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phonetics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-01-01 Tue

#3536. one, once, none, nothing 1첻 [vowel][phonetic_change][phonetics][indefinite_pronoun][pronoun][personal_pronoun]

ޤƤǤȤޤΥ֥­11ǯܤޤʿ⽪˶ŤƤޤ褿٤ˤƤ⡤ɤꤤ夲ޤ
ǯȯܤϡ̣񤷤ꡥǶᡤ<o .. e> /ʌ/ ˤĤơ#3513. come some ֻ ([2018-12-09-1]) ǿ줿κݤˡone, none ʤɤˤ⿨줿ȴϢ once ȤȤˡ3ϼ¤ʣˤäƤ롥#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#89. one ȯ¤äȯ ([2009-07-25-1]) Ǥ⡤˻аޤϴñ˽Ҥ٤ܤĴ٤ȼ¤ʣŪаޤ褦첻̻ŪѲȶŪѰۤ򤭤ۤ߹äȯãƤ褦ǡñ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤȤǡ (207) β˴ꤲƤޤޤ

one/none/once: ModE Ǥ [ū?ō?ɔː?ɔ] θؤ򤷤᤹Ūȯã餤 PE [oʊ] Ԥ롥 only (<ānlic/alone (<eall ān)/atone ˤϤ줬ȿǤƤ롥PE [ʌ] 㤨 [wʌn] ϤǤ16--17ˤߤ뤬Ūޤ¯ŪǤꡤ1700ǯޤ StE ˤϼƤʤΤ [oːn] ִƤä
3 PE [ʌ] ȯãϤĤΤ褦ǤäȻפ롥ʤOE ɑːn > ME ɔːnŪ夲 . . . [oːn] ؾ夲줿ƬϤ겻 [w] (cf. Hart wonly) . . . woːn > (GVS) uː > û . . . ʊ > ߿ ʌ ã . . .


βǤϡƬؤ w ˤ夲ФƤˤˤ˾夲褻졤Ĥ˹첻ˤʤäƤޤäȤʥꥪꤵƤ롥ˤ衤ȯαƶȤŪ¦̤ؤäơñˤǤʤȯɽʤȤäƤΤ⤷ʤ
ʤǤ one, none, once 3ΤߤܤƤΥ롼פ˴Ϣ nothing (< nā(n) þing) դäƤ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-25-1] [2019-02-07-1]

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2018-12-03 Mon

#3507. NURSE Merger [sound_change][phonetics][centralisation][vowel][merger][ame_bre]

herd, heard, stir, word, nurse, myrrh ʤɤ <Vr> ֻñˤơб벻Ϥ /əː(r)/ Ȥʤ롥ȯֻδط1¿פȤʤѸؽˤƤʸݤʤΤ϶Ѹ NURSE Merger 岽 (centralisation) ȤˤȤѲη̤Ǥ롥ѸޤǤϡθϤ褽ֻ˼̤첻äƤꡤȯߤ˶̤ƤȤͻ (merger) ٤Ʊ첻˵ƤޤäֻϤĤƤ첻бޤ޸ꤷƤޤäΤǤ롥
ͻ礬Ϥޤäϡ/ɪr/, /ɛr/, /ʌr/ γơˤäƤˤäƤۤʤäƤ/ɪr/, /ɛr/ ˤĤƤ15ᤫ³ǻϤޤäƤꡤ16ˤϥɥ¯ˤߤ줿ɸѸǤ16ȾФϤޤäƤ褦/ʌr/ ͻ٤17ȾФϤޤꡤĿͤˤäƤ18ޤǶ̤ݤäԤ⤢äShakespeare ϶̤ƤˡΤȤƤСɸѸˤ3Ԥͻ18ޤǤ˴λƤȤߤƤ褤p. 304--07ˡ
ʤ/ɛr/ ˤĤƤϡѸ˲Ф /ar/ Ȥδ֤ɤ줬ߤ졤ɤ줬ߤޤǼѤ줿̤Ȥơclerk Υꥹȯ /ˈklɑ:k/ ȥꥫȯ /ˈklə:rk/ ʤɤκޤƤ¾Ȥ Derby, Berkeley, sergeant, person/parson, vermin/varmin(t), university/varsity ʤɤˡˤĤƤϡ#211. spelling pronunciation ([2009-11-24-1])#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1])#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) ε򻲾ȡ
NURSE Merger ˤĤơǤϤ줬Ƥ餺ޤѸ첻ζ̤ݤƤ륱¿ȤդäƤȤХåȥɱѸǤ stirred /stɪrd/, heard /hɛrd/, word /wʌrd/ ʤɤȯߤǤ (Gramley 381) 饹αؤƤϡֻ̤ȯǤ狼䤹פȴưΤǤ롥ŪˤϥåȥɱѸ줬ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) ѤƤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ뤬ŪˤϥåȥɱѸ줬ŲݻƤˤʤ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-13-1] [2020-06-16-1]

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2018-12-01 Sat

#3505. THOUGHT-NORTH-FORCE Merger [sound_change][phonetics][vowel][merger][lexical_set]

ɸ3ɽơ lexical set ϡѸǤϸߤ˰ۤʤ첻ʤ r ϢˤäƤ餬Ѹ˥󥰥ʤɤ /ɔː/ ؤͻ (merger) ʥȷϡɽ硤ꥫȯʤɤǤͻ礷Ƥʤˡͻ˻ޤǤˤĤβѲͿƤꡤȯŸηаޤϰճʣǤ롥Gramley (190) ꡤʳβѲ򼨤

 THOUGHTNORTHFORCE
EModEɒːɒroːr
Pre-R lengthening-ɒːr-
Pre-R breaking and laxing--ɔər
Phonetic shiftɔːɔːr-
R-dropping-ɔːɔə
1st FORCE Merger (smoothing)--ɔː
Mod RPɔːɔːɔː


ɽ "1st FORCE Merger" Ȥ뤳Ȥ鼨褦ˡ"2nd FORCE Merger" ⤢ꡤϸ߿ʹǤ롥ϡyour, poor, moor ʤɤ /ʊə/ 경 (smoothing) /ɔː/ ͻ礷ƤѲǤ롥̤Ȥ sure = shore = /ʃɔː/ ʤɤȤʤ뤬߿ʹȤȤ⤢ꡤñˤäѲФ롤Фʤΰ㤤ߤ롥

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-18-1]

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2018-11-07 Wed

#3481. ܸΥɡα [phonology][phoneme][phonaesthesia][language_myth][sociolinguistics][phonetics][consonant][nasal]

112俷ʹīˡɡͤαФפꤹ뵭ǺܤƤܥΥƥȤ¼Ϻˤ֤äʤ켭ŵפεǤ롥

〽ͼƤޥååȤӤؤΡͼƤȤӡפǡҶκ˻Ĥäᡥ֤ȤӤפΡ֤פ֥󥬡פȤ˶᤯ɡκμϤʤäɡäդȰ㤤ΤǤϴŤݤ줬ʡȻפäƤ
ɡɡȴȱͤΰݤǤɡα˹ƶ롥̤ȯĤǼ򡤽餫ԤΤ벻ˡˮڤ侼¤βضʤʤɤǤɬܤɡܻۤѤäɡФΤϰεΥʤͤʤޤȱϲդޤĤʼĥˤϤ줬İˤҤ뤬Τޤޤサޤɡ̤⤢뵤롥
ݥȥDzΤܥΥɡϤȤ롥ݥ켫ΤħǤ뤬ʾˡδꤲĤ褦̵褵ȤжˤΤȯġġ祢󡦥٥ȤİȤ˻פ
ɡȤϿΤθˤ򹭤ΤǽˡξԤȯȱϾζѤ롥äĤƤɽˤؤ֤Ȥ¿Ȼפ


Υ֤ͤ /ŋ/ ȲĤޤҶäݤ /g/ Ȥ椬⤷ɡɡִŤݤפȤΤ⡤Ի׵ĤȶǤ롥ɡݥƥʥ᡼ϡͭΤ⤷ʤ
ؤ䲻Ω줫餤С󥬹ɡ1Ҳˤʤܸʶ̸ˤǤ /g/ ΰ۲ѸǤΩǤȤ㤤Ϥ뤬Ƹ1ˤǽŪˤ¾ΰ۲䲻ǤѤȤʤ˲餫Υ᡼տ路ƤȤС嵭Τ褦İпŪʲ (phonaesthesia) ꤫뤤ϼҲŪ
Ѹ /ŋ/ ҲŪʴ鰷äȤƤϡ-ing ˴ؤΤΤƤʡ#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1])#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1])#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ̩ˤ /ŋ/ ΤΤȤ⡤/ŋ/ ޤǤΰ۷֤Ȥ٤εɤǤ館ʬ褦ˡտ魯륤᡼ϡŪʤΤȤ⡤¿ʬ˸춦ƱΤ˰¸ҲŪʤΤ⤷ʤɸΡܸΥɡαפ⡤ʤΤȤ⡤ҲŪʤΤʤΤ⤷ʤ

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2018-11-03 Sat

#3477. 2βѲ --- ȼ岽 [phonetics][phonology][sound_change][consonant][vowel][terminology][sonority]

Ѳˤϡߤ˵ո2Υפ롥 (fortition, strengthening) ȼ岽 (lenition, weakening) Ǥ롥ơˤĤ (49) εҤѤ롥

Ρϡγоδʹ꤬򤷤䤹褦ˡܤʬ᲻ȤΩ򶯤᤿ꡤġʬ᲻κΩä򶯤뤳Ȥ򤤤ȯä˺ݤĴͥ륮ղäȼȤС۲ (dissimilation)Ĺ첻 (vowel lengthening)첻 (diphthongization)ź (addition)Ჽ (syllabification)̵ (devoicing)ӵ (aspiration) ʤɤ˴ޤޤ롥ŪˡĴθζ򤻤Ф˸ᡤҲŪ򶯤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Ρ岽ϡäˤĴưפˤ뤳Ȥ򤤤١Ĵͥ륮ϾʤƺѤࡥƱ (assimilation)û첻 (vowel shortening)ñ첻 (monophthongization)Ჽ (desyllabification)ü (debuccalization)ͭ (voicing)ɡ (nasalization)̵ (deaspiration)ʣҲ (degemination) ʤɤޤࡥȤϵդˡҲᡤ첻뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Ĵô򾯤ʤȤäͥ׼岽Фơγоʹ䤹Ȥʹͥ׶ȤڥǤ롥ääʹؤˤäƿʹԤߤ礤ƤΤʿԤơѲ岽ȶΥХ󥹤ݤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ɤ餫Υװݤˤʤ뤳ȤϤʤ
(49) 2βѲưŤˤĤơ֥ꥺ๽¤˹碌פȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

3ϡѲס ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ

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2018-08-28 Tue

#3410. Ѹˤֹٹ [labiovelar][pronunciation][phonetics][consonant][japanese][indo-european][comparative_linguistics][norman_french]

ε#3409. ܸˤٹξü ([2018-08-27-1]) ǡٹ֥ס֥ײľаޤܤٹ [kw], [gw] ȤֻҲȾҲפʬܤСȤƤϡӸؤǤȤ (labiovelar) ȤĤʤäƤ (cf. #1151. ¿ ([2012-06-21-1]))
ѸǤϰĸ̤Ȥ [kw] [gw] Ū褯¸ƤꡤǤܸβȤоŪǤ롥ֻȤƤŵŪ <qu>, <gu> ɽ蘆졤queen, quick, liquid, language, sanguine ʤɤǡǤ롥ˤСѸǤ [k], [g] Ԥ벻Ķ˸¤餺̤ [w] Ϥ褯¸Ƥ롥
ȤϤΤΡΤ褦ʱѸǤŪ [w] Ƥ륱Ϥ롥#383. ֥Υޥ󡦥󥱥ȡפǤʤ֥Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȡס ([2010-05-15-1]) Ǹ褦ˡե󥹼ѸΤʤǤ⡤Norman French ޤ줿ΤϡβħȿǤ /kw/ ݤƤ뤬 (e.g. conquest /ˈkɒŋkwɛst/) Central French ΤΤϡħѤ /w/ Ƥ (e.g. conquer /ˈkɒŋkə/)
ޤ#51. 5W1Hפʤ̡6Hס ([2009-06-18-1])#184. two /w/ ȯʤΤϤʤ ([2009-10-28-1]) Ǹ褦ˡ첻³ [w] æ䤹ȤĴŪʻ𤬤ꡤˤ how, who, sword, two ʤɤȯʤֻȤΥåסˤƤ롥
[w] ȾҲȸƤФȾüʲŪüäƤꡤܸǤѸǤ⤽εưʤˡˤʣǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-13-1] [2019-04-05-1]

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2018-08-27 Mon

#3409. ܸˤٹξü [labiovelar][pronunciation][phonetics][consonant][japanese]

ٹȤϸŤܸǡ֥ס֥פʤɤɽ줿 [kwa, gwa] ΤȤǤ롥ȤܸˤϹٹʤ벻ϤʤäȤȤ˴ȤƤιٹƳ졤ܸβؼޤƤäΤǤ롥ˤʤȡܸŪʲز󵢤뤫ΤȤƤӹٹǤ˻äĤƤιٹ֥ס֥פϡľ֥ס֥פع줷Ƥ롥
(319--20) ˤСٹľλˤĤƤä

ٹΥ [kwa] [gwa] ϡֲлפ򥯥ְ̡פ򥤥󥰥Ȥ褦˴ˤѤƤλˤľƥ [ka] [ga] Ȥʤäȹ͸ǤϤѲλϰۤʤäƤ뤬ǤΡϤ١󡦾ˤ˸롤ȹͤνդˤĤƸ褦̤ǡνͤǤϥ򥬥򥫥ȯƤ뤳Ȥ񤷤Ƥ

θʤ礰襤ˤ⡤褲ءѲʤ󤪤ˤޤ⡤Τ󤵤ޡʤΤĤʡ

ʤ͸ǤϽˤϤǤľƤΤФơǤϤޤľʤǤʤäȤʪäƤ롥͸Ǥϡزʶʥ٤ˡ֤λȤޤ̤䤦ˤդ٤ȡפ褦ˡ⤤᤯ȬˤϹٹľƤȤ狼롥ФơǤϽäƤ٤Ѳ褦Ǥ롥


ٹľιȤѲ˴ؤơʣĶ̣Τϡ˼ҲŪ¦̤⤢ä餷ȤξԤ̤뤫줹뤫ϡüԤζܤ٤䡤ոǫˤ¸ȤҤΤ褦˹ٹϴ˴ŤΤǤꡤμʤԤˤȤäơζ̤ưפǤϤʤäºݡƱ˴Ť᤯13ڤ褦ʲpp. 320--21ˡ
ٹξüܸΰŪʲ˱褦ΤǤ뤳Ȥϡ͡˻ŦƤ롥ȤС[kwa, gwa] ȾҲ [w] ȤȤϡФܸΥ륢륿Ūʤɽ魯Τȸ2ŻҲδ1Ȥ뤳ȤǤʡܸɴŵ pp. 256--57) (318) ϡΤ褦ˡܸ첻ˤΤ깭ֿಽפΰĤȤư֤Ť뤳ȤǤȤcf. #1271. ܸȤθ ([2012-10-19-1]

ϹԻҲ [ɸ] [h] [çi]ʤξ໤໤Ƭ̥ޥޡ໤ؤȤѲϡĴǿδͿڸΤǤ롥 [e] ˡ [o] ˡơ߿첻߿첻ѲΤƱηˤ롥ˤСŤˡ𡦥 [i][je] ѲΤξ w ӼǤꡤҤٹľ [kwa] [ka] ƱήǤ롥ζĥˤѲƤȤˤ礭ήȤơֿಽפȤȤ롥ȯôڤ褦Ȥߵ˴ŤΤǤ롥


ʤǤ⡤Φ͹񡤶彣ʤɤľȹٹζ̤¸³Ƥ⤢롥

ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ
顡ܸˡ١˼Ҥ޿ӡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-13-1] [2018-08-28-1]

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2018-08-04 Sat

#3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ [sound_change][consonant][phonetics][phonology][phonemicisation][fricative_voicing][rhotic][degemination][h]

ѸˤǤϰ̤ˡ첻äĹ첻ˤѲϿ¿ƤΤΡҲѲŪޤäȤcf. #1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])ˡ첻ȻҲηоˤĤƤϡѸαΧ (prosody) 礭ؤäƤȤ롥Τ˻ҲѲˤΩäΤʤǤ⤢ƥ᥸㡼ʤΤ󤲤ȤСMinkova and Stockwell (36) ˰͵򤷤ơʲ5ܤ

Simplification of long consonants
Phonemicization of the voiced fricatives [v, ð, z]
Vocalization or loss of [ɣ], [x], [ç] and distributional restrictions on [h]
Loss of [-r] in some varieties of English
Simplification of the consonant clusters [kn-], [gn-], [wr-], [-mb], [-ng]


1ܤ "Simplification of long consonants" Ȥ degemination Ȥ⤤ǡűѸ줫ѸˤˤꡤűѸ gyldenne "golden" Ѹ gyldene ʤɤȤʤäθѸؤαƶȤƤϡ#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1]) #1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
2ܤ "Phonemicization of the voiced fricatives [v, ð, z]" ϡfricative_voicing ȸƤФǤ롥#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵໤ͭ ([2013-01-21-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ̵ͭ໤Υڥñʤ۲δطäե󥹼ѸʤɤαƶˤꡤξԤۤʤ벻ǤȤΩ뤳Ȥˤʤä/v/ βDzˤĤƤϡ#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#2219. vane, vat, vixen ([2015-05-25-1])#2230. Ѹ໤̵ͭʸ ([2015-06-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ
3ܤ "Vocalization or loss of [ɣ], [x], [ç] and distributional restrictions on [h]" ϡ໤ĶˤʣѲ뤲Ȥؤ㤨СűѸ dragan, sagu; hlot, hræfn, hnecca; boh, heah, sohte; toh, ruh, hleahtor 줾Ѹ draw(en), saw(e); lot, raven, neck; bow(e), hei(e), sout(e); tuf, ruff, lauhter ʤɤȤʤä󤲤Ƥheir, honest, honour, hour ʤɤθƬ h ԰ꤵ⡤ȴؤʡ#214. ԰ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) h γƵ򻲾ȡˡ
4ܤ "Loss of [-r] in some varieties of English" ϡnon-prevocali r Ǥʡ#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) γƵ򻲾ȡˡ
5ܤ "Simplification of the consonant clusters [kn-], [gn-], [wr-], [-mb], [-ng]" ϡƻҲüλҲæ벻Ǥ롥λҲбʸߤֻ˻ĤäƤΤǡǧ䤹#122. /kn/ ǻϤޤñ ([2009-08-27-1])#34. thumb ֤ȯ ([2009-06-01-1]), #724. thumb ֤ȯ (2) ([2011-04-21-1]) ΤۤŪˡ#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])#2518. Ҳۻ ([2016-03-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ʾΤ褦ˡ첻٤ƼϾʤȤϤҲѲ⤳ߤƤߤȸѸβֻˤʤαƶڤܤƤΤȴ롥

Minkova, Donka and Robert Stockwell. "Phonology: Segmental Histories." A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 29--42.

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2018-07-29 Sun

#3380. 첻ܤʣβѲνΤ (2) [gvs][phonetics][diphthong][vowel][merger]

ε ([2018-07-28-1]) ˰³첻 (gvs) ꡥMinkova and Stockwell ϡGVS ȾΤƤ븽ݤ1ĤβǤϤʤ3ĤʬʤʣŪʥץȤߤƤ롥Minkova and Stockwell (34) ˤ GVS οޤϰʲ̤p. 60 οޤ򻲾Ȥ䤹뤿˾Ѥäˡ

GVS by Minkova and Stockwell

Minkova and Stockwell ϡ (Upper Half) ǼΤߤʰ̣ǤϢ (Chain Shifts) ǤꡤʤǼʬͻ (Mergers) βȤƶ̤Ƥ롥 ޤ¦κ٤Ǽ (Diaphones) ϳѼˤ۲Ѳɽ路ƤꡤGVS ȤΩ Center Drift Ȥ̤ѲȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤΤ Chain Shifts, Mergers, Center Drift ȤΩ3ʬ鹽Ƥꡤ褷1ĤβǤϤʤȼĥƤΤǤ롥
ơβǯޤޤǡChain Shifts 1550ǯޤǤˤϽäƤΤФơMergers 18ޤǷѵŪ˵äƤꡤCenter Drift ϸǤϰѼ³ƤȤ
Ѹ첻˾κǤ첻ܤäƤϡǯǤ⤳Τ褦˿᤬ƤƤ롥ŪǶ¾ƤȤƤϡʲ⻲ȡ

#495. Ǥʤ첻ܡ ([2010-09-04-1])
#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1])
#1405. ̤ ([2013-03-02-1])
#1422. 첻ܤϤ錄2첻ä ([2013-03-19-1])
#2081. ¸ˤ첻ܤʬϡ ([2015-01-07-1])

Minkova, Donka and Robert Stockwell. "Phonology: Segmental Histories." A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 29--42.
3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ

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2018-07-28 Sat

#3379. 첻ܤʣβѲνΤ (1) [gvs][phonetics][diphthong][vowel][me][emode]

첻 (gvs) Ѹ첻˾塤ȾΤΤϡϢŪʿܤǤȤꤵƤΤΡ첻շΤɤϤޤäˤĤưոʬƤ뤿Ǥ롥徺2첻βɤϤޤꡤˤɤΤʬʤСpush chain drag chain ˤǯǤϡ첻ܡפ1ĤϢŪʿܤȤߤʤȤϤǤʣѲνΤˤʤȤΩԤ⾯ʤʤ (58--59) ϡ첻ܤγȳϻˤĤơˤƧޤƼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

GVS ѲƱ˵ä櫓ǤϤʤʤѲ (eː iː, oː uː, iː əɪ, uː əʊ) ϲʤѲ٤ʤ᤯1400ǯ˻Ϥޤ1550ǯޤǤˤϴλƤȹͤ롥ʤѲˤĤƤϡ줫ǯ٤ƳϤ졤1700ǯ溢ޤѲβ³ƤȤ롥ʤΤ첻첻ȶ첻ξ徺Τ줫˵äˤĤƤϡոʬ졤Jespersen (1909) ϡޤ첻첻򳫻ϤǤη٤ʲζ첻夲줿ȼĥ夲Ϣ (drag-chain theory) Ȥ¾ȥꥢ Karl Luick (1865--1935) Ϥ (1914--1940) ˤơJespersen Ȥϵդˡ첻ξ徺˵ꡤ/iː/, /uː/ ΰ֤ޤǹ줿ᡤ/iː/, /uː/ Ͽ첻Ȥͻ򤹤뤿ᡤФ˲夲첻Ȥ󾧤夲Ϣ (push-chain theory) ȾΤ롥夲Ϣ˴ؤơ첻֤κDzʡʤ첻ϢŪ夲ĥԤʤ餺뤬GVS ˴ؤ¤ϡҤξʤȲʤλŪ줫ߤơDzʤϢܤϤޤäȹͤΤ̵Ǥ롥ޤGVS γϻˤĤƤոʬƤꡤǯǤ13ˤޤ̤餻뤳ȤǤʤѲϤۤƱ˻ϤޤäȤԤ⤤ (Stenbrenden 2010, 2016 ʤɡˡ


GVS ϡʤȲʤ˴ؤ뾯ʤȤ2Ĥΰۤʤ벻ѲʤäƤȹͤ褵Ǥ롥˾ʤβ˲ʤβϤ졤֤äƤߤΤȤƲեȤ褦˸Ȥ櫓ʤˤĤư夲ʤΤ夲ʤΤȤˤ夬ĤƤʤ
εǡƶϤΤ Minkova and Stockwell ǯ󼨤 GVS βƤߤ

3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1909.
Luick, Karl. Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache. 2 vols. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1914--40.
Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. The Chronology and Regional Spread of Long-Vowel Changes in English, c. 1150--1500. Diss. U of Oslo, Oslo, 2010.
Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-29-1]

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2018-07-27 Fri

#3378. ŪФ߽Ф4װ [sound_change][phonetics][phonology]

ѲˤϡźθǤ褯륿פΤΤȡǤʤΤȤ롥㤨 [p] ໤ϡˡ§ (grimms_law) ǤƤ뤷 ([p] [f]ˡܸǤⵯäȤ뤬[p] [ɸ]ˡոϤޤѻʤȤäƤ褤Τ褦ʰ̣ǡѲˤоꡤŪФ (phonetic bias) ȤƤФ롥ŪФϡФγФδ4ĤװˤäȹͤƤ롥 (48--50) Ҳ𤷤褦

(1) Ĵ (motor planning): ȯäΩäƹԤǾǤĴư补ºݤȯäˤĴȤϰۤʤ벻񸽲ȡְָ㤤 (speech error) ѲθȤʤꤦ롥

(2) ϳŪ (aerodynamic constraint): ƻεήͿĴפκˤä󡥤ȤСĺҲĴͭϺ첻ĴˤưפǤͥĺ̵ȤѲ䤹ȤäȤ롥ޤ໤Ĵˤ϶ʬνʬʶɬפȤ뤬줬­໤Ϥ錄겻 (glide) ˤʤ䤹ȤиűѸ (Old English: OE) lagu [lɑɣʊ] 'law' 첻֤ͥ [ɣ]] 錄겻Ѹ (Middle English: ME) laue [lɑwə] ȤʤäΤϤˤ롥

(3) Ĵư (gestural mechanics): ĴﴱߺѤˤäƵΤǡĤΥפ˲̶ʬ롥
(3a) Ĵưʣ (gestural overlap): Ȥ hand grenade ˤ [-nd] ʬĺˤĴϸ³ [ɡ] ΤˤĴ֤뤳Ȥˤꡤظ˱ƤޤİԤˤ [hæŋ ɡɹəneɪd] Τ褦ʹƤޤޤOE ME ˤƵä߿첻˸³໤ [x] > [f] Ѳ뤬 (cough, laugh, rough)[x] [f] ؤѲӾˡ߿໤ [xw] ʳäȤΤƤ롥βϱ߿첻 [x] ȤĴưʣˤ굯äΤȤ롥
(3b) Ĵưͻ (gestural blend): ĤĴﴱƱĤĴԤȤ򤤤Ȥ keep [k] cot ʤɤ [k] Ȱۤʤꡤ³첻αƶǡȤʤ롥

(4) γлβϲ (perceptual parsing): ѲγоˤäƤ롥İԤˤγлİκƱˤꡤʹ㤤̡줬̲ƲѲ˻뤳Ȥ롥ʹ㤤ξŪоŪ˵ꤦʤĤޤꡤA B ʹ㤨СƱͤ B A ʹ㤨뤳ȤƱ٤˵ˤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤȤСѸû첻д첻ˤγм¸ǡ첻곫٤ι첻ʹ㤨¿εդλϤۤȤɤʤȤΤƤ롥Ѹ (Present-day English: PDE) γƼѼ˸ [θ] [f] ؤִʤȤСthink [θɪŋk] > [fɪŋk]ˤγвϾκüȯΤȹͤ롥

(4) Τ褦ˡѲˤƤʹ꤬פ餸礬¿ꡤ򺣤ǤϤ䤬׻뤵褦ˤʤäƤˤĤƤϡ#2140. ѲΥ饤ե ([2015-03-07-1])#2150. Ѳˤʹ ([2015-03-17-1])#2586. Ѳˤäʹ䤪Ӵط ([2016-05-26-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-28-1]

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2018-07-26 Thu

#3377. Ѳθ2ȷ3 [sound_change][phonetics][phonology][merger][terminology][phoneme][phonemicisation][how_and_why][multiple_causation]

(48) ϡѲ (phonological change) θȤ礭2̤Ƥ롥

(1) ŪưŤˤ (endogenous or internal motivations): ȤƲŪŪװ
(2) 쳰ŪưŤˤ (exogenous or external motivations): ¾졦¾ȤܿҲŪʸŪʤɤμҲŪװ

򤷤䤹ʬǤ롥 (2) θ쳰Ūװڻ뤵Ƥ¤ŦƤ¿βѲϡΤ (1) θŪװˤäƥޡȤƤ⤽ɤ餫Ȥ (1) ϡäѲ WHY ǤϤʤHOW εҤˤȤɤޤ뤳Ȥ¿βѲλξǵΤϤʤȤֻư (actuation problem) ˤ­ǤꡤWHY ˤϤɤƤ (2) 餶ʤ
ѲѲη̤ȤƲηϤɤΤ褦˱ƶȤʬहСʲ3ʬpp. 47--48ˡ

(1) ͻ (merger): ʣβǤΩ򼺤1ĤβǤ˹Τ롥
(2) ʬ (split): ñβǤʣβǤʬ뤳ȡ⤷ʬ̤β¾βǤͻ礷ǤѤʤˤϡ켡ʬ (primary split) ȸƤ֡ʬη̡ʲǤˤϡʬ (secondary split) ȸƤ֡
(3) (shift): ʬ᲻Ѳ̡ηϤ԰Ȥʤäˡ경٤̤ʬ᲻ϢŪ˲Ѳ뤳ȡ

դΤϡ(1) (2) ϲηϤ˱ƶͿѲǤ뤬(3) ǤѲDzηϤΤΤѤ餺ƲǤΤΤʤǺʬ̤ۤˤʤȤȤػҼꥲȤС(1) (2) ǤϰػҤμѤꡤ(3) ǤϰػҤɤŪʰ֤ѤȤȤˤʤ롥

3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-10-14-1] [2019-11-03-1]

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2018-07-12 Thu

#3363. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) [ipa][phonetics][history_of_linguistics][diacritical_mark][elt]

ε#3362. International Phonetic Association (IPA) ([2018-07-11-1]) ˰³ζ񤬺ؽѰ仺 International Phonetic Alphabet ʹݲɸʸ; IPAˤˤĤơ#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1])#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1]) Ǥ⳵פ˿줿 McArthur (523--24) αѸؼŵ

INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET, short form IPA. An alphabet developed by the International Phonetic Association to provide suitable symbols for the sounds of any language. The symbols are based on the Roman alphabet, with further symbols created by inverting or reversing roman letters or taken from the Greek alphabet. Such symbols are designed to harmonize as far as possible with standard Roman symbols, so as to fit as unobtrusively as possible into a line of print. The main characters are supplemented when necessary by diacritics. The first version of the alphabet was developed in the late 19c by A. E. Ellis, Paul Passy, Henry Sweet, and Daniel Jones from a concept proposed by Otto Jespersen. It has been revised from time to time, most recently in 1989 (see accompanying charts). The IPA is sufficiently rich to label the phonemes of any language and to handle the contrasts between them, but its wide range of exotic symbols and diacritics makes it difficult and expensive for printers and publishers to work with. As a result, modifications are sometimes made for convenience and economy, for example in ELT learners' dictionaries. Phoneme symbols are used in phonemic transcription, either to provide a principled method of transliterating non-Roman alphabets (such as Russian, Arabic, Chinese), or to provide an alphabet for a previously unwritten language. The large number of diacritics makes it possible to mark minute shades of sound as required for a narrow phonetic transcription. The alphabet has not had the success that its designers hoped for, in such areas as the teaching of languages (especially English) and spelling reform. It is less used in North America than elsewhere, but is widely used as a pronunciation aid for EFL and ESL, especially by British publishers and increasingly in British dictionaries of English. The pronunciation in the 2nd edition of the OED (1989) replaces an earlier respelling system with IPA symbols.


19̾Ω벻ؼԡؼԤˤäƺ줿 IPA ϡθ塤ܤˤ⤿餵졤Ѹ춵νפʰüôȤˤʤäءʤɤγؽŪʸ̮ǤΩθǤƤˤƥ᥸㡼ǤϤʤäߤܤαѸ춵ˤƤ IPA ˴ŤȯפϤĤƤۤɰŪ˶Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ褦
⤽⡤ȯɽȤäƤ⡤ˤ͡Ω줬롥ɽȲɽȤǤϸ첻Фޤǰۤʤ뤷̩ܤ˴Ϣ narrow transcription broad transcription ζ̤ (cf. #669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1]))
IPA ɽƤ130ǯۤɤФĤ첻ɽϡءȸ춵μȤʣ߹礤Τʤǡưפ˲褹ΤǤϤʤȤϡ̯ʵоݤǤ롥
ʤΰǤ IPA κǿǤ1989ǯȤʤäƤ뤬 McArthur ԤμŵνǤ1992ǯΤᡥߤǤɤǤ2015ǯǿǤ롥  *

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-09-1]

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2018-07-11 Wed

#3362. International Phonetic Association (IPA) [ipa][phonetics][history_of_linguistics]

International Phonetic Association ʹݲضˤȤȿȡ줬߽ФؽѰ仺Ǥ International Phonetic Alphabet ʹݲɸʸˤˤĤơ#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1]) #251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤʶʸȤ IPA άΤաˡ
ȿˤĤơ2ĤαѸؼŵ񤭤ѤƤޤCrystal (251) 顥

International Phonetic Association (IPA) An organization founded in 1886 by a group of European phoneticians (Paul Passy (1859--1940) and others) to promote the study of phonetics. In 1889 it published the International Phonetic Alphabet (also IPA) which, in modified and expanded form, is today the most widely used system for transcribing the sounds of a language . . . .


ˡMcArthur (525--26) 餵˾ܺ٤󤲤褦

INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION, short form IPA. An association that seeks to promote the science of phonetics and its practical applications. It was founded in 1886 in France under the English name The Phonetic Teachers' Association, by a group of language teachers who used phonetic theory and transcription in their work. The journal Dhi Fonètik Titcer started in France in the same year, edited by Paul Passy and printed in English in a phonetic script; its name was changed in 1889 to Le Maître phonétique. At first, the Association was concerned mainly with phonetics applied to teaching English, but interest expanded with the membership to the phonetic study of all languages. It acquired its present name in 1897. Although the Association played an important part in the European movement for the reform of language teaching in the late 19c, it is now best known for its regularly revised alphabet. In addition to such occasional publications as Differences between Spoken and Written Language (Daniel Jones, 1948) and The Principles of the International Phonetic Association (Daniel Jones, 1949), which includes ample transcription of large number of languages, the Association publishes The Journal of the IPA, which evolved from Le Maître phonétique.


ȤƤϱѸ춵ǰƬΩ줿衼åѤȿǤ뤳ȡθȤƤϡݲɸʸβڤؤƤȤפǤ롥
θۡڡ

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-09-1] [2018-07-12-1]

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2018-07-05 Thu

#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ [standardisation][prescriptivism][pronunciation][walker][rp][phonetics][dictionary][ipa]

#2772. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (1) ([2016-11-28-1])#2773. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (2) ([2016-11-29-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤˤɸಽϲήΤʤȯåȤˤ줿ΤϺǤ٤ä18Ⱦȯ񤬽ǤϤ᤿ΤäܳŪȯ "codification" ߤ줿ΤϤ1塤IPAInternational Phonetic Alphabet; ݲɸʸˤ߽Ф줿19ȾΤȤäơή2021ؤ³Ƥ롥Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade (307--08) βѤ褦

It is only relatively recently that the norms of standard British (or rather English) English pronunciation were first systematically codified. Attempts were made to that effect in pronunciation dictionaries in the late eighteenth century by Walker (1791) and, in particular, Sheridan (1780). However, a more detailed codification did not become possible until the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) came into existence and began to be used by Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones and their fellow phoneticians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Jones' works ran into a large number of editions, An Outline of English Phonetics, first published in its entirely in 1918, into as many as nine. His English Pronouncing Dictionary came out in 1917 and underwent a series of revisions first by Jones himself, and later by A. C. Gimson and Susan Ramsaran (14th edition, 1977). Its sixteenth edition, prepared by Peter Roach and James Hartman, came out in 2003. The most comprehensive recent work in the field is John Wells' Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (1990), which shows both RP and General American pronunciations.


ѤǤϡȯεϲȤʤä18ȾǤȤ櫓ƶϤäΤȤ Walker Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) 򻲾ȡWalker θȤ Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ̾󤲤Ƥ뤬ȯܥ֥ǤȯˤȤ˲٤ȤʤäˤʤäƤ
ȯɸಽϲȤϤäƤ⡤񤭸դȷӤĤ䤹ֻʸˡȰۤʤꡤȯäդΰ°ΤʤΤǡɸಽϲ˾ȤƤñΤǤϤʤޤܻؤ٤ŪʥåȤǤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-31-1] [2018-10-15-1]

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2018-06-26 Tue

#3347. ʤư̾ۤɶޤवˤΤ [inflection][verb][noun][adjective][phonetics][phonology][consonant][vowel]

ޤοϱѸ˾Ѳ1Ĥư̾٤Сߤ˻ޤǶޤ¿¸Ƥ롥̾ζޡʤȸƤ٤ʤСˤˤʣȽͭʷۤɤʤưˤ3ñ -sʬ˷ -edʬ -ing ĤäƤۤԵ§ưǤϼȤ첻Ѱۤ˴ŤޤĤäƤ롥ޤŪäǤϤ뤬Τư̾ޤ褯ݤäƤȤ롥
ͳ1ĤȤơ̵ʤȤ櫓ޤôˤ첻μ岽üȤŪ׷ФơưΤۤ̾ƻ趯ϤͭƤȤ󤲤롥Wełna (415--16) üŪˤҤ٤Ƥ롥

Verbs proved more resistant because, unlike nouns and adjectives, their inflectional markers contained obstruent consonants, i.e. sounds not subject to vocalization, as in PRES SG 2P -st, 3P - (-eth) or PAST -ed, while the nasal sonorants -m (> -n) and -n, frequently found in the nominal endings, vocalized and were ultimately dropped.


#291. ;̾ thou ξüưؤαƶ ([2010-02-12-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸˤϡ餯Ǥ趯ư޸Ǥä2;ñ -est ⡤ʷŪʲȤƤǤϤʤ˼ҲŪͳˤꡤб;̾ thou Ȥ˾äƤäˤꡤưޤΥꥨ󤬤褤ϼ岽ȤȤϻŦƤƤ褤

Wełna, Jerzy. "Middle English: Morphology." Chapter 27 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 415--34.

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2018-05-26 Sat

#3316. ѲװŪ˼ҲŪǤ [sound_change][phonetics][sociolinguistics][drift][gvs][language_change]

Prins (267--68) αѸ첻˳κǸˡѲˤĤƤͤĤƤ롥äȤȤ٤ΤʤΤ¤ˤ줿ƤʸϤ첻 (gvs) ƤꡤβѲȤʤäƤ롥Ū¤Ūװˤ벻Ѳ⤢뤳ȤǧĤġŪװϼҲŪʤΤǤȳˤƤ롥ͤΰǤϤ뤬Ȥ櫓̣ɤͤΤʬȴФ

Though it may be difficult to account for a given change, it is possible to account for the possibility of change as such. Language is a social phenomenon and apart from the psychological causes operative in linguistic phenomena, it is obvious that social causes must have been largely responsible for or instrumental in sound-changes like the Great Vowel Shift in English, to which I shall confine my attention. The fundamental condition which makes sound-changes of this kind possible is the fact that phonemes are not always realized in the same manner by all people and in all circumstances, but that there are generally several allophones. If the phoneme had the unalterable rigidity of the signals, say, of the Morse code, evolution in language would be impossible. Since this is not the case and a certain latitude in the phonetic realization of phonemes is found, a certain allophone in a certain number of words may become the normal phonetic realization, which may then spread to other words and subsequently to all words containing that phoneme. Hence after a lapse of time the phoneme /i:/ may come to be realized as [əɪ] and later as [aɪ] and this may even --- though not necessarily --- affect the organically related back-vowel /u:/, which will then be realized as [əʊ], subsequently [ɑʊ]. Similarly the phoneme /e:/ may come to be realized as [i:], and the corresponding back-vowel /o:/ may --- but need not necessarily --- come to be realized as [u:].
This drift, then, to diphthongization of the high vowels can also be observed in Present Day English, though there is no evidence of the tendency to raise the mid-vowels /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ in PDE. Why the drift or tendency takes that particular direction is difficult to say, but that the change is socially conditioned is obvious. Such a tendency is often held in check or prevented by a strong formal tradition as observed in schools or universities or influential educated sections of the population, but when such traditions are weakened owing to social upheavals like domestic wars or internal migration or the mixing of population groups or the rise into power of other classes, such tendencies may spread and what was at one time a vulgar, regional or dialectal pronunciation may become the standard. This would also account for the fact that though linguistic change is a continuous process, there are periods when it is definitely accelerated. These will be found to coalesce with periods of social change, when standards of pronunciation break down. The result is a so-called independent sound-change. These few remarks must suffice here. A full discussion of the problem would require a book in itself.


203ȾȤŪᤤʳǡҲŪʴ鲻ѲȤ館ƤȤ˶äҲŪѤȼ춦ƱΤɤθήˤꡤͭϤʲηϡˤƬƤȤʥߥåªϡǤˤȤɤޤ餺˲Ǥ餢롥

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

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2018-05-11 Fri

#3301. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (4) [sobokunagimon][genitive][plural][consonant][phonetics][fricative_voicing][analogy][number][inflection][paradigm][clitic]

3֤ˤ錄ɸȯŸƤ ([2018-05-08-1], [2018-05-09-1], [2018-05-10-1]) 4ơʺǽˤȤơˤ⤦Ҥͤä
wolves ʤӴŪ wivesˤطʤˤϡűѸѲ̾ζޥѥˤơʣʡʡгʡ˷Ȥ -as ղäȤ𤬤äˤűѸ wulf wulfas Ȥʤꡤf ͭ˶ޤ뤿ͭΤƤwīf ˤĤƤ⡤ѲȤ̤Υ롼פ°Ƥꡤˤ wives ؤȯãʤ wulf/wulfas פ˱ƶ졤 (analogy) ˤ wives ؤȵ夷СʤǼ
Τ褦ˡ-ves ʣˤĤƤϤΤŪǽϻѤñ°ʷܤƤߤǽŪˤϸѸνͭʤ -'s ϢʤޤǤ롥ʲñ°ʷĴʤ顤űѸ wulf wīf ζɽ򤢤餿ƷǤ褦

Ѳ̾ñʣ
wulfwulfas
гwulfwulfas
°wulfeswulfa
Ϳwulfewulfum
Ѳ̾ñʣ
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ξޥѥϡʣʡгʤǤۤʤȤäƤñ°ʤǤ϶̤ -es ȤäƤ롥ơñ° -es ղäȡ촴 f ξɤͭ˶ޤ뤿ᡤȯ /v/ ȤʤäϤȤʤСѸǤñͭʤϡ줾 *wolve's, *wive's ȤʤäƤƤ褫äϤǤϤʤȤºݤˤ wolf's, wife's ʤΤǤ롥ʣñ°ʷϡűѸ衤ۤƱŪΤȤȯŸƤϤȹͤˤ⤫餺ʤ̤Ȥ wolves Ф wolf'swives Ф wife's Ȥ̤ƤޤäΤʤʤѸǤϽͭʷ ' (apostrophe) դ϶ˤʤäƤδǤꡤܾβѤˤʤΤǡεˤϤޤäͿʤȹͤƤ褤ʡ#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
1Ĥˤϡ°ɸʣɸ٤ƴΤȤδط¤ȤʤäƤäȤ롥Ѹ줫Ѹˤơ°ɸ -es ϶޸Ȥܸ (clitic) ȤƲᤵ褦ˤʤäƤcf. #1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])ˡС-es ϷŪñ̤ȤŪñ̤ȤʤꡤΤڤΥƤȤ館褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥ˤꡤҲ̵ͭؤưŤ夯ʤäƤäΤ°ɽˤƴҲϸꤵ뤳ȤȤʤä
ǤѸ줫Ѹˤơޤ -ves η֤ⴰ˼ƤϤ餺Фˤ̵Ѱ۷ȤȤ¸ƤJespersen (16.51, pp. 264--65) ˤСChaucer Ϥ Shakespeare ˻äƤ wiues ʤɤ§Ūä18ޤ¸³Τcalues Shakespeare ̤ˤߤ줿äʣ1Ǥ°ʤѤƤˤ -ves ŪĤ䤹wive's-jointure, staves-end, knives-point, calves-head ʤɤ϶ǤѤ줿
ȤƸѸޤǤϻĤʤä°ʤ -ves ϡɸǤϤĤƤޤäΤǤ롥ޤʣ wolves ʤɾθΤߤűѸβ§ǸĤȤƻƤ롥

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2018-05-10 Thu

#3300. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (3) [sobokunagimon][plural][consonant][phonetics][fricative_voicing][analogy][number][inflection]

2֤ε ([2018-05-08-1], [2018-05-09-1]) ǡɸѤʵˡѸˤαäƤ3ơ
űѸ wulf (nom.acc.sg.)/wulfas (nom.acc.pl) 򸶷Ȥ wolf (sg.)/wolves (pl.) ȤñʣڥΥǥ뤬 (analogy) ˤäơŪˤ wulf Ȱۤʤޥ饹°롤 -f ¾̾ˤȤäȤ򸫤leaf/leaves life/lives Ϥˤ롥
Ѹθ¤įȡ -f ̾Τ٤Ƥʣˤ -ves 򼨤櫓ǤϤʤ㤨Сroof/roofs, belief/beliefs ʤɤפ⤫֤ϴˡֵ§ŪפʣäƤ롥Ȥ櫓 roof ʤɤϡűѸǤ hrōf Ȥ֤ǡޤ wulf ƱѲ롼פ°ƤΤǤꡤˤϸűѸǼºݤѤƤ hrōfas Ѿ졤ߤ *rooves ȤʤäƤ٤ʤΤǤ롥ȤʤäƤʤʤrooves ˤĤƤϰʲɽ⻲ȡˡ
ǵäȤϡ˵󤲤ΤȤ̼ѤǤ롥wife ʤɤξˤϡΥǥȤʤäΤ wolf/wolves ΥפäΤ roof 򴬤ΥǥϡäȰŪʡ㤨 stone/stones, king/kings ȤäפǤꡤ -s ĤкѤȤȤñʥפäΤǤ롥Ʊͤ˥ե󥹼Ѹ grief, proof ʤɤ⡤ȤȤΥե󥹸Ǥʣηˡñ -s ղääȤ⤢ꡤԤΥǥ岡ĸ岡줿Ȥˤꡤߤʣ griefs, proofs ȤʤäƤǤ롥
-f ̾췲ǥȤ wolf/wolves פѤ뤤 stone/stones פѤŪʴϤʤġ̾ˤäơ񤤤ϤޤޤǤ롥Ūξפδ֤ɤ򼨤Ƥ̾⾯ʤʤߤǤ -fs -ves ξʣꤦȤ⤢롥ѤȤϡ줯餤˸ġ̡˺ѤΤǤꡤΰ̣ǤȤ館ɤΤʤΤǤ롥
ε ([2018-05-08-1]) Ǥϡwolf ʣ wolves Ȥʤͳʹƥåꤷ⤷ʤˤơۤñǤϤʤȤФƤΤǤϤʤѸθݤѸŪ˹ͤƤȡˤ꤬Τ褦˿ޤäƤ
ʲȤ Jespersen (Modern, 16.21--16.25 (pp. 258--621)) ˴Ť -f 򼨤ĤθΡḽˤʣ󤲡ɬפ˱ƥȤ褦ʤ¿㡤ƤܤϡJespersen (Linguistic, 374--75) 򻲾ȡˡϡĨꤺ4ơ

ñʣ
beefbeefs/beeves 
beliefbeliefsŤ believe (sg.)/believes (pl.) ̾ϡOE ġelēafa ȴϢ뤬첻æơf ̵16ˤ believe (v.) belief (n.) ־̤褦ˤʤꡤ̾ -f Ω grieve (v.)/grief (n.), prove (v.)/proof (n.) ʤɤ⤢ä⤷ʤ
bluffbluffs 
briefbriefs 
calfcalves 
chiefchiefs 
cliffcliffsŤ cleves (pl.) ⡥
cuffcuffs 
delfdelvesȤ delfs (pl.) ⡥ޤɸѸ delve (sg.) ⡥
elfelvesޤ elfs (pl.) elve (sg.) ⡥
fieffiefs 
fifefifes 
gulfgulfs 
halfhalvesȾʳشˡפΰ̣Ǥ halfs (pl.) ⡥
hoofhoofsŤ hooves (pl.)
knifeknives 
leafleavesash-leafs (pl.) "ash-leaf potatoes"
lifelivesŤ lyffes (pl.) ʤɡ
loafloaves 
looflooves/loofsloove (sg.) ⡥
mastiffmastiffsŤ mastives (pl.) ⡥
mischiefmischiefsŤ mischieves (pl.) ⡥
oafoaves/oafs 
rebuffrebuffs 
reefreefs 
roofroofs󥰥ɤ䥢ꥫ rooves (pl.) ⡥
safesafes 
scarfscarfs18Ϥᤫ scarves (pl.) ⡥
selfselvesůѸּʡפΰ̣Ǥ selfs (pl.) ⡥
sheafsheaves 
shelfshelves 
sheriffsheriffs Ť sherives (pl.) ⡥
staffstaves/staffsפΰ̣Ǥ staves (pl.) ֿ͡פΰ̣Ǥ staffs (pl.) stave (sg.) ⡥
strifestrifes 
thiefthieves 
turfturfsŤ turves (pl.) ⡥
waifwaifsŤ waives (pl.) ⡥
wharfwarfsŤ wharves (pl.)
wifewivesŤ wyffes (pl.) ʤɡhousewife "hussy" Ǥ housewifes (pl.) Austen ǤϤΰ̣ huswifes
wolfwolves 


Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
Jespersen, Otto. Linguistica: Selected Papers in English, French and German. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1933.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-05-09 Wed

#3299. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (2) [sobokunagimon][plural][consonant][oe][phonetics][fricative_voicing][analogy][number][conjugation][inflection][paradigm]

ε ([2018-05-08-1]) ǡwolf (sg.) Ф wolves (pl.) ȤʤͳűѸβ§˾Ȥ餷ˤꡤϢ¾ -f (sg.)/ -ves (pl.) 㡤ʤ calf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, self/selves, sheaf/sheaves, shelf/shelves, thief/thieves, wife/wives ʤɤ⤭줤ǤȻפ⤷ʤѸˤϤۤɥȥ졼ȤΤǤϤʤȤʣʥƥबɤˤϡʤʤ⤢ΤǤ롥
㤨Сwife (sg.)/wives (pl.) λ夲褦̾ϡűѸǤ wīf ȤñʡʸФ˷äƤθϡֺʡפȤֽפäˡf ϡ¦ͭ첻챦¦ˤϲʤΤǡͭ˶ޤƤפ櫓ǤϤʤǥեȤ /f/ ȯ롥ơȤͽۤΤϡ֤Ȥʣʡʡгʡ˷Ǥ wīf -as ζ޸դϤǤꡤf ͭ˶ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫顤/v/ ͭΤפȤȤ
ϴñˤʤȤΤϡwulf ξϤޤѲȤ롼פ°ƤꡤεǷǤɽ˽ȤˤʤäƤΤwīf ѲȤ롼פ°̾ǤꡤűѸǤϰۤʤޥѥ򼨤ƤʲˡζɽǤ褦

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ѲζޥѥϾ嵭̤ǤꡤΥפ̾Ǥʣʡʡгʡ˷ñʡʡгʡ˷ƱˤʤΤǤ롥Ѹ˻ĤñʣƱ̾ΰ (ex. sheep) ϡűѸǤΥפ̾äȤˤǤʡ#12. How many carp! ([2009-05-11-1]) 򻲾ȡˡȤȡwīf ˤơñ /f/ ʣ /v/ Ѳڹ礤ϡʤʤȤˤʤ롥/f/ /v/ Ȥˡ⤽ʣ s ʤդʤäΤ顤Ѹ wives Ȥ֤ϡ嵭θűѸΡľܤΡȯãȤ򤹤櫓ˤϤʤʤ롥¤ϡƱȤ leaf/leaves life/lives ˤƤϤޤ롥줾θűѸ lēaf līf ϡwīf Ʊ͡Ѳ̾Ǥꡤʣʡʡгʡ˷Ϥ̵ѲʣפäΤ
Ǥϡʤ̾ʣߤǤ wolves leaves, lives ȤʤäƤΤϡwīf, lēaf, līf Ȥ wulf ƱѲ̾ζޥѥˡ־괹פȤˤ롥wulf ΥѥϳΤ˸űѸˤƺǤͥʥѥǤꡤ¾¿̾ϤӤäŪޥʡʸबƶϤΤǥˤäѲѤ򡤸ؤǤ (analogy) ȸƤǤ뤬ŵǤʡ#946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡѤˤꡤŪʣʸ̩ˤʣʡгʷˤǤ wīf, lēaf, līf ϡwīfas, lēafas, līfas Υפؤȡ־괹פΤäθȯŸϡwulfas ƱǤ롥
ݥȤϡѸʣ wives, leaves, lives Ū褦Ȥ硤wolves ξۤñǤϤʤȤȤ⤦󡦥åɲäɬפʤΤǤ롥ǤϡűѸΡ໤ͭפȤ§ϡޤä̵طȤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡޤطŪȤ٥ؤԤ롥ܲ򤤤СȺεɸˤϡȤΤʤ wolf (sg.)/wolves wife (sg.)/wives (pl.) ȤȤǤϤ롥wife/wives Τۤ٤⤤ξɤͭ첻Ȥʬ䤹ʤΤǡΤζȤƤϱǤ뤫嵭ͳǡ໤ͭŵȤ̤˽ФƻȤ櫓ˤϤʤΤǤ롥Ѹ˾塤äȡֻǰʻפȤȤˤʤ롥
ȤϤwives ϡѤȤ⤦1ĤΤƶ̣Ūݤդ򴭵Ƥ줿DZѸˤα1ʿޤäϤϡϢǤʤ뿼ߤء

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