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phonetics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-10-23 Wed

#1640. Ѹ name ȥꥷ onoma (2) [reconstruction][indo-european][laryngeal_theory][etymology][phonetics][saussure][hittite]

ε#1639. Ѹ name ȥꥷ onoma (1) ([2013-10-22-1]) ˰³ꥷ onoma θƬ첻 o- 롥
ͻˤ뤬name κƷ줿ĸ *nomn-, *nomen- ʤɤȤƵ󤲤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ӸؤΤŪΩ줫ϡᤤʳη֤Ȥơ̤βƬ¸ߤϤȼĥƤ롥εǤ⻲Ȥ Watkins ΰ캬ꡤսǤ褦

IE Root of

ȤʤΤϡ1ܤΤäˤ "Oldest form" Ǥ롥n ˡə1 Ȥ椬롥εϻͽˤäƤ H1 h1 Ȥ񤫤롥ϡӸؤĹ餯ƤιƬ (laryngeals) ǡŪˤɤΤ褦ĴäƤΤˤĤƤϵ뤬¿η֤ΤŪˤҤȤꤷʤФʤʤȹͤƤ벻Ǥ롥
1879ǯ Saussure ĸˤ뤳ιƬ¸ߤͽȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ΡֹƬ (laryngeal theory) ܤ򽸤ޤǤˤϡ1915ǯ Hittite ʸβɤȼб빢Ƭμºߤ餫ˤΤԤʤФʤʤäSaussure 衤Meillet, Kuryłovicz, Benveniste, Szemerényi ʤɤٳؤƬʬۤĩǤޤ˲ˤϻäƤʤƱ뤹Ω⤢ꡤΤ褦ʳŪΩΰ㤤ˤꡤĸΰۤʤäƷʤ֤ȤʤäƤʡرѸ츻ŵ, p. 1655ˡ
ƬˤСƬǻҲ֤ιƬϡGreek, Armenian, Phrygian Ǥ첻¾¿θǤ첻˾ü (Fortson 57) äơκƷ줿Ƭ ə1 ϡѸޤ¿θǤϾüפĤƤʤꥷʤɾθǤ첻ƻĤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥㤨СLaconian Greek ǤϿ̾ȤƤ énuma ĤäƤꡤͽۤȤꡤƬ e 롥Greek ónoma ϸƬ e ǤϤʤ o 򼨤ϸ³θ첻˱ƶơ e 岽Τȹͤ (Pokorny 321) Fortson (111) βѤ褦

Fortson's Explication of Reconstruction of IE

Τ褦ˡѸ name Ф륮ꥷ ónoma θƬ첻ˤϡƬȤ֤Фɬפ롥ƬΤΤޤ˵ƤΤǤꡤ嵭Ȥơޤ1ĤβǽȤƤȤ館Ƥ٤⤷ʤ

߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Watkins, Calvert, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. 2nd Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.
Pokorny, Julius. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 2 vols. Tübingen and Basel: A. Francke Verlag, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-10-26-1]

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2013-10-17 Thu

#1634. ֥ӥפ equation [phonetics][spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation]

ؤä狼롪Ķ֥ʸ׻ŵ٤ȤʸˤäƤѤѤɤǤ顤֥ӥפιǡ֥ӥפȯͤ¿ȤΥȤˤܤˤȤޤäѸǤ exhibition /ˌɛksɪˈbɪʃən/ ʤΤǡ֥פȯǼѤ줿Ϥե奢Ȥʤɤθ鵻ϳΤ˻ФʤΤʤΤǡvision /ˈvɪʒən/ ǡ֥פȯ줿񤫤줿ꤹ뤳Ȥ¿ʤäΤǼˤСӥ13ӥ7ҥåȤ
ǥαñ <exhibition> 򻲾Ȥ뵬ŪԤǤСѸ <-tion> /-ʃən/ ˸̩б/-ʒən/ б뤳ȤϤʤΤǡ// ȵ뤫⤷ʤ§ȤƤϤ̤ʤΤѸˤ <-tion> = /ʒən/ б㤬1Ĥ롥equation /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ Ǥ롥
ΤˤСequation ˤ /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ /ɪˈkweɪʃən/ ξȯΤֻȯε§æԤΤۤŪˤ褯Ȥ롥LPD ˤȡꥫѸǤ90% /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ ȯȤ

Pronunciation of

ξȯɤǤ롥ѸǤϡˤ /-ʃən/ /-ʒən/ Ȥɤ줬ѻ줬ʤʤǤ롥㤨Сconversion, dispersion, version, Asian ʡ#919. Asia ȯפε[2011-11-02-1]򻲾ȡ, Persian ʤɤɤ줬롥դ٤ϡɤ򼨤θֻϡ<-sion> <-sian> Τ褦 <s> ĤΤۤȤɤǤꡤequation Τ褦 <-tion> ĤΤϤʤȤäƤ褤<s> 餳 /ʃ/ /ʒ/ ΤɤΤǤäơ<t> Ǥϸ§Ȥ̵ /ʃ/ ǸΤϤֻȯε§򻲾ȤСֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) ΰϤˤ equation /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ ήԤȤȤϹͤˤºݤ˸ͥǤȤȤϡֻȯε§Ϳʾˡ<-sion> ɽ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ ɤΤۤ˶ޤƤޤäꤹΤ򷡤겼ˤϡequation ޤȯɤ򼨤ˤĤơɤȯȤθʬۤʤɤ̻ŪĴɬפ롥
ӡ֥ץɤˤȤäƤϻǰʤȤˡѸ exhibition ˤϤޤ */ˌɛksɪˈbɪʒən/ ȯϸƤʤ̾⤸äåХ ExhiVision ϼºߤ롥

¤̳ˡؤä狼롪Ķ֥ʸ׻ŵ١PHPPHPʸˡӡ2012ǯ.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

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2013-10-03 Thu

#1620. Ѹˤ /t, d/ ź [phonetics][dialect][dialectology][consonant][-st]

#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ǡź (paragoge) Ȥơ /n/ /s/ θ /t/ /d/ Τ¿Ȥơancient, tyrant, parchment; sound; against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst ʤɤ󤲤ʤȤ櫓 -st 췲ˤĤƤ ##508,509,510,739,1389,1393,1394,1399,1554,1555,1573,1574,1575 ε򻲾ȡˡ
s θ t źä䤹ĴŪʺϡ#1575. -st θźä˴ؤ Dobson ιͻ ([2013-08-19-1]) Dobson (437) Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡ"at the end of the articulation of [s] the tip of the tongue is raised slightly so as to close the narrow passage left for [s], and the stop [t] is thus produced" ȤȤθźäɤñˤ뤫ͽ¬Ǥʤn θ t, d źä⡤ĴƱǤȤƱδϲǽɤñˤƸźä¸ΤϡϤͽ¬ǽǤ롥
Ʊ #1575 εǤϡWright Ѹ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥȸڤºݤ Wright (295) äƤߤȡǤϸ t Ǥʤæ˵ƤͽۤȤꡤæΤۤˤ˴ѻ褦ꥹνǡ st t æƤ㤬 (ex. beas(t), betwix(t), fas(t), jois(t), las(t), nex(t)) ơk, p θǤ⥹åȥɤν t æ (ex. fak(t), strik(t), korek(t), temp(t), bankrup(t)) ˡf θæޥʤɤ drif(t), lif(t), wef(t) ʤɤ˸롥Ǹˡn θæϡ sergean(t), serpen(t), servan(t), warran(t) ʤɤθˤˤƤ롥
θ t ΤۤæۤɹϤǤϤʤΤΡǼΤ褦ʸ˴ѻ롥ʲɸಽֻǡsermon(t), sudden(t), vermin(t), scuf(t) (scruff), telegraph(t), ice(t), nice(t), hoarse(t), once(t), twice(t)æξƱͤ n, f, s θ֤¿Ȥ顤æϸߤɤ礦طȸƤ褤ʤɸäƤΤȤƤϡancient (< Fr. ancien), pheasant (O.Fr. faisan) 롥
d θźäˤĤƤ⡤Wright (306) 򽦤äƤβϡl, n, r θ֤ǡȤ Yorkshire ˤƻ޸Ȥ롥feel(d), idle(d), mile(d), school(d), soul(d), born(d), drown(d), gown(d), soon(d), swoon(d), wine(d), yon(d), scholar(d)
嵭θźäߤ¤ꡤĴŪʺ򤪤ӷǧ뤬ɤθˤƼ¸뤫ͽ¬뤳ȤϡϤԲǽΤ褦ġΥˤơ¾νװͿ̤ȤƸźä줿ȤȤ

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1905. Repr. 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-08-1] [2015-02-16-1]

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2013-10-01 Tue

#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ [phonetics][consonant][spectrogram][l][r]

#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) εǡ/l/ /r/ θؤ򸫤ƤܸüԤϡѸؽ塤ξμ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ褯ΤäƤΤǡμ˴ؿ䤹ξƤ뤳ȤΤäƤ뤬ŪˤϤɤΤ褦˻ƤΤϡѸ /l/ /r/ Ӥΰ۲˴ؤ벻Ūʻ¤Ҳ𤷤ʲ罤۱Ѹػŵ (325--28) ξˤĤƤεҤ󤹤롥
Ѹ¦ /l/ ԤˤĤĴ뤬Ǥΰ֤˱2Ĥΰ۲̤롥첻 /j/ ǤŸ˸äƾ夲졤첻˻ clear l ȯ롥ٻߤȻҲǤϡ˸äƾ夲졤첻˻ dark l ȯ롥/l/ ϸ§Ȥͭ©ȼ /ph, kh/ ˸³ˤ̵롥ŪˤС/l/ 첻ŪǤꡤŪʤʻҲȤϰۤʤʥեޥȤ򼨤1եޥ (F1) 2եޥ (F2) clear l Ǥ첻ħŪΰ˸졤dark l Ǥϸ첻ħŪΰ˸롥
/r/ ϡĶơޤüԤѰ˱ơĤ۲Τ줫ȤƼ¸롥Ƭ첻³֡/d/ ʳͭ³֤Ǥϡܶ᲻Ȥȯ롥/d/ ˸³ˤͭ໤Ȥʤ롥©ȼ /ph, th, kh/ ˸³ˤ̵໤Ȥʤ롥첻֡뤤 /θ, ð/ /b, g/ θ֤ǡȤƲѤ롥ޤĴ⤤ϯɤʤɤưѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ūˤϡ/r/ ¦ /l/ Ʊ͡첻ŪǤ롥/r/ /l/ βŪʺϡȤ F3 եޥȿܤ˸롥Fry, D. B. (The Physics of Speech. Cambridge: CUP, 1979) ˤl r Υڥȥפ򡤡罤۱Ѹػŵ (327) ƷǤ褦

Formants of l and r

mallow marrow ȯ򥹥ڥȥդˤ̤Ǥ롥/l/ Ǥ F3 첻 F3 ȤۤƱΰ˸ΤФ/r/ Ǥ F3 ë롥 F3 ο񤤤κۤϡ첻Ωݻ롥Ѹ /l/ /r/ ʹʬΤ˺򴶤ܸüԤϡʤ󤺤ξˤ F3 ưФƴ٤㤤ȤȤˤʤ

ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ

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2013-09-27 Fri

#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ [etymology][reduplication][consonant][phonetics][dissimilation][doublet][metathesis][french][sobokunagimon]

912ˡѤʵץʡǼΤ褦ʼ򤤤#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1]) ơƱ [r] [l] θؤ˴ؤǤ롥

uca 2013-09-12 02:50:55
ΥȥԥåstellaȱstarδطˤĤƿƤޤ˵˴ȤޤϡʩtitreȱtitleδطǤˤϤɤаޤäΤǤ礦ƥǤtitulusʤΤǡѲϤޤǥե󥹸ǤѲʤΤǤ礦йǤ


Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸ϳΤ titre Ǥ롥츻ҤȤȡĸ *tel- (ground, floor, board) ̤롥θ캬βýŷ (reduplication) Ȥ˰ĸ *titel- ƷƤꡤ줬ʸڤƥ titulus (inscription, label) ȯŸȤ롥ʿ̤Ĥ˹ΡפۤɤθáʸˡʸɽפʤɤθǤ˥ƥȯãƤΥƥϡťե󥹸 title ȤȯŸ줬ѸؼѤ줿Ф14νẢǤ롥űѸƱƥѤ titul ѤƤȤ顤Ѹ tītle ϡθűѸȯãΤȲ᤹ OED Τ褦Ω⤢롥ˤ衤ѸǤϰӤƸ츻Ū [l] ѤƤȤϳΤǤ롥
ȡե󥹸 titre [r] ϡե󥹸ˤʤФʤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹե󥹸θ츻ŵʤɤˤĤäƤߤ¿ñ [l] > [r] ȵҤΤߤǡʾϤʤäͣ Klein ϡ"OF. title (in French dissimilated into titre)" ۲ (dissimilation) κѤη̤Ǥ뤳ȤŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ
Klein ʤ餺Ȥ⡤[r] [l] θؤȤСפĤϰ۲Ǥ롥#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1]) ǤȤꡤ۲ϡ̾ƱǶܤƤΤǤꡤΥ۲Ȥˤ񹳤롥㤨Сե󥹸ǤŵŪʰ۲ϡcouroir > couloir ϭ murtrir > multrir ʽĤˤΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥ƱζܤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ĴŪưŤϡˤϤ롥[t] [l] ǤĴ֤ʷԡˤǤۤܰפƤΤǡĴ֤η֤äȤͤ뤫⤷ʤ[r] Ȥơե󥹸ȰۤʤĴ֤ [t] [l] ȤۤɰۤʤʤäϤǤꡤϤĴŪʰŪϤĤˤ۲ΤΤԵ§ñȯβtitle > titre ϡΤʤǤȤ櫓Ե§ñȯΥäȹͤʤ롥
㤬롥ƥ -tulus/-tulum θĸǡ[l] [r] ظؤ⤦1Ĥˡcapitulum > chapitle > chapitre 롥Ūˤϡե󥹸ˤϱѸ -tle ϻ¾ʤΤǡƯƤΤŪ -tle ͽۤȤˡ-tre бƤȤȤ⤷ʤդ̻ŪʲӶŪʬۤϥե󥹸ʻˡˤǤꡤǰʤ餳ʾˤɵǤʤ
ȤդäСѸ title 뤤ϥե󥹸 titre ˤ [l] [r] ʬۤߤƤߤȤ⤷ե󥹸Ǥϡ titulaire, titulariser Ǥϡƥ줫Ū [l] ݤäƤ롥󡤱Ѹ titular [l] Ǥ롥ѸαѸ titrate ũ, titration, titrable, titrant ϡե󥹸̾ titre äư titrer μѤǤꡤ[r] ɽ路Ƥ롥ޤѸ title Ʊ tittle ʾˤˤĤƤ⿨Ƥ22ŸǤꡤ־첻Ĺûκۤ򼨤ˤʤڥʸ ñ ȷε tilde ȸƤФ뤬ϥƥ titulus 2Ҳ3Ҳž (metathesis) ڥȤˤʤäƤ롥äơtitle, tittle, tilde ϡŪˤ̣Ūˤˤ䤫˷ӤĤ3ŸȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ

Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.

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2013-09-14 Sat

#1601. Ѹܸ첻ΰ [phonetics][japanese][vowel][rp]

ѸܸĴΰƱˤĤƤϡɤβؤζʽǤܽҤƤ뤬첻Ĵݤΰ֤ˤĤƤ첻շŪ˼ΤǤ狼䤹 (2) ꡤû첻Ĺ첻οޤǺܤ롥

Vowel Trapezoid of Japanese and English

嵭첻Ĵ֤Ϥ줾θɸѼ˴ŤƤ뤬ˤơ۲⤢СĿͺ⤢롥οޤߤСܸȤѸؽԤȯ塤Ū˵Ĥ٤¿ȤǤܸ [] Ϥ⤤ΤǡȤ˱Ѹ [e] ǤϤʤ [ɪ] ˶Ťȡȯ [ʌ] ϡƳܸ [] ˶ᤤȡܸ [] [] κŪʤѸбȤߤʤƤ [uː] [ʊ] [ɔː] κŪ礭ȡ֥ʡˡפȲ [ɑː], [ɑ], [ɒ] ϡѸǤ˱ޤäƤ뤳ȡ
ơѸˤϼüĴ첻¿⤬ȤȤݤܸ첻ĴϡФˤޤʬۤƤ褦ܤܤȤΤ˸򤢤ޤưˡ֥פȯǤƤޤ
οޤĴ֤ѤŪʤΤȤȤ館ΤϸǤ롥100ǯۤɤδ֤αѸˤĴ֤ѲߤƤߤȡճѲ礭Bauer (121) ˤȡRP ȤäƤߤƤ⡤[uː] ĴϾοޤɽ蘆⸲ˤʤäƤƤȤ[ʌ] ˤĤƤ⡤餫岽ʤǤƤ뤷[æ] ޤ㴳ǤĴη򼨤ڵ򤬤롥ѲϾ˿ʹԤƤ뤿򤱤ʤȤǤϤ뤬ʤɤĴޤϡ§Ȥ¿ʤȤ٤Ĵɽ魯ΤȹͤƤƤ褤

ˮɧإե󥿥벻ء١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1] [2015-04-17-1]

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2013-09-10 Tue

#1597. star stella [consonant][phonetics][dissimilation][assimilation][etymology][suffix][sobokunagimon]

820դǡѤʵץʡˤƼΤ褦ʼ򤤤ΤǡͤƤߤ

piano 2013-08-20 09:25:05
Online Etymology DictionarystarĴ٤ޤȡƥ"stella" ȺǸλҲ"l"ˤʤäƤޤ"r""l"ȤҲѲϤФе뤳ȤʤΤǤ礦Ȥ줷Ǥ


[r] [l] ñǤθؤˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1]) ǸȤꡤĤλ㤬ǧ롥۲ (dissimilation) ȸƤФ벻ŵǤ롥αѸ star ȥƥ stella Ȥбϡ[r] [l] ΰ۲Ȥ̵ط#90. taper paper ([2009-07-26-1]) #259. phonaesthesia ۲ ([2010-01-11-1]) Ǥ⿨줿۲ [r] [l] ñǷ֤˵䤹Ĥޤꡤ۲ϸġñˤñȯΤǤȤϤưǤʤ櫓ǤϤʤstar 䤽ΰƱθߤƤߤȡäήη֤ϳǧʤΤǡޤޤθ˺Ѥ۲ȤߤʤΤˤ̵롥Ǥϡstar stella λҲбϡۤˤɤΤ褦Τ
ޤ츻Ʊη֤򤶤äȤߤƤߤ褦ĸǤ *ster- (star) ƷƤ롥Ťʳ *əster- ȯŸȤ졤ˤ Akkadian Ištal Venus ˤμѸȤޥĸȤƤ *sternōn Ʒ졤ޥǤ OE steorra, Du. ster, OHG sterno/sterro, G Stern, ON stjarna, Goth. staírnō ʤɤʸڤ롥λҲ r Ǥ롥ʤn Ĥ֤ϡѸǤ ON stjarna ˱ƶ stern Ȥ֤ȤǤޤʤǧ롥󥲥ޥϤǤ⡤Gk astḗr, Welsh seren, Skt stár, Hitt. haster-, Toch. A śreǹ (nom.pl.) ȸ¤ r
Ȥޥ󥹷ϤǤ Latin stella ޤᡤλҲ l бƤ뤫뤤æǤ롥Υƥϡ¯ƥ *stēla ͳơF étoile, It. stella, Rum. stea ʤɤؤȯã̯ͣϡr l ξޤ Sp. estrella ǡ Gk āstron Ѥ L astrum Ȥκ򼨤Ƥ롥
ɤΤȤѸ star 䤽¾ۤȤɤƱˤߤ r ŪʻҲʤΤǤäơƥ stella ˴ޤޤ l 㳰ŪȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥϡƥ㳰ŪʻҲ l ϤˤΤOED star, n.1 θ츻ˤСL stella ʸڤʤ *ster-la ȯŸΤǤϤʤȤβꤵ -la ˤĤ OED ͿƤʤSkeat θ츻ŵŦ̤ꡤؾ (diminutive) ȹͤƤ褤cf. ե󥹸 soleil ۡˤ캬ܻؾθǤ뤳Ȥӡˡ la ľΰ֤ˤơ캬 r l Ʊʰ۲ǤϤʤˤ졤ll 򼨤褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤPartridge θ츻ŵǤϡIE *ster- ΰ۷Ȥ *stel- ƷƤ뤳ȤȤդäƤ
ƥ stella ˴ŤѸؤμѸˤϡͭ̾ Stella Τۤconstellation, stellar, stellate ʤɤ롥ѹαˤäˤʤäӡ Stella Artois ȤƳʤ

Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. New ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1882.
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.

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2013-08-19 Mon

#1575. -st θźä˴ؤ Dobson ιͻ [phonetics][euphony][-st]

ε#1574. amongst -st ([2013-08-18-1]) ۤ##508,509,510,739,1389,1393,1394,1399,1554,1555,1573 εǡ-st θź (paragoge) ˤĤưäƤˤĤ Dobson (437, pp. 1003--04) 'excrescent' [t] Ȥ1ڡۤɤ䤤ƵƤ롥ʤĹλȤؤΤ˰Ѥ롥

Excrescent [t] in against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst, &c. is explained by OED as due to the analogy of the superlative ending -est, and by Jordan, 199, as developing in phrasal groups when the prepositions were followed by te 'the'. But in view of the cases discussed in the preceding paragraph and in Note 1 and of the occurrence in modern dialects of [t] after [s] in words which do not have OE adverbial -es (see Note 3 below), we may explain [t] as developed by a phonetic process; at the end of the articulation of [s] the tip of the tongue is raised slightly so as to close the narrow passage left for [s], and the stop [t] is thus produced. But as this [t] is recorded earlier and more often, and in StE is confined to, prepositions and conjunctions, it is clear that a special factor is also operating, and that suggested by Jordan is altogether more likely than OED's (for there seems no good reason why the superlative should exercise the influence alleged); [þ] becomes [t] after spirants, including [s] (see Jordan, 205), and the tendency to develop excrescent [t] after [s] would therefore, in prepositions and conjunctions, be strongly aided by the fact that they were so commonly followed by the definite article in the form te. The development is shown sporadically from OE onwards in betwixt and in ME in against and whilst (see OED and Jordan, 199), but is not commonly recorded until the fifteenth century; but as it presupposes final [s] it must either antedate the change of unstressed -es to [əz], which is to be dated to the fourteenth century (see 363 above), or operate solely on forms with early syncope, and the paucity of evidence before 1400 must therefore be largely accidental.
The prepositions regularly have [t] in the orthoepists: so against in Hart, Bullokar, Robinson, Gil, Hodges, and Wallis, amidst in Robinson, amongst in Hart, Robinson, Gil, and Hodges, and (be)twixt in Hart, Bullokar, Robinson, and Hodges. The conjunction whilst, however, which would be less commonly followed by the definite article, occurs as [hwɪls] (showing early syncope) in Smith and as [hwəilz] in Hart (beside -st) and Gil (transcribing Spenser); but it has [st] in, for example, Hart, Bullokar, and Robinson. Bullokar also records excrescent [t] in unless (twice); in this case the occasional acceptance in the sixteenth century of the form with [t] is probably due to confusion with the superlative least, since unless is derived from the comparative less (see OED, s.vv. unleast, unless, and unlest).


Dobson ϡt źäϴŪ˲äȤʤ⡤괧֤Ǥβؤ "special factor" ȤƺѤȹͤƤ롥ޤ1400ǯ t źä㤬ʤϤ餯 "accidental" Ǥꡤºݤˤ᤯źä֤ԤʤƤȿ¬Ƥ롥
ܤǤȡWright (295) ˤС[n] θǤ [t] sermon, sudden, vermin ˸ [s] θǤ once, twice, ice, nice, hoarse ˸Ȥ顤ȯŪʤճ¿θ t θźääƤ褦

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1905. Repr. 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-02-16-1] [2013-10-03-1]

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2013-08-18 Sun

#1574. amongst -st [preposition][phonetics][euphony][analogy][suffix][morpheme][-st]

-st θź (paragoge) ˤĤƤϡε#1573. amidst -st ([2013-08-17-1]) ޤᡤ##508,509,510,739,1389,1393,1394,1399,1554,1555,1573 γƵǰäƤήǡ amongst ˤĤơ
OED ˤȡź÷15˵äƤꡤ󤲤ƤȤƤ amongest ֻ16Ƭ "1509 Bp. J. Fisher Wks. (1876) 296 Yf ony faccyons or bendes were made secretely amongest her hede Officers." ǤŤľܤΥǥȤʤäȹͤ amonges Τ褦ʷ֤ϤǤѸǹѤƤMED among(es (prep.) 򻲾ȡˡapheresis ʸƬüˤФ 'mongst 16ȾФ鸽Ƥ롥
(69) ˤСamong amongst Τ˰̣ΰ㤤Ϥʤ٤101Ǥ롥ꥹѸǤϥꥫѸ amongst λ٤⤤첻ǤϹĴ (euphony) amongst Ѥ뷹ȤŦ⤢뤬BNC ѤĴǤϤΤ褦ʷ̤ϽФʤäȤƤ롥λŦŪʤΤϡ#1554. against -st ([2013-07-29-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ-st źäϸ³괧θƬҲȤη˵ȤȤδϢˤƤǤ롥⤷ amongst + 첻ηȤСǤϤ뤬Ʊ euphony 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ơܥ֥ǤϤޤ -st θźäˤĤ against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, unbeknownst, whilst 6ˤĤƤߤƤOED 츻ŵлξƤߤ褦

againstc1300
betwixtc1300
whilsta1400
amongstC15
amidstC15
unbeknownst1854


unbeknownst ̤Ȥơ㤬14--15˽ޤäƤ롥ޤäƤȤߤ뤫ФäƤȤߤ뤫ϴĤѸʹ -st 췲δˤ䤫Ϣ礬ȯãƤ褦˻פ롥Ϥ㤤ʤ⡤ -st 򸫽ФȤΩƤΤϹԤ᤮

ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-08-19-1]

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2013-08-17 Sat

#1573. amidst -st [preposition][genitive][phonetics][analogy][-st]

#1554. against -st ([2013-07-29-1]) #1555. unbeknownst ([2013-07-30-1]) ʤɤε˰³-st źäꡥ
amidst ϡűѸ on middan ͳ褹Ѹ amid Ū°ʸ -es ղä amiddes ꡤˤ -t ղäǤ롥amid ν ?a1200 Layamon Ǥꡤamiddes 14Ⱦ˽ФƤ롥Ѹ줫ϡMED amid(de, amiddes (adv. & prep.) 򻲾ȡ
-t źä amidst ˤĤƤϡOED ʸĤФ "1565 T. Stapleton tr. Bede Hist. Church Eng. 66 Warme with a softe fyre burning amidest therof." Ǥ뤬amidest ֻ15鸽Ƥ褦 apheresis ʸƬüˤη̤ȹͤ myddest ̾ȤƤǤϤ뤬Ϥ15ʸڤƤꡤamidst ߤ˱ƶäƤǽ롥̣ΤϡOED "midst, n., prep., and adv. θ C1 ˤȡ14 m 줿ֻǤϤ뤬mydmeste Ȥ֤ʸڤ뤳ȤǤ롥

 1. In the middle place. Obs.
 Only in first, last, and midst and similar phrases recalling Milton's use (quot. 1667).

[c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. Prol. 1 In the whiche gospel it is profitable to men desyrynge God, so to knowe the first, the mydmeste, other the last.]
1667 Milton Paradise Lost v. 165 On Earth joyn all yee Creatures to extoll Him first, him last, him midst, and without end.


first, last, and midst Ȥ礬ȤꡤǾ -st ȤϢۡʤ Coda ǤβˤѤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
-st θź (paragoge) against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst ʤɤΤˤϡ̣Ūˡִ֡פǾϢۤ줦ǤͭƤ褦ˤפ뤷ǽȤƤⶦ̤Ƥ롥Фλ⡤-(e)s ޤơ褽Ѹ줫ѸˤƤλ˥ѥѥȸƤ롥ʤ⡤餫 (analogy) ѤƤǤ롥
ʤѸˤ amid amidst λȤʬˤĤơ (70) 국ξԤȤʸŪǡ١ˤԤΤۤ12ܰʾ٤򼨤amidst ϥꥹѸǹޤȤħ롥ޤOED ˤȡ"There is a tendency to use amidst more distributively than amid, e.g. of things scattered about, or a thing moving, in the midst of others." Ȥ̤ꡤamidst ϸŪʰ̣Ȥ줬¤Ȥ -st βŪʽŤỌ̇̄ζĴȤΤ˲餫δط򵿤ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
-st źäˤĤƤϡۤˤ[2013-07-29-1]εˤĤν򻲾ȡ

ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-08-18-1]

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2013-08-15 Thu

#1571. state estate [french][latin][phonetics][euphony][loan_word][doublet]

ѸˤɸΤ褦ʡƬ e ̵ͭˤ (doublet) 롥ȤƤ special -- especial, spirit -- esprit, spouse -- espouse, spy -- espy, squire -- esquire ʤɤꡤstable -- establish Ϣ줾ФǤȯΤ̣ۤˡζ̤Ƥ뤬ե󥹸졤˥ƥƱ̤뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤƬ e ΩƬǤäϤ狼䤹Τ櫓Ǥʤ
ޤѸȸե󥹸б٤Ƥ⡤Ƭ e ˴ؤƶ̣бѻ롥sponge (E) -- éponge (F), stage -- étage, establish -- établir ʤɤǤ롥Ѹ2ŸˤĤƤ⡤ʩбˤĤƤ⡤e /sk, sp, st/ λҲȤδطˤǤ餷Ȥ狼δطϡŪ˹ͻȤ褯Ǥ롥
e ̵ͭˤ餺餹٤ƤθθƬϡƥˤƬҲ /sk-, sp-, st-/ ̤롥¯ƥˤϡθƬҲȯˤäΤľ i e 첻źä줿ϰβ (euphony) Ǥꡤ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ǤߤƬź (prosthesis) ŵȤ롥㤨Хƥ spiritus ϡťե󥹸 ispirtu(s) ʤɤȯŸʥۡॺp. 52ˡ̤Ȥƥƥ˵ĸťե󥹸ñǤϡ¤ esc-, esp-, est- ʤɤθƬŪȤʤäΤǤꡤλ˸ťե󥹸줫Ѹ˼Ѥ줿⡤ƱθƬ򼨤ϡѸ estate, especial, esprit, espouse, espy, esquire, establish ʤɤȤäƤ롥e ĸťե󥹸η֤¤ǡe Τʤƥθ򻲾Ȥ֤Ѹ˺Ѥ졤state, special, spirit, spouse, spy, squire, stable ʤɤäƤ롥
ºݡѸѸǤϡξ֤礭ʰ̣ˡʤʻѤ뤳Ȥ⤳Ȥ⤢ꡤ㤨 establish stablish ΥڥǤϡѸǤϸԤΤ̤ۤäʤThe Authorised Version Ǥξ֤Ѥ졤Shakespeare ǤϤǤ establish ͥȤʤäƤ롥Τ褦ʥڥϡˡstablish Τ褦ˡ줿뤤Ϥ줾줬̣ˡζ̤ȯãơ2ŸȤӤΤǤ롥
ơե󥹸ˤ¦ǤΡesc-, esp-, est- Τθ򸫤Ƥߤ褦ťե󥹸ˤƲؤη̤ȤθƬǤϡˡs æ³̵ȤλҲϢ³줿 s æκפϡľ e 첻ե󥹸ǤϥĤ <é> ֤뤳Ȥ餦 (ex. éponge, étage, établir)
äȤ⡤ե󥹸 e ʤ /sk-, sp-, st-/ ǻϤޤ줬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ15˥ե󥹸˼ޤ줿ƥñϾҤΤ褦 e Ƭźä뤳Ȥ¿ää16ʹߤ˥ƥ줫ѤǤϡѸˤ¿ξƱͤˡƥ e ʤη֤Ȥ졤Ѥ줿
Ȥơstate -- estate ˤ衤stage (E) -- étage (F) ˤ衤η֤Ʊƥ /st-, sk-/ θƬҲ̤ΤΡťե󥹸Ǥβءθβȯãե󥹸줫ѸؤμѡƥλȡѸǤ2ŸȯŸȲäȤä⳰μŪˤꡤߤȤƤߤʣʴطȤʤäȤȤǤ롥

U. T. ۡॺA. H. å إե󥹸ˡ١罤ۡ1974ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-05-06-1]

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2013-08-07 Wed

#1563. ṽ¤ [syllable][phonetics][phonology][metrical_phonology][terminology]

ε#1562. Χߤ yod-dropping ([2013-08-06-1]) ǡȴDzṽ¤ (syllable structure) ʬϤ򼨤 Hogg and McCully (35--38) ˵äơṽ¤ζʽŪʳܤʲǤϡgrind /graind/ Ȥ1βṽ¤˼롥
ǤľŪʬˡϡʬ᲻եåȤ¤٤벼ޤ (1) ˡǤ롥ŪˤⲻŪˤ⡤첻ȻҲȤ̤뤳ȤȤƤƤ褤ȻפΤǡɸͿƤ롥

Syllable Structure

(1) 츫餫ʤ褦ˡҲϻҲɤηʤ첻첻ɤηʤΤ̾Ǥ롥äơ줾򥰥롼ײƲǤΰ֤˱ƥ٥Ĥ뤳ȤϼǤ롥λϤޤôҲ OnsetΤ첻 NucleusôҲ Coda ʬ뤳ȤŪ˹ԤʤƤ롥줬(2) ʬϤǤ롥
ʳǤͭʲṽ¤ʬϤϤǤ뤬˳زʤȡ塤Ǥ롥(3) Τ褦 Nucleus Coda ޤȤ Rhyme ꤷOnset бȤʬϤƤ롥
Ǥϡ(3) Τ褦ʰ츫ʣʳزʤỤ̄ͭʤΤ1ĤϡOnset ˤȼ¤äƤȤȤ롥ѸǤ /graind/ ȤϢ³ϵ뤬㤨 */pfraind/ ϵʤϡOnset /pfr/ ˤäƤҲϢ³¤椨ǤꡤOnset 걦ʬι¤ΩͳˤΤǤ롥Ʊͤˡbrim, bread, bran, brock, brunt *bnim, *bnead, *bnan, *bnock, *bnunt ӤС Onset /br/ */bn/ ˤäƤΤǤꡤθʬΤβݤ˱ƶƤʤȤ狼ޤRhyme Ȥ줽ΤΤȤꡤӱˤꡤñ̤ľŪˤޤȤޤʤΤȤǧ϶
ˡRhyme ʤ뤤Ϥ겼Υ٥ˤʬλˤꡤ¿β䶯ҤǤȤ롥ʬƤнŤ (heavy syllable) Ǥȸ졤ʬƤʤзڤ (light syllable) Ǥȸ롥Nucleus Coda ι¤̡˸ڤȤ⡤Rhyme ʲι¤Ȥư礷ƸڤǤΤǡRhyme Ȥ٥ηк˻񤹤롥
ʾͳǡOnset Ф Rhyme ̤ϤȤ롥Rhyme ʲ Nucleus Coda ضʬˡեåȤ˲¤Ӥˤ벻ʤɡ(3) ѼȤΤ⤢뤳ȤդŪ˲䱤ΧʬϤǽˤ뤿βǤꡤƻΩƤǤ롥

Hogg, Richard and C. B. McCully. Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.

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2013-08-06 Tue

#1562. Χߤ yod-dropping [phonetics][phonology][diphthong][vowel][syllable][metrical_phonology][variation][yod-dropping]

Ѹˤ /juː/ Ȥ徺2첻 (rising diphthong) 롥ѸѼˤäƤۤʤ뤬2첻ˤϤĤħ롥ΤζŪѰ̻ۤŪѲ˴ؤħȤơ#841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1]) 롥 /juː/ /j/ æ/uː/ ȤƼ¸벻ΤȤ
߿ʹ yod-dropping 򵭽ҡΤˡHogg and McCully (42--45) ǽҤ٤Ƥ metrical phonology ʱΧˤˤʬϤѤǤ뤫⤷ʤȻפäΤǡҲ𤷤ƤҲ X + /juː/ ʤ벻ϡޤκδ칽¤äƤʬϤ롥

Jod in Metrical Phonology

ˡδ칽¤ Nucleus ˤ /i/ /j/ Ȥ Onset ذưꤹ롥³/i/ ưȤˤäƶ Nucleus 1ΰ֤ˡ³ /u/ ΥԡФ롥
Τ褦ʬϤϤĤ롥ޤ칽¤ Onset /Xj/ ꤷƤޤȡcue /kjuː/, few /fjuː/ ʤɤǤʤnew /njuː/, lewd /ljuː/ ʤɤǤ꤬롥ʤʤ2⡼餫ʤ Onset ˤ1⡼ʹ٤̵໤ƱʲǤʤȤʤȤŪ¤뤫Ǥ롥¤˽С/n/ /l/ ʹ٤⤹뤿ˡOnset 1⡼Ȥʤ뤳ȤϤǤʤϤºݤˤ1⡼ˤʤäƤΤǡ㳰ŪΤȤʬϤɬפ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ޤʬϤ /Xj/ θˤĹ첻ʤȤ礹롥ȤΤϡNucleus 2⡼ˤ /i/ /u/ 줬֤˥ԡ뤳Ȥ򤳤ʬϤ׵ᤷƤ뤫Ǥ롥
ˡclue, drew, threw ʤɡȤ Onset 2⡼2Ҳˤʤˤϡ/j/ ذưƤ椯ζڡʤˡ/j/ ȤǽŪæƤޤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤҲϢ³ľ yod-dropping ɬܤǤ뤳Ȥ򤦤ޤ롥
ѰۤȤƤ yod-dropping ϡѸѼˤäƤۤʤ뤬dew, enthuse, lewd, new, suit, tune ʤɤθˤ /j/ ̵ͭɤˤäƼ롥Ūˤ̻Ūˤ⡤yod-dropping ε䤹ԤҲ X Ǥ뤫ˤäƤ٤Ϸޤ뤳ȤΤƤ뤬򤤤˾ʬϤȤ߹ळȤǤ뤫βȤʤ

Hogg, Richard and C. B. McCully. Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.

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2013-07-30 Tue

#1555. unbeknownst [phonetics][corpus][-st]

ε#1554. against -st ([2013-07-29-1]) ˰³츻Ū -st ꡥɸηĥäɽ롥ȤʸƬʤɤ֤졤ʸȤơ?Τʤǡפΰ̣Ѥ롥BrE Ǥ unbeknown to ¿Ѥ뤬AmE ǤϸŤᤫ unbeknownst to ŪǤ롥unbeknow(e)ns Τ褦 -t ɸŪʷ֤⸫롥ʸ󤲤褦

Unbeknownst to his parents, he and his girlfriend had gotten married.
Unbeknownst to her father, she began taking dancing lessons.
Unbeknownst to the students, the teacher had entered the room.
A person may overhear others unbeknownst to them.


Ѹˤäư beknown (recognise, acknowledge) ʬ unbeknown ȤˤʤäƤMED biknouen (v) 򻲾ȡˡOED ˤȡƬ un- ΤĤ unbeknown 1636ǯ˽ФƤ뤬˸ -st ղä unbeknownst νФ1854ǯǤ롥ԤϤȤȸŪŪʶä褦20ˤƹȤ褦ˤʤäºݤˡCOCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) Google Books Ngram Viewer Ĵ٤ƤߤȡѼȤ20ȾοΨ
ơunbeknownst -st θź (paragoge) פǤ롥OED ǤȤƤꡤƼθ츻ŵǤ against, amongst ʤɤ -st ȼʤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ٤Ǥ롥θ unbeknownst to Ȥϡ ֻŪ˵ǽƤȤȤȡ-st ľβɡǤ뤳Ȥ餤-st(t)- ȤҲϢ³δϡnext to, thanks to ʤɤɽȤϢƤ뤫⤷ʤޤۤ츻Ū -st (against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst) ¤٤Ƥߤȡ褽ִ֡桤פȤ̤ΰ̣Ф褦˻פ뤬unbeknownst Τʤ֤ˡפȲ᤹뤳ȤϤǤ롥
츻Ū -st ˴ؤ뵭ؤΥ󥯤ε[2013-07-29-1]ˤޤȤƤΤǡ׻ȡ

ʸ嵭2014/02/24(Mon)Merriam-Webster μ򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-08-17-1]

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2013-07-29 Mon

#1554. against -st [preposition][adverb][genitive][phonetics][link][-st]

츻Ūˤ against again ֤ä -st ϲʤΤ
űѸǡagain ongēan ʤɤη֤졤ֻͿʤ뤤гʤۤˡƬȤƹǽƤʿԤơ򼨤°ʸȼä ongēanes ʤɤη֤ԤʤƤ[2009-07-18-1]ε#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲפ򻲾ȡˡѸˤʤȡֻȤƤ again ϡ۷ agains Ӹ³ against ȤȤ˶礷ϤᡤѸɸΩβȤƤεǽ˸ꤵƤ椯ȤȤʤäѸֻȤƤɸŪϰ̤ΩΤϡǤȯ against ä
ơagain ľ -(e)s źäϡҤ̤ꡤ첽°ʸȤƤ뤬ʤ t źäϤɤΤ褦OED against, prep., conj., adv., and n. θ츻ˤȼΤ褦ˤ롥

The development of excrescent final -t . . . was probably reinforced by the fact that the word was frequently followed by te, variant of THE adj., and perhaps also by association with superlatives in -st; compare similarly AMONGST prep. 1a, AMIDST adv., BETWIXT prep.


رѸ츻ŵ٤εҤ⡤OED ˱äƤ뤬­롥

-t Ϥ餯Ǿ -st ȺƱ줿ź (cf. AMIDST, AMONGST, BETWIXT), ޤ agains þe agains te against(e) þe (cf. hwīls þat whilst þat) ȤʤʬϤˤΤ -st ˽κǽ Layamon Brut Otho (c1300) aȝenest ȤƸCaligula (?a1200) Ǥ toȝinesˡ Trevisa 1400ǯʹ London αѸǤϹѤ졤16CȾˤʸȤƳΩagain, against Ȥ ModE -g- ֤ȯ ON αƶˤ롥


Brut νϡMED ayēn(e)s (prep.) 1(b) ꡤ"c1300 Lay. Brut (Otho C.13) 22476: He dude ase a wisman and wende a3enest [Clg: to3eines] him anon." Ǥ롥
嵭ꡤagainst -st źäˤĤƤϡ(1) Ǿ -st Ȥ䡤(2) ľ괧θƬҲ˴ؤʬϡȤƤƤȤȤǤ롥ƱźäȤ amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst ʤɤ뤬νлߤεǽŪ-st ̵ͭˤ̣㡤3ҲϢ³βŪյʤɤͻơŪ٤ϢơűѸ ongēan tōgēan(es) ˴Ťơ-t źä줿֤15 toȝenes ȤƽФƤ뤳ȤդäƤ
ۤ against ˤź (paragoge) ˤĤƤϡ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡޤwhilst ˤĤƤϡ#508. Dracula ˸ whilst ([2010-09-17-1])#509. Dracula ˸ whilst (2) ([2010-09-18-1])#510. ꥫѸˤ whilst ξü ([2010-09-19-1]) betwixt ˤĤƤϡ#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1])#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1])#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1])#1399. Ѹˤ between ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2013-02-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ

߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

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2013-07-08 Mon

#1533. ȾóȻްռ (2) [wave_theory][neogrammarian][lexical_diffusion][implicational_scale][phonetics][ot]

ε[2013-07-07-1]˰³ѲˤޤĤ3ĤγǰδطˤĤơϡSecond Germanic Consonant Shift ([2010-06-06-1]) ŪȾ˳礷ɤΤ褦ʽǸä˥äƿʹԤȤ夲ϡѸνѼˤߤ -t/-d deletion Ȥݤܤ롥
-t/-d deletion Ȥϡmissed, grabbed, mist, hand ʤɤθλĺü벻Ǥ롥ɸŪάȯäǤϤ褯ߤ븽ݤ٤ϷֲĶˤäưۤʤȹͤƤ롥ͿŪʷֲĶȤϡθ줬 (1) mist Τ褦1 (monomorphemic) ʤ뤫 miss-ed Τ褦2 (bimorphemic) ʤ뤫(2) ³벻Ҳ (ex. missed train) 첻 (ex. missed Alice) 2Ǥ롥(1) 1 > 2, (2) Ҳ³ > 첻³ȤطΩ1ǤǻҲ³ -t/-d Ǥü䤹2Ǥ첻³ -t/-d ǤüˤȤȤͽۤ롥ͽۤ mist missed ˴ؤɽηȡʲΤ褦ˤʤRomain, p. 142 "Temporal development of varieties for the rule of -t/-d deletion" ˡ

Temporal Development of Varieties for the Rule of -<em>t</em>/-<em>d</em> Deletion


ϡ SGCS θ򼨤ɽƤ롥ǤϡѼˡֲĶ˱ơ-t deletion θ礬ʾʬۤʤƤ롥ѼؤγȤȤߤȾɽ魯ΤȤơǤߤóȻɽ魯ΤȤơ̻ŪʽζŪʸȤߤްռɽ魯ΤȤơɽ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
2ηֲĶˤĤƤϡ-t/-d deletion θ˴ؤ (constraint) ȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥(1) ̣ͭ -ed ϾüˤȤ(2) ʻҲϢ³ʤ -t/-d ϾüˤȤȤƺƲǤ롥δ餹ȡ2Ĥθ̤ͥˤäơۤʤä -t/-d deletion ʬɽ뤳ȤˤʤˤơȾóȻްռȤäǰȡOptimality Theory ŬˤȤ⸫ƤΤǤϤʤ

Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-10-24-1] [2013-07-25-1]

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2013-06-21 Fri

#1516. messenger passenger ˤ n [phonetics][consonant][etymology][epenthesis]

harbinger , messenger ʻȼԡ, passenger ʾҡ, porringer ʻ滮, scavenger 򿩤٤ưʪ, wharfinger Ȼ߾ˤΤ褦ʸˤϡ2n ߤ롥message, passage, porridge ʤɤθӤФ狼̤ꡤ n 츻ŪǤ롥g ֤ n epenthesis 治ź[2011-05-06-1]ε#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragogeפ򻲾ȡˤȹͤ롥
OED ˤȡmessenger ˤĤƤϡAnglo-Norman Picard ˤ n 줿֤ߤȤ顤ɬѸˤΩѲǤϤʤΥե󥹸ֻαƶˤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʲϡ6ˤĤ n Τʤ֤νлȡn 줿褽λOED 츻ŵ򻲾ȤƤޤȤ᤿ΤǤ롥

WordFirst without nFirst with n
harbinger?lateOEME
messenger?a1200lateME
passenger1337C15
porringer14671601
scavengerME1530
wharfinger1552--531642


Dobson (438) ˡn ˤĤƼΤ褦ä

'INTRUSIVE' [n] and [ŋ]
   §438. The 'intrusive' [n] in messenger, papenjay, &c. and [ŋ] in nightingale and paringale 'equal' (<paregal) is a species of consonantal glide easing the passage between the preceding vowel and the following [ʤ] or [g], and is found chiefly in adopted words; it is perhaps, as has been suggested, associated with a desire to make weightier the middle syllable so as to avoid syncope . . . . It appears to develop at various dates from the thirteenth century (nightingale) onwards. In words in which it is an established feature of StE, e.g. nightingale and messenger, it is regularly shown by the orthoepists.


<g> б벻ۤʤ뤬nightingale ˤƤ g ֤ n Ƥ¤ؤθڤ̣#797. nightingale ([2011-07-03-1]) ε㤬ޤ긫ʤȽҤ٤messenger passenger Ʊͤ˰äƤ٤ȤȤ

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

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2013-06-19 Wed

#1514. Sonority Analyser [phonetics][sonority][syllable][web_service][cgi]

    

ε#1513. ʹ ([2013-06-18-1]) ǡŤäƤʹ٤⤷ޤSonority Sequencing Generalisation (SSG) Ȥ§Ƴʬ᲻ʹ٤θ§˽ä֤뤳Ȥ򼨤ʹ٤β̤Τ褦򤷡ǧ뤿ˡεǤϤĤñˤʬϤ򼨤ǤդñʬϤǤǤ롥
ǡˡˤäñϤȡưŪˤȯʬ᲻ʬ򤷡ʬ᲻ sonority scale ¨ʹ٤ͤ꿶ꡤë޼Ƥġʲˡ"Sonority Analyser" 롥1ĤθǤ褤޶ڤʣθ򸫽ФηϤƤ褤ʹ٤λëοޤŬڤ˽ϤͤǤ롥
ȯǡ١ˤϡ#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database Search ([2012-06-29-1]) ѤƤꡤޤޤϿƤʤֻˤʤϤʤ1ĤˡФʣΥȥ꡼Ʊְ۵ʻ㤤ʤɡˤˤϡ줾줬޼롥ɽˤĤƤϡMRC θǡեλ˴ŤΤ򤽤Τޤ޻Ѥ
sonority scale ˤϡ§ȤƺεǼΤѤƤ뤬(1) /w, j/ ʹ8ȤȤȤι첻첻첻ͤϷ夲ơ줾9, 10, 11Ȥ(2) 2첻ϲ2첻 (falling diphthong) Ȥ1첻ʹ٤ͤ2첻Τ˳Ƥ뤳ȤȤ̩ǤϤʤȤ⡤ץ쥼ǧӤˤϽʬ

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2013-06-18 Tue

#1513. ʹ [phonetics][phoneme][sonority][syllable][terminology][phonotactics]

(syllable) ˤ͡Ϳ줦뤬ƤΤȤơʬ᲻βŪʹ (sonority) ˰¸롥ʹ٤ΤΤϡ"the overall loudness of a sound relative to others of the same pitch, stress and duration" (Crystal 442) Τ褦롥ʬ᲻Ūˤʹ䤹٤ȲǤ롥
ʬ᲻ʹ٤¬͡ˤʤƤꡤͤˤĤƤϼ¸Ȥ˾ܺ٤ϰۤʤ뤫⤷ʤޤʬ̤ˤĤƤϸԤΤǰפߤƤ롥1ȤơHogg and McCully (33) ˵󤲤ƤѸʬ᲻ sonority scale 򼨤

SoundsSonority valuesExamples
low vowels10/a, ɑ/
mid vowels9/e, o/
high vowels8/i, u/
flaps7/r/
laterals6/l/
nasals5/n, m, ŋ/
voiced fricatives4/v, ð, z/
voiceless fricatives3/f, θ, s/
voiced stops2/b, d, g/
voiceless stops1/p, t, k/


̤ˡҲ첻Τ̵ۤͭΤۤγ礭ۤʹ٤Ϲ⤤ҲˤĤƤСҲζ٤ʹ٤ȿδطǤꡤ٤㤤ʡ夤ʹ٤ι⤤˻ҲϡŪפü䤹
ơʹ٤ΤͭʤΤϡʬ᲻Ϣ³ˤʹ٤ĺ (peak) ãȤγ (syllabic nucleus) Ȱפ뤫Ǥ롥ʬ᲻Ϣ³ʬʬ᲻ʹ٤꿶ȡ1İʾʹ٤ĺ롥ĺοθβȤȤˤʤ롥벻٤Ȥζܤɤ뤫ŪޤǤ뤬ʤȤⲻγˡĺˤϡΤ褦ʹ٤ʬϤ뤳ȤǵŪޤΤԹ礬ɤ
ʲˡĤθʹʬϤ򼨤

WordPronunciationSonority valuesPeaks = Syllables
modest/modest/5-9-2-9-3-12
complain/compleːn/1-9-5-1-6-9-52
petty/peti/1-9-1-82
elastic/əlæstik/8-6-10-3-1-8-13
elasticity/iːlæstisiti/9-6-10-3-1-8-3-8-1-85
petrol/petrəl/1-9-1-7-9-62
button/bʌtn/2-9-1-52
bottle/botl/2-9-1-62


Ǹ button bottle ǤϺǽҲʹ٤ȤĺʤΤǡγˤȤƵǽƤ롥벻粻ŪҲǤ롥
˶̣ΤϡϢʬ᲻ʹ٤˴ؤ뤢ˡ§򼨤ȤǤ롥 "Sonority Sequencing Generalisation" (SSG) ȸƤФ븶§ǡΤ褦꼰롥

[I]n any syllable, there is a segment constituting a sonority peak that is preceded and/or followed by a sequence of segments with progressively decreasing sonority values. (Crystal 442)


ˤäƻĺι⤵ϤޤޤŵŪˡëëפΤ줤ʬۤˤʤȤȤSSG ϼƤ롥onset s ǻϤޤҲ (ex. sp-, st-, sk-) ξʤɤǤϤθ§ϵ§Ūˤ뤳ȤΤƤ뤬 SSG ϱѸˤ˰ꤷ§Ǥ롥

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Hogg, Richard and C. B. McCully. Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-28-1] [2013-06-19-1]

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2013-06-16 Sun

#1511. űѸ sc θ [phonetics][oe][palatalisation][metathesis]

ε#1510. scale ڡˤθ츻 sc- ([2013-06-15-1]) ǡsc ɽ蘆ҲˤĤƿ줿űѸ sc ֤ҲϡʳǤ [sk] λҲɽ路Ƥ9 (palatalisation) Ȼ (assibilation) βϤޤꡤ10Ⱦ1100ǯˤ [ʃ] ѲȤp. 356ˡβλĶȽ/ʃ/ βDzλʤɤäƤ͡ʰոΩƤꡤΤФƤʤ1ĤθȤ Campbell (177--78) 󤹤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
[sk] θ [k] ñΤΤⵯ䤹ƬˤƤϡǽ첻֤ǡ˾ʤȤ900ǯ˸첻֤Ƥ㤨Сscip (ship), scōh (shoe), scyldig (guilty), sceadu (shadow), sceal (shall), scilling (shilling) ǡǤ롥˸ˤϡr ֤ǤƱꡤscrēad (shred), scrēawa (shrewmouse), scrīc (shrike), scrīfan (decree), scrīn (coffer), scrincan (shrink), scrūd (shroud) ʤɤ [ʃ] Ԥʤ줿Ǥϡwasce (wash), þersce (I thresh), asce (ashes), risce (rush), disches (dish's), fisces (fish's) blyscan (blush), wȳscan (wish) Τ褦첻ˤĶǸäޤǤϡæsc (ash), disc (dish), fisc (fish), risc (rush), -isc (-ish), flǣsc (flesh) Τ褦첻θ֤ [ʃ] Ȥʤä
ʤ[ʃ] Ȥʤ餺 [sk] Τޤ޻ĤäΤϡǸ첻֤䡤Ǹ첻θ֤ˤǤ롥fiscas (fishes), *wascan (wash), þerscan (thresh), þerscold (threshold), āscaþ (asks), tosca (frog) frosc (frog), husc (insult), tusc (tooth) ʤɤȤƵ󤲤롥θǤϤФλҲž (metathesis) 򵯤[ks] ȤƼ¸롥㤨Сāxian, dixas, dox (dusk), fixas, frox, flaxe, rixe, toxa, þerxan, þerxold, waxan ǡǤ롥
űѸ˾嵭Τ褦ʲᡤߤǤѸˤ [sk] λҲϰŪˤäƬˤƤϤȤ櫓Ǥ롥դˤСƬ [sk] ĸǤϤʤѸǤǽ⤤ȤȤˤʤ롥ޤϸťΥɸβǽ򡤤줫ƥ졤ꥷʤɤβǽ򵿤score (ON), ski (ON), skill (ON), skin (ON), skirt (ON), sky (ON), school (L) script (L), skeleton (G)

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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