hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ڡ / page 14 (19)

phonetics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-06-15 Sat

#1510. scale ڡˤθ츻 sc- [etymology][auchinleck][phonetics][consonant][grapheme][palatalisation]

ؤڤ̣ñ scale θ츻ˤĤơOED 츻ŵˤȡOF escaleʳ̡ (cf. F écale) ѤΤǡƬü (aphetic) Ф1300ǯ ME scale ȤƽФMED scāle (n.(1)) 򻲾ȡˡθʩΤ⡤Frankish *skala (cf. OHG skala) ʤɤμѤȤ졤̤ Gmc *skalō IE *(s)kel- (to cut) ؤɤ夯̣γȤȤƤϡҢ̢ڤȤ褦ʶƻOE scealu (shell) sc(i)ell (shell) ˵ PDE shale Ǵ䡤ťĴˤ shell ʳ̡ˤŪˤƱǤ롥
ƬҲˤĤƤΤ߹ͤСGmc *sk ե󥯸ʤɤե󥹸Ф [sk] ȤƱѸäΤ scale ǤꡤűѸθФ [ʃ] ȯŸΤ shell ǤȤȤˤʤ롥
ơMED OED Ǥϡscale νФ1300ǯκȤ The Auchinleck Manuscript Guy of Warwick ȤʤäƤ롥Ȥǯ夬1ۤΩ Layamon's Brut ɤǤơᤤǤϤʤȵ˽вä

10642: Nu he stant on hulle & Auene bi-haldeð Hu ligeð i þan stræme stelene fisces mid sweorde bi-georede .. heore scalen wleoteð, swulc gold-faȝe sceldes.


ϻǰʤ鸫νä褦αʸƥȤˤƬϵ§ǤϤʤǤդǤΤΡ scalen ϸ sceldes [ʃ] ƬƧǤȤߤʤΤĤޤꡤ scalen scale ǤϤʤshell θƬҲ򼨤ƤȤȤˤʤ롥MED Ǥ⡤shāle (n.) (b) Brut 㤬󤲤Ƥ
Ѹ sc- ֤Ҳ [sk] ʤΤ [ʃ] ʤΤʬˤϡѲμѸ줫ݤʤɤθ츻ŪμȻƱꡤƬιθƥȤˤֻȯδط (Potestatic Substitution Set; [2011-02-20-1]ε#664. littera, figura, potestasפ򻲾) ʤɤɬפǤ롥󤳤ѸΤߤʤ餺űѸˤ⤢٤ƤϤޤ뤷 sc- ˸¤ääǤϤʤΤ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-06-16-1]

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2013-06-10 Mon

#1505. ˤ "mouse"-line "house"-line [dialectology][dutch][geography][isogloss][wave_theory][map][phonetics][vowel]

ɸѸ mouse house ˤ [əʊ] 2첻ޤޤƤ롥2첻ϥޥĸǤ *[uː] äߤΥޥ¿Ǥϡ¿¿ͤ餫2첻Ĺ첻̤ξ˸롥㤨СɸɥĸǤ [aʊ] Ǥꡤɸ४Ǥ [øy] Ǥ롥
Ȥ٥륮ȥˤޤϰϿޡʵ򻲾ȡˤƤߤȡ2첻ˤĤƶ̣ʬۤ餫ˤʤ롥ˤϸŤ [uː] ĤäƤꡤ[muːs, huːs] 롥ˤϡϤȤƤʬۤǤϤ뤬߿Ĺ첻 [yː] ޤ [myːs, hyːs] ԤʤƤ롥ޤüˤ [øː] ޤ [møːs, høːs] ١ʬۤƤ롥ơȾˤɸ४ [øy] äƤ롥줾ϰǡۤʤΤΡ"mouse" "house" ξƱĹ첻2첻Ƥ뤳ȤǧǤ롥
Ȥ[muːs, huːs] [myːs, hyːs] ˶ޤ줿Ȥˡξ첻οä [muːs, hyːs] 򼨤ꥢΤǤ롥ΤȤϡ"mouse" "house" 첻Ѱۤɽ魯 (isogloss) ߤ˰פƤʤȤʪäƤ롥mouse Τۤ "house" ⹭ϰˤơŤ2첻ݤäƤȤȤˤʤ롥άϼޤʲ˼



ʬۤΤˡΤ褦ʥʥꥪꤵ롥ΤȤ餯Υեɥdz׿ [yː] ʸṲ̄ͥ椨ˡγ׿Ū첻Ⱦ˹äƤä줫̥ɥĤΥϥԻԤ濴Ȥ⤦1ĤʸαƶˤꡤŤ [uː] ⺬ʬۤƤʸ椬Υꥢդʣˤ֤ĤꤢŶλʪȤ⤤嵭ʬۤΤǤ롥ºݡߤǤ [yː] ʤϤäȷ³ƤȤ
16--17餯ȥȯǡʤ׿Ū2첻 [øy] Ф줬λޤǤͥȤʤäƤ [yː] ֤Ƥ椭ɸŪȯȤʤäƤä
[muːs, hyːs] ߽Фפʤϡ[2012-10-21-1]εǿ줿 chaque mot a son histoire "every word has its own history" Τ΢դΤǤ롥
ʾ塤Kloeke, G. G (De Hollandsche Expansie. Noorden Zuid-Nederlandsche Dialectbibliotheek 2. The Hague: 1927.) Ĵ⤷ Bloomfield (328--31) 򻲾ȤƼɮʲϿޤϡBloomfield (328) ꡥ

Kloeke's Map of

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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2013-05-07 Tue

#1471. golden ߽ФѲ [i-mutation][analogy][phonetics][analogy][suffix][waseieigo]

ǯ⥴ǥ󥦥äܸȤƤΡ֥ǥ󥦥פϡ1951ǯϢ٤˾Ǥ줿Dz褬ߤζԤҥåȤȤˤʤDzȳȯѸǤ롥GW Ȥάˡ⤹ä̲롥
ơѸ golden ϡ̾ gold ηƻȤǧΤƤ롥gold ΤƻŪѤ졤 golden Ϥɤ餫ȤŪ뤤ʸŪѤ뤳Ȥ¿a gold coin ʶߡˤФgolden opportunity 乥εˤǡǤ롥ѸǤϤ뤬Ҥ Golden Week Ūˡ
ѸǺɽ魯ƻ -en ϡƥ -īnusꥷ -inos󥹥åȸ -īna ʤɤθŵˤƱߤۤɤθŤ16ʹߡ嵭Τ褦˴Τ̾줬Τޤ޷ƻȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ʤꡤߤǤΩʤȤʤäƤ롥㤨Сearthen, wheaten, woolen ʤɤϷߤglassen, oaken, silken, silvern, tinnen ʤɤϸŤᤫʸŪǤ롥
űѸ gylden (golden), stǣnen (of stone) Ȥ֤̤ꡤϤΩĻˤϹ첻 i äƤꡤľβ첻 i-mutation Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ줬ѸˤƴΤ gold, stone ȤβŪѤˤ첻ִ golden, stonen ߽ФϡѲˤΤκä󳫤ΤΡŪѤˤƤӷ֤̤äƤȤѲˤ˴ѻιʤѤФä gilden 16ѸȤʤäȴϢ̤ȯŸˤư gild ʶä򤹤ˤϡߤޤǻĤäƤ롥
ơűѸ gylden i-mutation κѤջȡΤȤƤ̾ gulden ȤʤϤűѸǤ gold Ǥ롥ϡűѸΥޥˡŪ u o ؤȾ夲βФǤ롥β n 첻³ˤ˻ߤ줿ϡűѸζѲưIIIˤơbunden Ǥ u ݤƤ뤬holpen Ǥ o ؾ夲Ȥʤɤ (Hamer 14--15) ˤűѸ̾ gold Фƻ gylden (< *guldin) 򤵤褦

Hamer, R. F. S. Old English Sound Changes for Beginners. Oxford: Blackwell, 1967.

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2013-04-06 Sat

#1440. ٥󥭥 [syllable][corpus][lexicon][phonetics][frequency][statistics]

#1424. CELEX2 ([2013-03-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ǡ١DzƤߤ褦ȹͤVersion 2 ǿ˲ä줿 (English Frequency, Syllables) Υ֥ǡ١ˤꡤѸǺǤ¿᥿פΥ󥭥󥰤
ϡCELEX2 ΤȤˤʤäƤ륳ѥΤΤ7.26%130äե֥ѥФ줿٤Ǥꡤ٤ǤϤʤȡ٤ˤΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤäդˤ뤢ñ٤⤱Сʬñ˴ޤޤ벻᥿פ٤⤯ʤȤȤǤ롥㤨Сof "Ov" (= /ɒv/) ɽ벻ϡ4̤٤Ǥ롥ʤ̵ͭϹθ٤Ƥ롥
ʲΥꥹȤ˵󤲤벻ɽϡIPA ǤϤʤ CELEX ͤäɽʤΤǡбɽ󤲤Ƥ

CELEX2 Phonetic Character Set

Ǥϡʲ˥󥭥ɽǥȥå50̤ޤǤǺܤ롥٤ñβ᥿פΤޤ޾̤ȿǤƤơޤꤪ⤷ɽǤϤʤΩĤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ

RankSyllableFrequency
1eI72971
2Di:60967
3tu:31446
4Ov30108
5In29906
6&nd28709
7aI23822
8lI19728
9@19566
10rI14356
11ju:12598
12dI12465
13D&t12118
14It11504
15wOz10834
16fO:r*9778
17Iz9517
18tI9161
19fO9042
20Sn,8969
21hi:8928
22r@n8638
23bi:8505
24bI7936
25nI7068
26wID7046
27On7030
28&z6919
29O:l6569
30h&d6240
31E6165
32bl,6021
33sI5836
34@U5824
35t@r*5687
36&t5652
37hIz5564
38bVt5416
39mI5397
40s@5391
41nOt5357
42D@r*5339
43I5283
44tId5259
45DeI5162
46IN5063
47t@5053
48s@U4974
49baI4894
50h&v4769


󥭥ɽ򸫤ϡֶڤ Syllable Frequency Rank Table by CELEX2 򻲾ȡ֥饦DZϡɤΤȤƤ11492ΰۤʤ벻᥿פϿƤꡤ٤1ʾΤΤ7934פ롥#1023. ܸμȿ ([2012-02-14-1]) κǸǡѸβ᥿פܸ٤ƶäۤ¿¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥ˿줿οߤǼǤϢơsyllable γƵ򻲾ȡ
ʤCELEX2 Υޥ˥奢ˤϰʲâ񤭤ƤΤǡƷǤƤ

Please note that the English corpus used by CELEX for deriving these frequencies contains only 7.3% spoken material. This means there is a rather tenuous relationship between the full frequency figures, which are based on written forms, and the syllable frequencies, which merely refer to phonemic conversions of these graphemic transcriptions. Of course it could be argued that frequencies of syllables, as lexical sub-units, are less liable to get skewed from differences in medium than full words, but it has to be taken into account that NO FIRM EVIDENCE ABOUT SPOKEN FREQUENCIES can be derived from these data.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-28-1] [2019-07-03-1]

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2013-03-19 Tue

#1422. 첻ܤϤ錄2첻ä [gvs][phonetics][vowel][diphthong][uniformitarian_principle]

(Great Vowel Shift; see [2009-11-18-1]) ϤȤѸΤĤ첻ܤ˶̤뷹롥tense Ĺ첻첻շγ¦˰֤Τ "outer ring / peripheral vowels" ȤƤФˤϾ徺lax Ĺ첻¦ʤΤ "inner ring / non-peripheral vowels ȤƤФˤϲߤȤΤ Labov (1994: 234) ŦƤ뷹蹥 Stockwell and Minkova Ϥ˿øΩƤ
Stockwell and Minkova ˤС첻ܤǷŪʤΤϡLabov Τ褦Ĺ첻 tense vs lax, inner ring vs outer ring, peripheral vs non-peripheral ȤΩǤϤʤ2첻 in-gliding (centering) vs out-gliding ȤΩǤ롥ǡin-gliding (centering) 2첻Ȥϡ2Ǥ첻ŵŪ [ə]ˤȤʤ [ɪə ɛə æə ʊə ɔə ɑə] Τ褦ʤΤؤout-gliding 2첻Ȥϡ2Ǥ첻ŵŪ [i u]ˤȤʤ [ey ay ɔy] Τ褦ʤΤؤStockwell and Minkova ϡѸνѼǸ߿ʹΤĤ첻 (the New York City Shift, the Northern American Cities Shift, the Popular London and Cockney Shift, the Southern States Shift) Ĵin-gliding 2첻Ͼ徺out-gliding 2첻ϲߤ뷹ȷ (97)

In order for an analysis of a historical English shift to be supported by the evidence of modern English chain shifts, it appears, from the above Modern English dialect evidence and the on-going shifts, that:

a. nuclei which move upward have centering glides, and
b. nuclei which move downward have homorganic out-glides, front with front vowels and back with back vowels.


դΤϡLabov Ĺ첻οܤˤĤƸäƤΤФơStockwell and Minkova 2첻οܤˤĤƸäƤ뤳ȤǤ롥15ʹߡ󥰥ɤǤͭ̾첻ܤεפФС̾ϤȤʤ벻ȤƤĹ첻ȤƤ롥Stockwell and Minkova ϡUniformitarian Principle ưˤ礤˽Фʤ顤߿ʹ2첻ܤη˴դߡ첻ܤϤĹ첻ǤϤʤ2첻äΤǤϤʤȡä褦 revisionist Ƥ򡤤ꤲˡꤲʤǤƤΤǤ롥"no one has proved that the shifting nuclei were long pure vowels, and indeed the very fact of their shifting suggests that they were not" (97).
⤷錄2첻ˤΤ褦ʷˤΤȤСϤʤʤΤMinkova and Stockwell (98--99) ϡ"perceptual optimization" ȤưŤƤ (98--99)

Assuming that the ultimate target of a centering diphthong is a point maximally distanced from the out-glide end-points, i.e. the -y and -w of the peripheral diphthongs, namely some kind of low central [a] or [ɑ], we can argue that the reason that in-gliding diphthongs raise the first element is perceptual optimization: [æə] is worse than [ɛə] which is worse than [ɪə]. In the back, [ɒə] is worse than [ɔə] which is worse than [ɔ̝ə] which is worse than [ʊə]. Put another way, Labov has the motivations for chain-shifting in English (and indeed throughout Germanic) backwards: it is not that peripheral vowels rise, because there is no phonetic motivation for that claim to be true; rather, it is that the elements of in-gliding diphthongs distance themselves from each other for optimal perception, which raises the first element.


ϡ#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1]) ˤơƱԤȤƾҲ𤷤 "(1) Nucleus-glide dissimilation"

Labov, William. Principles of Linguistic Change: Internal Factors. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994.
Stockwell, Robert and Donka Minkova. "Explanations of Sound Change: Contradictions between Dialect Data and Theories of Chain Shifting." Leeds Studies in English ns 30 (1999): 83--102.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-29-1]

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2013-03-12 Tue

#1415. shew show (1) [spelling][phonetics][corpus][hc][diphthong]

ư show ˤϸŤ֤ shew 롥ˡΧʸ񡤻ʤɤˤϸΤΡߤǤϰŪˤϤޤꤪܤˤʤshew 18ޤֻͥǤꡤ19ȾޤǸȤƳƤ20ȾǤܤˤ뤳ȤäOED "show, v." θ츻εҤ򻲾Ȥ褦

The spelling shew, prevalent in the 18th cent. and not uncommon in the first half of the 19th cent., is now obsolete exc. in legal documents. It represents the obsolete pronunciation (indicated by rhymes like view, true down to c1700) normally descending from the Old English scéaw- with falling diphthong. The present pronunciation, to which the present spelling corresponds, represents an Old English (? dialectal) sceāw- with a rising diphthong.


ΰ֤ͳϡűѸ scéawian (to look) η֤ͳ褹롥촴2첻Ĺ첻ؤȳ경 (smoothing) ݤˡȤȲĴ2첻Ǥкǽ첻Ӥ ē Ȥʤꡤ徺Ĵ2첻ǤкǸ첻ӡ̤Ȥ ō Ȥʤäshew ϢʤԤηǤϡ§Ūʲȯãˤꡤ/ʃjuː/ ϤϤshow ϢʤԤηȯ /ʃoʊ/ ִ뤳ȤˤʤäȾޤǤֻȤƤ shew ͥǤʤ顤ȯȤƤ show ̲ƤȤȤˤʤ롥ʤsew /soʊ/ ⡤ʿŪȯãη̤Ǥ롥
OED 츻ǤϡޤǤ shew ͥäȤȤä show ˨Ѹ줫ǧ (cf. MED "sheuen (v.(1))") Helsinki Corpus ˤꡤѸ줫ѸޤǤ shew vs show ̻Ūʬۤ򳵴ѤƤߤ褦ʥǡե "shew" and "show" in Helsinki Corpus 򻲾ȡ


shew show
M1120
M2362
M31850
M42077
E119813
E211315
E3714


Τ˽ѸޤǤ̻ŪʷǤ롥Ѹʹߤ show εžˤĤƤ̤ĴʤΤǡεõäƤߤ롥

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2013-03-02 Sat

#1405. ̤ [gvs][scottish_english][scots][weakly_tied][social_network][sociolinguistics][phonetics][functionalism][hypercorrection]

ε#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1]) ǵפ֤ Great Vowel Shift 夲̤δؿ GVS ˤĤƺƹͤ褦 Smith (Chapter 6) ɤľGVS äƤϡ줬͡ˤ줷ѲǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤǽǰƬ֤ƤȤɬפȲǧˤĤƤϡ#495. Ǥʤ첻ܡ ([2010-09-04-1]) ǵƻפ٤̤첻ܤˤĤƿƤ
Ѹˤˤơ첻ܡפ̾ΤƤΤϡɥ濴Ȥ륤󥰥ǵäɸѸˤη̤ȿǤƤ롤ϢĹ첻ѲǤ롥֥ƥγǡ褽Ӥˤ褽Ӥ褦Ĺ첻ѲäƤ롥ǤŪ褯ΤƤΤåȥɤǵä첻ܤǤ롥ǤĹ첻Τߤ˾夲2첻졤б첻ǤϲѲƤʤäơout ϥåȥǤ [uːt] ΤޤޤǤ롥ʹߡ󥰥첻ܤ "Southern Shift"åȥ첻ܤ "Northern Shift" ȸƤǶ̤ʲ޻ȡˡ

The Southern Shift
The Northern Shift

Southern Shift Northern Shift ϡѲ첻ηϤ㤷ƤΤǤ뤫顤̤ۤʤäƤ첻ܤСξܤȤ̤纹ϤʤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥ǤϡȸˤĤƤϤɤξܤδ֤ˡϢŪѲʹԤ丶ˤĤơ餫Ŧ뤳ȤϤǤΤꤷʤͳϤĤ⤢롥Smith (153) ϡƤΤ "mechanical developments consequent on change elsewhere in the system" ȤޤΤߤǤꡤ"no reference to southern 'influence' is needed to account for the development in the north, and the similarity between Northern and Southern Shifts seems essentially coincidental" ȡξܤδϢڤΤƤ롥

[I]s the Great Vowel Shift (singular) a unitary phenomenon? It would seem that the triggering and implementation of the Shift differed in different parts of the country. It was not some sudden, massive movement but rather a series of very small, individual choices which interacted diachronically, diatopically and sociolinguistically, resulting in at least two distinct sets of phonological realignments. The term Great Vowel Shift remains a useful label but, as has been pointed out by, among others, Roger Lass (1988: 396), only in the same way as 'Industrial Revolution' is a helpful shorthand method of referring to how a series of minor technological advances ultimately brought about a major cultural change. (153)


Smith ϡƿܤθˤĤƤϢȤϤʤȤ̤ȼŸƤ롥phonological space γǰѤ첻ηΰϤ˴ؤͻꤦ첻ηϤ෿Ūͻͥåȥ˴Ťּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ƱΤ޲ȤʤäҲŪ accommodation hyperadaptation εʤɡˡʻ̤οܤڤäƤ椯
Smith ϡηϤ򤪤˹θƤʤɤɾеǽŪǤ뤳ȤϳΤŪˤϥХХΰȹͤƤ褤

Smith, Jeremy J. Sound Change and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-19-1] [2018-07-29-1]

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2013-03-01 Fri

#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ [gvs][vowel][ot][phonology][phonetics][diphthong][merger][language_change]

ؤʬˤơ1990ǯ Optimality Theory ʺŬˤоȯŸλȸƤ٤뤫⤷ʤ1993ǯ Prince and Smolensky ˤƤȯɽư衤ܤӤƤä˲䱤ΧʬǤαѤʤǤꡤ̻ؤΩ줫Ѳ븶ȤƴԤ󤻤Ƥ롥OT ϡʸˡդ줿ʣˤäƵҤǤȹͤ롥طФƳƼ󤬥󥯽ŬѤ졤̤ȤɽطϤ뤳ȤꤷƤ롥
OT δϡѲ뤤ʸˡѲȤΥդؤ (reranking of constraints) Ǥȸ뤳ȤǤĤθǤϱѸˤˤפʲѲǤ (Great Vowel Shift; see [2009-11-18-1]) ؤѤƤ롥McMahon GVS ؤαѸ󤷤ƤΤǡ򸫤Ƥߤ褦ʲǤϡMcMahon ȤƤŵνϾά롥
ǯŪΩ줫顤GVS ϽΤ褦ŪѲǤϤʤ̤ѲޤȤ߹蘆äΤˤʤȤФƤƤ[2010-09-04-1]ε#495. Ǥʤ첻ܡפ򻲾ȡˡ䤬Ƥ֤ȤΥХХǤ롥ΥХХ򾧤˯ Stockwell and Minkova Ǥꡤ GVS Ȥ٥뼫Τݱʤ˴Ƥޤ٥ǤɾƤ롥Minkova ʤɤϡΥ٥ϱѸˤѸȤƤǤϤʤػˤѸȤƤդ路ȡ긷 GVS ɽ魯ġβѲλ¤ΤΤΤȤʤ餬ǧƤꡤǽѲϹ첻2첻ǤȹͤƤǤϡJespersen ʤɤθȰפ롥
Lass GVS Ȥ٥ΰյΤȤǧƤ롥GVS γˤĤƤϡ첻ι첻ϤޤäȤ Luick Dobson θƤƤꡤ첻շξȾʬ˴ؤϢѲˤĤƤϹ¤ŪߤδͿꤷƤ롥СȾʬˤĤƤΤߥХХѤƤȤȤˤʤ롥
McMahon ϡΤ褦طʤˡMiglio (1998) Miglio and Moré ˤ OT Ѥ GVS ʬϤ⤹롥ŪŦ塤McMahon Ǥ褯 OT ζߤƤɾ Minkova and Stockwell ʬϤҲ𤹤롥Minkova and Stockwell ϡѸĹ첻ο񤤤Ť4Ĥװ󤲡줾 OT ˤ˳Ƥ

(a) HEAR CLEAR: Diphthong optimization in perceptual terms
(b) *EFFORT: Diphthong optimization in articulatory terms
(c) MINIMAL DISTANCE: Optimal spacing of adjacent entities --- merger avoidance
(d) IDENT IO (CONTRAST): Vowel mergers and input-output faithfulness

(a) (b) ϲ˴ؤǡԤ2첻ٻԤĹ첻ٻȤȿġ(c) (d) ϲηϤ˴ؤǡԤϲǤͻ򤱤ءԤϲΩݻغѤ롥ʤMinkova and Stockwell ϲˤȤŤ (a) (b) ΤߤѲΰ⡤ѲȤѤǤȹͤƤ롥ϡOT δܤ˲ΤΤȤܼ˴ؤȴϢ롥
Minkova and Stockwell ϡ4ΰۤʤ֤ǤȤ߹碌ˤꡤ4Ĥΰۤʤ벻Ȥ롥

(1) Nucleus-glide dissimilation: IDENT IO (CONTRAST) >> HEAR CLEAR >> MINIMAL DISTANCE >> *EFFORT
(2) Nucleus-glide assimilation: IDENT IO (CONTRAST) >> *EFFORT >> MINIMAL DISTANCE >> HEAR CLEAR
(3) Chain Shift: IDENT IO (CONTRAST), MINIMAL DISTANCE >> HEAR CLEAR, *EFFORT
(4) Merger: *EFFORT >> IDENT IO (CONTRAST), MINIMAL DISTANCE >> HEAR CLEAR

GVS (3) 1Ǥ롥Ѹˤˤ͡ʲѲäƤ뤬OT ˤСƻΰۤʤȤ߹碌ȽˤȤȤˤʤ롥OT ˤ GVS β餫ˤ줿Τ褯狼ʤȤΤľʤȤǤ롥GVS ˤĤƿ1ĤεˡääȤʾˡΤ

Prince, Alan and Paul Smolensky. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Ms, Rutgers U and U of Colorado at Boulder, 1993.
McMahon, April. "Change for the Better? Optimality Theory versus History." Chapter 1 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 4--23.

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2013-02-27 Wed

#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ [drift][causation][language_change][vowel][diphthong][consonant][degemination][phoneme][phonetics][gvs][meosl][functionalism][isochrony][functional_load][homorganic_lengthening]

#1231. drift ѲѤΰѤ4 ([2012-09-09-1]) εǡRitt ʸ˿줿ʸǤɸ˷Ǥ꤬ͻ뤬ɮԤ٤ϤƹŪǵǽŪǤ롥
Ritt ϡѸ Homorganic Lengthening, Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL), Great Vowel Shift ϤȤĹ첻2첻ޤϢưƤ첻̤Ωβʤɡ첻ˤޤĤѲ첻ζ (strengthening of vowels) Ȱ礷ФơҲ̤ΩβáҲ첻ҲξüʤɤμλҲˤޤĤѲֻҲμ岽 (weakening of consonants) Ȱ礷ľǯˤ錄Ѹ첻ˤ첻ζȻҲμ岽ħŤȤʤ顤طʤˤ븶Ū褦ȻߤΤ褦ŪĬήϤФ drift ήˤȤƸڤ졤˸ؤˤƤθưϤϺ1ĤȤʤäƤ뤬Ritt ϰճʤȤ˲򸫤Ȥ롥ϡѸĹդƤ "rhythmic isochrony" "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" (224) Ǥ롥
ΤƤ褦ˡѸˤ "rhythmic isochrony" 롥褽ȼ夤Ȥߤ˸뱤 (foot stress) γơ褽ƱĹäȯȤˤꡤ¿β᤬ޤޤ뱤ӤǤϳƲ᤯ûȯ졤դ˲ʤӤǤϳƲϤäĹȯ롥ˡѸˤ "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" Ȥ֤֤˴ؤ붯¤ꡤϼۤΤ˼ĥɬפ롥ơ2Ĥθ§ˤꡤ֤ƱǤǤŪʰ֤ˤäĹѤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤĹûΩ˵ǽȤϸ¤ʤ֤Ȥʤ롥ä˱ѸλҲǤǤĹûΩεǽô (functional load) ϤȤ礭ʤäΤǡΩϽѸ˾üʻҲμ岽ˡ첻ǤǤĹûΩϵǽô̤礭ä˾ü뤳ȤϤʤषΩݻ礹ؤȿʲû첻Ĺ첻κΤˤ뤿ˡԤд˲Ԥĥ˸Ԥ2첻ȯãơԤȤν̤ޤä2Ĥθ§ȡüȯ첻ζפϡߤ˻٤礤ǤʥѥȤʤäƤä줬ɸФ Ritt εǽŪʲǤ롥
ѤˤĤޤޤ줿褦ʴ롥¿ε䤬⤫Ǥ롥⤽ѸǤϤʤ rhythmic isochrony ۤɤޤǤ˶ǤʤΤ¾θˤ롤뤤ۤ drift ӤȤˡƱ褦ѤΤǤεǽô̤ŪǤϤʤ¾Ū˷פˡϤΤ٥ŽƤ褦첻Ѳ̤λǤϤʤˤˡˤΤϤʤ
Ritt εϤष¿䤤Ƥ֤褦˻פ뤬οΰյϡ˿줿褦ˡdrift Ū褦ȤȤˤΤȻפϤ礤ŪˤʤΤεǡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. "How to Weaken one's Consonants, Strengthen one's Vowels and Remain English at the Same Time." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 213--31.

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2013-02-01 Fri

#1376. ﴱο [phonetics][terminology]

ȤʤɤǤλѤˡﴱ (speech organs) Ĵ (places of articulation) οޤǺܡؤ䲻ؤΤɤζʽˤǺܤƤ뤬ʲΥΥǤ O'Grady et al. p. 19 p. 23 ꡤ顼Ǥ Britannica "articulation: physical points of articulation" ꡥۤˤϡGoogle "vocal tract" դ̵οޤɤ

Vocal Tract
Sound-Producing System
Places of Articulation

ʲ˼ʲﴱνѸƤ

common namescientific nameadjective
lipslabialabial
teeth
dental
alveolar ridge
alveolar
(hard) palate
palatal
soft palatevelumvelar
uvula
uvular
upper throatpharynxpharyngeal
voiceboxlarynxlaryngeal
tongue tipapexapical
tongue bladelaminalaminal
tongue bodydorsum (back)dorsal
tongue root
radical


O'Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. (Companion Site based on the 5th edition available here.)
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-04-14-1]

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2013-01-21 Mon

#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵໤ͭ [phonetics][oe][consonant][verners_law]

#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1]) (2) Ǽ夲űѸǤŵŪ첻Ƕޤ줿̵໤ [f, θ, s] ͭ [v, ð, z] Ȥʤ (ex. hūsian "to house", ofer "over", sūþerne "southern") ̵໤ͭȤݤˤĤơ (377) ˽äơܺ٤򵭽Ҥ
βϡ٤Ȥ6ޤǤˤϳΩȤ롥벻Ķˤϡ(1) VV, (2) V/l, r, m, n/, (3) /l, r, m, n/V 3बä⼫IJˤϤޤ줿ĶǤ롥/f, θ, s/ ˺Ѥ줾θűѸǤ󤲤褦

[f] > [v]: giefan (give) ? geaf ([he] gave), heofon (heaven), ofer (over)
[θ] > [ð]: weorðan (become) ? wearð ([he] became), feþer (feather), ōþer (other), fæðm (fathom), eorðe (earth)
[s] > [z]: rīsan (rise) ? rās ([he] rose), nosu (nose), bōsm (bosom), ōsle (ouzel)


(1) (2) δĶˤĤơV ˶ʤˤϡͭβ˻ߤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥㤨С*triuwiþu > trēowþ (truth) seofoða (seventh) ϡVerner's Law ŬѤȤϰۤʤ뤳Ȥդ
βϸűѸֻˤȿǤʤ(a) δĶ <þ> /d/ Ѥ줿ꡤ(b) ໤ľ <t> ǤϤʤ <d> ³ꡤ(c) þl > dl 뤤 þm > dm Τ褦ʲꤹ뤳Ȥ顤Ȥϵʤ
ʤűѸѸǤϡͭ໤ФƵ뤳Ȥ¿ĺǤϵʤդˡѸǤͭϡ໤ȤƤ [s] > [z] 뤰餤 ʬĺǵäƤ롥̵ˤĤƤ̤ʬۤۤʤ롥űѸѸǤ໤ĺˤȤ˱ƶ뤬ѸǤϤޤ໤˱ƶΤߤǤp. 376ˡ̵ͭβˤϡ̤ĬήȤȤ⤷ʤ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2013-01-09 Wed

#1353. 첻Ĺû [pronunciation][phonetics][spelling][vowel][phoneme][frequency][variation]

[2012-02-13-1]ε#1022. ѸγƲǤ١פdzǧǤ褦ˡ/ʊ/ ϱѸû첻ǤΤʤǺǤ٤㤤ΤǤ롥ֻȤƤϡŵŪ <oo> <u> ɽ蘆벻ǤԤ /uː/Ԥ /ʌ/ ȤƼ¸뤳Ȥ¿ΤǡºݤˤϤۤɸʤŪˤϤɤΤ餤Τ
#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ǡ/ʊ/ + Ҳפǽñ򽦤äƤߤ "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )UH[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" Ƥߤȼ159줬󤬤ä

bloor, book, book's, booked, books, books', boor, boord, boors, bourque, brook, brook's, brooke, brooke's, brookes, brooks, brooks's, bruehl, bull, bull's, bulls, bulls', cook, cook's, cooke, cooked, cooks, could, crook, crooke, crooks, duerr, duerst, flook, fluhr, fooks, foor, foot, foote, foote's, foots, fuhr, fuld, full, full's, fulp, fults, fultz, gloor, good, good's, goode, goods, gook, hood, hoods, hoofed, hoofs, hook, hook's, hooke, hooked, hooks, hooves, joong, jure, kook, kooks, koors, kuehl, kuhrt, look, looked, looks, loong, luehrs, luhr, luhrs, lure, lured, lures, mook, moor, moore, moore's, moored, moores, moors, muhr, nook, nooks, poor, poor's, poore, poors, pull, pulled, pulls, puls, pultz, put, puts, rook, rooke, rooks, routes, ruehl, ruhr, schnooks, schnoor, schoof, schook, schultz, schulz, schulze, schuur, shook, should, shultz, shure, snook, snooks, soot, soots, spoor, spoor's, stood, stroock, stuhr, suire, sure, took, tooke, tookes, tour, tour's, toured, tours, ture, uhr, wolf, wolf's, wolfe, wolfe's, wolff, wolves, wood, wood's, woods, wool, woolf, wools, woong, would, wuertz, wulf, wulff, zook, zuehlke


ǡбĹ첻 /uː/ 첻 /ʌ/ ñϡƱͤξ︡ "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )UW[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )AH[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" ˤС줾596졤966줬ҥåȤꤵ줿ĶˤĴǤϤ뤬Ū /ʊ/ ñ줬ʤȤ狼롥
171Τ<oo> = /ʊ/ δط򼨤Τ95줢롥ֻȯδططʤˤϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) ӡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) ǽҤ٤̤ꡤĹ첻û첻ȤѲä
βѲϲΤΤǤϤ뤬;ȤϸǤ⾯θˤƻȯŪ˸롥㤨Сȯɤ򼨤ΰ ([2010-08-28-1]) dzǧǤ¤ꡤroom, bedroom, broom ȯϡĹ첻û첻δ֤ɤ򼨤LPD Preference polls ˤСɤʬۤϰʲ̤ꡥ


BrE /ruːm/BrE /rʊm/AmE /ruːm/AmE /rʊm/
room81%19937
bedroom6337--
broom928--


Ϣơ#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1]) ⻲ȡĹ첻 /uː/ ˤĤƤϡ#841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1]) Ϳ롥

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

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2013-01-04 Fri

#1348. 13ʹߤ v [phonetics][etymology][metanalysis][consonant][v]

[v] ϤȤͭ໤첻Ǽ䤹ȤŪħ롥ͭ໤ȤŪˤϡбμ岽ˤäƤ⤢롥ƥ rīpam "bank, shore", sētam "silk", focum "hearth" θڥǤ riba, seda, fuego "fire" ໤Ƥꡤե󥹸Ǥ rive, soie, feu Τ褦ˤ˼岽뤤ϾüƤ (Bloomfield 374)
[v] ˸ꤹСѸǤ⡤λҲ첻ǤФкƤ롥Ѹ auger, curfew, had, head, kerchief, lady, lark, lord, poor ϡȯ [v] ޤޤƤʤ [v] äƤ[v] κ13ʹߤΤȤƤ롥
(401, 410--11) ˤС[v] κ줿ĶˤϤĤμबǧ롥Ǥ3夲褦1ܤϡa ˸³k, g, l ֤ĶǤ롥㤨Сauger hawk ʤɤǡŪ [v] Ƥ롥ԤϸűѸ nafogār ̤ꡤ nafu "nave" + gār "spear" ιǤ롥Ѹ a g ˶ޤ줿 [v] 졤 a nauger an auger ʬΤǤʰʬϤˤĤƤϡ[2009-05-03-1]ε#4. ǶܤǤѸñȯڤƤ롩פ metanalysis γƵ򻲾ȡˡԤϡűѸ h(e)afoc Ѹˤ [v] 줿ΤǤ롥
d ֤ˤƤǤꡤűѸ hæfde "had", hēafdes "head's", hlǣfdige "lady" ʤɤˤ [v] ü
3ܤϡΤĹ첻θ֤ǡ r(C), l, m, n ֤ˤƤǤꡤűѸ lāferce "lark" 䡤ťե󥹸줫μѸ cuevrechief "kerchief", cuevrefeu "curfew", povre "poor" ʤɤˤ [v] ü
Ϣơlady lord θˤˤĤƤϡ#23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2013-01-01 Tue

#1345. read -- read -- read γ [verb][conjugation][phonetics][spelling][gvs][homonymic_clash][degemination][sobokunagimon]

ޤƤǤȤޤ̦ǯǤǯ hellog ꤤޤ
ǯǽεϡ󤻤줿μˤĤơread βȯʤ /rɛd/ ʤΤѸˤδɤΤ
ɸѸ read γѤϡֻѤȯǤ /riːd/ -- /rɛd/ -- /rɛd/ Ȥʤ롥ΤˡδԵ§ζˤߤΤ褦˸롥ŪˤߤС§Ūȸڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤΡȤäԵ§ζˤߤȤʤȯ˴ؤƤ㤬뤷ֻˤĤƤ⤢٤Ϳ롥
ȯֻ̡˹ͤƤޤϡȯ顥ư read θűѸ West-Saxon ˤ rǣdan Ǥꡤ촴ˤĹ첻ޤޤƤAnglian Kentish Ǥϡ첻 ē ɽ蘆⤤֤첻äˤűѸˤĹ첻ޤޤƤȤפǤ롥ơưϥޥĸʳǤ϶ѲVII°ƤűѸޤǤˤϼѲƤꡤWest-Saxon Ǥϲ rǣddeʬ gerǣd(e)d ڤƤ롥ǡ촴 d d ȤʣƤ뤳ȤݥȤǤ롥ȤΤϡѸˤơνŻҲľĹ첻ûȤѲǤ³æŻҲˡơѸǤϡ촴첻β /æ/, /ɛ/, /a/ ʤ첻δ֤ɤƤ줪Ӹ߷θ촴ǤĹ첻Ӳʬθ촴Ǥû첻Ȥʬۤ줿Ĺ첻ϸϤȤʤꡤɸѸ /iː/ ؤϢʤꡤû첻 /ɛ/ ؤϢʤä
첻бֻϤɤΤ褦ȯŸƤѸ˸줿 <ea> ֻϡȸ߷θ촴첻 /ɛː/ бƤȹͤ롥û첻Ȳʬθ촴첻ɽ魯֤ȤƤ <e> դ꤬Ǥդ路äΤ<red> Ǥϡ֡פɽ魯Ʊ֤۵ȾͤƤޤ줬ä餫̲뤳ȤϤʤä "homographic clash" ȤǤƤ֤٤ϡOED "read, v." θ츻ͿƤΤǤ롥

The present-day spelling of the past tense and past participle forms is analogous to the present tense; the spelling red for past tense and past participle is found only in isolated instances in the modern period and was perhaps avoided because it coincided with the standard spelling of RED adj.


"homographic clash" 1ĤβǽȤƤϹθ̤ͤƻ褦㤬Τޤ/ɛ/ = <ea> бΤΤ bread, dead, head, lead (n.), spread, stead, thread ʤɤ˸졤ɬ⵩ǤϤʤ
˽Ҥ٤Ƥ OED εҤ绨ĤˤޤȤ᤿ΤɸѸȯֻδط夯ޤǤˡʤ餫ˤ뤳ȡˤʣǤ롥MED ΰ֤ΰͤС䤳Ǥ
ʤlead (v.) read Ʊͤˤ򤿤ɤäֻȯ̩ܤʴطݤ³ɸѸǤ lead -- led -- led ؤ夤Ƥ롥ޤѸǤ eat spread ⸽߷Ĺ첻û첻ä (Dobson 503) ΤǡλޤǤȯȯã read ʿԤäȤˤʤ롥

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

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2012-12-31 Mon

#1344. final -e [final_e][mulcaster][spelling][graphemics][alphabet][orthography][pronunciation][phonetics][silent_letter][ilame]

Ѹˤˤǽפ1ĤȤơfinal -e 󤲤롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) ʤɤǰäƤĿŪʴؿ椨ˤҤܤˡֺǽספȸƤǤʤǤϤʤ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤѸˤĬήҤƤϰˤĬήθȤ final -e Τİյ礭final -e ϡȯǤ⤢ֻǤ⤢롥final -e ϡűѸ졦ѸǤ⤢ꡤѸ졦ѸǤ⤢롥ϡǯκǸȤƤդ路Ȼפ final -e ˤ򳵴ѤƤߤ褦ѤȤäƤϰǤϺѤޤʤȤCaon ʸ˽äơ̵󤹤롥
űѸޤǤϡ˸͡첻ϸߤ˲ֻ̤ƤȤűѸˤʤȡʤδĶǤ -a, -o, -u -e ؤͻ礷Ƥ椯첻ʻˤοʿ (levelling) ȸƤФ븽ݤǤ롥ŪˤΤ˶̤Ƥ첻ϡޤ schwa /ə/ ؤۣ沽˾ü (e.g., sune > sunə > sun) -e ϡֻϤä٤ޤݤ줿
final -e æϼΤ褦ʾ˺줿 (Caon 297)

- from North to South in all dialects in turn;
- first from written disyllabic forms with short stem vowel and then from those with a long stem vowel. In the latter forms, -e was generally retained to indicate that the previous vowel was long e.g. name;
- first from nouns and verbs and then from adjectives . . . .


final -e λ¸ϼΤ褦ʾ˺줿 (Caon 297)

- the kind of text: the ending occurred more frequently in poetry than in prose, in that it provided the poet with an extra syllable whenever he needed it;
- the presence of the ending in the dialect: if the writer spoke a southern dialect he probably still pronounced --- and therefore wrote --- all his final -e's;
- the author of the text: conservative writers like Chaucer and Gower preserved final -e in their spelling.


15ޤǤˤϡȯȤƤ final -e ϤܾۤäƤȹͤ롥16, 17ˤϡؼԤֻ׼Ԥˡ塤final -e 꼰ޤäǺǤƶϤäȤΤ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611; see [2010-07-12-1]) Ǥ롥Mulcaster ϡ The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤơ-ld, -nd, -st, -ss, -ff θ֡ͭ c g θ֡Ĺ촴첻ĸˤ final -e λѤ꼰ʤ16ΰ John Rastell (c. 1475--1536) Mulcaster 첻Ĺɸ final -e εǽȯãƤȤ⤤ˡ18˺ʬϤ졤Ǹ˵󤲤ǽΤߤɸಽ

Caon, Louisella. "Final -e and Spelling Habits in the Fifteenth-Century Versions of the Wife of Bath's Prologue." English Studies (2002): 296--310.

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2012-12-22 Sat

#1335. Bloomfield ˤǯʸˡɤʸ [neogrammarian][phonetics][borrowing][wave_theory][geography][methodology][dialect]

Bloomfield ϡǯʸˡ (Neogrammarians) ˤ벻ѲβAusnahmslose Lautgesetze "sound laws without exception"ˤˤ͡ȽӤƤɭθؼԤϤߤ Neogrammarian ǤȤơƱɤζӤ⤯ɾƤ롥ȽκǤΤȤơѲ˼Ĥ줿 residue ¸ߤɤΤ褦ŤΤȤ꤬뤬Bloomfield Ϥष˸ꤲΤϡۤʤƱǤȤơȽȿ롥Language ǤϴϢڤߤƤ뤬Τ2Ѥ褦

The occurrence of sound-change, as defined by the neo-grammarians, is not a fact of direct observation, but an assumption. The neo-grammarians believe that this assumption is correct, because it alone has enabled linguists to find order in the factual data, and because it alone has led to a plausible formulation of other factors of linguistic change. (364)

The neo-grammarians claim that the assumption of phonetic change leaves residues which show striking correlations and allow us to understand the factors of linguistic change other than sound-change. The opponents of the neo-grammarian hypothesis imply that a different assumption concerning sound-change will leave a more intelligible residue, but they have never tested this by re-classifying the data. (392--93)


ǯʸˡɤȽԤϡƱɤ (borrowing) (analogy) 򡤼ˤäǤʤꤲॴȢȤưѤƤ뤳Ȥ򤷤ФлŦ뤬Bloomfield ˸碌СषǯʸˡɤϼѤŪϰ̤Ϳ뤳Ȥ˹׸ΤȤȤˤʤ롥
Bloomfield ϡε˴ؤƤ⡤ǯʸˡʸŸ롥벻ѲAˤƤϰ췲θˤʤѤ٤BˤƤϤñˤѤƤʤ褦ʥˤơǯʸˡɤϤ residue ñɤΤ褦Τ

[A]n irregular distribution shows that the new forms, in a part or in all of the area, are due not to sound-change, but to borrowing. The sound-change took place in some one center, and after this, forms which had undergone the change spread from this center by linguistic borrowing. In other cases, a community may have made a sound-change, but the changed forms may in part be superseded by unchanged forms which spread from a center which has not made the change. (362)


ơΰѤˤ³ơǯʸˡɤȽԤؤμ긷ȿ򷫤깭롥

Students of dialect geography make this inference and base on it their reconstruction of linguistic and cultural movements, but many of these students at the same profess to reject the assumption of regular phonetic change. If they stopped to examine the implications of this, they would soon see that their work is based on the supposition that sound-change is regular, for, if we admit the possibility of irregular sound-change, then the use of [hy:s] beside [mu:s] in a Dutch dialect, or of [ˈraðr] rather beside [ˈgɛðr] gather in standard English, would justify no deductions about linguistic borrowing. (362)


Bloomfield εɤߤʤ顤ǯʸˡɤβ⤬Ƚ䤹ΤϡषȤƼ餳ʤΤ⤷ʤȻפƤ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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2012-12-01 Sat

#1314. [linguistic_area][phonetics][borrowing][world_languages][geolinguistics]

ε#1313. ɤΤ餤ŤޤǸ̤뤳ȤǤ뤫 ([2012-11-30-1]) ǡ (linguistic area) ȤͤƳϡˤĤƤ⤦ä
Ū٤礦ɤĹܿ³ȡħߤ˻̤äƤΤǤϤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥¿θħ«ˤʤäƸ춭ۤƱ褷Ū˼դθ줬ޤȤޤä򼨤ȤȤΤ褦ˤꤵ֤ΤȤ򡤸ȸƤǤ롥"linguistic area" Τۤ"Sprachbund", "diffusion area", "adstratum", "convergence area" ʤɤȤƤФ뤳Ȥ롥ȤǰϡѤ䤹ä⡤Ȥ櫓ʸˡˤƸ˸ڤ뤳Ȥ¿
褯ΤƤȤƤϡεǿ줿ɽ˴ؤ South Asian (or Indian subcontinent) linguistic area ΤۤBalkan linguistic area, Baltic linguistic area, Ethiopian linguistic area, Mesoamerican linguistic area, Northwest coast (of North America) linguistic area ʤɤ󤲤롥Ȥ櫓 Balkan linguistic area ͭ̾Ǥ롥Х륫Ⱦˤϡ ²ˤ°뤬Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Bulgarian (Slavic) Romanian (Italic)Greek (Hellenic), Albanian (Albanian) ʤɰۤʤɤν줬Ҥ᤭äƤ롥Ūˤϸߤ˱󤤤ȤäƤ褤Τܤ餷ƤȤˤꡤĤζ̤ħĤˤäϥХ륫Ūħ (Balkanisms) ȸƤФƤ롥Х륫ŪħϡȤŪˤ϶ᤤطǤäƤνˤϴѻʤħǤ롥1ĤȤơAlbanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Romanian ˶̤Ƹ봧θ֤󤲤Ƥ¾Υ衼åѽǴθ֤򤪤ʤΤŪ˱Υ줿̲ΤߤǤ뤫顤Х륫ꤷʤ¤ꡤħǤʤ
⤦1ͭ̾ʤΤϡեꥫäƤ Sotho, Zulu, Xhosa ʤɤ Bantu 䡤Bushman, Khoikhoi ʤɤ Khoisan ˤޤäƹԤʤƤǤ (click) Ǥ롥θΤʤǤȯǤꡤ줬1ϰν˶̤ѤƤΤ϶ȤϹͤʤ[2012-03-17-1]εǼ夲#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤפ˴ؤǤ롥
ʾ塤Ȥƥȥåɥ (188--93) 򻲹ͤˤƼɮ

Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.
P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ

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2012-11-15 Thu

#1298. won't l äͳ [phonetics][consonant][pronunciation]

ư will û̷ won't Ȱۤʤ첻򼨤ȤˤĤƤϡ#89. one ȯ¤äȯ ([2009-07-25-1]) Ǽ夲ϡѸ桦θ첻򼨤 wol ʤɤͳ褹Ȥ롥û̷ woln't ʤɤȤʤäϤ l δĶǾṳ̈ȤƸߤޤǤ /woʊnt/ Ϥ줿
Jespersen (10.452) ˤСl n ³Ķ l üϤۤˤ⤢롥shall shan'twalnut l 18ˤ̵äϿ롥ߤ l ȯϡ֤ȯˤLancashire ̾ Colne /koʊn/ ⻲ȡ
첻ѲˤĤƤϡ (262) Τ褦ʸ򼨤Ƥ롥

PE won't ϰ̤ ME *wolnt (Pt wolde ˴ŤˤȯãȤ뤬wol [ɔ] Ǥʤ wl ʸ̮ˤ /ɪ/ > /ʊ/ 򼨤ä LME *wulnt > ɔ > ɔʊ > PE wount ȯãϩäȲ򤹤ΤǤ


ʤBloomfield (183) ˤȡ/oʊnt/ ȯ򼨤ΤϡѸǤ won't don't 2ΤߤǤ롥Ȥ2줫ʤ礬󤹤뤳ȤˤäβȤȤǤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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2012-11-14 Wed

#1297. does, done [phonetics][gvs][vowel][pronunciation][map][dialect][centralisation][trish][centralisation]

do /duː/ α߿Ĺ첻Фơdoes /dʌz/, done /dʌn/ ߿û첻򼨤ΤϤʤ
do Ȥζ޷ѸǤϤĹ첻 /oː/ äƤȹͤ뤬줬첻ܤˤ /uː/ ؤѲdo ǤϤĹ첻ݤ줿޸ΤĤ does, doest, doth, done Ǥû/uː/ ȤȤ /u/ Ԥʤûȯ/u/ > [ʌ] Ѳ岽ˤ˹ήߤ /dʌz, dʌst, dʌθ, dʌn/ Ϥ줿 do СŪʲѲήϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) Ǽ夲 blood, flood ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ۤˤϡOE mōste > PDE must, OE ōþer > PDE other, OE mōdor > PDE mother, OE brōþor > PDE brother, OE mōnandæg > PDE Monday ʤɤ첻ѲƱͤǤ롥nothing, none 첻ꡥ
岽17Ȥ롥Jespersen ˤ뵭ҤѤ褦

The change /u/ > [ʌ], by which /u/ was perhaps first unrounded into the high-back-wide vowel and then lowered, must have taken place in the 17th c. (11.61)

The change /u/ > [ʌ] affects . . . all short /u/s existing in the 17th c. . . . (11.64)


岽βˤĤƤϡJespersen μĥʿ԰ưľưǤϤʤľưʿ԰ưäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢p. 300ˡ
岽 The Wash ¦ʥ󥰥ˤǤǤϸߤǤŪȯȤ /ʊ/ ʹ, p. 299) ʲ Chambers and Trudgill (128) θѸϿޤǤ褦some ˤ߿첻 [ʊ] ¤ǼƤ롥ʤ chaff ˤû첻 [a] ¤򼨤

Chambers and Trudgill's Map of Centralisation of /u/

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. Cambridge: CUP, 1980.

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2012-11-06 Tue

#1289. magic <e> [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][phonetics][orthography][meosl][gvs][silent_letter][final_e][diacritical_mark]

ѸˤμȤʤɤ (Great Vowel Shift) 򰷤ȡΤ褦ʼ䤬󤻤뤳Ȥ롥name lake ʤɤ <a> 첻ܤˤ /eɪ/ ȤʤäȤʬä <e> ȯʤΤϤʤ
ϡ "magic <e>" ȸƤФˡľ뤹롥"magic <e>" ˤĤƤϡ#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) (4) Ǽ夲ǤŵŪˤ <첻ܻҲe> ֻϢ³ˤƺǽ첻Ĺ첻פȯ졤<e> ΤΤ̵ȤʤȤ§Ǥ롥㤨Сtake, mete, side, rose, cube ˤƤ줾1첻ϡ/æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, /ʌ/ Τ褦ʡû첻פǤϤʤ/eɪ/, /iː/, /aɪ/, /oʊ/, /juː/ Τ褦ʡĹ첻פȯ롥
嵭 "magic <e>" ħϡ첻βĹΰ㤤ɸΤˡλҲۤȤˤ <e> ̵ͭʤ <e> Τ̵ˤȤ츫ԼʼʤѤƤˤ롥̾ȯۤǤС첻ΤΤѲꡤȯʹ (diacritical mark) դꤹΤʥե󥹸ΥɥĸΥ饦ȤʤɤˡʤѸǤϡۻ <e> ˤפȤŪʡ꤯ɤ첻򼨤褦ˤʤäƤΤ
¤ϡֻ§ϡǽ餫餳Τ褦˲꤯ɤä櫓ǤϤʤȤȤϤҤͤʤɤʤäΤǤꡤ<e> ۻǤϤʤȤۣ첻 /ə/ ǤϤä첻ȤƤβݻƤΤǤ롥䤤ŪˤϡʤȤűѸˤޤ̤ʤФʤʤ#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1]) ƱͤˡϴñǤϤʤʲάߤ褦
űѸǤϸ˸첻Ϥ줾촰ʲݤäƤꡤб첻ɽƤѸˤơ첻ϼۣ첻 /ə/ ؤȿʿƤäοʿ첻бʸȤƤϡ <e> ѤƤοʿ˰³ʿ첻æȤѲ /ə/ ˾äƤäֻȤƤϸ <e> ݤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ơ /ə/ ̵ͭϲŪˤϺ٤ʤȤΤ褦˻פ뤬ṽ¤δǤ롥Ȥơ"name" ɽ魯űѸ nama /nama/ "take" ɽ魯ư niman 1 nam /nam/ ͤ褦ξԤΰ㤤ϸ첻̵ͭΤߤǤϤ뤬βȯãͤȡ줬ŷϤۤɤΰ㤤߽Фnama ϸ첻ʿʳޤǤϡ2αޤäƤꡤ촴ɽ魯1 na 첻ǽ볫Ǥ롥Ȥ첻æȡθ1ȤʤꡤҲ m ǽIJȤʤ롥nam Ϥδ椺äIJ1ΤޤޤǤ롥ΤޤޤǤϡξϲŪͻ礷ƤޤΤ褦ºݤˤϤʤʤäȤΤ⡤ӡѸˤ Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL) ȤѲƤǤ롥ˤäƤʹԤζ礬ۤʤäƤŪˤäơβѲˤ곫첻Ĺ
嵭νѸʹߤΰϢβѲˤꡤűѸ nama /nama/ ϼΤ褦ȯã뤲ޤ첻οʿˤ /namə/ ؤѲˡMEOSL ˤ /naːmə/ ءƸ첻æˤ /naːm/ ؤѲߤδϢˤĤƤϽ⤢ˡơ줬θ˳Ϥ첻ܤϤȤʤꡤѸ /nɛːm/ ƸѸ /neɪm/ Ϥ뤳ȤȤʤä
ʾޤȤСѸ <e> 첻űѸˤ¸ߤ餳Ѹ MEOSL ѤƸ촴첻ĹΤǤꡤĹ餳첻ܤؤǤΤǤ롥̤θ򤹤СѸֻǸ <e> ȤȤϡҲޤäȤˤ첻첻ܤФȤڵʤΤǤ롥"magic <e>" ϡβ꤯ɤϤ뤬Ĺˤδ֤ʣƤֻȯδط򶦻ŪˡȤƸˡȤ

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