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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-02-17 Wed

#4314. ǽʸϸ2 [ergative][case][world_languages][statistics][typology][caucasian][language_family][terminology]

νˤĤơפʳ (case) ΤȤʬहȤѸΤ褦 nominative-accusative פθȡХ䥰른Τ褦 absolutive-ergative פθ礭ʬ롥Ԥгʸ (accusative language)Ԥǽʸ (ergative language) ȸƤФ롥
ѸΤ褦гʸγηϤϡ䤿뤷ƤΤǤꡤۤȤפʤHe opened the door. The door opened. 2ʸˤơơʸƬΩäƤ̾ He The door ̤ (nominative case) ֤ƤΤФ1ʸ the door Ṳ̄г (accusative case) ֤ƤȤ롥
ǽʸˤƤϡ1ʸ2ʸξ the door г (absolutive case) ֤졤2ʸ He ǽ (ergative case) ֤롥ʸǤ⡤˳ïŪ˳Ƥפгʤ֤졤2ʸΤߤƤ롤ξ֤ǽưŪ˰פǽʤ֤Τ
෿ʤɤǤФиڤǽʸȤΤϡνΤʤǤϵʥפθȻפǤۤɵǤʤ褦гʸ٤аŪʾɤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ2ۤɤϤΥפΤäƶäBlake (121) ˤȡʬۤ˹äƤ롥

Ergative systems are often considered rare and remote, but in fact they make up at least twenty per cent of the world's languages. Ergative systems are to be found in all families of the Caucasian phylum, among the Tibeto-Burman languages, in Austronesian, in most Australian languages, in some languages of the Papuan families, in Zoque and the Mayan languages of Central America and in a number of language families in South America: Jé, Arawak, Tupí-Guaraní, Panoan, Tacanan, Chibchan and Carib. Outside these phyla and families where ergative systems of marking are common, ergativity is also to be found in some other languages including Basque, Hurrian and a number of other extinct languages of the Near East, Burushaski (Kashmir, Tibet), Eskimo, Chukch, and Tsimshian and Chinook (these last two being Penutian languages of British Columbia).


ʤߤˡѸǽʸǤϤʤǵ󤲤 open(ed) Τ褦˼ưˤ¾ưˤѤưؤǽư (ergative verb) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥

Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-13-1] [2021-02-18-1]

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2011-02-08 Tue

#652. [caucasian][language_family][map]

[2011-02-05-1], [2011-02-06-1]εǥ˥ ( Armenian ) ȡΥˡ§ؤδߤˤ˥˴ظȤƱƶͿȿ¬ ( the Southern Caucasian languages ) ϡ깭Ϥʥ ( the Caucasian languages ) 1Ǥ롥ϡϤʬۤ륤ɥ衼åѸ²θ륯ɤθ줫̤äʸħ40ۤɤθ췲ǡ19Ϥ붵դ̱²ؼԤεϿˤΤ褦ˤʤäư衤ؼԤܤƤ
ȤϽŪʸƾΤǤꡤߤ˷ŪʴطˤȤϸ¤ʤפʸ²ȤƤϡ²ȥ² ( Kartvelian )̥²롼פΥ֥ϥǥ² ( Abkhazo-Adyghian ) 쥰롼פΥʥա² ( Nakho-Dagestanian ) 3Ĥ롥ʲϡCaucasian languages -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia ΥʬϿޤǤ롥

Distribution of Caucasian Languages by Britannica


嵭3²δطˤĤƤϤ褯ʬäƤʤȤ¿̥²θɤϸߤ˴ˤط򼨤Ȥḁ̇̄°²ϸߤΩƤȤΤߤͭϤʸǤ롥ؿʸ޴ա (p. 51) δطޤȤ᤿ΤޤǤ롥

Family Tree of the Caucasian Languages


ʤߤˡʲηޤ˼ʥǥ͡ ( the Dene-Caucasian hypothesis ) ˤȡ̥²ʡ٥åȸ² ( Sino-Tibetan ) Ƥʡǥ͸² ( Na-Dene ) Ȥϱ󤯤ĤʤäƤȤ롥ʤȤʡǥ͸²˥² ( Yeniseian ) δ֤ˤϷǤʸˡþбȸ뤬ʲˤ礤˵;Ϥ롥

Family Tree of the Dene-Caucasian


Сʡɡ꡼ƥ󡦥ޥ塼ޥꥢݥ󥹥 ԡ ˼ ؿʸ޴ա١νӡ2005ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-02-07-1] [2012-05-17-1]

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