01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ѹˤơ岻˸д첻ɽȤ /ə/ /ɪ/ 2ब롥ܼʣιǤȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ơʬۤˤϤ褽Ф꤬ΤΡξԤδ֤ɤ⾯ʤʤ㤨 except θƬ첻ˤ /ə/ /ɪ/ Τ⸽뤳ȤǤԤξˤ accept ƱȤʤ롥illusion θƬ첻ˤĤƤƱͤǤꡤ/ə/ ȯ allusion ƱȤʤ롥ѸѼˤäƤ⤳ɤʬۤηϰۤʤ롥
ɤεϡSamuels ˤѸ줫ѸˤƤλˤäȤűѸˤ岻첻ϸ¤ѸǤ /ə/ ؤۣ첻θ夵˼岽ƴĶ˱ /ɪ/ ؤѲ礬äʤʤǤּ岽פȤʹ (sonority) δߤ岽ǤꡤĴŪˤС־夲 (raising) 롥⤤첻ˤʤСʹ٤ꡤ첻ȤƤϼ夯ʤȲǤ뤫ˡ
/ə/ /ɪ/ ɤϡߤ֤夤פǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ȥ/ə/ ϶ĥٹ礤ȤǤ /ɪ/ 夯 /ɪ/ ʹ٤Ǥ /ə/ 夤ȹͤ뤫Ĥޤꡤߤ˼岽礦طȤȤˤʤ롥Τʤˤ첻ˤϾ˼岽뷹ȤСʤ /ə/ /ɪ/ ΤDZʱɤ줬֤Ȥˤʤ
嵭ˤĤ Samuels (44--45) ľʹ
In ME, where the vowels of the OE endings had been centralised to /ə/, we find widespread new raising to /ɪ/, especially in inflexions ending in dental or alveolar consonants (-is, -ith, -yn, -id, -ind(e)). Since then, there has been constant distribution of the vowels of syllables newly unstressed to one or other member of the opposition /ɪ?ə/, depending partly on the inherited quality of the vowels and partly on that of the neighbouring segments: /ɪ/ is the commoner reflex of the vowels of ME -es, -ed, -est, -edge, -less, -ness, de-, re-, em-, ex-, whereas /ə/ represents the vowels of nearly all other unstressed syllables (the more important are -ance, -and, -dom, -ence, -ent, -land, -man, -oun, -our, -ous, a-, con-, com-, cor-, sub-, as well as syllabic /-l, -m, -n, -r/ and their reflexes wherever relevant). But there are exceptions to the expected distribution that are due to conditioning: the raising of /ə/ to /ɪ/ before /(d)ȝ, s/ as in cottage, damage, orange, furnace, and by vowel-harmony in women (also sometimes in chicken, kitchen, linen); and the same applies to other exceptions recorded in the past.
Thus the pattern of development in EMnE was that new cases of /ə/ were continually arising from unstressed back vowels, but meanwhile certain cases of /ə/ with raised variants from conditioning were redistributed to /ɪ/. In present English, centralisation to /ə/ is again on the increase as dialects with higher proportions of /ɪ/ gain in prominence.
Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
2026 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2024 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2023 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2022 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2021 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2020 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2019 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2018 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2017 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2016 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2015 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2014 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2013 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2012 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2011 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2010 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
ǽ: 2026-06-26 03:46
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow