ε#3957. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺλȿ ([2020-02-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ˤϰճ㳰¿ĶۤƱ˸Ƥ⡤ñˤä첻ĹäƤ굯äƤʤäꤹΤ
Ritt (75) MEOSL ˤĤơ첻Ĺ뤫ݤϡĶνθǤγΨȤȤ館Ƥ롥ơΤ褦ʸͿƤ (75)
The probability of vowel lenghthening was proportional to
a. the (degree of) stress on it
b. its backness
c. coda sonority
and inversely proportional to
a. its height
b. syllable weight
c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot
In this formula t, u, v, x, y and z are constants. Their values could be provided by the theoretical framework and/or by induction (= trying the formula out on actual data).
ǤϲäƤΤʬʤ⤹аʲ̤Ǥ롥MEOSL Ψϡ6ĤΥѥ͡ʤ̤ͤΤˤδؿȤƻФ롥6ĤΥѥ顼Ȥθ̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ
(1) β˶Сβ첻Ĺ䤹
(2) 첻첻ǤСĹ䤹
(3) coda 첻˸³Ҳˤʹ (sonority) ⤱СĹ䤹
(4) 첻Ĵ⤤ȡĹˤ
(5) βŤȡĹˤ
(6) αμ岻ŤȡĹˤ
ФΤϤޤdzΨǤ뤫顤ۤƱĶˤǤäƤ⡤첻Ĺ뤫ݤη̤ϰۤʤȤȤRitt Υץϡǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ŪʡֲѲ㳰ʤפθ§ (Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze) Ȥϰ褹ץǤ롥
ʤδؿϡ¤Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ĹǤƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ˤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤ뤳ȤʬäƤꡤ⤤ƱĹˤĤƤεǡ
Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ε#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡפȤߤȡܸȱѸоŪʸǤѸϻҲǽIJ (closed syllable) 줬¿ޤܸǤϵǤΤᡤIJıñܸ˼ƤäơIJ˲餫ĴäƳ (open syllable) ؤѴΤԹǤȤ櫓ϳѴȤǤΤ褦ĴΤǤñˡ1ĤϡҲ첻ä뤳ȤǤǸIJϡƤܸμʲפȤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤ
ɸǹͤƤߤޤ礦Ѹ make /meɪk/ ϻҲ /k/ ǽIJθǤܸȤˤϡ /k/ ΤȤ첻1źƤФ褤ΤǤŪˤ /u/ äơ֥ᥤ /meiku/ Ȥޤ̤Ȥ /mei.ku/ 23⡼ˤȤʤޤ̵˳Ȥʤޤ
ϡʤ첻 /u/ Ǥ뤫ȤǤmap ʥޥåס, lobe ʥ֡, dog ʥɥå, tough ʥա, love ʥ֡, rice ʥ饤, rose ʥ, dish ʥǥå, cool ʥ, game ʥ, sing ʥ ʤɤǤ⡤б륫ʸͤƤߤȡ٤Ƹ /u/ ղäƤޤ
ŪŤμѸǤ cake ʥˤ brush ʥ֥饷ˤΤ褦 /i/ ղäߤޤwatch ʥå, badge ʥХåˡgarage ʥ졼ˤʤɤƱͤǤĴŪˤϡȯ˴ޤޤƤŸ /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/ 첻 /i/ ȤϿ⤤뤳ȤϤǤȤϻפޤ
/u/ /i/ ȤϻĤޤʤ¾첻ǤϤʤ2ĤΤƤΤǤ礦ϡξԤȤ첻Ȥʹ (sonority) Ǥ㤯û첻ȹͤƤޤۡpp. 55--56ˡˤϤʤ첻ΤǤ顤ƤäѷäȤϤʤ٤ΩʤѹˤȤɤƤȤǤDzŪ˱Ƥ /u/ /i/ ȤȤΤ褦Ǥ
פ㳰ޤñβ˸ /t/ /d/ ˤĤƤϡܸ첽 /i/, /u/ ǤϤʤ /o/ äΤŪǤcat ʥåȡˡbed ʥ٥åɡˤतǤϡ⤷ /u/ /i/ ղäȡܸβȤƵƤʤ [tu, ti, du, di] Ƥޤᡤ/u/ μ˹⤤ /o/ ѤΤȤޤܸ첽 [tsu, tʃi, dzu, dʒi] ȤƻȤƤϤ⤷ޤˡϺΤޤǤ
֥ᥤפ֥פ֥åȡפ⡤ܸ첻˰Ĥ̤βȤȤä櫓Ǥ
Ĥ2ϡȥ⡼ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ30--57ǡ
ε#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡפȤߤȡܸȱѸоŪʸǤѸϻҲǽIJ (closed syllable) 줬¿ޤܸǤϵǤΤᡤIJıñܸ˼ƤäơIJ˲餫ĴäƳ (open syllable) ؤѴΤԹǤȤ櫓ϳѴȤǤΤ褦ĴΤǤñˡ1ĤϡҲ첻ä뤳ȤǤǸIJϡƤܸμʲפȤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤ
ɸǹͤƤߤޤ礦Ѹ make /meɪk/ ϻҲ /k/ ǽIJθǤܸȤˤϡ /k/ ΤȤ첻1źƤФ褤ΤǤŪˤ /u/ äơ֥ᥤ /meiku/ Ȥޤ̤Ȥ /mei.ku/ 23⡼ˤȤʤޤ̵˳Ȥʤޤ
ϡʤ첻 /u/ Ǥ뤫ȤǤmap ʥޥåס, lobe ʥ֡, dog ʥɥå, tough ʥա, love ʥ֡, rice ʥ饤, rose ʥ, dish ʥǥå, cool ʥ, game ʥ, sing ʥ ʤɤǤ⡤б륫ʸͤƤߤȡ٤Ƹ /u/ ղäƤޤ
ŪŤμѸǤ cake ʥˤ brush ʥ֥饷ˤΤ褦 /i/ ղäߤޤwatch ʥå, badge ʥХåˡgarage ʥ졼ˤʤɤƱͤǤĴŪˤϡȯ˴ޤޤƤŸ /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/ 첻 /i/ ȤϿ⤤뤳ȤϤǤȤϻפޤ
/u/ /i/ ȤϻĤޤʤ¾첻ǤϤʤ2ĤΤƤΤǤ礦ϡξԤȤ첻Ȥʹ (sonority) Ǥ㤯û첻ȹͤƤޤۡpp. 55--56ˡˤϤʤ첻ΤǤ顤ƤäѷäȤϤʤ٤ΩʤѹˤȤɤƤȤǤDzŪ˱Ƥ /u/ /i/ ȤȤΤ褦Ǥ
פ㳰ޤñβ˸ /t/ /d/ ˤĤƤϡܸ첽 /i/, /u/ ǤϤʤ /o/ äΤŪǤcat ʥåȡˡbed ʥ٥åɡˤतǤϡ⤷ /u/ /i/ ղäȡܸβȤƵƤʤ [tu, ti, du, di] Ƥޤᡤ/u/ μ˹⤤ /o/ ѤΤȤޤܸ첽 [tsu, tʃi, dzu, dʒi] ȤƻȤƤϤ⤷ޤˡϺΤޤǤ
֥ᥤפ֥פ֥åȡפ⡤ܸ첻˰Ĥ̤βȤȤä櫓Ǥ
Ĥ2ϡȥ⡼ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ30--57ǡ
Ѳˤϡߤ˵ո2Υפ롥 (fortition, strengthening) ȼ岽 (lenition, weakening) Ǥ롥ơˤĤ (49) εҤѤ롥
Ρϡγоδʹ꤬䤹褦ˡܤʬȤΩꡤġʬκΩä뤳Ȥȯä˺ݤĴͥ륮ղäȼȤС۲ (dissimilation)Ĺ첻 (vowel lengthening)첻 (diphthongization)ź (addition)Ჽ (syllabification)̵ (devoicing)ӵ (aspiration) ʤɤ˴ޤޤ롥ŪˡĴθζФ˸ᡤҲŪ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ρ岽ϡäˤĴưפˤ뤳Ȥ١Ĵͥ륮ϾʤƺѤࡥƱ (assimilation)û첻 (vowel shortening)ñ첻 (monophthongization)Ჽ (desyllabification)ü (debuccalization)ͭ (voicing)ɡ (nasalization)̵ (deaspiration)ʣҲ (degemination) ʤɤޤࡥȤϵդˡҲᡤ첻뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ĴôʤȤäͥ岽Фơγоʹ䤹ȤʹͥȤڥǤ롥ääʹؤˤäƿʹԤߤ礤ƤΤʿԤơѲ岽ȶΥХݤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ɤ餫Υװݤˤʤ뤳ȤϤʤ
(49) 2βѲưŤˤĤơ֥ꥺ¤˹碌פȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1]) ȡ
3ϡѲס ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ
Ѹˤơ岻˸д첻ɽȤ /ə/ /ɪ/ 2ब롥ܼʣιǤȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ơʬۤˤϤ褽Ф꤬ΤΡξԤδ֤ɤ⾯ʤʤ㤨 except θƬ첻ˤ /ə/ /ɪ/ Τ⸽뤳ȤǤԤξˤ accept ƱȤʤ롥illusion θƬ첻ˤĤƤƱͤǤꡤ/ə/ ȯ allusion ƱȤʤ롥ѸѼˤäƤ⤳ɤʬۤηϰۤʤ롥
ɤεϡSamuels ˤѸ줫ѸˤƤλˤäȤűѸˤ岻첻ϸ¤ѸǤ /ə/ ؤۣ첻θ夵˼岽ƴĶ˱ /ɪ/ ؤѲ礬äʤʤǤּ岽פȤʹ (sonority) δߤ岽ǤꡤĴŪˤС־夲 (raising) 롥⤤첻ˤʤСʹ٤ꡤ첻ȤƤϼ夯ʤȲǤ뤫ˡ
/ə/ /ɪ/ ɤϡߤ֤夤פǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ȥ/ə/ ϶ĥٹ礤ȤǤ /ɪ/ 夯 /ɪ/ ʹ٤Ǥ /ə/ 夤ȹͤ뤫Ĥޤꡤߤ˼岽礦طȤȤˤʤ롥Τʤˤ첻ˤϾ˼岽뷹ȤСʤ /ə/ /ɪ/ ΤDZʱɤ줬֤Ȥˤʤ
嵭ˤĤ Samuels (44--45) ľʹ
In ME, where the vowels of the OE endings had been centralised to /ə/, we find widespread new raising to /ɪ/, especially in inflexions ending in dental or alveolar consonants (-is, -ith, -yn, -id, -ind(e)). Since then, there has been constant distribution of the vowels of syllables newly unstressed to one or other member of the opposition /ɪ?ə/, depending partly on the inherited quality of the vowels and partly on that of the neighbouring segments: /ɪ/ is the commoner reflex of the vowels of ME -es, -ed, -est, -edge, -less, -ness, de-, re-, em-, ex-, whereas /ə/ represents the vowels of nearly all other unstressed syllables (the more important are -ance, -and, -dom, -ence, -ent, -land, -man, -oun, -our, -ous, a-, con-, com-, cor-, sub-, as well as syllabic /-l, -m, -n, -r/ and their reflexes wherever relevant). But there are exceptions to the expected distribution that are due to conditioning: the raising of /ə/ to /ɪ/ before /(d)ȝ, s/ as in cottage, damage, orange, furnace, and by vowel-harmony in women (also sometimes in chicken, kitchen, linen); and the same applies to other exceptions recorded in the past.
Thus the pattern of development in EMnE was that new cases of /ə/ were continually arising from unstressed back vowels, but meanwhile certain cases of /ə/ with raised variants from conditioning were redistributed to /ɪ/. In present English, centralisation to /ə/ is again on the increase as dialects with higher proportions of /ɪ/ gain in prominence.
Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
ɸ /s/ + ̵λҲϡѸ˾塤ŪðۤʿƤðϱѸ첻ǤϹΤƤꡤ͡ʹͻʬϤʤƤʲƬ (132--33, 136--38) ˰͵Ʋ⤷褦
ޤˡ§ (grimms_law) ϡλҲ2ǤȤƸˤŬѤʤäȤΤƤ롥#641. ޥλҲ (3) ([2011-01-28-1]) ȡ#662. sp-, st-, sk- ̵ˤʤͳ ([2011-02-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ[s] ε©αƶǸ³֥å줿Ǥ롥
ˡűѸťΥɸƬdzǧ褦ˡsp-, st-, sc- ñϡȤ߹碌̤ñȤƬʤȤǤʤäĤޤꡤŪˤ2Ĥʬʤˤ⤫餺1ĤβΤ褦˿ȤȤȤ
ޤ#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) (6) Ǥߤ2Ҳû (shortening before two consonants) ˤꡤfīfta > fifta, sōhte > sohte, lǣssa > læssa ʤɤûprēstes Ǥ㳰ŪûʤäξˤƤ⡤/s/ Ȥ³Ȥߴط̩Ǥꡤ碌1Ĥñ̤ȤƿäƤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ롥
äơ/sp/, /st/, /sk/ ϡOnset ˵ݤ˻ҲðۤǤ롥Onset λҲǤϡʹ (sonority) 㤤Ҳ˻Ϥޤꡤ⤤Ҳ³ȤĤޤ㢪פ§Ǥ롥Ȥ[s] [t] ʹ٤⤤Τǡsp- ʤɤǤϡֹ⢪פȤʤꡤ§ȿ롥
ǸդäСְ㤤θ椫⡤Ҳ˴ؤְ㤤ðǧȤ롥
ʾβľ̤ؼԤλҲ(1) ޤ2ҲȤư(2) 2ҲǤϤ뤬1ĤΤޤȤޤ (ʣ粻ǡ composite phonemeˤȤư(3) 1ҲȤưʤɤνƤͤȤơƬ (138) ϡ¸ (dependency phonology) Ω줫顤λҲ /s/ ƳȤȤ "contour segment" ǤȤʬϤƤƤ롥"contour segment" ιͤϡѸǵäȤƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ˴ط /mb/ ʤɤλҲˤѤǤ褦Ǥ롥
Ƭġ˽ҡ"Consonant cluster" ȲѲðȲṽ¤ᤰäơס츦θߡ١ϩˡˡҤĤ˼2013ǯ127--43ǡ
4֤εǡưˤʹ꤬äƱ餤뤤Ϥʾ˱ƶϤĤȤƤʡ#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) ([2014-08-11-1])#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) ([2014-08-12-1])#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1])#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1])ˡ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1])#1862. Stern ˤ4Ĥεǽ ([2014-06-02-1])ޤεǽ˴ؤ뤽¾ε (function_of_language) Ǹ褦ˡʹϸưԲķǤ1ĤǤ뤫顤ͤƤߤΤȤǤ롥 (139) Τ褦ˡθѲθˤơʹˤ줬ɤΤ褦ʹ뤫Ȥ˷ƤפȤϤ褽ǧʤФʤʤ³ơäŪϡ뤿ᡤ뤿Ǥ뤫顤äȤڤʤΤϡäΰտޤȤʹ뤳ȤǤ롥ϡʹ꤬Τʹ褦äȤǤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ʹΤθѲ¸ߤ̵뤵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѲΤʤˤϡʬ (metanalysis) ˤꤦޤΤ⤢СƱ۵ (homonymic_clash) ⤢뤳ȤϻŦƤ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ǤϡʹδͿ̣Ѳˤ줿ʹδͿϤ褽뤵ƤȤϤ
(118--38) ϡܸΥϹԻҲηϤꤵŪʥϹԻҲʹΰ˵Ƥ롥ΥϹԻҲϡ11 [ɸ] [w] Ѳʡ#1271. ܸಽȤθ ([2012-10-19-1]) ȡˡ㤨СβѲ˽äơ [ɸawa] [ɸiwi]ˤ [ɸowo] ȤʤäΤޤȯã뤲ƤʤСƬ [ɸ] [h] Ȥʤꡤϡ֥ϥסϡ֥ҥסˤϡ֥ۥסʼºݤˡ֥ۥۡפ¤ǡ֥ۥפ⤢ˤȤʤäƤΥϹԻҲμ夵䶯٤ޤҲνƱˤꡤĻŵŪƱ˽ʣ (reduplication) ޤä2ܤΥϹԻҲ褷ߤϡ֥ϥϡס֥ҥҡס֥ۥۡפȤʤäƤ롥ϹԻҲĴϢѲ뤲ƤȤϡľܤˤäˤ˰㤤ʤŪˤŪϹԻҲʹΰŪʼ夵˵ȹͤ롥ʹΰȤʹΩΩäɸǤ롥ҤλҲˤĤ [h] > [ç] ȤѲΤ⡤[h] ʹΰ䶯ȤƤ롥
ܸΥϹԻҲȴϢơѸ [h] Ȥμդβ˴ؤˤʣˡ§ (grimms_law)#214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) h γƵ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ʤɤ꤬ط롥 (132) ܸȱѸˤݤŦƤꡤ<gh> ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ġıѸ light, tight ʤɤ gh ɤޤʤ«ˤʤäƤ뤬 h ϡʹæڥˤ줬ĤäΤǤ뤷rough, tough ʤɤ gh [f] ˤʤäƤΤϡʹΰ [h] [f] ֤줿̤Ǥ롥[ɸ] [f] Ȥΰ㤤Ϥ뤬ܸΤ뿰ಽȵäƤ뤳Ȥܤ
ȤСrough tough [f] ϡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) Ǽ褦äΤβѲη ([x] > [xw] > f) ȤƤǤϤʤ[x] 뤤 [h] ʹΰˤʤʤʹΤΡ [f] ǤִȤȤˤʤ롥줬˵äȤ¾ڤ뤳Ȥ
ͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ١ֽ2001ǯ
(syllable) ˤ͡Ϳ줦뤬ƤΤȤơʬβŪʹ (sonority) ˰¸롥ʹ٤ΤΤϡ"the overall loudness of a sound relative to others of the same pitch, stress and duration" (Crystal 442) Τ褦롥ʬŪˤʹ䤹٤ȲǤ롥
ʬʹ٤¬͡ˤʤƤꡤͤˤĤƤϼ¸Ȥ˾ܺ٤ϰۤʤ뤫⤷ʤޤʬ̤ˤĤƤϸԤΤǰפߤƤ롥1ȤơHogg and McCully (33) ˵ƤѸʬ sonority scale
| Sounds | Sonority values | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| low vowels | 10 | /a, ɑ/ |
| mid vowels | 9 | /e, o/ |
| high vowels | 8 | /i, u/ |
| flaps | 7 | /r/ |
| laterals | 6 | /l/ |
| nasals | 5 | /n, m, ŋ/ |
| voiced fricatives | 4 | /v, ð, z/ |
| voiceless fricatives | 3 | /f, θ, s/ |
| voiced stops | 2 | /b, d, g/ |
| voiceless stops | 1 | /p, t, k/ |
| Word | Pronunciation | Sonority values | Peaks = Syllables |
|---|---|---|---|
| modest | /modest/ | 5-9-2-9-3-1 | 2 |
| complain | /compleːn/ | 1-9-5-1-6-9-5 | 2 |
| petty | /peti/ | 1-9-1-8 | 2 |
| elastic | /əlæstik/ | 8-6-10-3-1-8-1 | 3 |
| elasticity | /iːlæstisiti/ | 9-6-10-3-1-8-3-8-1-8 | 5 |
| petrol | /petrəl/ | 1-9-1-7-9-6 | 2 |
| button | /bʌtn/ | 2-9-1-5 | 2 |
| bottle | /botl/ | 2-9-1-6 | 2 |
[I]n any syllable, there is a segment constituting a sonority peak that is preceded and/or followed by a sequence of segments with progressively decreasing sonority values. (Crystal 442)
ˤäƻĺι⤵ϤޤޤŵŪˡëëפΤ줤ʬۤˤʤȤȤSSG ϼƤ롥onset s ǻϤޤҲ (ex. sp-, st-, sk-) ξʤɤǤϤθ§ϵ§Ūˤ뤳ȤΤƤ뤬 SSG ϱѸˤ˰ꤷ§Ǥ롥
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Hogg, Richard and C. B. McCully. Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.
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