [h]) æŵŪ1Ȥʤcf. #1271. ܸȤθ ([2012-10-19-1]
¾Bybee (27) ˤСڥ /s, f/ > /h/ 㤬󤲤Ƥ롥ޤäХġϤ Lumasaaba ˤơĶ˱ [p] > [h] ǧҲ𤵤Ƥ롥
ʾǤϼ [p] Τ褦ʿæȤƤԲ [t] [k] ʤɡ¾ĴλҲˤĤƤ⡤ƱǤ롥̣ǤϤɤʸ⡤岽æƤޤСǽã [h]ˤ̵ȤʤȤ櫓ǤϡæȤΤϡ"lenition" Ȥ礭ʲΰȤƤȤ館Τ褤Τ⤷ʤBybee "Path of lenition for voiceless stops" ɽǤƤ (29)

Voiceless stop>Affricate>Fricative>Voiclessness>Zero
p>pf>f>h>ø
t>ts/tθ>s/θ>h>ø
k>kx>x>h>ø


Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-16-1]

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2022-02-20 Sun

#4682. kiln, Milne ʤɤ /ln/ [consonant][spelling_pronunciation][degemination][phonetics][assimilation][nasal]

ϧޡפ̣ kiln 䡤ꥹλ͡ȡƸúȤ Milne (1882--1956) ˴ޤޤ ln ȤҲϢϡήȯǤϤΤޤ /ln/ ȯ롥n ʤ /l/ Τߤȯ⤢ˤϤ롥
Ūˤϡ/ln/ λҲϢϡѸ˼ /n/ 졤/l/ ؤȴάp. 419ˡ㤨СűѸ eln, cyln, myln ϡ줾츽Ѹ ell, kiln, mill бp. 319ˡ kiln, Milne μȯ /ln/ λҲϢޤबϡ#2518. Ҳۻ ([2016-03-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) ˤΤǤ롥
ơѸȤ /ln/ > /l/ βѲϡλŦ̤ /n/ κªƤΤؤǤϤ뤬Ѳμ֤ȤƤϽƱ (progressive assimilation or "carry over") Ȥ³åŻҲ (degemination) η̤äȤǽ⤢롥ȤΤ⡤Bybee (24) mill 򡤡ʾʤȤƱʬ˴ؤơˤΤ褦1ĤȤƵ󤲤Ƥ뤫Ǥ롥̸Ūʴ顤褯ѻ벻ѲȤƼ夲Ƥ롥

One type of carry over that occurs in Indo-European languages involves cases where an /n/ assimilates to a preceding liquid, as in the case of Proto-Germanic (PGmc) *wulna > *wullō > OE wull 'wool', PGmc *fulnaz > *fullaz > OE full 'full', and PGmc *hulnis > OE hyll 'hill' . . . . Similar examples are Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *kolnis > Latin collis, 'hill' and OE myln > PDE mill. L. Cambell 1999 also supplies a similar example from alternations in Finnish: kuul-nut > kuullut 'heard', pur-nut > purrut 'bitten', and nous-nut > noussut 'risen'. A similar assimilation is found in Kanakuru, a Chadic language of Nigeria . . . and in Kanuri, a Nilo-Saharan language . . . . In these examples, both consonants are coronal, and a notable feature is that nasality is lost. From a gestural perspective, a nasal assimilating to a non-nasal must be viewed as the loss of the gesture that opens the velum. Thus two things are going on in these examples: the two coronal gestures blend, with the [l], [r], and [s], none of which involve complete closure, affecting the closure of the nasal and the loss of velum opening, perhaps in response to the loss of closure.


סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.

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2022-02-19 Sat

#4681. 첻μȿȥԥåδط [phonetics][acoustics][stress][intonation][prosody]

첻ˤϥԥå (pitch) Ȥ°롥⤤ο͡㤤οͤ⤤СƱͤǤ⤤äȤ㤤äȤ롥üԸĿͤȤ⡤ŪħȤƤΥԥå⤢롥 (intonation)㥢 (pitch accent)Ĵ (tone) ʤɤǤ롥
ԥåϼȿ (frequency) ȴϢξԤƱ뤵뤳Ȥ¿̩ˤмȿϲιбʪŪʻɸǤꡤԥåϤΤ褦ʲιФ뿴ŪʻɸǤ롥ԤϲŪʻɸԤİвŪʻɸȤäƤ褤ˤĤơɴʼŵ PITCH ι2ۤɰѤ롥

When an object vibrates, its movement produces changes in air pressure that radiate like waves from the source. If the frequencies of the vibrations are roughly between 20 and 20,000 cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz), ideally they can be heard by a young, healthy human listener. The range of hearing frequencies declines with age. The physical characteristic of the vibrating body, frequency, produces a psychological experience called pitch. In general, a low frequency produces the sensation of a low pitch (for example, the 60 Hz hum produced by electrical power in a poorly grounded radio), with the pitch increasing as the frequency increases (a male voice at 100 Hz, a female voice at 200 Hz, a child's voice at 300 Hz). Because there is a close correspondence between frequency and pitch, people frequently use the terms interchangeably. However, in addition to frequency, the sensation of pitch is influenced by an interaction between the amplitude of the vibration and the range of the frequency. Pitch is also influenced by the complexity of the vibration and its corresponding wave form. (623)


Pitch is closely related to the physical stimulus frequency, but as a psychological event, it is influenced by the complexity, frequency range, and loudness of the tone. (624)


ϡ֤Ū˴Τ첻ι⤵ʼȿˤȿʹ֤Τ첻ι⤵ʥԥåˤϡΤ̩ܤʴطϤΤΥǤϤʤȤȤԥåϡ첻βŪװΤۤˤ⡤¾͡װαƶƷޤ롥Ϣơ#2687. 첻μȿȲ٥ ([2016-09-04-1]) ⻲ȡ

Hogan, Patrick Colm, ed. The Cambridge Encylopedia of the Language Sciences. Cambridge :CUP, 2011.

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2022-02-04 Fri

#4666. Ѹǰˤ th-sound [fricative][phonetics][phonology][world_englishes][th]

Ѹ th-sound ̸ŪȯǤ뤳Ȥϡ#842. th-sound Ϥޤȯ ([2011-08-17-1]) ¾ǸƤɸѸˤƤ th-sound ȾΤ໤ [θ, ð] ϡ [t, d] Ȥ໤ [s, z] Ȥ⿰໤ [f, v] ȤۤʤҲǤꡤΩǤƤ롥¿θǤϤαѸ th-sound ΩǤȤƤäƤʤᡤѸäݤˤ̤λҲؤʤɲ餫нˡɬפȤʤ롥
Ѹʸ̮ǤȤʤ롥㤨СܸǤ th-sound ϡ֥פ뤤ϡ֥פȤƼ뤳ȤܤȤʤäƤ뤬 s/z Ȥζ̤Ĥʤơ֥󥰡פ sing ˤ thing ˤб뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ֥פ Zen ˤ then ˤбȤä֤Ȥʤ롥
ϡܸǤϤʤθǹѻǤ롥¿θ줬λҲƤäǺǤΤMesthrie and Bhatt (126--27) ϡth-sound ŪƤˤĤƼΤ褦˵ҤƤ롥

Fricatives: The most striking feature among fricatives is that all New Englishes varieties treat /θ/ and /ð/ as something other than an interdental fricative. /θ ð/ are realised similarly as a pair as follows:

   Dental stops [t̪ d̪] in CFl [= Cape Flats] Eng (variably) and regularly in IndSAf Eng, Pak Eng;
   An aspirated dental stop [t̪h] occurs widely in Ind Eng, but its voice counterpart [d̪] is not usually aspirated;
   Alveolar stops [t d] in EAf Eng, Ghan Eng, Sgp Eng, Mal Eng, Phl Eng;
   Variably as [t t̪] for /θ/ and [d d̪] for /ð/ in BlSAf Eng and Ghan Eng;
   Affricate realisations [t θ] and [d ð] are reported as lesser variants in Ghan Eng.

/θ/ is realised as [f] word-finally in some words in EAf Eng, Ghan Eng and Sgp Engl
   In EAfr Eng /θ/ and /ð/ may be realised as [t s f] and [d z v] respectively, Other changes to fricatives are less widespread;


쥢եꥫѸѼ濴Ȥơ¿Ѽˤ th-sound ϡɸѸƱ褦ĴƤʤȤ狼

Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-07-1]

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2021-11-11 Thu

#4581. ξʤ /i/ γĹ [meosl][sound_change][phonetics][vowel][gvs][diphthong]

ѸĹ (meosl) ϡ첻 (gvs) ϤȤʤ벻ϤѲȤƱѸ˾פôäƤ롥βѲˤĤƤ͡ꡤߤǤ³Ƥ뤬Ūˤäƹ첻ˤĤƤϤФŬѤʤȤΤƤ롥㤨С/i/ ǤгĹĶˤ /eː/ Ȥʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ뤬ºݤˤΥ롼ȤФñϾʤ
ʤǤ⤳βѲФƸɸѸäȹͤΤ Prins (108) ꤤĤ󤲤褦

OE ieME iME e:MoE i:
wicuwik gen. wikes > wēkes // wēkweek 
ifelivelēvelevil
clipianclipenclēpen 
bitelbitelbētelbeetle
wifelwivelwēvelweevil


űѸ /i/ ѸˤƳĹФ /eː/ Ȥʤꡤ줬ѸˤƤ첻ܤϤȤʤäơǽŪ /iː/ Ϥ줿Ƚ٤ȡפ /i/ /iː/ ؤĹ첻̤ȤʤäƤ롥ʤ /i/ ʤ /u/ˤγĹ㤬ʤΤϱѸˤˤ̤ȤäƤ褤

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

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2021-09-19 Sun

#4528. ꥹμϰ˻Ĥ3Ĥȯ [pronunciation][h][r][rhotic][vowel][centralisation][phonology][phonetics][phoneme][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][cockney]

ꥹΤΤʤ濴ŪʱѸȤС֥ƥΥ󥰥ɤΥɥ濴Ȥ륤󥰥ɸѸΤȤؤΤ̤Ǥ롥ʳΥ󥰥ɤ䡤륺åȥɡɡ¾ʤɤޤȤƼϰȸƤ֤ȤˤȡμϰαѸѼˤϤФиŤħ (relic features) ѻ롥ŪħȤơCorrigan (355) 3Ĥͭ̾ʻ󤲤Ƥ

(1) "FOOT/STRUT split"
Ū /ʊ/ 濴ϰ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ ʬѲ򤵤17岽 (centralisation) ȸƤФǡˤ첻Ǥ1Ȥˤʤ롥ϰǤʬϵäƤʤ foot strut Ѥ餺 /ʊt/ ǵӱƧࡥ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ͽޤ򼨤褦ˡʬ̵ͭʬۤΤǤ롥

(2) "non-prevocalic /r/"
ܥ֥Ǥ rhotic ¿εˤƤ#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) ϿޤǺܤƤ뤬Ǥ첻֤ʤŪ r ¸³Ƥ뤬濴Ǥϼ¸ʤåȥɤ䥢ɤ rhotic Ǥʤ륺Ǥϰ non-rhotic Ǥˡ

(3) "h-dropping"
Cockney ȯȤƤ褯ΤƤ h æ븽ݡ¤ Cockney ˸¤餺Ѹʹߡ濴ϰǹԤʤƤh-dropping ϰѼȤƤħǤϤʤҲѼȤƤħȤߤ뤳Ȥ¿ϰѼǤϤޤ긫ʤȤ¤⤢ꡤȤñǤϤʤȷϤδؤıѸѼǤϰŪ˸Ƭ h ݻƤ롥

Τ褦˼ϰϸŤħݻƤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʴʬۤǽʬʤΤϰϡŪʰ̣ǼդǤǤʤȷϸ졦ؤˤıѸѼ郎ԤʤƤϰȤ̱²Ūʰ̣ǤդǤ롥Corrigan Ͼ嵭ħȸزˤΤȶĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤ򼨺ǾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

Corrigan, Karen P. "The Atlantic Archipelago of the British Isles." Chapter 17 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 335--70.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-23-1]

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2021-09-13 Mon

#4522. βؤ̤ [phonetics][voice_quality][paralinguistics]

(voice quality) ϡءؤδϡ̣ѤؤδͿʤ˼ŪʸݤȤƤꡤʳŪʸۤȤɤʤƤʤ֡ɡȴ褦ȯ򤹤פȤïϥϥܥפȤ褦ϤȤʹ뤬ȤäƸؤȤɤطΤϼǤϤʤȯʤȤդƽ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤϤʤ
Cruttenden (302) ˤСȤϼΤ褦ʤΤؤ

The term 'voice quality' refers to positions of the vocal organs which characterise speakers' voices on a long-term basis. Long-term tendencies in positioning the tongue and the soft palate are referred to as ARTICULATORY SETTINGS; those referring to positions of the vocal cords are called PHONATION TYPES.


ǵ󤲤Ƥ2ϡܸǤС幽פȡӤλȤפۤɤȤʤ幽פˤĤƤС㤨Сʥꥹ˱ѸʿŪȤȡڥüԤ幽ǡüԤ幽ϸȤޤꥫѸüԤˤɡηꡤꥹѸΤʤǤסȯɡηȤե󥹸ɥĸϡꥹѸ٤Ĵḥ̂Ȥ⤤롥
ӤλȤפ˴ؤƤϡ©ϳʢ䤭ۤ΢ʤɤΥꥨ󤬤롥üԸĿͤȯʤˤȤɤޤʤ㤨Сϥǥޡ䥪üԤ¿ʹ졤ʢϥåȥɱѸ䥳åˡüԤ¿ʹȤ줴ȤʤȤΤ褦
嵭Ϥݤå٥äΤ褦ˤפ롥βؤؤ̤ʬȤäƤ褤

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.

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2021-09-12 Sun

#4521. Ѹ˾μפ첻Ѳ [sound_change][vowel][phonetics][phonology][diphthong][gvs][r]

#3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) 첻Ǥ񤤤ƤʤäΤǡϱѸˤˤ첻βѲˤĤơפʤΤޤȤ᤿
ȤϤäƤ⡤Ѹ˾βѲϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ⼨褦ˡ첻ѲΤۤäȼ䵬ϤäơμѲˤޤȤ夲Τ񤷤ǡCruttenden (72) ˽äơűѸȸѸ첻ηϤоȤȤ˺ΩĥݥȤ6󤲤뤳Ȥǡ̤βȤ

(1) OE rounded front vowels [yː, ʏ] were lost by ME (following even earlier loss of [øː, œ]).
(2) Vowels in weakly accented final syllables (particularly in suffixes) were elided or obscured to [ə] or [ɪ] in ME or eModE.
(3) All OE long vowels closed or diphthongised in eModE or soon after.
(4) Short vowels have remained relatively stable. The principal exception is the splitting of ME [ʊ] into [ʌ] and [ʊ], the latter remaining only in some labial and velar contexts.
(5) ME [a] was lengthened and retracted before [f,θ,s] in the eighteenth century.
(6) The loss of post-vocalic [r] in the eighteenth century gave rise to the centring diphthongs /iə,eə,ɔə,ʊə/ (later /ɔə/ had merged with /ɔː/ by 1950 and /eə/ became /ɛː/ by 2000). The pure vowel /ɜː/ arose in the same way and the same disappearance of post-vocalic [r] introduced /ɑː,ɔː/ into new categories of words, e.g. cart, port


(3) 첻ܡ (gvs) ˴ϢѲǤ롤
Ѹ˾¿첻ѲΤʤDzŻ뤷ͭյȤ뤫ȤΤϤʤʤ񤷤ʤΤƾιܤ˹ʤä󼨤̯Ǽ롥˻ͤˤʤꥹȤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-10-1]

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2021-09-06 Mon

#4515. <gn> ȯ [phonetics][consonant][spelling][phoneme][nasal][etymological_respelling][analogy][silent_letter]

Ѹֻ <gn> ˤĤơƬ˸륱ˤĤƤ <kn> Ȥδط#3675. kn k æ벻Ѳβ ([2019-05-20-1]) εǴñ˿줿16--17 [gn] > [n] βȤȤäǤϡƬǤϤʤ <gn> ֻġ˥ե󥹸졦ƥͳθˤĤơֻȯδط˴ؤƤʤбCarney (247, 325) 򻲾ȤƤߤ褦
ޤ <gn(e)> ˤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦arraign, assign, benign, campaign, champagne, cologne, deign, design, ensign, impugn, malign, reign, resign, sign ʤɤ󤬤äƤ롥θˤƤ <g> ۻȤƵǽƤꡤ̤Ȥ <gn(e)> /n/ δطȤʤäƤ롥ʤߤ foreign sovereign Ūֻǡ㤤ޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 뤤 (analogy) λʪȤ롥
嵭ñ췲ˤƤ <g> <n> δ֤˲ᶭȯ /g/ /n/ ̡ȯ뤳Ȥ¿assignation, benignant, designate, malignant, regnant, resignation, signature, significant, signify ̤ꡥ
嵭ñ췲ΥȤʤϤƤե󥹸Ǥ롥ե󥹸Ǥ <gn> ϹŸɡ [ɲ] б뤬ѸǤ [ɲ] ΩǤǤϤʤᡤѸ˼ޤݤˤϡɡ [n] Ѥ줿[ɲ] ˶ᤤȤƱѸˤ [nj] ⤢ΤŪ˸ˤϸʤ§ʤΤǡŪ [n] ˽夷Ȥˤʤ롥ʤǤʤ /nj/ Ǽޤ줿⤢롥㤨Сcognac, lorgnette, mignonette, vignette ʤɤǤ롥ꥢ줫 Bologna, Campagna Ʊ͡poignant ˤĤƤϡ/nj/ Τۤ /n/ ȯ⤢롥
ֻˤĤ̯ʤȤäΤϡե󥹸 ligne ͳ褹 line Ǥ롥ǤХե󥹸 signe Ѹ˼ޤ <sign> /saɪn/ Ȥ夷褦ˡligne ѸǤ <lign> /laɪn/ ۤɤ夷ƤϤ롥ԤˤĤƤϱѸŪֻ§§ä <line> ֤ؤƸߤ˻롥ƬĤưˤäƤ <align> ֻ̤ʤ aline ʤǤϤʤˤǤ뤷̤ sign/assign Ȥڥ⸫ˡ<line> ϤʤȤ̯Ǥ롥
line/align Ȥ촴ֻͭΥϥϡۤˤ deign/disdain feign/feint ˸ (Upward and Davidson 140)

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2021-08-04 Wed

#4482. Shakespeare ȯ [shakespeare][pronunciation][reconstruction][phonetics][phonology][rhyme][pun]

Crystal ˤ The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation ѥѥįƤ롥Shakespeare 400ǯۤνηȤǤꡤǯΤܤäĸλ٤Τ̯ʴ뤫⤷ʤShakespeare Ρ֥ꥸʥȯפȤŪ줿ΤǤʾ塤ĸκƷ (reconstruction) ܼŪ˰ۤʤȤϤʤShakespeare ξˤϡֻ (spelling)ӱ (rhyme)ϸ (pun) ʤɡƷ٤ƤҥȤŪ¿Ȥü𤬤뤳ȤϳΤϼΰ㤤Ȥ̡٤ΰ㤤Ȥäۤ褤ºݡShakespeare ȯκƷˤĤƤ⡤٤ʲȤʤȡǤʤȤ¿褦
μΡ֥ꥸʥȯפμѤݤˡդʤФʤʤȤ롥 The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation ξǤС Shakespeare ȯ򶵤Ƥ뼭ǤϤʤȤȤơϤɤȤCrystal (xi) ⤳ĴƤΤǡϢսѤƤ

The notion of 'Modern English pronunciation' is actually an abstraction, realized by hundreds of different accents around the world, and the same kind of variation existed in earlier states of the language. People often loosely refer to OP as an accent', but this is as misleading as it would be to refer to Modern English pronunciation as 'an accent'. It would be even more misleading to describe OP as 'Shakespeare's accent', as is sometimes done. We know nothing about how Shakespeare himself spoke, though we can conjecture that his accent would have been a mixture of Warwickshire and London. It cannot be be stated too often that OP is a phonology---a sound system---which would have been realized in a variety of accents, all of which were different in certain respects from the variety we find in present-day English.


1ˡƱϡ Shakespeare ȤȯˤĤƶƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥󼨤ƤΤ Shakespeare ȤȯǤϤʤShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդȯˤʤΥȥ뤬 "Shakespeare's Pronunciation" ǤϤʤƻѤƾܤ "Shakespearean Pronunciation" ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤդɬפǤ롥
2ˡƱͿƤȯϡ̩ˤСShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդȯɽ路Ƥ餤ʤǤϲɽ蘆ƤΤȤСShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդβ (phonology) Ǥ롥ºݤоʪԡˤȯƤȯΤΡĤޤ phonetics ǤϤʤݲηϤǤ phonology ɽ路ƤΤǤ롥󡤤ϼºݤζ񸽲줿ȯˤٶƤϤȤϸΤǡѾ塤㤨ԤȯŪΤˤϽʬѤ­̩ˤСȯΤΤ򶵤Ƥ뼭ǤϤʤȤȤ򲡤ƤȤϽפǤ롥פˡμΤ "The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Phonology" Ȥ٤ΤǤ롥
Shakespeare ˸¤餺Ųݤ˹ԤʤƤ뤳Ȥϡ§ȤƲηϤʤΤȻפظ˼ºݤβƤ뤳ȤϤ褽ȤƤˤ衤ƷоݤȤʤΤϡޤäŪʲηϤǤ롥
(phonetics) Ȳ (phonology) ΰ㤤ˤĤƤϡ#3717. ؤȲϤɤ㤦ΤǤ ([2019-07-01-1]) ӡ#4232. ؤȲϡ֤ι¤ȥ ([2020-11-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-18-1] [2021-08-21-1]

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2021-06-29 Tue

#4446. Ͻ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤðʳαƶ --- TH-stopping 3ñΥ [th][phonetics][dutch][flemish][low_german][contact][me_dialect][dialect_levelling][3sp][aave]

濴ȤϽαѸؤαƶˤĤơϢ#4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1]) ȡ#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1]) Ǽ夲ƤϸðʳؤαƶˤĤ Hendriks λŦƤ2夲褦
ޤ1ܤϡѸFlemish üԤαƶˤꡤѸλ໤ [ð] бĺ [d] ֤줿ΤǤϤʤȤˤĤơνнǤ Samuels 򻲾Ȥ Hendriks (1668) ˤСѸ Kent, East Sussex, East Surrey ꡤ"the" de Ȥơthick dykke Ȥơ"this" dis ȤʸڤȤSamuels ˤС "TH-stopping" Ͼ嵭ϰ15ƬޤǤ˵äƤꡤߤǤؼ˸¤ΤΡθ̤ĤäƤȤ
2ܤϡTrudgill θΤ褦ˤʤä East Midland ˤ3ñΥǤ (cf. #2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])ˡTrudgill ϡϰDZѸϽ줬ܿưޤ¿Ͳʣ̡ǽŪ˿ʿDzߤȤˤ긽ߤ3ñΥ褦ȤƤ롥Hendriks (1668) ˤꡤεΥ˥奢󥹤⤦ǫɤäƤߤ褦

In an article first published in 1997, Trudgill (2002) seeks to understand why the present-tense, third person singular verb forms lack -s in the East Anglian dialects. Surviving evidence suggests that from the 11th to the 15th century, Est Anglian dialects had the original -th form, but by 1700, the zero form had become a typical feature of these dialects. Noting a number of zero forms in the early 17th letters of Katherine Paston, he situates the emergence of the zero forms in the 16th century. This time-frame corresponds to massive migration into East Anglia from the Low countries and France as a result of the Dutch Revolt in the southern Netherlands and civil wars in France. Trudgill concludes that the zero from is due to contact at a time when the East Anglian system itself was in flux and this is the key to his argument. There is evidence of variation between the native southern -th forms and the northern -s forms at the same time that this region experience[d] a massive influx of immigrants who would have found the typologically highly marked third person singular verb forms difficult to acquire. In this situation of dialect contact, Trudgill (2002: 185) asserts, "natural forms tend to win out over non-natural ones".


ä˸ԤΡ3ñΥ aave εˤƤ⸰ȤʤȥԥåǤꡤѸ˾夭ƽפǤ롥

Hendriks, Jennifer. "English in Contact: German and Dutch." Chapter 105 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1659--70.
Samuels, Michael L. "Kent and the Low countries: Some Linguistic Evidence." Edinburgh Studies in English and Scots. Ed. A. J. Aitken, Angus McIntosh, and Hermann Pálsson. London: Longman, 1971. 3--19.
Trudgill, Peter. "Third-Person Singular Zero: African-American English, Anglian Dialects and Spanish Persecution in the Low Countries." East Anglian English. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Peter Trudgill. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2002. 179--86.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-09-1]

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2021-06-21 Mon

#4438. űѸ첻η [oe][vowel][monophthong][diphthong][phonetics][phonology][phoneme]

űѸ첻ʣηϤʤƤû첻Ĺ첻û2첻Ĺ2첻η󤬤ꡤűѸȾλˤäƤˤäƤ첻μȿϰۤʤäƤᡤűѸ첻ʲǡ˰ȤǤ롥ޤĹ2첻ηˤäɤäơ#3955. űѸ "digraph controversy" ([2020-02-24-1])#3964. űѸ "digraph controversy" (2) ([2020-03-04-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʷ㤷⤢ꡤǤϤʤ
Ǥ Prins (51--52) ˰͵򤷤ơűѸθȥ첻ηϤ򼨤Ȥˤ롥

Short Vowels
iüu
eö ( e )o
æ, a
Long Vowels
i:ü:u:
e:ö: ( e: )o:
æ:
ɑ:
Short Diphthongs
ie( i )
eo
ea
Long Diphthongs
i:e( ü )
e:o
e:a


Ƥ٤ϡ

(1) û첻 ö Ĺ첻 ö ϡ߿
(2) û첻 æ a Ʊ첻Ǥΰְ۲Ĺ첻 æ: ɑ: ϰۤʤ벻ǤǤ
(3) û2첻 ie ϡ i Ѳ
(4) Ĺ2첻 i:e ϡ ü: Ѳ

Ȥʤ롥
ƼѲ첻ηϤˤƷ󤴤Ȥ˲Ǥȡû첻6ǡĹ첻7ǡû2첻2ǡĹ2첻2ǤȤʤꡤʤѤäƤ17Ĥ첻ǤäȤˤʤ롥Ѹ첻Ǥ20ĤۤɤʣűѸ餱Ƥʤcf. #1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1])#1601. Ѹܸ첻ΰӡ ([2013-09-14-1])ˡѸǤʣ¤줿ΤΤȤƤߤˤ̤ƱѸ첻ηϤϹäƤȤäƤ褤

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

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