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2021-02-28 Sun

#4325. ǽαѱѼؤȤĤʤ Coote ΰյ [coote][cawdrey][mulcaster][lexicography][dictionary]

ε#4324. ǽαѱѼ Coote The English Schoole-maister? ([2021-02-27-1]) ˰³Ѹ켭ϴΰѤôä Edmund Coote Ȥ The English Schoole-maister (1596) θðɽɾˤĤơ
˭ (377) ϡƱȯֻζʽȤƲ̤Ūʰյɾ˰­ꤺѸ켭˾βͤѶŪǧ褦ȤƤ롥

ܽ񤬡ǽαѸ켭ɾ Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall ľŪʱƶͿȤϡǤоɽưפ˴Ǽ褹뤳ȤǤ롥Coote ɽǤƤ졤ӸϤ٤ƤΤޤ Cawdrey μŵ˼ϿƤ롥ϼѤȲλ ('It was an era of borrowing, adapting and downright plagiarism') Ȥ뤬ѹǺǽμŵԽԤȤɤ˵ Cawdrey Coote 餦Ȥϡ褷ƾʤʤƤޤCawdrey μɽ A Table Alphabeticall ⡤Coote ΰɽ֤Ȥդ줿 'Directions for the vnskilfull' "If thou hast not been acquainted with such a table as this following, and desirest to make vse of it, thou must get the Alphabet, that is, the order of the letters as they stand,..." ˤ a table...Alphabet ˼ȤʤƤ롥A Table Alphabeticall ϡ'hard vsuall English wordes' 'plaine English wordes' Τǡ켭ŵʬȤ뤬Coote ˤϤǤ 'hard words' ('The Schoole-maister his profession'), 'hardest' Ȥ ('Directions') 롥Ѹ켭ˤεҤˤ 'From Cawdrey to Johnson' ʤϤߤ Cawdrey ι׸פ򤿤ɤΤ̤Ǥ뤬ǽαѸ켭ŵνפŵȤơܽβͤѶŪǧʤФʤʤǤ


ơּפȤΤϲʤΤ̤ñˤ٤餷ΤΤĤðɽȤκۤϲʤΤȹͤ줿

Coote, Edmund. The English Schoole-Maister. 1596.
˭ ѡEdmund Coote: The English Schoole-maister βסWilliam Bullokar: Book at large, Bref Grammar and Pamphlet for Grammar. P. Gr.: Grammatica Anglicana. Edmund Coote: The English Schoole-maisterٱѸʸݹ亮꡼1Ʋ1971ǯ365--80.

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2021-02-27 Sat

#4324. ǽαѱѼ Coote The English Schoole-maister? [coote][cawdrey][mulcaster][lexicography][dictionary]

Ѹ켭˾塤ǽαѱѼϰ̤ Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ȤƤ롥ˤĤơ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#726. ǤȤ뤫⤷ʤŪ Cawdrey μ ([2011-04-23-1])#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ ([2013-09-22-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
Cawdrey ̼ǻ˾αѱѼä櫓ǤϤʤ㤨СǤ1582ǯ Richard Mulcaster The First Part of the Elementarie Τʤ8000ۤɤθý "Generall Table" ǤƤꡤºݤ¿ Cawdrey μȿǤƤ (cf. #441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]))
Ʊ褦ˡEdmund Coote 1596ǯ˾尴ȯֻζʽ The English Schoole-maister 3Ǥ1500ΰɽ󤲤ƤꡤCawdrey Ϥ餫˻ȤƤ롥Coote θðɽˤ̤ñˤ٤ΤΤǤϤ뤬פդƤꡤʬΩƤߤʤС줳˾αѱѼȤߤʤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפ롥ºݡDixon (ix) ϡΤ褦ˤȤ館Ƥ褦

The first monolingual English dictionaries --- commencing in 1596 --- dealt just with 'hard words' (those of foreign origin) and explained them in terms of Germanic forms. The second such dictionary, by Robert Cawdrey in 1604, included:
   lassitude, wearines


˭ (375) Edmund Coote: The English Schoole-maister βפˤơȤᤤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥

Ǥֻˡ輨뤳ȤŪȤ줿ΤФʸ˱Ѹˤ֤ Coote θɽϡѸ켭ŵοȤ٤ΤǤꡤƱ 'Schoole-maister' Ǥä Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall, conteyning and teaching the true vvriting, and vnderstanding of hard vsuall English wordes, borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke, Latine, or French. Etc. (1604) 礭ʱƶڤܤȤˤʤ롥


äƺǽαѸ켭Ȥ뤫ϡּפǤꡤǤƧ߹ޤʤѸ켭ϴȤ Mulcaster -- Coote -- Cawdrey Υ饤ǧƤȤˤϰʤ

Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
Coote, Edmund. The English Schoole-Maister. 1596.
˭ ѡEdmund Coote: The English Schoole-maister βסWilliam Bullokar: Book at large, Bref Grammar and Pamphlet for Grammar. P. Gr.: Grammatica Anglicana. Edmund Coote: The English Schoole-maisterٱѸʸݹ亮꡼1Ʋ1971ǯ365--80.

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2021-02-26 Fri

#4323. "subjunctive-friendly" ʥꥫѸ [subjunctive][ame_bre][brown][corpus][contact][mandative_subjunctive]

ˡߤˡ "mandative subjunctive" 奢ꥫѸǰŪѤƤ¤ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ̻ŪʴʲεǼ夲Ƥ#325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1])#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1])#345. "mandative subjunctive" Υꥹȡ ([2010-04-07-1])#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1])#3351. ꥫѸǤ "mandative subjunctive" λѤ "colonial lag" ǤϤʤפ ([2018-06-30-1])
ˤĤ Hundt (595--97) Brown ϥѥѤƹԤʤäĴγפɤൡ񤬤ä (cf. #428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])) 1930ǯ夫1991ǯޤǤαξѼʽ񤭸աˤ̻ĴǤ롥should Ѥ٤Ƥ mandative subjunctive ѤγϡꥫѸǤϤǤ1930ǯ8˶Ť⤤ͤ򼨤Ƥꡤ1991ǯˤϤۤ9ãƤ롥ꥹѸǤϡ1930ǯ2Ķ٤ͤǤꡤθäȤϤ1991ǯλ4ˤȤɤޤäƤ롥mandative subjunctive λѤˤĤƤϡŪˤ̻Ūˤ⥢ꥫѸΤۤȤäƤ褤
Övergaard ԸˤȡꥫѸǤ mandative subjunctive ä1900ǯ1920ǯˤƵäƤꡤطʤȤƥɥĸ졤ե󥹸졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɲˡݻƤȤΰ̱¸ߤŦƤ (Hundt 597)
⤷Τϡ嵭ΡֲˡߡפΤߤʤ餺If I were you Τ褦ʡֲˡפ were λ¸ˤĤƤ⡤Ѽ֤ǻ褦ʷߤ뤳ȤꥹѸǤϡ1930ǯˤ were Ѥ8ۤɤä1990ǯˤ5䶯ؤ礭餷Ƥ롥ꥫѸǤ1930ǯ83.4%1990ǯ74%ƤȤϤϾ
λ㤫⡤20ΥꥫѸʽ񤭸աˤ "a relatively 'subjunctive-friendly' variety" (Hundt 597) Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Hundt, Marianne. "Change in Grammar." Chapter 27 of The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Ed. Bas Aarts, Jill Bowie and Gergana Popova. Oxford: OUP, 2020. 581--603.
Övergaard, Gerd. The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th Century. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1995.

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2021-02-25 Thu

#4322. EMEMT --- Ѹΰإƥȥѥ [corpus][emode][genre]

êƤ顤Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies Including a CD-Rom . . . . ʤܤФƤϡɥСǸ¬äƤߤ3.4cmƤۤȤɳȤʤäܤʼºݤäΤˡѥ CD-ROM ĤƤȤΤdzƤߤΤ˽ѸΰإƥȥѥĤƤ롥ܤΤۤϡΥѥˤĤƤβȥѥѤǥʤäƤ롥
ϡޤȤäƤ⤤ʤΥѥˤĤơܽƬꤶäȳפҲ𤹤롥

The Corpus of Early English Medical Texts (CEEM) is a three-part series of historical corpora of medical writing 1375--1800. The corpus was initiated about fifteen years ago at the University of Helsinki for the ongoing research project of Scientific Thought-styles: The Evolution of English Medical Writing by Irma Taavitsainen and Päivi Pahta. This project aims to gain new knowledge of the development of the language of science and medicine in a long diachronic perspective, and for this end an extensive electronic database was needed. The work has progressed in phases. The first corpus, Middle English Medical Texts (MEMT, 1375--1500), was published on CD-ROM in 2005 by John Benjamins. Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT) is the second component of CEEM. The third, Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT, 1700--1800), has already been initiated and will be released in due course. (Taavitsainen and Pahta, vii)


ʤۤɡܤƤ EMEMT ϡ3Ĥʤ륷꡼2ƤǽѸ (1500--1700) ΰإƥȤ򥫥С른ΥѥȤȤΤ褦450ۤɤΥƥȡ200줫ʤƲ˥ѥǤ롥츫Ǥ뤫Τ褦ˡְإƥȡפΥѥäƤϤ뤬βʳػ׹ͤɽ른ȤƤߤСαϰϤϰƳ⤷ʤ꡼Τۤ2ĤΥѥȤΥץȤˤĤơCoRD (Corpus Resource Database) ˲⤬ȤȤǡؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤ

Corpus of Early English Medical Writing (CEEM)
Middle English Medical Texts (MEMT)
Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT)
Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT)

ܲȤӤϤʤΤȤӤͤƤߤȤΤ⥳ѥδƬࡥͤƤߤ

Taavitsainen, Irma and Päivi Pahta, eds. Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies Including a CD-Rom Containing Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT) Corpus Compiled by Irma Taavitsainen, Päivi Pahta, Turo Hiltunen, Martti Mäkinen, Ville Marttila, Maura Ratia, Carla Suhr and Jukka Tyrkkö.'' Amsterdam: Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2010.

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2021-02-24 Wed

#4321. ޤΤƤʤֻ anent (= about) Ҳ [preposition]

űѸͳ褹 anent ʤֻҲ𤷤ޤ?˴ؤơ (about, concerning) ̣Ū뤤ϥåȥֻȤơΤ褦˻ȤޤOED anent, prep. and adv. ʸˡ

1908 S. E. White Riverman iv. 37 He departed, catching fragments of vows anent never going on any more errands for nobody.
1993 Herald (Glasgow) 3 May 10 I write anent Duncan Campbell's article (Black magic circle).
2007 www.scottish.parliament.uk 10 July (O.E.D. Archive) The Visitor Centre has braw visual an interactive displays that lats ye explore information anent the Pairlament.

츻ҤȤȡűѸ on emn/efen (= on even [ground]) ˤΤܤޤ?Ʊʿ̤ǡ¤ǡפۤɤθȯãΤǤΤ褦ʰŪʸäΤǡֻͤˤŪôäƤ̣ϰϤϹ?̤ơס?δֶˡס?¤ǡס?Ȥäˡס?ȿơפʤ͡Ǥ̣ѲμԻ Room ˤ⡤ФΩƤƤޤ

anent (concerning)
This now old-fashioned word, used mostly humorously ('I would like a word anent the procedure here'), originally meant 'in company with' in Old English, a sense which survived in dialect use down to the nineteenth century. It also meant 'facing', 'towards', as in the Voiage of Sir John Maundevile (1366), which tells of 'Wylde Bestes' that 'slen and devouren alle that comen aneyntes hem'. However, the word does still have some Scottish usage in these senses, as well as the general one of 'concerning'.


Ѹˤ¿Ǥ̤˻ȤƤֻʤΤǡMED anent(es (prep.) ˤ⤿ʸ󤲤ƤޤŪˤ⡤onefent, onevent, anempt(es, anem(p)st; onent(es, onence, onon(t, anundes, anen, anend(es, anintice, anens(t, anence, enent(es, enens, inent(es, inence ʤɤ͡˵ϿƤޤ
ȤȤϸűѸ efen ͳ褹ֻǤꡤ֤θ˸ t, s, d Τ褦ʻҲ䡤Ȥ߹碌츻ŪǤȤȤˤʤޤֻ졤졤³ȤˤλҲޤ츻ŪʸźäȤȤϱѸˤǤϤФеäƤꡤܥ֥Ǥ͡˼夲ƤޤˤĤƤϡεå

Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.

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2021-02-23 Tue

#4320. űѸˤϤäȤä foot -- feet פʣ [plural][number][i-mutation][double_plural]

ñ foot Фʣ feet Τ褦Ե§ʣηˡˤĤơ#157. foot ʣϤʤ feet ([2009-10-01-1])#2017. foot ʣϤʤ feet (2) ([2014-11-04-1])#4304. ʤ foot ʣ feet ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2021-02-07-1]) Ǽ夲ƤɥĸʤɤǤϸߤǤ⤪ߤʣηˡǡ֥饦ʣפʤɤȸƤФƤ뤬ޥĸ줫饲ޥ줬 (i-mutation) ȤѲνϤȤ롥
ɸѸˤƤϡfeet, geese, lice, men, mice, teeth, women 7ˤĤƤβѲκפϻĤäƤʤűѸʳǤϤΥפ̾줬¾ˤ⤤Ĥ¸ߤLass (128) ˤȡāc (oak), bōc (book), brōc (trousers), burg (city), (cow), gāt, turf (turf), furh (furrow), hnutu (nut) ʤɤΥפäˤ̤ -s ʣݤ߹ޤƤä⤷Ǥʤк *each/ache, *beech, *breech, *birry, *ki(e), *gate, *tirf, *firry, *nit ʤɤΥ饦ʣѤƤϤǤʤ˵󤲤ͶֻϡֻˤʤäƤ⤷ʤȤ㼨ˤĤ餺ˡ
⤷Τϡbook ʣȤƤ *beech ĤäƤʤ츻Ū˴Ϣ beech ʥ֥ʡˤ¸ߤ뤳Ȥ (cf. #632. book beech ([2011-01-19-1])) ޤ֥ܥפ̣ʣ *breech ϺǤ¸ߤʤ鿷˺줿2ʣ (double_plural) Ȥ٤ breeches ȾܥˤϸǤ (cf. #218. ʣ ([2009-12-01-1])ˡˡ*ki(e) ȤʤäƤ뤬 n դϤ2ʣ kine ϡʤ⤤ޤѤƤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-19-1]

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2021-02-22 Mon

#4319. ɼ࿦ǰʸԲԡˡظ츦򳫤١ҡ2021ǯ [notice][review][toc]

ɰɼʸѸʸʸ칶ˤ3Ǥ࿦ޤ࿦ǰȤơ粼ˤԽ줿ǰʸظ츦򳫤ҤǤޤ伫Ȥ⾮ֱѸˤˤߤ3ĤĬήפƤƤΤǤ̤ȤơȤޤ᤿¤μɮؤˤ¿¿ͤʱѸؤʸޤäƤꡤ줫餸äڤɤߤȻפäƤޤ

jashel_exhibition_20201031.png



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Ρ쿴ء춵ء

Ϻʸɤ߸Ψθ쿴ء
ˡ֥ƥ㡼ȡŬڤμư˸õ --- ܸ춵ˤ ---
ֱѸʶΤαѸ첻ء
Matthews, JohnSounds of Language, Sounds of Speech: The Linguistics of Speaking in English but Hearing in Japanese

ΡѸء

к ΡReconsidering the Input Hypothesis from a Connectionist Perspective: Cognitive Filtering and Incomprehensible Input
ʿ õҡܿͱѸؽԤˤƥ󥹤ȥڥȤΰ̣ᡧñ -s vs. ߿ʹԷ -ing
洢 ͧΡָ긦ؤξԡ
¼ Ρ콬Ọ̇̄
§βΨ«˴Ť̤Ⱥθ

ΡѸء

ٹ šܸΡ֤ǤפȱѸ can θȸ˴ŤƳɬ
𡡡ֱѸؽԤδηϡ
󡡡ֱѸμͳˡȼͳľˡˤĤơ
δ졡ֱѸˤˤߤ3ĤĬή
繧ֳܡ塦Ūħ̣Ѹ첻ΰ̲βǽ

Ρء

ΰ졡That ȤƳʬʸȽ
ָΡʤΡߥ෿鸫Ρ
̸ 졡֥ѥѤ츦 --- Ʊ²Ūɽä ---
ĸ Ӹ㡡֤餷Ƹ --- ȥ˥ߡŪ ---
ѿΡֳǰָƥˤ̣Υᥫ˥
Ͱ졡Ǹȵκʸ --- ־θͷӤ˸üɽ ---

ɼȶӰ

ֻθ츦桧ȿס ɼ


ɼ࿦ǰʸԲԡˡظ츦򳫤١ҡ2021ǯ

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2021-02-21 Sun

#4318 ʤǤϤʤгʤǥեȡ [case][indo-european]

(nominative) ϡ̾Τ⤦褦ˡ̣Ū¾γʤ٤ɸŪŪʳʤǤ롥Ūˤ⸶Ȥ٤򼨤Ƥꡤޤ˥ǥեȤγʤȤ롥ʸΩñ줽ΤΤ˸ڤȤˤѤ뤷ΡָФפȤƤѤѥؤǤ (lemma) 򤷤Ƥ褤ʤˤĤƤϡΤ褦򤬰Ū
Τˡ¿θǤϼʷǥեȤη֤θƤꡤ¾μгʷϤѷȤ롥Τ褦ʸǤϡʤΥǥեǧ뤳ȤϤ䤹
Ȥˤ򿶤֤ȡʷϼгʷƱͤȼ̤ʶ޷򼨤Ȥʬ롥ĤޤꡤˤĤƤϡʤǥեȷǤȤŪʾڵϤʤѸޤᡤĸ줫ŪǤϡλ¤ˤʤäƤ뤬ʷǥեȷʤȤǡ¤ϰ෿Ūˤʤüʸ²ʤΤǤ (Blake 30)
λ¤ȴطƤ뤫ɤʬʤǤϡ̾줬¿쾯ʤŪΩѤˡʰʳη֤Ǹ뤳Ȥ롥ŪˤСε#4312. ƳʡʡгʤδطˤĤư͡ ([2021-02-16-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡгʡʤƳʡˤѤ礬ΤBlake (31) ϡλ¤෿ŪͭɸˡȤߤƤ᤬롥

. . . the nominative is generally thought of as the case used outside syntax, the case used in naming, the case used in talking about a lexeme, but Rubio argues that in Latin the accusative as well as the nominative is used in isolation and metalinguistically. He sees both of them as case of pure denotation (1966: 95--7). We are reminded of the use of the oblique forms of pronouns in English: Who wants it? Me. Me, I'll get it. De Carvalho also notes that the accusative in Latin is used out of context (1982: 257ff, 1985). He sees the nominative in more positive terms as the case in which one expresses the protagonist (1982: 248, 263).


ϢơѸˤˤгʤʤɤȤȤơ2;̾ youƸѸθˤ1;ñ̾ I ä me Ѥ Me and my sister went shopping. Τ褦ʸ򻲾ȡ

Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
Rubio, L. Introductión a la sintaxis estructural del Latin. Vol. 1: Casos y preposiciones. Barcelona: Ariel, 1966.
Carvalho, P. de. "Reflexions sur les cas: vers une théorie des cas latins." L'information Grammaticale 7 (1980): 3--11.

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2021-02-20 Sat

#4317. ʤֳʡפ "case" ʤΤ [terminology][case][grammar][history_of_linguistics][etymology][dionysius_thrax][sobokunagimon][latin][greek][vocative]

ܥ֥ǤϼʸˡѸͳˤĤơ#1257. ʤгʡפ "accusative case" ʤΤ ([2012-10-05-1])#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1])#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1])#3307. ʸˡѸȤƤ participle ʬס ([2018-05-17-1])#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) ([2020-03-23-1])#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1])#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) ([2020-03-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥϡֳʡפʤ "case" ȸƤФΤˤĤơϢȡѤƤ Blake (19--20) 공פѤ롥

The term case is from Latin cāsus, which is in turn a translation of the Greek ptōsis 'fall'. The term originally referred to verbs as well as nouns and the idea seems to have been of falling away from an assumed standard form, a notion also reflected in the term 'declension' used with reference to inflectional classes. It is from dēclīnātiō, literally a 'bending down or aside'. With nouns the nominative was taken to be basic, with verbs the first person singular of the present indicative. For Aristotle the notion of ptōsis extended to adverbial derivations as well as inflections, e.g. dikaiōs 'justly' from the adjective dikaios 'just'. With the Stoics (third century BC) the term became confined to nominal inflection . . . .
   The nominative was referred to as the orthē 'straight', 'upright' or eutheia onomastikē 'nominative case'. Here ptōsis takes on the meaning of case as we know it, not just of a falling away from a standard. In other words it came to cover all cases not just the non-nominative cases, which in Ancient Greek were called collectively ptōseis plagiai 'slanting' or 'oblique cases' and for the early Greek grammarians comprised genikē 'genitive', dotikē 'dative' and aitiatikē 'accusative'. The vocative which also occurred in Ancient Greek, was not recognised until Dionysius Thrax (c. 100 BC) admitted it, which is understandable in light of the fact that it does not mark the relation of a nominal dependent to a head . . . . The received case labels are the Latin translations of the Greek ones with the addition of ablative, a case found in Latin but not Greek. The naming of this case has been attributed to Julius Caesar . . . . The label accusative is a mistranslation of the Greek aitiatikē ptōsis which refers to the patient of an action caused to happen (aitia 'cause'). Varro (116 BC--27? BC) is responsible for the term and he appears to have been influenced by the other meaning of aitia, namely 'accusation' . . . .


ʸϤɤǡȹäѸؤޤؤǴŪʥȤʤäƤ case ʳʡˤˤ declension ʸѲˤˤ inflection ʶޡˤˤ衤Ϥ̾դܼޤݤ߹ƤʤäΤ褯ʬäηѲκˤϡޤǥŪ۷ꡤ줬Ū˼¸뤿ˤϡ۷餽ơפ뤤ϡֶʤä׷֤ؤĤɬפ롤ȤͥƥȯۤΤޤǽˡ׷֤ꤵƤꡤ¤ȯäΤʤǼ¸Τϡ줿׷Ǥ롤ȤΤŪªʤΤȻפ
ܸưˤĤƤֳѡפȤѸϡ٤ХݥƥʾʤȤ˥塼ȥˤǤ롥ưˤĤƥǥŪʸꤵƤ뤬ºݤʸ˸ΤϡפǤϤʤޤǥץ饰ޥƥåˡֳѡפǤ롤Ȥȯۤ롥
ΰ㤤ϡŪˤˤ⤷ΤεʸˡˡιͤΰƱȤ⡤⤷ȴط뤫⤷ʤͤƤǤ롥

Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-06-1]

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2021-02-19 Fri

#4316. ܸ췿 SOV ϷŪɸѸ췿 SVO Ϥ⤿ʤ [typology][case][syntax][word_order][morphology][japanese]

ɸϡ෿ŪʷȤƻŦƤ롥ܸʤɤ SO ĸϡ餫ηŪʳɸIJǽ⤤Ȥºݡܸˤϡ֤ס֤ס֤Ρפʤɤγʽ줬ꡤ̾˸ܤ뤳ȤdzʤɸȤߤѸŵȤ SV ĸϡΤ褦ʷŪɸʸˤϡˤ⤿ʤȤѸˤ;̾ˤϤʤγѲϤ뤷̾ˤ 's Ȥͭʤɸʤ뤬ŪˤзŪʳɸλȤߤϼȤäƤ褤ѸŤϸ礬 SV ɬꤵƤ餺SO ʤɤθ⤢Τ嵭෿ͽ¬̤ꡤϷŪʳɸλȤߤ⸲˵ǽƤ
嵭෿λŦϡBlake ɤǤܤˤȤޤäΤȤȤ Greenberg ˴ŤΤΤ褦Blake (15) طսѤ롥

It has frequently been observed that there is a correlation between the presence of case marking on noun phrases for the subject-object distinction and flexible word order and this would appear to hold true. From the work of Greenberg it would also appear that there is a tendency for languages that mark the subject-object distinction on noun phrases to have a basic order of subject-object-verb (SOV), and conversely a tendency for languages lacking such a distinction to have the order subject-verb-object (SVO) . . . . The following figures are based on a sample of 100 languages. They show the relationship between case and marking for the 85 languages in the sample that exhibit one of the more commonly attested basic word orders. The notation [+ case] in this context means having some kind of marking, including appositions, on noun phrases to mark the subject-object distinction . . . .


VSO[+ case]3SVO[+ case]9SOV[+ case]34
[- case]6[- case]26[- case]7



The SVO 'caseless' languages are concentrated in western Europe (e.g. English), southern Africa (e.g. Swahili) and east and southeast Asia (e.g. Chinese and Vietnamese).


෿ŪŪʰյϲʤΤ

Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

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2021-02-18 Thu

#4315. ǽʸȯۤѸߤ [ergative][case][middle_voice][passive][voice][semantic_role][transitivity]

ε#4314. ǽʸϸ2 ([2021-02-17-1]) ˤợŪʥƥ꡼ȤƤǽ (ergative) ˿줿ѸǽʸǤϤʤгʸǤꡤľܤˤϴطʤȤפ뤫⤷ʤǽ (ergativity) ȤѸľƤߤȡȯ롥ưμ¾̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ뤷ư (passive) ư (middle_voice) Ȥ⿼롥ºݡưμ¾ζ̤ϱѸư乽ʸͤݤŪǴŪʸ󶡤ƤƤ뤬ǽλ鸫ľȡʿѤäƤΤ
Malmkjær (532) "Ergativity" ιΰѤ롥

Complementary to the transitive model of the grammar is the ergative model, an additional property of the system of transivitity, which foregrounds the role of Agency in providing a 'generalised representational structure common to every English clause' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 281). This system is simultaneous with those of process type and circumstance . . . . Here the key variable is not a model of extension, as in transitivity, but of causation: 'The question at issue is: is the process brought about from within, or from outside?' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 287). Every process must have one participant central to the actualisation of the process; 'without which there would be no process at all' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 288). This is the Medium and along with the process forms the nucleus of the clause. The Medium is obligatory and is the only necessary participant, if the process is represented as being self-engendering. If the process is engendered from outside, then there is an additional participant, the Agent. Options in the ergative model of transitivity define the voice, or agency, of the clause. A clause with no feature of 'agency' is neither active nor passive but middle (for example, Europeans arrives). One with agency is non-middle, or effective, in agency (for example, Europeans invaded Australia). An effective clause is then either operative or receptive in voice. In an operative clause, the Subject is the Agent and the process is realised by an active verbal group; in a receptive clause the Subject is the Medium and the process is realised by a passive verbal group (Australia was invaded by Europeans) (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 297).


⿨줿褦ˡνˤгʸ (accusative language) ǽʸ (ergative language) Ȥ2祿פ롥ơ transitivity Żθ ergativity ŻθȸƤ褤ʸˡѤ礭ۤʤ륿פǤϤ뤬°¾ȯۤįƤߤȡƶ롥ɤΤȤʹ֤ɽȤɽˡˤϾΥѥ󤷤ʤɽŪˤϰۤʤäƤ褦ˤߤƤ⡤ϥɲˡ򾯤㤨Ƥˤʤɾ뤳ȤǤ

Malmkjær, Kirsten, ed. The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2010.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I.M. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-13-1]

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2021-02-17 Wed

#4314. ǽʸϸ2 [ergative][case][world_languages][statistics][typology][caucasian][language_family][terminology]

νˤĤơפʳ (case) ΤȤʬहȤѸΤ褦 nominative-accusative פθȡХ䥰른Τ褦 absolutive-ergative פθ礭ʬ롥Ԥгʸ (accusative language)Ԥǽʸ (ergative language) ȸƤФ롥
ѸΤ褦гʸγηϤϡ䤿뤷ƤΤǤꡤۤȤפʤHe opened the door. The door opened. 2ʸˤơơʸƬΩäƤ̾ He The door ̤ (nominative case) ֤ƤΤФ1ʸ the door Ṳ̄г (accusative case) ֤ƤȤ롥
ǽʸˤƤϡ1ʸ2ʸξ the door г (absolutive case) ֤졤2ʸ He ǽ (ergative case) ֤롥ʸǤ⡤˳ïŪ˳Ƥפгʤ֤졤2ʸΤߤƤ롤ξ֤ǽưŪ˰פǽʤ֤Τ
෿ʤɤǤФиڤǽʸȤΤϡνΤʤǤϵʥפθȻפǤۤɵǤʤ褦гʸ٤аŪʾɤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ2ۤɤϤΥפΤäƶäBlake (121) ˤȡʬۤ˹äƤ롥

Ergative systems are often considered rare and remote, but in fact they make up at least twenty per cent of the world's languages. Ergative systems are to be found in all families of the Caucasian phylum, among the Tibeto-Burman languages, in Austronesian, in most Australian languages, in some languages of the Papuan families, in Zoque and the Mayan languages of Central America and in a number of language families in South America: Jé, Arawak, Tupí-Guaraní, Panoan, Tacanan, Chibchan and Carib. Outside these phyla and families where ergative systems of marking are common, ergativity is also to be found in some other languages including Basque, Hurrian and a number of other extinct languages of the Near East, Burushaski (Kashmir, Tibet), Eskimo, Chukch, and Tsimshian and Chinook (these last two being Penutian languages of British Columbia).


ʤߤˡѸǽʸǤϤʤǵ󤲤 open(ed) Τ褦˼ưˤ¾ưˤѤưؤǽư (ergative verb) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥

Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-13-1] [2021-02-18-1]

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2021-02-16 Tue

#4313. ƳʡʡгʤδطˤĤư [greetings][interjection][formula][syntax][exclamation][pragmatics][syncretism][latin][case]

ε#4312. ָƳʡפǧ뤫ݤ ([2021-02-15-1]) ˤ褦ˡƳ (vocative) ϡŪʰӸؤǤ1ĤΩʤȤǧƤƥʤɤθŵǤ顤2Ѥ -us ǽñˤΤΩƳʷǧˤʳǤϷŪ˼ʤͻ (syncretism) Ƥ롥ָƳʡפȤּʤθƤӤˡפȹͤۤåꤹȤΤ¤Ǥ롥
Τ褦˸ƳʤŪ˼ʤͻ礷ƤȤǧǡŪǽδָƤӤפȶᤤطˤȤܤִò (exclamation) ˤƤϡषгʤͳ褹֤Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥħ˴ؿƤ롥Poor me! Lucky you! Τ褦ɽǤ롥
ٹ (157--58) ꡤŪ˲餫ξάؤ7Ĥδòʸ󤲤ʸ̾ϷŪˤ̳ʤȤ٤ǽŪˤƤʤСʤгʤ³ơٹβѤ롥

How unlike their Belgic sires of old!---Goldsmith.
Wonderful civility this!---Charlotte Brontë.
A lively lad that!---Lord Lytton.
A theatrical people, the French?---Galsworthy.
Strange institution, the English club.---Albington.
This wish I have, then ten times happy me!---Shakespeare.

κǸ me ϸʸμǤ٤Τɽ魯ΤǤ뤬;ñ̾ϴưʸǤϼʤгʤѤ뤳ȤΤǡˤϼͳ餷ʡ130ȡˤƥθˡޤͤȤ츶Ǥäȸ롥ȤС

Me miserable!---Milton, Paradise Lost, IV. 73.

ƥ Me miserum! (Ovid, Heroides, V. 149) Ȱפ롥


ѺǸΥƥ me miserum ȴϢơBlake γʤ˴ؤ "ungoverned case" ꤹ1ѤƤ (9)

In case languages one sometimes encounters phrases in an oblique case used as interjections, i.e. apart from sentence constructions. Mel'cuk (1986: 46) gives a Russian example Aristokratov na fonar! 'Aristocrats on the street-lamps!' where Aristokratov is accusative. One would guess that some expressions of this type have developed from governed expressions, but that the governor has been lost. A standard Latin example is mē miserum (1SG.ACC miserable.ACC) 'Oh, unhappy me!' As the translation illustrates, English uses the oblique form of pronouns in exclamations, and outside constructions generally.


˵򰧻Τ褦ʷʸˤäƤ#4284. ʸϤۤȤ̵ ([2021-01-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ¿ϡŪˤϼư줬ά졤гʤ̾礫ʤäƤΤ
ŪǽδǴϢȤܤƤӤòȤ롼פǤꡤ˷Ū˶̤ƳʡʡгʤȤФ륰롼פ¾Ǥ롥դδطʣˤơ⤷

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-21-1]

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2021-02-15 Mon

#4312. ָƳʡפǧ뤫ݤ [vocative][case][latin][pragmatics][terminology][title][term_of_endearment]

ؤǤϡŪ˳ (case) 1ĤȤƳ (vocative) ǧƤ㤨СꥷƥˤƸƳʤϼʤʤɤȰۤʤ̤ʷ֤Ȥ礬 (ex. Quō vādis, domine? domine ʤɡˡǸƳʤȤʤΩΩƤյǤ롥
ε#4311. ʤȤϲ ([2021-02-14-1]) ǷǤʤ򿶤֤С"Case is a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads." Ǥ롥ƳʤȤΤϡʸιǤȤƤΩͷΥ¸ߤǤꡤ̤Ǥ˰¸Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤ顤¸ط¸ߤ뤳ȤȤηϤ¦°ƤȤΤ̷Ǥ롥Ƴʤϰ¸ط¸ߤɸΤȤȥåǽ⤷ʤɬ⤹٤ƤθؼԤ­ˤϻäƤʤ¤Ū̩äƼĥؼ Hjelmslev ϳʤȤǧƤʤѸؼ Jespersen ƱͤѸؼԤ Curme ⡤ʤ1ǽȰ֤ŤƤˤʤ
ƳʤεǽǤָƤӤפˤϡΩΤߤʤ餺Ĵÿ롥Ūˤϡ餫ˡ¾Ǥȶ̤ƤɬפΤΤǤ롥СŪʴʤȤƤߤʤɤ̤ˤƤ⡤ǽˡδϥƥ꡼ƤΤ褵
ָƳʡפˤϸ¤줿üʸ礬Ѥ뷹ȤȤŦƤ̾̾ you²̾Ρι桤̾ŵΤۤˤ (my) darling, dear, honey, love, (my) sweet; old man, fellow; young man; sir, madam; ladies and gentlemen ʤɤ󤲤롥

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-08-1] [2021-02-16-1]

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2021-02-14 Sun

#4311. ʤȤϲ [case][terminology][inflection][category][noun][grammar][sobokunagimon][semantic_role]

(case) ϡŪȤäƤ褤ʸˡƥ꡼Ǥ롥ΰۤʤɤδ֤ˤ⡤ʤˤĤƤϻ褦ʸݤʬ֤ۤѻ뤳Ȥ顤ϸηϤˤΤ˰㤤ʤ
عʸˡǤʡŪʡͭʤʤɤѸ줬˽ФƤۤɤǡ¿γؽԤˤʤ߿ΤǤϤ뤬⤽ʤȤϲʤΤΤ뤳Ȥ񤷤Ф Case ȤȥƬ Blake (1) ͿƤѤ

Case is a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads. Traditionally the term refers to inflectional marking, and, typically, case marks the relationship of a noun to a verb at the clause level or of a noun to a preposition, postposition or another noun at the phrase level.


ʸ̮ǤϡμưȤȤˤʤꡤμֻ졤ֻ졤뤤̤̾ȤȤˤʤ롥ʿСʸˡŪ˻ۤ롦δطˤȤۤ¦Ω̾줬ʤɸȤˤʤʤۤ¦ʤɸ⵩ʥ⤢ˡ
ǻŦƤ褦ˡŪˤгʤȤжޤˤɸĤޤŪʼʤؤƤΤνˤƤϰפʸˡطȤäŪʼʡ뤤ϰ̣Ȥạ̈ŪʼʤؤȤ⤢ΤǡϴñǤϤʤ
ΤʤθؤεΤʤѤֳʡפȤѸλؤΤϡȤηϤȤƤγ (case system) ǤꡤȤ˳ʸʤɤγɸ (case marker) ǤꡤȤ˳ʷ (case form) äꤹ롥ˡȤ̣Ūʥ˥奢󥹤ӤӤơŪгʡפʤɤΤ褦Ѥ⤢롥ȤƤϡռƤˤ "case" ʳʡˤȤѸѤ̣ռƤˤ "grammatical relation" ʸˡطˤȤѸѤΤ褤ȹͤƤ롥ԤϡBlake (3) Ƥ˽äѸǤ롥Ԥˤ "case relation" Ȥɽ⤢ΤBlake ϶̤Ƥ롥

It is also necessary to make a further distinction between the cases and the case relations or grammatical relations they express. These terms refer to purely syntactic relations such as subject, direct object and indirect object, each of which encompasses more than one semantic role, and they also refer directly to semantic roles such as source and location, where these are not subsumed by a syntactic relation and where these are separable according to some formal criteria. Of the two competing terms, case relations and grammatical relations, the latter will be adopted in the present text as the term for the set of widely accepted relations that includes subject, object and indirect object and the term case relations will be confined to the theory-particular relations posited in certain frameworks such as Localist Case Grammar . . . and Lexicase . . . .


Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-15-1]

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2021-02-13 Sat

#4310. shall's (= shall us = shall we) ϽѸǤȤƤ [eebo][personal_pronoun][speech_act][analogy]

ε#4309. shall we ȤƤ shall's (= shall us) ([2021-02-12-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡshall we ѤȤƤ shall's Shakespeare ʤɤˤߤ롥ؿäơѸε祳ѥ EEBO corpus ˤ "shall 's" "shal 's" ǸƤߤȡ135ҥåȤ٤Ƥ󥳡󥹥饤櫓ǤϤʤ¿ΥߤϺäƤΤΡʬܲˤƤ shall we ѤȤƤȤߤƤ褵Ĥ󤲤褦ʺǽ4 Shakespeare ˡ

if he couetously reserue it, how shall 's get it?
where shall 's lay him?
shall 's haue a play of this?
shal 's to the Capitoll?
shall 's daunce?
shall 's to th' Taverne?
come, shal 's shake hands, sirs?
what shall 's do this evening?
shall 's to dinner now?
come, come, shall 's go drink?

⤽⤳ɽŪˤϵʸǤꡤȯù԰٤ȤƤϴͶǤꡤŪʿ̤⶯餯Τ褦ʶäե졼ȤƸ경ƤΤȻפ롥ǽŪˤ let's ˶ᤤȸ뤬 let's Ȥ let us ĤŤ᤿ΤǤ롥ԤǤ us ŪʷȤѤƤꡤshall us ˳ŪŪʷ us λѤȤϰ褷Ƥ뤳Ȥϵ褦ʤ⤷ξԤδ֤˵ǽŪ˴Ť (analogy) ѤƤΤ⤷ʤ (cf. #1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]))
ʤάƤʤ "shall us" Ǥ⸡ƤߤǤ88㤬ҥåȤus ŪʤȤѤƤ¿äƤꡤά shall's ٤ shall we ɽȤƤϵΤ褦

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2021-02-12 Fri

#4309. shall we ȤƤ shall's (= shall us) [shakespeare][personal_pronoun]

Shakespeare, Winter's Tale, Act I, Scene 2 ˤơHermione Leontes ˼Τ褦˸꤫ս꤬롥"If you would seek us, We are yours i' the garden: shall's attend you there?"Ǥϡshall's (= shall us) shall we ȤѤƤ롥ʤ us λ
ʷѤ٤ȤŪʷȤΤϡwe/us ˸¤餺;̤̾ˤ褯ߤ븽ݤǤ롥It's me., He is older than her., what did 'em call it?, Us Scots keep fighting back. Τ褦㤬󤲤뤷you ˻äƤϡŪ˶̤ƤʷŪʷԤ˽󤵤ƤޤäΤɸȤʤäƤۤɤ
#3502. pronoun exchange ([2018-11-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡμο;̾Ρֳʰ㤤פϡνˤƹѻ (cf. #793. she --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1]))Ūˤ⡤餯 pronoun exchange Ӥä
OED ˤȡwe/us pronoun exchange ˴ؤƤСޤǶʹߤθݤΤ褦us, pron., n., and adj. 9b ˡˡ󤲤Ƥ롥ʲˡĤФ2ܤޤ shall us λǤ롥

1562 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 12 And vtheris for not saying this ane word---'My maisteris, vs lufe ȝou and ȝour doctryne' are deposit of thair offices.
1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster Famous Hist. Thomas Wyat sig. Bv Come my Lords, shall vs march.
c1860 J. T. Staton Bobby Shuttle iii. 41 Should us tell o'th yung shantledurt?
1880 L. Parr Adam & Eve II. 25 Us'll have down the big Bible and read chapters verse by verse.

ʾ塤ʸʸ칶ƱνǡShakespearian ΰпꤪҤͤĴ٤ǤʰѸŪˤ⤪⤷䤤򤢤꤬Ȥޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-27-1] [2021-02-13-1]

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2021-02-11 Thu

#4308. ˻Ĥ;ư methinks [impersonal_verb][verb][syntax][hc][3ps][methinks]

methinks --- إ٤Υե󡤤Ȥ櫓ޥǤ衼 (Yoda) ΥեǤС򤷤ƤޤʤɽϡĤƤ;ư (impersonal_verb) ФǤ롥Ǥϡޥʳθȯ뤳ȤϤʤȤФǤʤ BNCweb Ǥϡ methought 碌ơ¤72㤬ҥåȤĤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

'Nay, on the contrary --- it is but the beginning methinks.'
'Heaven alone knows --- but --- the lady doth protest too much, methinks.'
Methinks the lady doth protest, as old Bill put it.'
'Methought you knew all about it,' pointed out Joan.
I was given the news last midnight and methought I would drown in the sorrow of my tears!'

äȤ⡤ʸ̮įФ⵼Ū뤤ϵŪˡʬΤǡޤʸŪˤͭɸɽȤäƤ褤
methinks ϡ̤ɽǤ I think (that) It seems to me (that) 롥Ūˤϡ1 me 1;ñ̾ͿʤǤꡤthinks "it seems" ̣űѸο;ư þynċan ˤΤܤ롥Ūˤ̣Ūˤ⸽Ѹ think ʻפͤˡʸűѸ þenċanˤȹƤꡤŤ鿼طˤϤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤOED ʤɤŪʼǤξưϤƤ̰ȤʤäƤΤǡ̤ƤȤ館ƤΤ褤
;ư졦ʸȤˤˤĤƤϡ#204. ;ιʸ ([2009-11-17-1]) դεɤǤñˤм׵ᤷʤư졦ʸΤȤǤ롥ѸǤϡȤŪǤ졤ȤˤΩƤʤʸΩʤűѸѸǤϡΩƤɬפΤʤʤȤ⡤ΩƤ뤳ȤΤʤ˹ʸǤ¸ߤ줬άƤΤǤϤʤǽ餫ΩĤȤȤƤʤʸǤ롥Τ褦ʹʸǤϡѸǤмȤΩĤ褦ʻͿԤͿʤɽ㤨 I ǤϤʤ meˤΤŵŪǤ롥ʤ줬ʤˤ⤫餺ư3;ñб޷롥
methinks ϤΤ褦;ιʸŵǤꡤ٤⤤ˡͿ me ư thinksmethinks ֤褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥ɤޤǤäƤŪ줬ʤΤǡѸȯۤʬϤ褦ȤȲȤ夫ʤΤºݤˤʬϤ뤳Ȥʤꤷե졼ȤƵƤˤʤ
Ƕᡤ;ưˤˤĤĴ٤ɬפޤ Helsinki Corpus ˤŪ򽸤Ƥߤ뤳ȤˤԺ "\bm[ie]+c? ?(th|@t|@d)([eiy]ng?[ck]+|[ou]+([gh]|@g)*t)" ʤɽȤߡXML Helsinki Corpus Browser case-insensitive ǸˤꡤҤȤޤ authentic 㤬111ʥߤ⤢뤫⤷ʤˤ򽸤뤳ȤǤؿΤϡҤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-24-1]

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2021-02-10 Wed

#4307. ǽΥե󥹸ʸˡϥ󥰥ȯ [french][reestablishment_of_english]

ε#4306. 12--13Υե󥹸αɸ ([2021-02-09-1]) κǸǿ줿ե󥹸μҲŪƶϤȤ櫓ä󥰥ɤǤ顤14ˤϡ֥ե󥹸ϡפΤʤҲؤѼƤΥ󥰥ɤǥե󥹸ǽϤȤȤϡܤDZѸ줬ǤΤƱͤˡ1ĤΡ֤ʤߡפȤʤäƤΤǤ롥դˤС14ʹߡե󥹸Ϸ̿˳ؽ٤оݤȤʤäƤΤ
ξ͡ʾڵ򤫤Τ롥㤨С#2622. 15˥󥰥ɿͤե󥹸ؤͳ ([2016-07-01-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤ15Ƭ John Barton Donet François ʤʸˡ񤤤ϼ¤˺ǽΥե󥹸ʸˡʤΤǤ롥 (120--21) ꡤϢ뵭ҤѤ롥

ե󥹸Ϥؤ󶯤ä񡤤ȤХꥹˤƤϡե󥹸ϰ̤θŪʤʪäƤ롥ե󥹸ʸˡޤΤϡۤʤ̥ꥹˤƤǤ롥ϰ͡ǯ˽Ǥ줿إե󥹸Υɥʥȥ (Donat françois) Ǥʤζʽ˥ɥʥȥ̾ƤΤˤϤ櫓롥ͭ̾ʥƥʸˡɥʥȥϡˤʸˡΥǥȤߤʤƤǤˡԡ̥󡦥СȥͤϤܤ򤳤Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

ꥹͥ줿ҤȤӤȤϡե󥹸ɤ߽ʹäȤǮ˾Ǥ롥ϡٿͤǤե󥹲ΤҤȤӤȤȿƤä뤿ǤꡤޤꥹˡΧ¿νפʻɤϥե󥹸Ǹ蘆뤫ǤꡤˤϡꥹˤƤۤȤɤ٤Ƥο»νʽϥե󥹸Ǥ˼񤯤Ǥ롥餳ϻפΤե󥹸Τ뤳ȤϡꥹͤˤȤäФɬפʤΤǤ롥François 1959, t.I, p.100 ˰ѡ


ե󥹸μ˿ꤨĤĤäȤ狼롥ȤΤϡκǽΥե󥹸ʸˡϡꥹǥե󥹸˺ĤĤäҤȤӤȤΤ˽񤫤줿Ǥ롥


Donet François ϥե󥹸ǽ񤫤Ƥޤǥ󥰥ɿͤˤ륤󥰥ɿͤΤΥե󥹸ʸˡä줬ܳŪʥե󥹸ʸˡ1Ǥ롥θ塤1530ǯ John Palsgrave ѸˤΥե󥹸ʸˡ Lesclarcissement de la Langue Francoyse 尴Τ褦ˡե󥹸ؽǮϤʤ夬äƤcf. #4173. Palsgrave Υե󥹸ʸŵ ([2020-09-29-1])ˡʡʸˡ̤ˤƤ⡤ե󥹸ñ콸ýϡ¿᤯13襤ꥹϤǺƤȤƤ (桤p. 162)

ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ
ͳֺǸŤΥե󥹸ʸˡDonait françois ˤĤơס̾Ųسס442013ǯ161--81ǡ

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2021-02-09 Tue

#4306. 12--13Υե󥹸αɸ [french][prestige]

λˤˤƥե󥹸줬ҸäƤ2󤢤롥12--1317--18ԤˤĤƤϡ#2604. 13Υե󥹸ʸŪŪϰ̡ ([2016-06-13-1])ԤˤĤƤϡ#678. ƥ衼åŪ18Υե󥹼Ѹ ([2011-03-06-1]) ʤɤǴñ˰äƤԤˤδˤĤƲƹͤƤߤ
(118--19) ϡ12--13˥ե󥹸줬ĶŪ˰ҿäƤ¤򼡤Τ褦̤Ƥ롥

ˤơե󥹸ϤǤ˽Ϥι񡹤˶ƶϤڤܤϤƤΤȤϡե󥹹񳰤˥ե󥹸λ۷ΩҤȤĤνʪäƤ롥ϰ졻ϻϻǯΥꥹǤ롥ե󥹸ϻɴǯ֤ˤ錄äƥꥹ˷פǿפĤά͡˲äơΥΥޥͤοάȤˤĤŤ󥸥塼Ȥΰܽˤäơե󥹸ϥꥢˤҤޤꡤˤϰ컰ǯޤǥʥݥϤݤäȤ櫓ϥץ񼣲Υ쥢ʥڥݥͥȾˤ˥ե󥹸ܿǥե󥹸Ͻ˥奸ʥīθѸȤʤäޤ󥹥ƥΡץǤϡˤƥӥĿͤȡ֥ƥ͡פȤδ֤ޤ줿ʹ֤Ȥλ¹ؤͤե󥹸ڤ˰äΤۤˤ⡤ѥ쥹ʤ䥷ꥢΤ褦ʥ衼åѤγˤϰˤĤƤϡޤǤʤǤϡե󥯿ͤŪ̳Ƥᡤե󥹸줬ꥹȶζ̸Ȥʤä夵ä륵ȥƥǺ줿ˡὸϡե󥹸줬ե󥹤θѸȤʤˡե󥹸򤳤βθѸ᤿


Υե󥹸ΰҿϤɤ褿ΤʤΤ (120--21) ˤС1Ĥϡե󥹤βηȺӡ衼åѤβȤɤΤĤʤ򿼤᤿ȤȤ롥줬ե󥹸ڤͭƯȹͤ롥⤦1Ĥϡ𷮻䵳ƻʪɽե󥹸ʸؤ¸ߤǤ롥ʸؤ̤¿θ˥ե󥹸äήȤȤˡե󥹸켫Τ¸ߴ
13ˤʤȥե󥹸ϿꤨϤᡤ14ȾФˤϹŪ¸ߴ򼺤äե󥹸αƶϤȤ櫓ä󥰥ɤˤƤ顤14ˤϥե󥹸ưפ򤵤ʤȤʤäƤΤǤcf. #2612. 14˥ե󥹸ǤϤʤѸǽ񤳤Ȥ櫓 ([2016-06-21-1])) ƥե󥹸αɸ1뤬Ĥ

ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-10-1]

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2021-02-08 Mon

#4305. Ūʬθä˸ --- 礤ʤϼ̡ [borrowing][lexicology][loan_word][scientific_name][scientific_english]

夬Ūʬθäϰۤʤ֤ߤڤꤵ졤˸ȻŦƤ롥
ŵŪ˲ʳѸǰƬˤȡΤˤθäϾʤȤ͡θ֤ǡ¿ξ¿θ֤Ǥ⡤̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ȤƸ̤ǤϤʤʤäǤ⡤ΰ̣ʲʳŪˤϤۤƱݤΤ̤Ǥ롥Ūʬθä춭ۤŤƤˤĤơ (210--11) ϡ礤ʤϼ̡פȤŪ̾ͿʤŦƤ롥

礤ʤϼ

˭٤ʼѤϡ衼åѤνθäΤʤˡɤ򤳤ƱȿΤҤФƤ롥衼åѰʳΦνˤĤƤƱȤ롥ˡ衼åѰʳνϡä˭ˤ뤿˸ŵŪפꡤĤͤˤäθǤ롥ȤСҥǥ졤졤ӥ޸ʤɤνˤϥ󥹥åȤȥѡ졤ܸˤϸŵ䷱ɴ졤ƥ륯ϸ󥴥ϸˤϸťȥ륳ȸť󥴥줬ˤ롥餹٤ƤθϤޤƱͤˡѸФɬפ뤿ˡѸˤäƤ롥ƤαѸ⡤¿γѸƥ졤ꥷθ캬ƤΤǤ롥
η̡¿Υ衼åѤ䤽¾ϰθ줬ꥷƥη°ʤȤƤ⡤ѸŪˤ褯Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ƱνưפˤꡤʤȤȤ򤷤䤹ƤȤ顤ᥤĴ褦ˡά͡Ϥ줾줿ε¤ʥԡȤʤäƤޤΤƸñ줬˰ۼʽʸΤϤƤʤ¿ͤʻǤϤʤʤ꡽ξˤϤФдȤȤʤ롽٤Ƥʸ˶̤ʳǰоݤ򤤤ĤƱ褦ɽ魯Ǥ򷿤ˤʤäƤΤǤСΤ褦ñͭϤȤ˼Ѥ˻񤹤ΤȤʤꡤкŪǤʤСγ˭ˤʤɤȤϡʤʤʤ
ºݤˤϡ衼åѤνǤϼ̤ϡŪʸäǤäƤ餺ΰ̣Ǹäʬ˸¤Ƥ롥ĤʬϤȤξ֤ΤޤޤǤꡤȤ˴ɽʤɤǤʤȤϤɽʬǤ«ݤʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡƲ⡤ҤȤĤθܼŤʸˡ¤ϡ줾ͭηǤĤŤƤ롥Ǥʾ塤¿θ줬Ф뤳Ȥϡ̵ŪǼؤǽƻ̤¸ߤΤȤϤ櫓ΤǤ롥Ūʬθä˸ΤϡΤ褦̿γ̷֤⤹ɤʸ³򵭤ŤƤΤǤ롥


μݤϡŪʬθä˴ؤƤгΤˡ礤ʤϼ̡פηϸ뤬ޤǤʬŪɽŪʤΤˤηΤ˴ؤƤΡ֤ʤ礤ʤϼ̡פʤɤʤȤȤѺǸǡ礤ʤϼ̤Ρʸ³פˤޤǸڤǤ롥¤ϸϼ̤ξʤ뤳ȤʤʸϤäΤǤϤʤȲᤷʤ
ѸˤΩ줫βʳѸ¤졦ŤˤĤƤϡ#1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1])#3013. 19񤵤줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])#4191. ʳѸΰ̣νؤŤˤĤơ ([2020-10-17-1]) ʤɤεɤ

ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ

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2021-02-07 Sun

#4304. ʤ foot ʣ feet ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hellog_entry_set][plural][number][i-mutation]

̾ʣ̾ -(e)s ĤФ褤ǤʤˤԵ§ʣȤΤޤԵ§ʣˤ¤¿ढΤǤ1ĤΥפȤ foot --feet, goose -- geese, louse -- lice, man -- men, mouse -- mice, tooth -- teeth, woman -- women 󤲤ޤ촴첻Ѱۤ륿פǤ͡ѸŪˤСʣƱθˤΤȤǤޤfoot -- feet ˡѲεޤ礦İ



/i/ Ȥ첻ϡŪˤжüǤɤĤǤϤβʬȤζ᤯˰ĤФм¾ȤѼƤޤϤʥޥͥåȤȤƺѤޤ㤨Сθ̤ˤ /ai/ /eː/ Ϥ褯벻Ѳǡ֤Ф /yabai/ ǤϤФС֤١ /yabeː/ Ȥʤޤ͡ѸǤ⡤day ϤȤȤֻ̤ /dai/ ˶ᤤȯǤޤǤ /deː/ ؤѲޤ
Ȼ褦ʤȤѸΩΩĥޥλ foot ȯǤ /foːt/ ˵äΤǤʣǤ -iz ղä줿 /foːtiz/ ϡɤĤ /i/ βŪƶΤȤˡ䤬 /feːtiz/ Ȥʤޤθ塤Τʤ˰֤ /z/ 䡤ѲǤ /i/ ΤޤäƾüƤǽŪ /feːt/ ˵夷ΤǤʣ֤űѸ fēt ǤꡤѸ feet ʤΤǤ
ˤĤƤ##157,2017εåܳŪ˰äƤޤΤǡؿΤ󤽤⤴

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2021-02-06 Sat

#4303. ⤽ʤ lager lagar ְ֤㤨ΤǤ礦 [spelling][orthography]

åݥӡˤϷ줽ǤǿְĥäƤޤcf. #4300. åݥ LAGAR ȯ䤵ޤ ([2021-02-03-1])#4301. ƽ¢ӡ lager ([2021-02-04-1])#4302. ԰ټ -ar ([2021-02-05-1]
ʤֻǤ lager ä lagar ֤˻ä䤦ΤϡǤɵڤΰտޤǤƬʤˡ뤤ϱѸؽ˴ؤؿǤäȹͤƤߤȡ-gar ϿȶñˤäΤǤ̾͡Ȥϸ¤ޤ󤬡sugar, beggar, vinegar, vulgar Ȥä󤬤äƤޤ򸫤ȡְ֤㤤˷㤷Ʊ𤹤Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤȤ⡤ѸֻηϤΤΤΤǤϤʤȤݤĿͤ⾯ʤʤޤɤñ줬 -er ǡɤñ줬 -ar ʤΤϡε ([2021-02-05-1]) Ǥ⼨褦ˡŪ˶ŪˤⴰˤǤäƤߤХƥȡʤΤǤ
ֻּǧʤפȸгΤ˿Ȥ⳸ʤ櫓ǤѸ춵ΤϤȤơȥڥߥˤĤƴƼӤȤ񤷤ȼǧƤϤΤǤǤï⤬ lager lagar ȴְ㤨ͳפȤȤҤ٤Ǥ-er, -or, -ar δ֤ˤϴˤϤˤ贰ʵ§Ϥޤ󤷡ȯ⤹٤ /ə(r)/ Ƕ̤ʤΤǤ顥
ơѸ lingua_franca Ǥ⤢ޤܤˤƤϵ̳dzؽ٤ǤȤϤޤǤ褽ԤΡֳפȤϰ̤ˤ뤳Ȥ¤ǤǤϡܸ㤨дְ㤤٤СѸΥڥߥϹǤϵȤո⤢뤫⤷ޤ󡥤Ρܸ㤨дְ㤤٤СѸΥڥߥϹǤϵפȤ٤ν󤬸ˤΤȤСϤʤʤΤȤΤμʤ뵿ǤϡܤǧƤѸˤѸ줬ɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤȤ䤤ˤĤʤäƤޤåݥӡ뤬 lagar ֻΤޤФȤƧڤäȤȤϡ̣ΤȤȤǤܤˤѸΰ֤ŤˤѸΰ֤ŤƹͤƤߤȻפޤ

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2021-02-05 Fri

#4302. ԰ټ -ar [suffix][agentive_suffix][etymology][back_formation]

԰ټˤĤƤϡ#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1]) ϤȤ agentive_suffix ΤĤεǼ夲Ƥ-ar ˤĤƤϤޤܤƤʤäΤǡε#4300. åݥ LAGAR ȯ䤵ޤ ([2021-02-03-1]) ȤϢơǿƤ
Ѹι԰ټ -ar ϡ-or (< L -ōrem, -or) Ӥ褦ˡƥι԰ټ -ārius, -āris ˤΤܤ롥-āris ϥƥǤϷƻǤ⤢ꡤ䤳𤬤롥
ƻȤƤ -āris ϡ#3940. ƻ -al -ar ([2020-02-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤ l ޤޤˡ۲ (dissimilation) Τ -ālis äѤ줿ΤǤ롥scholar ⤽Ȥʤ뤬ȤȤθϡ̾ sc(h)ola ʳعˤ -āris äΤǤꡤֳع°פۤɤΰդäηƻ줬ֳع°ԡפۤɤΰ̣̾첽Τscholar ȤƸޤäƤȤ櫓ͳΤʤο͡scholar ˤߤ -ar 򡤲餫ο͡Τɽ魯ȤƺƲᤷΤ
ѸǤ -er -or ԰ټȤʻ¸ƤΤǡʤΤ -ar ⤽1ѼˤʤȤ򤬹ޤä褦顤¿ʤΤ beggar, burglar, liar, pedlar Τ褦˼ͳ˹԰ټ̾줬뤳ȤȤʤä̾ burglar ư burgle (back_formation) 줿ȤΤϱѸ˾褯Τ줿 -ar ԰ټȤưռƤ뤫餳ǽȤʤäǤcf. #107. ܼѷ ([2009-08-12-1]
-ar ԰ټ̾θ촴 l ޤޤƤΤ¿ȤϡҤΥƥΰ۲ʿŪǤ궽̣̣Ūˤ֤褫̹Ԥʤ򤹤ԡפȤͥƥʴߤäƤΤ¿뤤ֻˤäƤߺѤ򵿤ʤ롥äȤ scholar, vicar, pillar ˤΤ褦ʴߤϤʤäȤƤˤˤʤȻפ뤬

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-10-1] [2021-02-06-1]

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2021-02-04 Thu

#4301. ƽ¢ӡ lager [german][suffix][agentive_suffix][etymology]

ε#4300. åݥ LAGAR ȯ䤵ޤ ([2021-02-03-1]) ˤlagar ʤ̡lager ˤĤơ饬ʥӡˤϡ¤ˤƤǮݤ¢󥯤ǽӡؤǤϤʤֿץӡȤΤݥȤǤ롥
/ɡ/ ȯ鼨ȤꡤθαñǤϤʤɥĸ Lager(bier) μѸǤ롥OED ˤȡѸǤνФϡʣ lager beer ȤƤ1853ǯñΤ lager ȤƤ1855ǯȤʤäƤ롥
ɥĸ Lager ϡ¢פ̣롥ȸ츻Ū˴ϢΤϡѸǤ lair ʤͤ顤ˤǤ롥űѸǤ leġer ʿꡤ٥åɡˤη֤ʸڤ롥
Ǥ˵Ť⤷ʤθ캬ΰ̣ϡֿ롤ˤʤפǤ롥ѸǤ lie ʲˤ롥lie -- lay -- lain ȾƳФ¿롤μư lie Ǥ롥ʤߤˡб¾ưγѤ lay -- laid -- laid äcf. #3682. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (1) ([2019-05-27-1])#3683. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (2) ([2019-05-28-1]
Ȥ櫓ǡ츻Ūˤ lager beer Ϥޤˡ֤ͤǿƤӡפȤȤˤʤ롥
ĤǤˡư lie ˤϡֲפ¤ǡƱʤ̸츻ΡֱĤפ⤢롥԰ټĤȡԤ lier ʲ͡ˤǡԤ liar ʱĤˤȤʤΤlager *lagar δط˻ƤƤ⤷åݥ LAGAR ϡֱФפΥ饬ӡ롩

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-06-1]

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2021-02-03 Wed

#4300. åݥ LAGAR ȯ䤵ޤ [spelling][orthography][prestige]

οԤӤƤΤǤåݥӡ꿷ʤδ̥ӡ֥åݥΩơפȯ䤵ޤݥȤϡ̤ΥǥɽƤ LAGAR Ǥ֥饬פֻ lager -er ĤΤǤǤ -ar ȤʤäƤΤǤ  *
ܺ٤113դīʹǥεФȻפޤåݥӡ뤬ˤΥڥߥ˵ŤȯߤƤɤ⡤˾ƤΤޤФȤ˷᤿ȤݤǤ
ĿͤȤƤϡʥӡ빥Ǥ뤳ȤطޤˡŦʤеŤʤۤɤξʥڥߥȯߤˤȤΤϤäʤȤΩǡåݥӡηǤٻȻפޤ1Ѹ춵ȤƼ˴ƼӤ櫓ˤ⤤ʤȤ񤷤Ωˤ⤢ޤΤǡ򤪻ʾСˡ
Ūʸ̤ȤơŪˤХڥߥϼҲŪѤƤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤΤ¤Ǥåݥӡκǽȯߤη⡤ѼƤ򶲤ƤΤȤǤ礦ۤ1θˤˤäƸ뤳ȤϤޤäʤ櫓ǤǤҲŪʤΤˡ (orthography) ȤΤǤ
ԤȤƤϡʤפ̵Ǥ˸äƤޤޤ⤷ʬåݥӡμĹäɤ뤫ʤʤɤȹͤƤߤޤϤɤΤ褦˹ͤǤ礦
ڥߥͻȤơʲεɤ

#2288. åԥ󥰥ȤǤΥڥ󥰥ߥ̿ŪȤʤꤦ ([2015-08-02-1])
#3671. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥ󥰥ߥ (1) ([2019-05-16-1])
#3672. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥ󥰥ߥ (2) ([2019-05-17-1])

ʤߤˡ®դΥӡäưǤߤޤˤϡ֥ڥϴְ㤨ɡ̣ϴְ㤤ʤפȤʸ礬ޤ31ޤǤθڤ줿齪ȤȤǤΤǡޤ礦

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2021-02-02 Tue

#4299. Trier Ρְ̣ξפŪ³ [semantics][semantic_field][prototype][cognitive_linguistics]

#4293. Trier Ρְ̣ξפθػ˾ΰյ (1) ([2021-01-27-1])#4294. Trier Ρְ̣ξפθػ˾ΰյ (2) ([2021-01-28-1]) Trier Ρְ̣ξפˤĤƾҲ𤷤ƤԤεκǸǡTrier ι¤Ūʡ־פޤۼŪǤꡤ¤θäˤ줤ŬѤǤΤǤϤʤȤɾ˿줿
ºݡỴ̈ʬʬ (componential analysis) ϡTrier Ρְ̣ξפΥ줷ǰǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ΰ̣ȤϡΤ˹¤Ū¦̤⤢뤬ʳˤ¿ͤ¦̤äƤΤ
Trier Ū³Ŧɾ򡤡ؿѸؼŵ٤ field ιѤ (434)

¤˴ؤƤϡκϡTrier ͭ̾ʡ֥⥶͡פΤȤˤ⸫褦ˡޤäǰʬĤθ줬֤ʤޤŤʤʤʤäƤȤäƤΤ褦ʥ᥸ϡ Trier Ȥޤ졤äơġθϤΰ̣μǤ¾θΰ̣ϰϤȤνʣ򺹤ꡤĤξ켫ΤζΤȤƤǤϤʤ¾ܤؤδˤ䤫ʰܹԤȤǼ褦ˤʤäޤΰ̣Ϥ˰֤Ť뤳ȤˤäƤΤߤ狼ȤǤμĥ䡤줫餢줬줿ꡤ줬ؿäƤ硤ξ°뤹٤Ƥθ줬αƶȤ褦ʹͤ⸽ߤǤϤŪˤȤƤ롥ˡϤνѸ줫줬ʤ褦ʿŪʹ¤ͭƤΤߤȤϸ¤餺㤨п²Ѹʤɤ˾Ȥ餷Ƥ餫ʤ褦ˡĤΩμ˴Ť¿Ūʹ¤ͭƤȤˤĤƤոΰפƤ褦Ǥ롥̣ʬʬ (COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS) θ椬ʤˤĤơδŪʡ־פγǰ˿ƻΤͽۤ롥


ȤϤTrier üȯ빽¤Ūʸạ́ʬϤϡѸˤѸؤֵǤϤޤޤ夲뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤϤʤ޼ŪǤ줤ǤΤǡΤȻפ롥ΰ̣Ȥ櫓ǧΰ̣Ǥϡष̣ζȤƤʤȤȤ prototype θήǤꡤTrier ήΥι¤Ụ̄ϸȤäơŪˤСTrier Ρְ̣ξפŪ³餫
Ǥ⡤ػŪˤߤСʤե prototype Фϡι¤Ūʡְ̣ξפΤۤäʬ䤹äΤ¤Ǥ롥ޤäꤷ褬ȤƤꡤθ塤¤ϤäȥեʤΤʤΤȺƲ¥롤ȤǶ줿ۤۤ򤷤䤹ΤǤ롥ϤꡤTrier Ρְ̣ξפ礭ʳػŪʰյͭȻפ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

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2021-02-01 Mon

#4298. 衼åѤͭϤʶ̸Ȥʤʤäڥ [spanish][lingua_franca][history][hispanification][prestige][language_planning][sociolinguistics]

ˤơڥüԿ͸äƤ롥üԿǤС10ǯۤɤδ֤˱Ѹɤȴ˷Ѥ2̤ϰ̤ؤ˻äĶǤcf. #3009. üԿˤȥå252017ǯǡˡ ([2017-07-23-1])ˡڥΤϡڥܹȤƽ礭¸Ƥ롥ޤꥫ罰ǤοĥȤܤͤcf. #256. ƹ Hispanification ([2010-01-08-1]
ˤ륹ڥοĥϤΤ褦餫ɨΥ衼åѤˤƤϤɤڥϥ衼åѤǤ1ĤȤϸ뤬ζˤΤʤǥ󥬡ե󥫤ȤƱƶϤ򼨤ȤϤʤäʤȤѸ졤ե󥹸졤ɥĸ٤СαƶϤϾ˾Τäߤ⤽Ǥ롥ʤڥϥ衼åѤͭϤʶ̸ȤʤʤäΤ
䤤˴ؤơ˵Ҥ롥ƥ줫ƥȤƹȸϰ̤˽Φؤĥڥˤ򿶤֤äǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (27--28)

ڥϤۤˤФƤΤ顤Ȥˤơ衼åѤζ̸Ȥ̾򤢤Ƥ褵ʤΤǤϤʤȤºݤˤϤޤϤʤäȤΤ⡤ڥϡˤ̤ơ衼åѤĶ̱Ūʥߥ˥ȤƻȤ줿ȤޤäʤǤ롥ȤСڥƱ餤üԿĸ˥ݡɸ䥦饤ʸ줬ꡤ󻰡黰ޡΤҤȤӤȤäƤ뤬ڥϤθ٤ƤϰŪʤҤäƤʤڥ󲦹񤬤ĤĤȹ񳰤βʻ礷ǡڥȤ뷯礿ڥ⹭ڤۤ뤳ȤȤʤäȤϤǤ롥ɤ⡤ɤϤǤ⥹ڥͥۤϰ̤ʤäݥȥǤ⡤٥ꥢȾγǤ⤽ǤäȤСȬΥڥΥ͡ǥȡ˥ߥΤʥݥ꤬Ǥä⤷ˤνڥΤΤϤ뤫ʤΦ˸碌뤳ȤʤäʤСƽȾФޤǤˡڥäкѡҲ񡤽Τ¾˸ΤȤϰۼʸ򥹥ڥ˺ꤢƤʤäʤСڥϥ衼åѤζ̸ΤҤȤĤˤʤäƤʤ餪ϤʤäϤȤϤޤ䥢ꥫ罰ǤϡϥץȥꥳϤϥᥭϤˤޤǡƥΤޤޤʥꥫŪѼϰ̤ޤޤ礷Ƥ򸫤ȡڥ̤«Ƥ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤư礹ҤȤΤʤˤϡڥ줬ꥫΦˤޤꤵˤҤڤˡȤƥ衼åѤˤɤäƤΤԤˤƤҤȤˤ衤ޤΤȤڥϡ衼åΦӤĤΥǥȤƤ­Ǥ롥


εҤϡΡ֤ʤפ䤤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤˤνפ礤ˤƤˤʤϡȤ櫓Ѹե󥹸ˤӤƤв褹ˤʤӤӤҿ (prestige) ײ (language_planning) ȤӤ⤪⤷

ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ

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