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meosl - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-11-11 Thu

#4581. ξʤ /i/ γĹ [meosl][sound_change][phonetics][vowel][gvs][diphthong]

ѸĹ (meosl) ϡ첻 (gvs) ϤȤʤ벻ϤѲȤƱѸ˾פôäƤ롥βѲˤĤƤ͡ꡤߤǤ³Ƥ뤬Ūˤäƹ첻ˤĤƤϤФŬѤʤȤΤƤ롥㤨С/i/ ǤгĹĶˤ /eː/ Ȥʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ뤬ºݤˤΥ롼ȤФñϾʤ
ʤǤ⤳βѲФƸɸѸäȹͤΤ Prins (108) ꤤĤ󤲤褦

OE ieME iME e:MoE i:
wicuwik gen. wikes > wēkes // wēkweek 
ifelivelēvelevil
clipianclipenclēpen 
bitelbitelbētelbeetle
wifelwivelwēvelweevil


űѸ /i/ ѸˤƳĹФ /eː/ Ȥʤꡤ줬ѸˤƤ첻ܤϤȤʤäơǽŪ /iː/ Ϥ줿Ƚ٤ȡפ /i/ /iː/ ؤĹ첻̤ȤʤäƤ롥ʤ /i/ ʤ /u/ˤγĹ㤬ʤΤϱѸˤˤ̤ȤäƤ褤

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

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2020-03-02 Mon

#3962. Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment θ [vowel][sound_change][phonology][phonetics][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][shocc][trish][drift][emeqa]

Ϣε Ritt ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤űѸ줫ѸˤϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ˾ƤƤŪˤϡ첻Ĺû˴ؤʲ4ĤѲǤ롥

ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening; homorganic_lengthening)
Ҳû (Shortening before Consonant Clusters; shocc)
3û (Trisyllabic Shortening; trish)
Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl)

褳첻ѲϤ줾ΩݤȤƲᤵƤε#3961. 3ûλ ([2020-03-01-1]) κǸǤ⿨줿̤ꡤ¤䴰Ūʴطˤꡤ1Ĥζή (drift) ȤȤ館ФƤƤ롥Ritt Ϥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment ȸƤǤ롥
2ĤĹˤĤƤϡ#3958. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺθ ([2020-02-27-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ1ĤδؿȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ƤθǤƤ

MEOSL Formula

2ĤûˤĤƤΩƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ûĹϸ䴰ŪǤꡤû¥ʤĶǤĹ졤εդޤǤ롥ȡûθϡĹθžФ褤ȤȤˤʤ롥Ritt (95--96) ε󤲤Ƥûθϼ̤ꡥ

Shortening Formula

      The probability of vowel shortening was proportional to
      a. its height
      b. syllable weight
      c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot

      and inversely proportional to
      a. the (degree of) stress on it
      b. its backness
      c. coda sonority


ޤСĹûθȤ߹碌ơ礭1Ĥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment θΩƤ뤳ȤǤ (Ritt 96)

EMEQA Formula

Ritt βοĺϡΤ褦˲ĶȲѲδطΨȤư츫ߤΩѲӤĤƤߤˤ롥

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2020-03-01 Sun

#3961. 3ûλ [sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][shortening][shocc][trish][compound][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][gvs][drift]

ε#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) ǿ줿 SHOCC (= Shortening before Consonant Clusters) Ȥ褽Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ûȤơ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening (= TRISH)) ȤѲ롥3ˤƶΤ1Ĺ첻ûȤΤ꼰ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

V [-long]/__C(C)σσ


Ritt (99--100) ꡤѸǤη֤ˤ󤲤褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ󤲤롥

heafodu PL'head'
cicenu PL'chicken'
linenes GEN'linen'
æniȝe PL'any'
ærende'errand'
æmette'ant'
suþerne'southern'
westenne DAT'waste (desert)'
deorlingas PL'darling'
feorþinȝas PL'farthing'
feowertiȝ'forty'
freondscipe'friendship'
haliȝdaȝ'holiday'
alderman'alderman'
heringes PL'herring'
stiropes PL'stirrup'
Monenday'Monday'
Thuresday'Thursday'
seliness'silliness'
redili'readily'
bretheren PL'brethren'
evere'ever'
othere ACC'other''
redeles PL'riddle'
boseme ACC'bosom'
wepenes PL'weapon'


ȤȤ3Фۤʣ3ˤʤäΡ̾ʣʤɤζ޸դ3ˤʤäΤˤ뤳ȤäˤꡤѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơʣ southern, holiday, Monday Ǥû첻ȤʤäƤͳ롥¾ζˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1751. ʣ1Ǥβû̡ ([2014-02-11-1])
#260. ([2010-01-12-1])
#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1])

֤εǡѸ쳫Ĺ (meosl)ƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening)Ҳû (shocc) ʤɡűѸ줫ѸϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ򰷤äƤ餬ߤ䴰طˤäȤܤͤ롥ˤСζή (drift) ϼλΡ첻ܡ (gvs) ˤĤʤäƤΤǤꡤˤ錄Ĺѥפ٤ȤȤʬ롥

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])
#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])
#3916. 岻ζ̤첻Ѳδط ([2020-01-16-1])
#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤס ([2020-01-14-1])

ʸ嵭2020/03/02(Mon)̾ϻ moon Ĺ첻ŦޤơΡָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻ĤΤФơפָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơפ˽ޤ꤬Ȥޤ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-02-1]

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2020-02-27 Thu

#3958. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺθ [meosl][sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][sonority][neogrammarian][homorganic_lengthening]

ε#3957. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺλȿ ([2020-02-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ˤϰճ㳰¿ĶۤƱ˸Ƥ⡤ñˤä첻ĹäƤ굯äƤʤäꤹΤ
Ritt (75) MEOSL ˤĤơ첻Ĺ뤫ݤϡĶνθǤγΨȤȤ館Ƥ롥ơΤ褦ʸͿƤ (75)

MEOSL Formula

      The probability of vowel lenghthening was proportional to
      a. the (degree of) stress on it
      b. its backness
      c. coda sonority

      and inversely proportional to
      a. its height
      b. syllable weight
      c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot

   In this formula t, u, v, x, y and z are constants. Their values could be provided by the theoretical framework and/or by induction (= trying the formula out on actual data).


ǤϲäƤΤʬʤ⤹аʲ̤Ǥ롥MEOSL Ψϡ6ĤΥѥ᡼͡ʤ̤ͤΤˤδؿȤƻФ롥6ĤΥѥ顼᥿Ȥθ̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ

(1) β˶Сβ첻Ĺ䤹
(2) 첻첻ǤСĹ䤹
(3) coda 첻˸³Ҳˤʹ (sonority) ⤱СĹ䤹
(4) 첻Ĵ⤤ȡĹˤ
(5) β᤬ŤȡĹˤ
(6) αμ岻᤬ŤȡĹˤ

ФΤϤޤdzΨǤ뤫顤ۤƱĶˤǤäƤ⡤첻Ĺ뤫ݤη̤ϰۤʤȤȤRitt Υץϡǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ŪʡֲѲ㳰ʤפθ§ (Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze) Ȥϰ褹ץǤ롥
ʤδؿϡ¤Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ĹǤƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ˤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤ뤳ȤʬäƤꡤ⤤ƱĹˤĤƤεǡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-02-1]

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2020-02-26 Wed

#3957. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺλȿ [meosl][sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][final_e]

Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ϡ12--13ˤȤפ첻Ѳ1ĤǤ롥ŵŪ2ˤơû첻ǽ볫Τû첻Ĺ첻ѲǤ롥#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡnama nāma, beran bēran, ofer ōfer ʤɤ㤬ŵǤ롥
βѲʹԤƤѸǤθȸѸǤθ¤٤뤳ȤǡŪʻǧƤʲRitt (12) ꡥ

EMEModE
laborlabour
basinbasin
barinbare
whalwhale
wavenwave
wadenwade
taletale
starinstare
stapelstaple
stedesteed
blerenblear
repenreap
lesenlease
efeneven
drependrepe
deriendere
denedean
-stocstoke (X-)
solesole
motemote (of dust)
motemoat
hopienhope
clokecloak
smokesmoke
brokebroke
oferover


¤ΤȤ MEOSL ˤ㳰¿ȤΤƤ롥Ritt (14) ꡤξˤ⤫餺Ĺ첻äƤʤǤ褦

EMEModE
adlenaddle
aleralder
alumalum
anetanet
anisanise
aspenaspen
azürazure
baronbaron
barratbarrat
barilbarrel
bet(e)r(e)better
besantbezant
brevetbrevet
celercellar
devorendeavour
desertdesert
etheredder
edischeddish
feþerfeather
felonfelon
bodigbody
bonnetbonnet
boþembottom
broþelbrothel
closetcloset
kokercocker
cokelcockle
cofincoffin
colarcollar
colopcollop


Ǥϡξ򤵤̲ MEOSL ŬѤ̵ͭͽ¬ǤΤ뤤ϡɭñ줴ȤǤꡤȤ虜ʤΤܳŪ˼ȤΤ Ritt θǤ롥
MEOSL ϡѸˡˤ "magic <e>" εˤؤ뤷첻ܡ (gsv) ؤϤ󶡤Ѹ˾˽פʲѲǤϤ뤬ճ¿βѲ˴ؤƤϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ ([2016-02-27-1]) ʤɤε򻲾ȡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-27-1]

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2020-02-23 Sun

#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο [me][vowel][spelling][ormulum][final_e][meosl][digraph]

ѸŪ첻ĹûɽʬΤǤ롥ȤطʤˤĤƤϡʲεʤɤƤ

#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2075. 첻첻Ĺû ([2015-01-01-1])

첻Ĺûʬ褦Ȥưʤä櫓ǤϤʤޤǽʬäȤǡʬˡϺƤΤ˸űѸǤϤΤ褦ʻߤϤۤܤʤʤäѸˤʤȤĤοƳ졤ʤˤϸޤǼѤ줿Τ⤢롥Minkova (189--90) ꡤΤ褦ʿ5󤲤褦

(1) ³λҲŤͤû첻ɽ魯
Ormulum ǺѤ줿ˡfollc (folk), þiss (this), þennkenn (think) ʤɤȤ롥Ĺ첻򼨤ˤϡӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ (for), tīme (time) Τ褦˥ȵդˡΤ뤳ȤääȤ⡤ο Ormulum ʳǤϤߤ줺ޤǸΩñȯλߤǤcf. #2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1]

(2) 첻ŤͤĹ첻ɽ魯
aa (aye), see (sea), stoone (stone(s)), ook (oak) ʤɡʬ䤹ˡȤʬŪˤϸޤ³Ƥ롥Ϣơ#3037. <ee>, <oo> ϤΤ <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ϤʤΤϤʤ ([2017-08-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(3) Ҳθ <e> äơ첻ĹȤɽ魯
"magic <e>" ȾΤĹ첻ɽwife, stone, hole ʤɡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ̩ܤ˴ϢɽοǤ롥ܳŪ˵§Τ16ΤȤθѸΩƤ뤳Ȥաcf. #2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1])#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (2) ([2015-10-31-1]

(4) ۤʤ첻2Ȥ߹碌2Ż (digraph) Ĺ첻ɽ魯
<ie> [eː], <eo> [eː] ʤɡΤ褦2ŻϸűѸˤ⤢ä첻Ĺûɽ魯˻ȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäѸǤ2ŻĹ첻ɽ魯ΤѤ줿ǡȤ롥Ѹ beat, boat, bound ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

(5) 첻 <i/y> źĹ첻ɽ魯
󥰥䥹åȥʬۤФ뤬baith/bayth (both), laith/layth (poath), stain/stayn (stone), keip (keep), heid (head), weill (well), bluid (blood), buik (book), guid (good), puir (poor) ʤɤȤĹ첻ɽ路

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-01-16 Thu

#3916. 岻ζ̤첻Ѳδط [gvs][stress][vowel][sound_change][drift][metrical_phonology][meosl]

ε#3915. 첻ܤȼդ첻Ѳν۴Ū ([2020-01-15-1]) κǸ˼褦ˡ˱Ѹ첻Ǥϡ̵ͭꥺʤɤαΧ첻Ѳˤδ֤ˤ̩ܤʴطȹͤƤ롥
Ѹ¾ΥޥǤϡΤΤ褦ˡζζ̡ҤƤ첻ζζ̤ǽŪ˽Ż뤵롥ˤꡤΧΥꥺˤηи뤳ȤˤʤꡤηĴ¤첻⤽μ̤ѲѰۤƤȤθˤĤƤϡ#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1])#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ʤɤǾҲ𤷤ƤϱѸˤˤפĹ첻Ѳ˴ؤ븦路 Stenbrenden ηꡤݤεѤ (318)

. . . stressed syllables and vowels behave differently from unstressed syllables and vowels. Since stress in Gmc involves intensity (perceptual loudness and more muscular and respiratory force) in addition to pitch prominence, various articulatory features are a consequence of stress: stressed vowels are longer and usually more peripheral (in terms of the vowel space), fortis plosives have more aspiration, etc. Lack of stress, on the other hand, involves little muscular effort and perceptual 'softness', and often low/level pitch; unstress therefore has articulatory consequences like shorter and more centralised vowels (or at least loss of vowel contrasts . . .), vowel reduction, vowel and consonant elision, and little to no aspiration of fortis plosives, etc. Thus, what is known as the 'syncopation period' in early Gmc may be interpreted as only the beginning of a long process involving the gradual reduction and loss of unstressed vowels and syllables, the last major instance of which is witnessed (in English) in the loss of final schwa. Related to this reduction process are the lOE and ME processes that lengthen vowels in open syllables and shorten vowels in words of two or more syllables. Clearly, metrical considerations play a crucial role here . . . .


ΰѤκǸǡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ʤɤ˿Ƥꡤ첻 (gvs) ˤƤʤΤΡԤޤƥޥɺή (drift) ͤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤפ첻Ѳ¿餫ηǴϢƤꡤΰ̣ǤϤ٤ƤҤä "chain shift" ʤΤȤͤǤ롥

Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-01-1]

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2017-11-06 Mon

#3115. God Ĺ첻ȯ [pronunciation][meosl][vowel][pun]

ŪˡGod ȯϸޤǤޤû첻򼨤ƤѸǤϡꥹȯ [gɒd] ФơꥫȯǤ [gɑːd] 򼨤ԤŪǶĹ첻η̤ǤꡤŪû첻ǤäȤ¤򤯤ĤΤǤϤʤ¤ΤȤ God Ĺ첻 [goːd] Τ褦ȯ⡤ŪˤϹԤʤƤ褦űѸѸǤϡֿɤΡפȤȯۤ顤̾ God ȡŪĹ첻ķƻ good Ȥʤ館ꡤˤäƤƱ뤹ϸ (pun) ФйԤʤ줿ȤͷӤΰĶȵۤɤˡξ줬Ĺ첻ȯʸ̤ͻ礷Ƥޤä㤬롥
OED ˤϡGod Ĺ첻򼨺ֻʦ·ˤȤơʲ󤷤Ƥ롥

β. OE (rare) ME-15 good, eME ȝode, ME goed, ME goid, ME gooddes (plural), ME guodes (genitive, perhaps transmission error), ME-16 gode, lME goodyse (genitive), lME goyd; U.S. regional 18- gord; Sc. pre-17 goid, pre-17 19- gode, 18- goad.


OED Ǥϡ˸츻˼Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥פˡGod Ĺ첻ȯϡгʷˤƤѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) η̤ȤƵ§Ū줿ΤǤȤ

In Old English the word is often collocated with the formally identical but etymologically unrelated word gōd GOOD adj., GOOD n., and the two words are not always easy to distinguish (compare discussion at GOOD adj., n., adv., and int.). Rare occurrences of the form good in Old English (see β. forms) may result from confusion of this kind. The association of the two words continues in later English, sometimes leading to the deliberate euphemistic substitution of forms of GOOD n. for GOD n. (frequently in oaths); such substitution is found in several modern regional varieties, especially in Scots (compare GOOD n. 3).

It is nevertheless likely that the majority of Middle English (and later) β. forms show a genuine lengthening of the stem vowel, probably arising originally from open syllable lengthening in oblique (disyllabic) forms; pronunciations reflecting the lengthened form gode are attested in modern English regional and nonstandard use, e.g. J. Wright Eng. Dial. Gram. (1905) 464/1 records the pronunciation /ɡo:d/ from east Devon. (The suggestion made in N.E.D. (1900) that the motivation for lengthening may perhaps have been expressive, i.e. 'from a desire to utter the name of God more deliberately than the short vowel naturally allows', is unlikely.) A later (early modern English) lengthening is shown by GAWD n. The modern Scots forms goad, gode at β. forms probably represent the half-close realization of short typical of many varieties of Scots.


MED God, god ˤ⡤"in ME , inflected forms with long vowel are attested in rime." Ȥ롥Ĺ첻 God μгʷ˸ꤵ줿Ϥ줬̵ God ˤȵڤȻפ㤬ѸǸ롥
Dobson (Vol. 2, 53 n3) ⡤ѸΥ󥰥䥹åȥɤǡGod Ĺ첻μ¸äȤˤĤƿƤ롥

The long close [o:] and the diphthong [uə] which occur in Scottish and Northern dialects in blot, cot, God, cock, cog, frost, sop, &c. (and in Devon in God) may develop by ModE lengthening of ME , but in many cases are probably due to a ME variant in ǭ developed by lengthening in the open syllable of the oblique forms.


God Ĺ첻ȯϡޥʡꥢȤȤƤŪ˳μ¤¸ߤΤǤ롥

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.

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2016-10-31 Mon

#2744. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ (3) [gvs][sociolinguistics][meosl][me_dialect][contact][vowel][phonetics]

#2714. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ ([2016-10-01-1])#2724. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ (2) ([2016-10-11-1]) ³3ơ2Ƥε ([2016-10-11-1]) ǡSystem II 첻ηϤäƤȤ¿üԤҤ System I ΤۤزŬ (hyperadaptation) Ȥ첻 (gvs) ΰȤʤäȤҲ𤷤Smith (106--07) ˤȡ⤦1 GVS ΰȤʤä첻ηϤäüԽĤȤϡ"Easterners" ȸƤФ롤餯 East Anglia пȤο͡Ǥ롥
East Anglia Ǥϡ14Ⱦ15ˤƥɥǿʹԤϤ᤿첻ܤܤä᤯ƤطʤȤơűѸ Saxon ǣ Ф Anglia Ǥ ē äƤȡ/d, t, n, s, l, r/ ֤Ǿ夲 (raising) ФƤȤʤɤäοܤη̤ȤơEast Anglia 첻ηϤϡ3ʳι⤵5ĤĹ첻 /iː, uː, eː, oː, aː/ ȤʤäƤ
ơ Easterners 15ȾȾФˤԻԲοʤɥذܽɥѸ졤ä˸Ҥ System I üԤܿȤˡ⤦1ĤβŬ줿3ʳ East Anglia ηϤ˺٤ʳʬ줿 System I ܿȤԤϸԤΰҿĴ˰ơΤȤĴ֤Ĵ뤳ȤˤʤäŪˤϡEasterners System I [æː] ʬ /eː/ γФƸԤȤȯƱͤ [eː̝] /iː/ γФơΤ褦ȯ3ʳ⤿ʤ Easterners ˤȤäơѸ /eː/ ĸ /ɛː/ ĸζ̤ϤĤʤäΤǡɤ /iː/ ȤγФ졤ȯ뤳Ȥˤʤä褽ƱȤ첻ˤⵯä
System III Ȥ٤ Easterners Τ첻ηϤϡ¤ϡ18ޤǤϤư̲ɸѸ meed, mead, maid, made ʤɤ˸Ϣ첻Ρԡ˶̤߽ФΤȤʤäǤ⡤Ѹ첻˾塤礭ôä첻ηϤäȤ

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-11-04-1]

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2016-10-11 Tue

#2724. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ (2) [gvs][sociolinguistics][chaucer][meosl][me_dialect][contact][vowel][diphthong]

#2714. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ ([2016-10-01-1]) ˰³첻 (gvs) ȤβҲŪʴ褦ȤߤˤĤƹͤ롥εǤ1ĤθŪ˾Ҳ𤷤٤äȤˤäꤵ첻ʬۤطѸѼϼ㴳ۤʤäƤ롥ϡSmith (101--06) ˽äơ⤦1ĤμҲ񲻱ŪƤߤ褦
Smith ϡChaucer λޤǤ˥ɥǤ2Ĥΰۤʤ첻ηϤ¸ƤȲꤷƤSmith (102) βޤ򻲾ȡˡSystem I ϡChaucer ɽس°͡ΤäƤηϤǤꡤ5ʳʣҲŪʰҿäƤȹͤ롥* դ줿Ĺ첻ϡбû첻Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ФƼ㴳֤򲼤ʤĹǤ롥System II ϡʳ¿Υ󥰥üԤäƤηϤǤꡤ4ʳäꤵƤ롥

System I        System II
>ɪi   >ʊu >əɪ   >əʊ
 >eː̝  >oː̝  >  >
  ɛː̝*   ɔː̝*     ɛː> ɔː>
   ɛː  ɔː       aː*>ɛː, eː  
    aː*>æː            
  *

Τ褦2ĤηϤ15ƬΥɥܿȤˡ̤Ȥ System II üԤҲŪ徺ָ System I ؤΡ־夲 (raising) 뤳ȤˤʤäΤȤ
ޤSystem II üԤ [ɛː] ˤĤƹͤ褦System II üԤϡSystem I üԤ [ɛː] [ɛː̝*] γơɤñ˸Τ̤Ǥʤȡڤ System I üԤ [ɛː̝*] ˸⤤Ĵ路Ȥ顤ΤȤƼ [ɛː] 㴳夲̤Ȥ [eː] ȯ˻롥
ˡSystem II üԤΤȤȤ [eː] ϡSystem I üԤ [eː] Τ⤤Ĵʤ餯 System I üԤδƤե󥹸ζĥĴαƶΰ۲ˤ굤̣ (hyperadaptation) 路̡[iː] ȯ˻ä
ǸˡSystem II üԤ [aː*] ˤĤƤϡ䤳𤬤äSystem II [aː*] a γĹˤäƱ Essex ǤϸűѸ [æː] ȯŸȤƤ [aː] ԤʤƤطǡԤԤƱ뤵˻äǡɥüԤ Essex Ʊ뤵ΤҲŪʵΥ (sociolinguistic distancing) Ȥ٤夲 [æː] Ĵ褦ˤʤäΤȤθ塤β17Ⱦ˲̤ξ夲Ф [eː] ؤѲƤä
嵭Ϸ褷ñǤϤʤդ˸С츫줤˸첻ܤ⡤Ҳ񲻱Ūʣʲ񤷤ƤȤȤפƤǤ롥

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-11-04-1] [2016-10-31-1]

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2016-02-27 Sat

#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ [vowel][phonetics][diphthong][meosl]

ƣ (37--39) ˽äơűѸμפ첻ˤѸطѾ줿򳵳礷褦ѲΡʤäΡѸǿΤʤ͡Ǥ롥ºݤˤˤäƻϰۤʤ뤬绨ĤˤäǥȤƤ롥

 űѸѸѲΥ
1[i] biddan 'bid'[i] bidde(n)̵Ѳ
2[u] sunu 'sun', cuman 'come'[u] sone, come(n)̵Ѳ
3[o] hors 'horse'[o] hors̵Ѳ
4[iː] wīf 'woman'[iː] wīf̵Ѳ
5[eː] fēt 'feet'[eː] fēt̵Ѳ
6[uː] hūs 'house'[uː] hūs/hous̵Ѳ
7[oː] gōd 'good'[oː] gōd̵Ѳ
8[y] pytt 'pit'[i] pit????????????
9[ɑ] a. catt 'cat'IJ [a]ː cat
     b. nama [aː]ː nāme岽Ĺ
10[æ] a. bæc 'back'IJ [a]ː bak
     b. æcer 'acre' [aː]ː āker岽Ĺ
11[e] a. settan 'set'IJ [e]ː sette(n)̵Ѳ
     b. mete 'meat' [ɛː]ː mēte夲Ĺ
12[o] col 'coal' [oː]ː cōleĹ
13[yː] hȳdan 'hide'[iː] hīde(n)????????????
14[æː] a. dǣd 'deed'[eː] dēd????
      b. sǣ 'sea', dǣl 'deal'[ɛː] sē, dēl夲2ʡ
15[ɑː] stān 'stone', hām 'home'[ɔː] stōn, hōm????
16[io] hiora 'their'[i] hireñ첻
17[iːo] līoht 'light'[iː] līhtĹ첻
18[ie] giefan 'give', ieldra 'elder'[i] yiven, ylderñ첻
19[iːe] hīeran 'hear'[iː] hīre/hūreĹ첻
20[eo] heorte 'heart'[e] herteñ첻
21[eːo] dēop 'deep'[eː] dēpĹ첻
22[ɛɑ] hearm 'harm'[a] harmñ첻
23[ɛːɑ] drēam 'dream'[ɛː] drēmĹ첻
24[iː+w] tīwesdæg[iu] tiwesday첻ܻҲ2첻
25[æ+j] dæg[ai] dai첻ܻҲ2첻
26[eːo+w] cnēow[eu] knew첻ܻҲ2첻
27[ɑ+w] clawu[au] clawe첻ܻҲ2첻
28[aː+w] cnāwan[ou] knowe(n)첻ܻҲ2첻
29---[oi] vois (OF)ťե󥹸줫μ


9--12ˤĤƤϡˤѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ФƤ뤳Ȥաޤ16--23狼ȤꡤűѸ2첻ϸ¤ñ첻Ĺ첻ѲΤǤꡤѸ¸ߤ2첻Ϥ٤24--29Τ褦첻ܻҲȤ߹碌顤뤤ϥե󥹸αƶˤΤǤ롥

ƣ ͺرѸ硡ʸˡΥ롼Ĥõ١ҡ2002ǯ106--08.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-26-1] [2020-02-24-1]

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2015-10-30 Fri

#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) [final_e][grapheme][spelling][orthography][emode][mulcaster][spelling_reform][meosl][diacritical_mark]

Ѹˤˤơ final /e/ ȡֻ final <e> ʬƹͤɬפ롥15ȡ֤ <e> ϡб첻˼äƤȹͤƤ뤬ֻϤθϢʤȽ³줿Ѹˡˤȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])) ȤƤ <e> εǽˤĤƤϡ#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]), #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) طˡȯãˤĤƤ #1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1]), #1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) ǿƤϡѸˡˤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> ȯãƤȤ櫓κǽͻҤ˿줿
Scragg (79--80) ϡѸγĹ (meosl) ˸ڤӤʤ顤 <e> εǽε§ϡ16Ⱦβֻ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ˵ȤݤǵŸƤMulcaster ˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) ڤ mulcaster γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿ˡ

One of the most far-reaching changes Mulcaster suggested was for the use of final unpronounced <e> as a marker of vowel length. Of the many orthographic indications of a long vowel in English, the one with the longest history is doubling of the vowel symbol, but this has never been regularly practised. . . . Use of final <e> as a device for denoting vowel length (especially in monosyllabic words such as mate, mete, mite, mote, mute, the stem vowels of which have now usually been diphthongised in Received Pronunciation) has its roots in an eleventh-century sound-change involving the lengthening of short vowels in open syllables of disyllabic words (e.g. /nɑmə/ became /nɑːmə/). When final unstressed /ə/ ceased to be pronounced after the fourteenth century, /nɑːmə/, spelt name, became /nɑːm/, and paved the way for the association of mute final <e> in spelling with a preceding long vowel. After the loss of final /ə/ in speech, writers used final <e> in a quite haphazard way; in printed books of the sixteenth century <e> was added to almost every word which would otherwise end in a single consonant, though the fact that it was then apparently felt necessary to indicate a short stem vowel by doubling the consonant (e.g. bedde, cumme, fludde 'bed, come, flood') shows that writers already felt that final <e> otherwise indicated a long stem vowel. Mulcaster's proposal was for regularisation of this final <e>, and in the seventeenth century its use was gradually restricted to the words in which it still survives.


Brengelman (347) ƱͤμݤǵƤ뤬<e> ε§ Mulcaster Τߤ˵ˡLevins Coote ʤƱˡ˴ؿĿ͡νŪʹ׸ȤƤȤ館Ƥ褦

It was already urged in the last quarter of the sixteenth century that final e should be used as a vowel diacritic. Levins, Mulcaster, Coote, and others had urged that final e should be used only to "draw the syllable long." A corollary of the rule, of course, was that e should not be used after short vowels, as it commonly was in words such as egge and hadde. Mulcaster believed it should also be used after consonant groups such as ld, nd, and st, a reasonable suggestion that was followed only in the case of -ast. . . . By the time Blount's dictionary had appeared (1656), the modern rule regarding the use of final e as a vowel diacritic had been generally adopted.


ˤ衤16ˤϡʤ餯15ˤˡǤ˸ŪֻѤΤʤ <e> ΤΤƤռŪ˻Ѥ§褦ȤΤMulcaster 濴Ȥ1600ǯβ׼ԤäȤȤˤʤºݡβװƤ17˺դƤȤˤʤꡤߤ "magic <e>" ε§ΤǤ롥

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.

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2015-01-07 Wed

#2081. ¸ˤ첻ܤʬ [phonology][gvs][vowel][diphthong][meosl][drift][teleology]

#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) ȡ#2080. /sp/, /st/, /sk/ Ҳð ([2015-01-06-1]) ǰѡȤƬ (Ikegashira) ϡ"A Dependency Approach to Great Vowel Shift" ꤹʸǡ¸ (dependency phonology; DP) Ȥߤ첻 (gvs) ʬϤƤ롥ϰ¸ˤĤƤ̵ΤʬϤˤ첻ܤޤ᤿ѸμפʲѲˤϰӤ򸫤ȤǤȵƤꡤؿäΤʸɤǤߤƤꡤǿͤˤ񤷤äݤ߹᤿Ȼפ
¸ΩӤʬϤˤȡ첻ܤβѲϡӤƲṽ¤ڤ ("lightening") ǺѤȤ¸ˤַڤפϹ٤ŪǤˤŪΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤݥȤ첻ܤƲѲӤäƤꡤäưӤƵҤ뤳ȤǤȤĥǤ롥Τ褦ʼĥʤ뤫ˤϡή (drift) ѲŪ (teleology) Ȥ̵طǤϤʤºݡIkegashira (42) ϱѸˤˤӤ "lightening" ή˸ڤǤ롥줫顤첻ܤƲѲƱĥƤ롥

GVS is a change which is caused by that 'drift' (or tendency) of English to make the total weight of words lighter. To make all the 'long' vowels lighter, the phonological element |a| is made less powerful either by lowered (sic) to the the dependent position from the governing position or by deletion. In the cases of the vowels where there is no |a|, [i:] and [u:], the only way to make them lighter is to change the 'middle weight' phonological elements [i] and [u] with the lightest one |ə|. / . . . . As a result of lightening, the vowels have been raised or made into diphthongs. The problem of the starting point of this change thus has no meaning. It was 'simultaneous'. It is quite natural to suppose that GVS occurred at the same time as a result of the long and continuous 'trend' of English to lighten words in some way.


ŪˤϡʣŪʲѲӤǤΤϳΤ̥ϤǤ롥Ʊ褦ư顤Ritt Ρ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ⡤drift ȤŤؾäΤȻפѤʵȤơӤŪȳ첻ѲƱȤɤΤ褦ľܤ˷ӤĤΤ첻ܤӤ "lightening" ܻؤƤȤ줿ȤƤ⡤ϳƲѲƱ˵äȤưŪ˴ްդΤ夲 (push chain) Ǥ夲 (drag chain) ǤʤȤ̣Ǥϡ#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1]) Ȥ̤ΥХХȸäƤ褵ŪȤƤ٤
ʤƱ¸ʬϤˤС첻ܤΩѸγĹ (meosl) ϡϤû첻γơ˲ |a| ղä줿ΤȤưӤƵҤȤ (Ikegashira 35) ̥ϤȲƳǧǤǤ롥

Ikegashira (Kadota), Atsuko. "A Dependency Approach to Great Vowel Shift." Ľظʸ22桤2007ǯ31--43ǡ

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2014-12-20 Sat

#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ [drift][vowel][phonetics][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][shocc]

#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1]) ǡGörlach ˤѸˤˤ첻Ѳ򳵴Ѥ첻Ѳˤ˰ӤƤߤĬήȤơRitt ϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦˶ˤ򾧤Ƥ뤬̤γ٤顤⤦1Ĥɸ˷ǤĬήŦǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Ƭ (128--29) ϡ (117--42, 142--51) 򻲾Ȥʤ顤Ѹˤˤ첻μפĹû򡤻头Ȥ˰ʲΤ褦ƤʸűѸ줫ѸˤƤѲˤĤƤϡ#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) ⻲ȡˡ

ҸűѸ
(1) ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening)
gōld, lāmb, fīndan 'find' lāng
Ѹ
(2) Ĺ (Open Syllable Lengthening)
bāke mēte 'meat' hōle lōve < OE lufu week < OE wike
(3) 첻³Ĺ (Hiatus Lengtheningե󥹼)
gīant < giant pōet < poet
ҽѸ
(4) ̵໤Ĺ (lengthening before voiceless fricatives)
(/a/, /ɔ/ ___ [f, s, θ]) blāst mōss stāff sōft bāth clōth

ҸűѸ
(5) 3Ҳû (shortening before three consonants)
godspell deoppra 'deeper' wundrian 'wonder'
(6) 2Ҳû (shortening before two consonants, ŻҲޤ)
fifta 'fifth' sohte '(he) sought' læssa 'less'
(7) 3û (Trisyllabic Shortening)
laferce 'lark' halidæġ 'holiday' emetiġ 'empty'
Ѹ
(8) Ʊû (Homorganic Shortening)
land wind enden 'end'
(9) /u:/-û / ___ [x, v, m]
ruf < rōugh 'rough' plume < plūme 'plum'
ҽѸ
(10) ûҲû (shortening before a single consonant)
breath dread blood good cloth
(11) û (Open Syllable Shortening)
heavy weapon pleasant seven
(12) 2û (shortening in two syllabic words)
nickname < ēkename breakfast twopence


첻Ĺûˤ򤳤Τ褦ǡƬϡûĹ¿ѻĹΤΤû㤬ŦѸΤȤƤߤȡûͥǤꡤĹФ¤ޤäƤȤĬή롥Ƭ (129--30) ۩

űѸ衤ѸǤĹ첻Фʸ̮¤ޤäƤȹͤ롥űѸˤ첻ǤäƤĹû¸ߤĹ첻иĶä¤ƤʤäȤᤤĹ첻Ѥ³3Ҳ֤ˤĹ첻ʤʤ(5)3Ҳûˡ³2ҲǤĹ첻Ǥʤʤä(6)2ҲûˡѸûҲǤûä(10)ûҲûˡΤβṽ¤˴ؤΤǤϡűѸ˸3ܤĹ첻ʤʤ(7)3ûˡѸä2θ2ܡ1ˤǤûä(12)2ûˡΤȤƤϡűѸˤʤĹ첻Ф¤ޤäȹͤ롥


嵭ŪʱѸ첻˴ѤȤ⤤뤬ǤϤʤΤ褦ĬήΤϱѸ첻ˤεŪʲ

Ƭġ˽ҡ"Consonant cluster" ȲѲðȲṽ¤ᤰäơס츦θߡ١ϩˡˡҤĤ˼2013ǯ127--43ǡ
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2014-12-09 Tue

#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ [phonetics][vowel][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][gvs][diphthong][timeline][drift][compensatory_lengthening][shocc]

ޥλ夫űѸ졤ѸФƶѸ˻ޤǤαѸ첻ˤ򤶤äȤޤȤ᤿ߤȻפäΤǡפʼŪŪѲޤȤƤߤʲɽϡGörlach (48--49) 첻μ̤˴ؤѲάǯɽɥå󥰤ΤǤ롥

PeriodQuantityQuality
RuleExamplesRuleExamples
WGmc--OE  ai > ā, au > ēa, ā > ǣ/ē, a > æstān, ēage, dǣd, dæg cf. Ge Stein, Auge, Tat, Tag
7--9th c.compensatory lengthening*sehan > sēon "see", mearh, gen. mēares "mare"  
9--10th c.lengthening of before esp. [-ld, -mb, -nd]fēld, gōld, wāmb, fīnd, but ealdrum  
shortening before double (long) consonantswĭsdom, clæ̆nsian, cĭdde, mĕtton  
shortening in the first syllable of trisyllabic wordshăligdæg, hæ̆ringas, wĭtega  
OE--MEshortening in unstressed syllableswisdŏm, stigrăpmonophthongization of all OE diphthongsOE dēad, heard, frēond, heorte, giefan > ME [dɛːd, hard, frœːnd, hœrtə, jivən]
12th c.  [ɣ > w] and vocalization of [w] and [j]; emergence of new diphthongsOE dagas, boga, dæg, weg > ME [dauəs, bouə, dai, wei]
  southern rounding of [aː > ɔː]OE hāl(ig) > ME hool(y) [ɔː]
12--14th c.  unrounding of œ(ː), y(ː) progressing from east to westME [frɛːnd, hertə, miːs, fillen]
13th c.lengthening in open syllables of bisyllabic wordsnāme, nōse, mēte (week, door)  
15th c. GVS and 16--17th century consequences    
esp. 15--16th c.shortening in monosyllabic wordsdead, death, deaf, hot, cloth, flood, good  
18th c.lengthening before voiceless fricatives and [r]glass, bath, car, servant, before  


ΤȤƼѲ̤ѲʤûĹηäƤꡤѸ첻˿̤򷫤֤Ƥʬ롥ġѲϤδطˤΤ⤢뤬̤ȤƤʤäΤǤꡤŪˤϳơΩȤϤޤǤʤǤ⡤βѲΤȤƤȤ館褦Ȥߤ⤢뤳ȤŦƤ㤨С#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

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2014-12-05 Fri

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû [phonetics][vowel][homorganic_lengthening][meosl][shocc]

űѸ줫Ѹˤơ첻̤ѲȵäǽƱﲻĹ (Homorganic Lengthening) 12--13ˤƳĹ (Open Syllable Lengthening) IJû (Closed Syllable Shortening) Ȥ롥ñȯ櫓ǤϢŪ櫓Ǥʤष1Ĥθ΢Ǥ줿̴طˤ벻ѲȤߤʤ٤ΤǤ롥
줾ѲάҤ褦ƱﲻĹϸűѸޤǤƤ첻βѲǡ#145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤƱʤ뤤϶ᤤĴﴱˤĴ2ĤͭҲ³ˡԤû첻Ĺ첻ȤΤŪˤ /ld/, /rd/, /rð/, /rl/, /rn/, /rz/, /mb/, /nd/, /ŋg/ û첻Ĺ롥Ϣ³2ĤλҲͭľ첻˰ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤿ᡤ̤Ȥ첻β̤Ĺʤ롥cild cīld ءblind blīnd ءclimban clīmban ؤѲ
˳ĹϽѸ첻βѲǡ#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ ([2012-09-08-1]) ǤܤҤ٤褦ˡˤû첻Ĺ첻ȤΤnama nāma ءberan bēran ءofer ōfer ؤѲ
ǸIJûϳĹƱŪ첻βѲǡIJˤĹ첻û첻ȤΤsōfte softe ءclǣnsian clænsian ءkēpte kepte ؤѲ
ơ3ĤβѲظึ˰ܤ֥륷 (64) ˤСűѸˤϴܲṽ¤Ȥ4Ĥηꤨ(1) V|C (ex. beran), (2a) VC|C (ex. settan), (2b) VV|C (ex. dēman), (3) VVC|C (clǣnsian) Ǥ롥Τ3⡼餫ʤ (2a) (2b) ŪʸȹͤƤꡤ(1) ϤûΡ(3) ϤĹΤȤƼŪʹ¤Ȳᤵ롥δ餹ȡűѸʹߤβѲϡŪ (1) (3) ι¤Ū (2) ι¤ؤȽƤȤȤ館롥(1) V|C beran ϡ첻Ĺ뤳Ȥ1⡼ä(2b) VV|C bēran ؤܶᤷ(3) VVC|C clǣnsian ϡ첻û뤳Ȥ1⡼鸺餷(2a) VC|C clænsian ؤܶᤷΤ褦ˡĹIJû2ѲˤĤƤϡ3⡼δܹ¤ؤνȤư礷򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥
ƱﲻĹˤĤƤϤɤϢ³2ĤƱλҲϸߤĴŪ˶̩Ǥ뤿ᡤŪˤϤ1ĤλҲǤ뤫Τ褦˿񤦤褦ˤʤäȹͤƤߤ褦ȡ (2a) VC|C cild ϡŪ /ld/ 1ҲȤߤʤȤˤСष (1) V|C °뤳Ȥˤʤ롥(1) ϸæ԰ʹ¤ʤΤǡ첻򿭤Ф (2b) VV|C ܶᤷƤʣʡгʷ cildru Τ褦 /ld/ θˤ⤦1ĻҲ³ˤϡĹ֥å뤿ᡤû첻ݤ졤˻롥
嵭θʲ˿ޤǼ

Homorganic Lengthening, Open Syllable Lengthening, and Closed Syllable Shortening

Ϣơ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ε⻲ȡ

른塦֥륷ˡ 忡 СⲬ ͥˡرѸˡˤȸ١ݽǡ1999ǯ

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2013-02-27 Wed

#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ [drift][causation][language_change][vowel][diphthong][consonant][degemination][phoneme][phonetics][gvs][meosl][functionalism][isochrony][functional_load][homorganic_lengthening]

#1231. drift ѲѤΰѤ4 ([2012-09-09-1]) εǡRitt ʸ˿줿ʸǤɸ˷Ǥ꤬ͻ뤬ɮԤ٤ϤƹŪǵǽŪǤ롥
Ritt ϡѸ Homorganic Lengthening, Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL), Great Vowel Shift ϤȤĹ첻2첻ޤϢưƤ첻̤Ωβʤɡ첻ˤޤĤѲ첻ζ (strengthening of vowels) Ȱ礷ФơҲ̤ΩβáҲ첻ҲξüʤɤμλҲˤޤĤѲֻҲμ岽 (weakening of consonants) Ȱ礷ľǯˤ錄Ѹ첻ˤ첻ζȻҲμ岽ħŤȤʤ顤طʤˤ븶Ū褦ȻߤΤ褦ŪĬήϤФ drift ήˤȤƸڤ졤˸ؤˤƤθưϤϺ1ĤȤʤäƤ뤬Ritt ϰճʤȤ˲򸫤Ȥ롥ϡѸĹդƤ "rhythmic isochrony" "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" (224) Ǥ롥
ΤƤ褦ˡѸˤ "rhythmic isochrony" 롥褽ȼ夤Ȥߤ˸뱤 (foot stress) γơ褽ƱĹäȯȤˤꡤ¿β᤬ޤޤ뱤ӤǤϳƲ᤯ûȯ졤դ˲ʤӤǤϳƲϤäĹȯ롥ˡѸˤ "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" Ȥ֤֤˴ؤ붯¤ꡤϼۤΤ˼ĥɬפ롥ơ2Ĥθ§ˤꡤ֤ƱǤǤŪʰ֤ˤäĹѤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤĹûΩ˵ǽȤϸ¤ʤ֤Ȥʤ롥ä˱ѸλҲǤǤĹûΩεǽô (functional load) ϤȤ礭ʤäΤǡΩϽѸ˾üʻҲμ岽ˡ첻ǤǤĹûΩϵǽô̤礭ä˾ü뤳ȤϤʤषΩݻ礹ؤȿʲû첻Ĺ첻κΤˤ뤿ˡԤд˲Ԥĥ˸Ԥ2첻ȯãơԤȤν̤ޤä2Ĥθ§ȡüȯ첻ζפϡߤ˻٤礤ǤʥѥȤʤäƤä줬ɸФ Ritt εǽŪʲǤ롥
ѤˤĤޤޤ줿褦ʴ롥¿ε䤬⤫Ǥ롥⤽ѸǤϤʤ rhythmic isochrony ۤɤޤǤ˶ǤʤΤ¾θˤ롤뤤ۤ drift ӤȤˡƱ褦ѤΤǤεǽô̤ŪǤϤʤ¾Ū˷פˡϤΤ٥ŽƤ褦첻Ѳ̤λǤϤʤˤˡˤΤϤʤ
Ritt εϤष¿䤤Ƥ֤褦˻פ뤬οΰյϡ˿줿褦ˡdrift Ū褦ȤȤˤΤȻפϤ礤ŪˤʤΤεǡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. "How to Weaken one's Consonants, Strengthen one's Vowels and Remain English at the Same Time." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 213--31.

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2012-11-06 Tue

#1289. magic <e> [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][phonetics][orthography][meosl][gvs][silent_letter][final_e][diacritical_mark]

ѸˤμȤʤɤ (Great Vowel Shift) 򰷤ȡΤ褦ʼ䤬󤻤뤳Ȥ롥name lake ʤɤ <a> 첻ܤˤ /eɪ/ ȤʤäȤʬä <e> ȯʤΤϤʤ
ϡ "magic <e>" ȸƤФˡľ뤹롥"magic <e>" ˤĤƤϡ#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) (4) Ǽ夲ǤŵŪˤ <첻ܻҲe> ֻϢ³ˤƺǽ첻Ĺ첻פȯ졤<e> ΤΤ̵ȤʤȤ§Ǥ롥㤨Сtake, mete, side, rose, cube ˤƤ줾1첻ϡ/æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, /ʌ/ Τ褦ʡû첻פǤϤʤ/eɪ/, /iː/, /aɪ/, /oʊ/, /juː/ Τ褦ʡĹ첻פȯ롥
嵭 "magic <e>" ħϡ첻βĹΰ㤤ɸΤˡλҲۤȤˤ <e> ̵ͭʤ <e> Τ̵ˤȤ츫ԼʼʤѤƤˤ롥̾ȯۤǤС첻ΤΤѲꡤȯʹ (diacritical mark) դꤹΤʥե󥹸ΥɥĸΥ饦ȤʤɤˡʤѸǤϡۻ <e> ˤפȤŪʡ꤯ɤ첻򼨤褦ˤʤäƤΤ
¤ϡֻ§ϡǽ餫餳Τ褦˲꤯ɤä櫓ǤϤʤȤȤϤҤͤʤɤʤäΤǤꡤ<e> ۻǤϤʤȤۣ첻 /ə/ ǤϤä첻ȤƤβݻƤΤǤ롥䤤ŪˤϡʤȤűѸˤޤ̤ʤФʤʤ#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1]) ƱͤˡϴñǤϤʤʲάߤ褦
űѸǤϸ˸첻Ϥ줾촰ʲݤäƤꡤб첻ɽƤѸˤơ첻ϼۣ첻 /ə/ ؤȿʿƤäοʿ첻бʸȤƤϡ <e> ѤƤοʿ˰³ʿ첻æȤѲ /ə/ ˾äƤäֻȤƤϸ <e> ݤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ơ /ə/ ̵ͭϲŪˤϺ٤ʤȤΤ褦˻פ뤬ṽ¤δǤ롥Ȥơ"name" ɽ魯űѸ nama /nama/ "take" ɽ魯ư niman 1 nam /nam/ ͤ褦ξԤΰ㤤ϸ첻̵ͭΤߤǤϤ뤬βȯãͤȡ줬ŷϤۤɤΰ㤤߽Фnama ϸ첻ʿʳޤǤϡ2αޤäƤꡤ촴ɽ魯1 na 첻ǽ볫Ǥ롥Ȥ첻æȡθ1ȤʤꡤҲ m ǽIJȤʤ롥nam Ϥδ椺äIJ1ΤޤޤǤ롥ΤޤޤǤϡξϲŪͻ礷ƤޤΤ褦ºݤˤϤʤʤäȤΤ⡤ӡѸˤ Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL) ȤѲƤǤ롥ˤäƤʹԤζ礬ۤʤäƤŪˤäơβѲˤ곫첻Ĺ
嵭νѸʹߤΰϢβѲˤꡤűѸ nama /nama/ ϼΤ褦ȯã뤲ޤ첻οʿˤ /namə/ ؤѲˡMEOSL ˤ /naːmə/ ءƸ첻æˤ /naːm/ ؤѲߤδϢˤĤƤϽ⤢ˡơ줬θ˳Ϥ첻ܤϤȤʤꡤѸ /nɛːm/ ƸѸ /neɪm/ Ϥ뤳ȤȤʤä
ʾޤȤСѸ <e> 첻űѸˤ¸ߤ餳Ѹ MEOSL ѤƸ촴첻ĹΤǤꡤĹ餳첻ܤؤǤΤǤ롥̤θ򤹤СѸֻǸ <e> ȤȤϡҲޤäȤˤ첻첻ܤФȤڵʤΤǤ롥"magic <e>" ϡβ꤯ɤϤ뤬Ĺˤδ֤ʣƤֻȯδط򶦻ŪˡȤƸˡȤ

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2012-11-01 Thu

#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ [spelling][pronunciation][phonetics][orthography][meosl][spelling_pronunciation_gap][degemination][sobokunagimon]

ñʸˡֻ§Ȥɬؤֻ1Ĥˡɸֻ§롥dig digging, hop hopping, run running, swim swimming ϤʤȤѤʵ䤬󤻤줿Τǡά⤹롥
դƤΤϡ -ing ˤơֻǤҲŤͤΤΡȯˤƤҲʣ (geminate) Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤܸȤƤϡ֥˥󥰡פ /n/ Ťͤȯ뤬ѸǤϤޤǴΤȯ -ing ȯä /rʌnɪng/ Ǥ롥Ѹζ޷ˤƤϡȯȤƤλҲʣ¸ߤʤȹͤƤ褤űѸǤñҲȽŻҲΩʤҲ̡ĹˤΩŪ¸ߤѸŻҲ (degemination) ʹԤʹߡҲ̤Ωä줿Ǥ롥äȤ⡤penknife /pɛnnaɪf/ ʤɤʣʤɤǤϷǴ֤ޤäƤλҲʣϤΤǡѸ˻Ҳʣ̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤ
ǤϡѸˤϲŪñҲȽŻҲΩʤˤ⤫餺ˡ <running> Τ褦֤뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤϤʤŪˤϡΤ褦ʽŻҲϡҲΤΤĹǤϤʤľ첻β򼨤ǽ̤ƤȤ롥<running> Τ褦 <n> Ťͤ뤳Ȥˤäơ*/nn/ ɽ路ƤΤǤϤʤľβĹ첻 /uː/ ǤϤʤû첻 /ʌ/ Ǥ뤳ȤƤȤΤǤ롥⤷Ĺ첻ɽ路ΤǤСդ <n> Ťͤ *<runing> ȤФ褤ʼȤơ<hoping> <hopping> Ωʤɤ뤬Ϥ Magic <e> ֻ§ȤϢˡΤ褦ˡѸˡǤϡҲŤͤ뤫ݤˤäơľ첻βʴǤϤʤˤ褽ꤵȤȤߤˤʤäƤ롥
λȤ߼ΤɤΤ褦ȯΤŪõȤС˽Ҥ٤ŻҲλˤ벻ηϡṽ¤ֻμɬפȤʤ롥Ȥ櫓 Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL), loss of schwa, degemination ʤɡߤ˴ϢϢβѲ򤬷礫ʤΰϢβˤŪ¿äϹäƤ롥ñƧ߹ʤΰʤΤǡ̤εפळȤˤǤϴϢǶʸȤ Britton 󤲤ˤȤɤƤ

Britton, Derek. "Degemination in English, with Special Reference to the Middle English Period." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 232--43.

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2012-09-08 Sat

#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ [phoneme][phonemicisation][minimal_pair][meosl][degemination][language_myth]

[2012-08-31-1]ε#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶפ (1)(c) ǿ줿[f] Ф [v] βDzϡѸˤ벻ηѲȤơѸˤǤϤ褯ˤΤܤ롥ե󥹸Ѥˤ offer Τ褦ʸ줬Ѹä˲äꡤŻҲ (degemination) ȤѲˡover : offer ʤɤκǾФ졤 /v/ ΩȤǤ롥
Britton (233) ˤСεϸŤ Kurath (1956) üȯߤǤ⳵Ǻ֤Ƥ뤬Sledd (1958) ˤäȿƤ롥ĤޤꡤοäǤȤºݤͤɤȡΤ Sledd ˷ۤ夬롥Kurath εȤοäʤ⤹ȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Britton 233)
Kurath ˤСѸˡ[VCV] ϥȡ ȤĶǡǽ첻Ĺ[VVCV] Ȥʤä Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL) ȸƤФ벻ѲǤ롥[VCCV] δĶǤŻҲ[VCV] Ȥʤä [C] ໤ [f, s, θ] ξˤϡŪ [VCV] δĶʿ [VVCV]ˤǤϤͭŪ [VCCV] δĶʿ [VCV]ˤǤ̵ƤꡤʬۤϿĶǤݤ줿ᡤ /v/ : /f/, /z/ : /s/, /ð/ : /θ/ 줾̡βǤȤΩ褦ˤʤäȤ
褯ͤƤߤȡλҲ̵ͭϡѲФޤѤäǤ⡤ĶˤäƼưŪ˷ޤΤΤǤ롥[VVCV] [VCV] ٤ƤߤСԤĹ첻ԤƤꡤԤû첻ԤƤ롥³ [C] ̵ͭϡľ첻Ĺ򻲾ȤƷޤΤǤꡤΰ̣ʬ (complementary distribution) ʤƤȲǤ롥äơ[v, z, θ] ΩǤȤƤߤʤȤϤǤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
Kurath [f] ʤɤβDzεþ褦˸뤬ˡ⤽βDzϤǤ˳ΩƤȤĥ⤢롥Ƥ褦ˡMEOSL schwa ξüθ˵äꤹΤǤСschwa ξü MEOSL ޤǤηִ֤ˡ[V + voiced C] [V + voiceless C] ΩϤǤΩƤȤˤʤ뤫դϹä褦ʤΤǡʾοϤ˻ߤƤ

Britton, Derek. "Degemination in English, with Special Reference to the Middle English Period." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 232--43.
Kurath, Hans. "The Loss of Long Consonants and the Rise of Voiced Fricatives in Middle English." Language 32 (1956): 435--45. Rpt. in Approaches in English Historical Linguistics: An Anthology. Ed. Roger Lass. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969.
Sledd, James. Some Questions of English Phonology. Language 34 (1958): 252--58.

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