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ergative - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-09-13 Wed

#5252. гŪǽŪ [ergative][case][voice][semantic_role][syntax][transitivity]

ؤˤϡг (absolutive) ǽ (ergativity) ȤɽФѤνפʰ㤤롥Ʊ (process) ǤäƤ⡤ơθ̤Ƥߤȡޤäۤʤ᤬ʤ졤ޤäۤʤɽƤ롥
ȥबܤĤ륷򸫤Ȥ褦֥ȥܤĤפ̤뤫֥ȥܤĤפ̤뤫ϻΰ㤤Ȥ롥ܸǤѸǤ⡤ŪˤϤ줾ưʸ¾ưʸȸƤ֤Ȥ¿ʸǤ (Process) ϡĤפǰפƤ뤬ԤʸǤϼʰ̣ȤƤ Agentˤϡ֥ȥܡסԤʸǤϡ֥ȥפȤʤ롥ޤԤʸǤϡ֡ʥȥΡܡפȤŪ (Goal) 롥줬гθѤǤ롥
ȤǽθѤˤȡʸˤƤĤפ (Process) Ǥ뤳Ȥϰۤʤʤ֥ȥܡפ (Medium) ȤƱ̣ôäƤΤȲᤵ롥ϡˤĤפȤΩ뤿ˤʤФʤʤΡפθѤˤСԤʸˤ֥ȥפΤȯư (Agent) Ȥߤʤ롥
Ĥޤꡤ2ĤʸΥڥˤĤơгŪǽŪ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Halliday (341) ꡤĤαѸûʸ󤲤Ĥġ2ĤθѤӤƤߤ褦

(a) transitive interpretation
the boatsailed vs. Marysailedthe boat
the clothtore vs. the nailtorethe cloth
Tom's eyesclosed vs. Tomclosedhis eyes
the ricecooked vs. Patcookedthe rice
my resolveweakened vs. the newsweakenedmy resolve
ActorProcess vs. ActorProcessGoal
(b) ergative interpretation
the boatsailed vs. Marysailedthe boat
the clothtore vs. the nailtorethe cloth
Tom's eyesclosed vs. Tomclosedhis eyes
the ricecooked vs. Patcookedthe rice
my resolveweakened vs. the newsweakenedmy resolve
MediumProcess vs. AgentProcessMedium


ǽʤˤĤƤϡ#4314. ǽʸϸ2 ([2021-02-17-1])#4315. ǽʸȯۤѸߤ ([2021-02-18-1]) ⻲ȡ

Halliday, M. A. K. Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar. 4th ed. Rev. Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. Abingdon: Routledge, 2004.

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2021-02-18 Thu

#4315. ǽʸȯۤѸߤ [ergative][case][middle_voice][passive][voice][semantic_role][transitivity]

ε#4314. ǽʸϸ2 ([2021-02-17-1]) ˤợŪʥƥ꡼ȤƤǽ (ergative) ˿줿ѸǽʸǤϤʤгʸǤꡤľܤˤϴطʤȤפ뤫⤷ʤǽ (ergativity) ȤѸľƤߤȡȯ롥ưμ¾̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ뤷ư (passive) ư (middle_voice) Ȥ⿼롥ºݡưμ¾ζ̤ϱѸư乽ʸͤݤŪǴŪʸ󶡤ƤƤ뤬ǽλ鸫ľȡʿѤäƤΤ
Malmkjær (532) "Ergativity" ιΰѤ롥

Complementary to the transitive model of the grammar is the ergative model, an additional property of the system of transivitity, which foregrounds the role of Agency in providing a 'generalised representational structure common to every English clause' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 281). This system is simultaneous with those of process type and circumstance . . . . Here the key variable is not a model of extension, as in transitivity, but of causation: 'The question at issue is: is the process brought about from within, or from outside?' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 287). Every process must have one participant central to the actualisation of the process; 'without which there would be no process at all' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 288). This is the Medium and along with the process forms the nucleus of the clause. The Medium is obligatory and is the only necessary participant, if the process is represented as being self-engendering. If the process is engendered from outside, then there is an additional participant, the Agent. Options in the ergative model of transitivity define the voice, or agency, of the clause. A clause with no feature of 'agency' is neither active nor passive but middle (for example, Europeans arrives). One with agency is non-middle, or effective, in agency (for example, Europeans invaded Australia). An effective clause is then either operative or receptive in voice. In an operative clause, the Subject is the Agent and the process is realised by an active verbal group; in a receptive clause the Subject is the Medium and the process is realised by a passive verbal group (Australia was invaded by Europeans) (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 297).


⿨줿褦ˡνˤгʸ (accusative language) ǽʸ (ergative language) Ȥ2祿פ롥ơ transitivity Żθ ergativity ŻθȸƤ褤ʸˡѤ礭ۤʤ륿פǤϤ뤬°¾ȯۤįƤߤȡƶ롥ɤΤȤʹ֤ɽȤɽˡˤϾΥѥ󤷤ʤɽŪˤϰۤʤäƤ褦ˤߤƤ⡤ϥɲˡ򾯤㤨Ƥˤʤɾ뤳ȤǤ

Malmkjær, Kirsten, ed. The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2010.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I.M. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-13-1]

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2021-02-17 Wed

#4314. ǽʸϸ2 [ergative][case][world_languages][statistics][typology][caucasian][language_family][terminology]

νˤĤơפʳ (case) ΤȤʬहȤѸΤ褦 nominative-accusative פθȡХ䥰른Τ褦 absolutive-ergative פθ礭ʬ롥Ԥгʸ (accusative language)Ԥǽʸ (ergative language) ȸƤФ롥
ѸΤ褦гʸγηϤϡ䤿뤷ƤΤǤꡤۤȤפʤHe opened the door. The door opened. 2ʸˤơơʸƬΩäƤ̾ He The door ̤ (nominative case) ֤ƤΤФ1ʸ the door Ṳ̄г (accusative case) ֤ƤȤ롥
ǽʸˤƤϡ1ʸ2ʸξ the door г (absolutive case) ֤졤2ʸ He ǽ (ergative case) ֤롥ʸǤ⡤˳ïŪ˳Ƥפгʤ֤졤2ʸΤߤƤ롤ξ֤ǽưŪ˰פǽʤ֤Τ
෿ʤɤǤФиڤǽʸȤΤϡνΤʤǤϵʥפθȻפǤۤɵǤʤ褦гʸ٤аŪʾɤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ2ۤɤϤΥפΤäƶäBlake (121) ˤȡʬۤ˹äƤ롥

Ergative systems are often considered rare and remote, but in fact they make up at least twenty per cent of the world's languages. Ergative systems are to be found in all families of the Caucasian phylum, among the Tibeto-Burman languages, in Austronesian, in most Australian languages, in some languages of the Papuan families, in Zoque and the Mayan languages of Central America and in a number of language families in South America: Jé, Arawak, Tupí-Guaraní, Panoan, Tacanan, Chibchan and Carib. Outside these phyla and families where ergative systems of marking are common, ergativity is also to be found in some other languages including Basque, Hurrian and a number of other extinct languages of the Near East, Burushaski (Kashmir, Tibet), Eskimo, Chukch, and Tsimshian and Chinook (these last two being Penutian languages of British Columbia).


ʤߤˡѸǽʸǤϤʤǵ󤲤 open(ed) Τ褦˼ưˤ¾ưˤѤưؤǽư (ergative verb) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥

Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-13-1] [2021-02-18-1]

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