θδܸȤ櫓 S, V, O 3Ǥ¤ӽΥѥˤĤơʲεʤɤǰäƤ
#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])
#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1])
#3124. ܸ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])
#3125. ܸ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])
#3128. ܸ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])
#3129. ܸ (4) ([2017-11-20-1])
#4316. ܸ췿 SOV ϷŪɸѸ췿 SVO Ϥ⤿ʤ ([2021-02-19-1])
#3734. ٥ȸ VSO ε ([2019-07-18-1])
#5585. ػҶβʳء9Ǿ5Ρ֤ʤܸȱѸǤϸ礬㤦ΤǤפ˲ޤ ([2024-08-11-1])
ϡThe World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) Feature 81A: Order of Subject, Object and Verb ˴ŤƺɽǤ#3128. ܸ (3) ([2017-11-19-1]) ǤƱݤεϿŪʸ⤤ĤźΤǡ껲Ȥ䤹ʤäƤȻפ
| SOV | 41% | ܸ졤̸졤ȥ륳졤ҥǥ졤Х |
| SVO | 35% | Ѹ졤졤եɸ졤ҥ졤٥ȥʥ |
| VSO | 7% | ɸ졤ϥ磻졤ޥ |
| VOS, OVS, OSV | 3% | ޥ饬졨ĥХ졨ȥХƥ |
| ܸʤ | 14% | ϥ졤ե졤졤Х |
ܥʪˬ졤ȥꥢ轻̱ܥꥸˡʸˤĤƤŸվޤƤ
Aborigine 뤤 Aboriginal Ȥ̾Τϥƥ aboriginēs ʤɤη˴Ť켫ΤƬ ab- "from" ȥꥷͳ origō "origin" ʤäƤ롥Ρפۤɤ̣Το̱ (colonists) ȶ̤٤̱פȤ֤ŤǤꡤѸǤ롥Τ褦ʻ𤫤顤New South Wales 轻̱ Awabakal ǡֿ͡פ̣ guri ˴Ť koori(e) ȤƾΤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ؤǤϡܥꥸˡν "Australian Aboriginal languages" ȸƤ֤Ȥ¿
ȥꥢ轻̱οϡʪۤŸˤ500ȤƤͿˤäƤ200--300ʤɤȤ⤵롥ȸζ̤˴ؤ䡤οͤܿ18ȾʹߡüԿ㸺ƻ¿ʤäƤ뤳Ȥʤɤ顤Τ˿Τ褦٤Ƥθ碌ƤüԤ5ͤۤɤȤ졤찮γϤΤСۤȤɤǤδΤƤ롥
轻̱ʬहȡPama-Nyungan 췲 Pama-Nyungan 췲̤롥ԤϥȥꥢΦΤۤڤʬۤƤꡤ°ϡӸŪ˸ߤ˴ط롥ȤϤ²ȤǤСѸ줫ߤƥɥĸۤɤεΥθ⤢СҥǥۤɤεΥθ⤢Ȥä轻̱ϡ4--5ǯۤ衤ȼʸȯŸƤPama-Nyungan 췲ϡȥꥢΦʳδΤθȤδطϸӸŪ˸ΩƤ롥
Pama-Nyungan ϥȥꥢȥ쥹ǹԤʤƤꡤѥץȴطȤ롥ʤޥ˥˴ؤƤϡ轻̱θĤäƤ餺οͤȤܿλ˳ˡɤΤ褦ʸ줬äƤΤԾܤǤ롥
ȥꥢ轻̱ʬۤˤĤƤϡGambay's First Languages Map 褯ȤȤǯϢʤǤƤ褦

ϢƤ heldio ǤäΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿#1725. ȥꥢ轻̱ܥꥸˡν

漼Ѥɾ֤ˤʤäƤ¿ (language diversity) ˴ؤܤѥѥȤäƤߤUNESCO ETXEA 2005ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Words and Worlds: World Languages Review Ȥ̾ܤĤɤΤ褦ʷаޤꤷΤФƤʤ褦¿οΤ1Ǥ롥
Ƭ1ɤǤȡʤʤɤޤʸǤ롥 (Prologue) "The value of language diversity" ȾФΤĤ11Ǥ (p. x) ʲ˰ѤΤạ̇̄äƤС
Languages are humanity's most valuable cultural heritage. They are fundamental to understanding. Each language provides a system of concepts which helps us to interpret reality. The complexity of reality is easier to understand thanks to the diversity of languages. Progress in understanding is due, amongst other things, to the growing linguistic diversity that has characterised the human species. Languages are also fundamental in the generation and transmission of values. Each language expresses a differentiated ethical sensibility. Each language provides us with symbols and metaphors to deal with the mysterious and the sacred. Furthermore, languages are not closed or exclusive universes. All of them express the rationality of the human species as well as its common fears and hopes. Linguistic diversity is the most obvious manifestation of cultural diversity. In a world characterised by growing processes of globalisation, it seems necessary to assert the value of cultural diversity as a guarantee of more democratic and more creative coexistence. Cultural uniformity would mean a decline, to the extent that we would lose our ability to give specialised answers to specific challenges. The report "Our Creative Diversity", published by UNESCO in 1995, pointed out what orientations were necessary to preserve diversity without renouncing positive aspects of globalisation in the field of cultural and linguistic diversity. We often coincide with the criteria of the defenders of diversity of living species in the natural environment. In both cases it is said that there is a need to protect the heritage. The reason is not exclusively ethical. Both the defence of biological diversity and the defence of cultural and linguistic diversity are necessary conditions for the well-being of humans, for the balances that protect life and for the life quality we aspire to develop.
¿ʪ¿ʿŪ뤳Ȥ¿λݤΰʸǤΤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ԤϸԤ٤ƸŪȤǧ٤㤤
ѤκǸˤơ¿ʸͳŪʤΤǤϤʤȤˤȤ櫓ϤǤʪ¿¿ƱǤꡤ¿ʸϡΰǫХμȯŸΤɬʤΤȤ¿ "specialised answers to specific challenges" ƤȤƱͤϤ롥
ʲܼܽǤƤѥѥȤɤǤʤɤܤ1
Prologue
Introduction
Chapter 1. Linguistic Communities
Chapter 2. The Linguistic Heritage
Chapter 3. The Official Status of Languages
Chapter 4. The Use of Languages in Public Administration
Chapter 5. Language and Writing
Chapter 6. Language and Education
Chapter 7. Languages and the Media
Chapter 8. Language and Religion
Chapter 9. Transmission and Intergenerational Use of Language
Chapter 10. Linguistic Attitudes
Chapter 11. The Threats to Languages
Chapter 12. The Future of Languages
Martí, Fèlix, Paul Ortega, Itziar Idiazabal, Andoni Barreña, Patxi Juaristi, Carme Junyent, Belen Uranga, and Estibaliz Amorrortu. Words and Worlds: World Languages Review. UNESCO ETXEA, 2005.
եꥫ4Ĥθ²ˤĤơ#3811. եꥫθ²Ƚγס ([2019-10-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤#4846. ȸδط ([2022-08-03-1]) ǻȤĤˡȰҤδط˿Ĥĥեꥫθ²ˤĤƤä餫Ѥ (87--88)
ѰۤФ뤴ȤѤޤ顤ƱϰĹ餹ۤɸδ֤ΰŪʰ㤤礭ʤޤۥ⡦ԥ¾ΤɤϰĹեꥫΦ褷Ƥޤ顤եꥫƱΤϡ¾ΦοͤӤȤ礭ʰŪѰۤäƤޤºݡλİŪ¿Τ¤ȬޥѡȤޤǤϥեꥫͤäƤȿꤵƤޤDNAƱ֤͡ȤȤѲƤޤΥԡɤDNAѲϤ뤫ǯ⤵Τܤȸ֤ηطɤʤۤѲȤƤޤƱ褦Ѳ뤳Ȥ顤ʬۤȽĤˤΤˤ̩ܤʴط뤳Ȥͽۤޤ
եꥫˤϡ¸ߤλʬΰ롤褽θ줬¸ߤޤϡեꥫΦĹˤ錄äƿͤӤȤ餷Ƥ뤳ȤξڵǤ⤢ޤեꥫäƤ礭ͤĤΥ롼פʬƤꡤ̤顤ե졤ʥ롦ϥ졤˥롦졤줬ʬۤޤϤ˸ޤĤΥ롼פʬƤꡤߤζϤۤȤɤʤȤƤޤΤʬ췲θ²Τª٤ΤǤȤ⤢졤쥰롼פʬۤͻҤȽĤΰŪʹˤ̩ܤʴط뤳Ȥ狼äƤޤ̸ά͡
ޤեꥫο͡θ²ҡŪʬۤߤ˴ط뤳Ȥ˲äȤشطȤ߹ޤƤȤե²̱̱ȴϢŤ졤ʥ롦ϥ²̱ȡ˥롦²̱ȡ²ϼĺν̱Ȥ줾ϢŤ롥 *
(89) ϡָȡŪʬۤΰ㤤ϡˤ뽸Ĥΰưͻη̤ȹͤΤǡФDNAˤϹųŪʾڵηĴ٤뤳ȤǡΥեꥫĤΩΥʥꥪ¿ŪȤǤޤפƱäƤ롥
Ϣơ#3807. եꥫˤ¿ (1) ([2019-09-29-1])#3808. եꥫˤ¿ (2) ([2019-09-30-1])#3814. եꥫ͡Ķ̱² ([2019-10-06-1]) ۤ africa γƵȡ
졡ؿεDNAۥ⡦ԥΡ礤ʤιס١2022ǯ
2 (double_negative) ˤĤƤϡߤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥνȤʤäֱѸءפäƤʤˡ--ऺֱѸפֳءפ֤櫓ǤϤޤǤ⾯˼夲
ŪˤСI don't have any money. 뤤 I have no money. ΰ̣ǡI don't have no money. ȸäƤϤʤȤ§ͳϡƱ꼭2ġʰʾˤˤ⤫餺Τΰ̣ȤƤ1ȤΤŪ̷⤷Ƥ뤫ȤȤˤʤ롥
ܥ֥ double_negative ˴ؤ뵭ˤƤ⡤ޤƱ˻䤬 Voicy ΡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸äְʼ YouTube ϡäǤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡ2ŪˤϢʤ³Ƥ칽¤Ǥ롥
ѸǤ⡤ɸѸ⳰˽ФС2¿ϤǤ㤬äƤ롥㤨 Siemund (619) ѤƤ2Ĥۤɵ褦
Yes, and no people didn't trouble about gas stoves then. (Southeast of England)
We didn't have no use for it noways. (Appalachian English)
ޤŪˤѸѸǤϤ̤츽ݤäѸ줫ȤơSiemund (620) Ƥ1ĵ롥
I thinke ye weare never yet in no grownd of mine, and I never say no man naye.
θϤƤ⡤2Ϥʤ̤ΤȤΤ褦Siemund (620) 206θĴԸȤΤ170θǤλ㤬ǧ줿Ȥ𤷤Ƥ롥ɸѸΤ褦2꤬Τϡ鷺11ΤߤäȤŪˤϡɸѸ쥿פʤΤ
ǤϡʤɸѸϤۤɤޤǤ˴ʤ2ΤºݡϽפʱѸ˾Ǥꡤ͡˵Ƥаޤ롥2꤬褦ˤʤäŪطʤȤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#4275. 2ŪǺᤷǽεʸˡ Greenwood ([2021-01-09-1]) Ȥ줿
Siemund, Peter. "Regional Varieties of English: Non-Standard Grammatical Features." Chapter 28 of The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Ed. Bas Aarts, Jill Bowie and Gergana Popova. Oxford: OUP, 2020. 604--29.
Ƕ褯褦ˤʤä ecolinguistics ȤѸ졥ήԸʤΤȤʤȥɤǻäʤäꤹ뤬Ϥ褯ʬäƤʤȸؤγݤ碌ȤȤʬ뤬̣ƤΤ
Phillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas (318) ˤȡ"ecolinguistics", "language ecology", "linguistic ecology" Ϥ褽ƱǤꡤΤ褦ʥǤ "ecology" ϴˤ "context" "language environment" ؤΤȤޤˡִĶפǤϡִĶפȤϲʤΤȤȡߥޥμҲŪŪкѳŪŪطʤΤȤȤƤľˡήԸǤեʤΤǡΤȤϥȤƤ롥ɤΤȤ褯ʬʤ
ȤδϢǤ "ecology" äȸ̩˹ͤƤԤ⾯ʤʤPhillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas ¤ϤΤ褦ʹͤΤ褦ǡʪŪʪŪӼҲŪĶפΤȤªƤ褦 (319) ȤδϢǡּҲŪפȤΤʬ褦ʵΤʪŪפȤΤϤɤȤɤ Phillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas ϡܵǸäƤ롥
Phillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas μĥΤ#601. ¿ʪ¿ ([2010-12-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ȤȤƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥פˡˤ¿ʪ¿ʬۤشطˤȤ¤˴ŤۤΤ褦ξǡʪ¿ݻ뤿μϿʹ֤θΤʤѤƤꡤԤºŤ뤳ȤˤäԤݤ롤ȤΩȤäƤ롥¿ξüˤʪ¿ξüˤľ뤹롤Ȥ
εˤĤƤɤͤФ褤ΤʬʤޤޤʤΤǡޤ Phillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas (323--24) εΤޤްѤƤ
Most of the world's megabiodiversity is in areas under the management or guardianship of Indigenous peoples. Most of the world's linguistic diversity resides in the small languages of Indigenous peoples. Much of the detailed knowledge of how to maintain biodiversity, including TEK [= traditional ecological knowledge], is encoded in the language of Indigenous peoples. If we continue as now, most of the world's Indigenous languages will be gone by 2100. ICSU [= International Council for Science] states (2002) that "actions are urgently needed to enhance the intergenerational transmission of local and Indigenous knowledge...Traditional knowledge conservation, therefore, must pass through the pathways of conserving language (as language is an essential tool for culturally-appropriate encoding of knowledge)." Since TEK is necessarily encoded into the local languages of the peoples whose knowledge it is, this means that if these local languages disappear (without the knowledge being transferred to other, bigger languages, which it isn't) the knowledge is lost. By killing the languages we kill the prerequisites for maintaining biodiversity. Ecolinguistic diversity is essential because it enhances creativity and adaptability and thus stability.
ʪŪʪŪʥȼҲŪŪϥƤΤȤӤϤɤͤޤ
Phillipson, Robert and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas. "English, Language Dominance, and Ecolinguistic Diversity Maintenance." Chapter 16 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 313--32.
νˤĤơפʳ (case) ΤȤʬहȤѸΤ褦 nominative-accusative פθȡХ䥰른Τ褦 absolutive-ergative פθ礭ʬ롥Ԥгʸ (accusative language)Ԥǽʸ (ergative language) ȸƤФ롥
ѸΤ褦гʸγηϤϡ䤿뤷ƤΤǤꡤۤȤפʤHe opened the door. The door opened. 2ʸˤơơʸƬΩäƤ̾ He The door ̤ (nominative case) ֤ƤΤФ1ʸ the door Ṳ̄г (accusative case) ֤ƤȤ롥
ǽʸˤƤϡ1ʸ2ʸξ the door г (absolutive case) ֤졤2ʸ He ǽ (ergative case) ֤롥ʸǤ⡤˳ïŪ˳Ƥפгʤ֤졤2ʸΤߤƤ롤ξ֤ǽưŪ˰פǽʤ֤Τ
ʤɤǤФиڤǽʸȤΤϡνΤʤǤϵʥפθȻפǤۤɵǤʤ褦гʸ٤аŪʾɤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ2ۤɤϤΥפΤäƶäBlake (121) ˤȡʬۤ˹äƤ롥
Ergative systems are often considered rare and remote, but in fact they make up at least twenty per cent of the world's languages. Ergative systems are to be found in all families of the Caucasian phylum, among the Tibeto-Burman languages, in Austronesian, in most Australian languages, in some languages of the Papuan families, in Zoque and the Mayan languages of Central America and in a number of language families in South America: Jé, Arawak, Tupí-Guaraní, Panoan, Tacanan, Chibchan and Carib. Outside these phyla and families where ergative systems of marking are common, ergativity is also to be found in some other languages including Basque, Hurrian and a number of other extinct languages of the Near East, Burushaski (Kashmir, Tibet), Eskimo, Chukch, and Tsimshian and Chinook (these last two being Penutian languages of British Columbia).
ʤߤˡѸǽʸǤϤʤǵ open(ed) Τ褦˼ưˤ¾ưˤѤưؤǽư (ergative verb) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥
Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
Ѹ1Ĥθ졤ܸ1ĤθʤΤǡ碌2Ǥۤ͡˥ե졤ڥ졤ɥĸ졤졤졤ڹʤΤäƤ̾碌ƤȡϤƸˤϤĤθ줬뤳ȤˤʤǤ礦100Ĥ餤뤤1,000ġ⤷10,000ġΤ褦ʵȤʤĤʤȤ¿⤷ޤ
¤θؤˤƤ⡤͡ͳˤꡤΤʿФȤϤǤޤԤˤäɤ줬ߤΤǤդλޤơDz⤷Ƥޤ礦ʲİ
ؼԤ֤ȤĴĥäƸƤСΤʿФΤǤϤʤȵ˻פ⤷ޤ No ǤؼԤĥäƤ⡤Τʸ뤳ȤԲǽǤȤΤϡϸǤϤʤǤʤΤǤθȤȤϡäɤΤ褦ʹ٤ʤΤ䤤פʤ褦˻פޤ
ǤΤꤿȤΤ;Ǥ Ethnologue 23ǡ2020ǯˤȤƤߤޤȡθο7,117ȥȤƤޤȤ1ĤλͤˤޤΤǤդѤʵФƤϡȤƤϡֿ١פƨƤȻפޤ
ȤꡤӤ˴ϢȤơ##3009,270,1060,274,401,1949εå碌Ƥɤߤ
Ҳؤμǡָλ (language_death) ˿ȡؿij¿ܲ121ȤϥڡǸ줬ƤȤ¤Τȡʤ饷åΤΤȤ٤ΩˤܸȤѤƤꡤ٤ؤĶǤѸ̳ΤʤdzؽƤԤˤȤäơǴΤ줬ˤۤ¿¸ߤȤȤϡưפǤʤˤʤʿŪܿͤˤȤäơָλפȤϤ̣DZä
ܹˤΤʣ롥ޤȸСλࡤʤȤοȤʹȤ
ѸɮƬȤŪʱƶϤĶʸϡ¿μ微λƤΤݤȤ⤢롥⤷ȤСѸΤ褦ʸϻŪʸǤꡤԤȤߤʤ٤ʤΤ⤷微ߤȤΤǤСïɤΤ褦˵ߤΤ⤽ߤɬפΤʤΤ餬Ѥָ֡סʸ츢ˤĿͤǧȤʤСθĿͤ˲ݤֵ̳פϲˤʤ
Τ褦ˡָλפͤϤȡ٤³ȵäƤ롥ҲؤȤΥơޤǤ롥˻뻲͵Ȥָλפεåɤ
ۤʤ̱²֤Ѥե (lingua_franca) ΤȤĶ̱² (langue véhiculaire) ȾΤ뤳Ȥ롥̱²˸ͭθǤĴַ (langue grégaire) ФơŪܤƤϤƤƱäƤʤ춦Ʊδ֤ãΤѤƤפǤĴѸǤʥp. 33ˡ¾θƾΤȤƤϡ#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1]) Ѥ褦ˡ²ݸפȤѸ⤢롥
Ķ̱²˴ؤϡlingua_franca γƵ䡤Ȥ櫓#1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ ([2014-03-20-1])#1789. ɥͥθѸĶ̱² ([2014-03-21-1]) Ǽ夲ƤĶ̱²줬¿ʬۤ塤ҲŪ䤬ƤȸޤΤϡեꥫǤ롥줾Ѥϰ͡ӥ졤ո졤ХХ졤졤ϥ졤졤졤и졤եեǸ졤졤ޥи졤졤ȥи졤и졤֥ɥ졤졤ϥ졤졤ޥ졤Ǹ졤졤ҥ졤˥졤ʸ졤ĥʸ졤եʥʤ¿뤳ȤǤʵܡġp. 700) *
ܡ (706--07) ϡեꥫθ̤ϡĶ̱²ˤäƤȼĥƤ롥եꥫʣʸ˼ȯŪн褷Ƥˤϡ콡ǤϤʤ̱ϻȼȯŸƤĶ̱²ΩӤΤȡϥեꥫΤߤʤ餺¿ͲФ1ĤƤȤʤäƤ褦ˤפ롥
Х벽ƸιˤäƤ⡤Ķ̱²פޤơեꥫ̱²ϡؤȾ˾ڤƤǤƱˡ֥ʥꥢԥסʥʥꥢѸΤȡǤˡ쥪벽ƤˤŵȤơѸե⡤ääդΥ٥ǡեꥫھ˺դƤȤθ줬ֿ졦⳰ʸϡեꥫͤ¿Τʤδطӡ䤬ͻ¤Ƥ˰㤤ʤ
ۼʸ̵ͻ¤뤳ȤǽŪǤϤʤषξԤδ֤ܤʬĴƤȤڤǤΥեꥫϡޤޤʸϤʼ¸ȤʤäƤ롥ʸŪλȤΤʤء٤Ƥ̱²̱²ʸۼ褦ΩƤ٤ǤλȤǺǤڤʤȤϡ줬Υ˥֤뤫ȤǤ롥եꥫͤλȤΥ˥֤ΤǤСμʸŪϡ褷ƥեꥫº»ʤΤȤϤʤʤǤΰ̣Ǥ⡤̱²졤櫓ƤĶ̱²פ礭
եꥫνϡͭ˰衤Φ˽Ǥʤ̱²εŤʸ仺ǤꡤƤ͡ˤȤäƤϡ衤¸ΤΤʤΤΤǤϤʤʸ챧ȤϡեꥫʸŪɬȸ٤Ǥ
륤 Ķ̱²١ҡʸ˥ӡ1996ǯ
ԡˡؿեꥫˡǡ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2018ǯ
#3706. ̱²ȿͼ ([2019-06-20-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ̱²ȸδطϳΤ˿ñʤΤǤϤʤ̱²ꤹΤ˸줬פ̤Ȥ¿Τϻ¤ŪǤϤʤȤкε ([2019-09-29-1]) ˤեꥫˤƤϡָηϡפŪ˼夤ΤǤϤʤȤ⤤롥ܡĤεʹƤߤ褦 (695--96)
եꥫǤ̱²ꤹװȤơϤۤɽפǤʤä褦Ǥ롥ϡ̱²ꤹĤװǤϤ뤬¾ˤ⽡Ϲʸɽݡʹѡ롤Ͻͭ֡ˡ²١֤ʤɸʳμҲŪкŪʸŪŪװ礭ƤȻפ롥С̱²ŪǥƥƥФǡŪװʱƶϤΤ϶ʹߤħǤꡤϱط֤ζ붦̤طĤޤкѡҲʸŪװߤ˺ѤơषʾϱطȯŸθưϤȤʤä
顤եꥫͤ¿ѤμҲŪפޤ줿ϡο¿ʬۤħ줴ȤüԤŪʤ֤ܿζʤɤ˵롥⡤ƸμҲŪǽ̡ǡ餬ʬŪŪʬŪ˶礷Ƥ뤫Ǥ롥ƸȵǽȶߺѤեꥫθҲΥʥߥ߽Ф֤¿Ѥ¥ʤƤΤ
ָήˤꡤĤ礭ޤȤޤȤϡषڤʬƤȤΤեꥫθħȤȤطʤˡָηϡפŪʼ夵ȤŦϡߤ٤ࡥʹּҲˤȤä̱²ȸϢ٤ϡ䤿QŪ˴ƤʾˡˤäƤˤäƤ⡤ޤޤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ΰѤǤϡʹߤϡָηϡפʤäƤȤƤ롥̱²ʤ̹ȤȸϢ٤ȤβˤꡤեꥫˤϤʡָηϡפ⤿餵줿ȤȤʤΤ
ԡˡؿեꥫˡǡ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2018ǯ
ˤȡθȾեꥫѤƤȤ#401. ¿κǤ⤤ϰ ([2010-06-02-1]) Ǽ褦ˡեꥫˤϸ¿ι⤤¿¿졦¾̱²ϰǤ뤳Ȥ˲äơʹߡθƤȤ⤢ꡤեꥫθϤʣǤʴϢơ#2472. եꥫαѸ ([2016-02-02-1])#3290. եꥫθѸ ([2018-04-30-1]) ʤɤȡˡ
ˤ̤ƥեꥫ¿ƤȤ˴ؤơǯ줿ؿեꥫˡ٤1ϤˡΤ褦ߤĤ뤳ȤǤ (34--35)
եꥫǻѤƤʬǺǤݥԥ顼ʤΤϡꥫθؼԥСʬǤ롥ϥեꥫθɥեʥ롦ϥ顤եȤͤĤθ²ʬषΤäȤϰϤʬۤƤΤϥɥե²ʤХġϽϤ˴ޤޤˤǤ롥ηθˤϡҥ졤졤롼졤иʤɡϥΥեꥫμΩäϤƤޤޤƤ롥
ʬव줿ޤä̷θ줬եꥫǤϥ⥶ϰҲƤ롥ξؤơָŪ١פȷƤؼԤ⤤ۤ٤ȤȡĶ⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤Ʊ콸ߤ˥ߥ˥ǽ롼פܤƤꡤޤäΩ줬ΥƤꤹ뤫ưȾʹߤο̱ϻۤοŸȡͻӤǿƩƤäꥹȶƻưϡ衼åϤˤ붭䡤̱ʬμʤȤơȤ¸ߤƤپ˿Ƥä
եꥫҲλ𤫤ߤȡκپĤϤϤäꤷƤ롥ϥեꥫͤԤäƤǤΰܽΤǤ롥ϡ²濴ˤơϤư֤ܽƤȤˤ̱ȤʤȤˤ¾Ĥ⤷ʤ顤եꥫϤư³ΤǤ롥η̡ޤޤʾ콸ĤĤʬΩߤ˰ۤʤ콸ĤήǺƤӸѲĤġΤȤƤϰͥåȥĤꤢƤä
ǤϡեꥫθŪ¿ŪʼװϡǤΰܽפˤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ǤΰܽפĤΡָήפ¥٤Ϥ줬ΡѲפ͡ʸҲΡʬΩפȤ¥ʤȤʬʤǤϤʤָήפषβ첽ˤĤʤȤĥ⤢뤳Ȥ顤äȾܤ⤬ߤȤǤ롥
Ҳˤ͡ΰưư (mobility) 졦κۤʿ˹ȤˤĤƤϡ#591. ꥫѸ줬ͤǤͳ ([2010-12-09-1])#2784. ʤꥫǤϱѸ줬ͣμ礿ȤʤäΤ ([2016-12-10-1])#3054. ¤ˤҲήưȽοʿ ([2017-09-06-1]) Ȥ줿
ԡˡؿեꥫˡǡ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2018ǯ
ĸδܸ SOV äȹͤƤ뤬Ǥϴܸ礬ѲΤ⤢롥Ѹĸ줫饲ޥĸФ˻˵ڤĹˤΤʤǡܸ SVO ؤѲƤʸˡήˤСO ΰư (movement) Ȥ櫓 (fronting) η̤ȤƤθ礬ǥեȤȤ夷Τȹͤ뤳ȤǤ
#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1])
#3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡס ([2017-11-22-1])
#3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡס ([2017-12-21-1])
#3733.رѸ춵٤Ϣ5֤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤס ([2019-07-17-1])
O ǤϤʤ V ֤줿 VSO ȤѰŪʸ礬䤬ƥǥեȤȤ夷줬롥٥ȸ (Insular Celtic) Fortson (144) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
If verb-initial order generated in this way [= by fronting] becomes stereotyped, it can be reanalyzed by learners as the neutral order; and in fact in Insular Celtic, VSO order became the norm for precisely this reason (the perhaps older verb-final order is still the rule in the Continental Celtic language Celtiberian). A similar reanalysis happened in Lycian . . . .
βǤȡ餯ŪװˤѰ۸1ĤˤʤäΤǥեȤθȤƺʬ (reanalysis) 졤夷ȤȤˤʤȡġΰˤܸϡ褽 SOV ƳФ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ʿʸ VSO ȤߤΤʤȤȤƤϡʤưǻϤޤȤФϥޥĤʤȤ#3128. ܸ (3) ([2017-11-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡVSO θΤʤǤ褷ƵʸǤϤʤθδܸˤĤƤϰʲ⻲ȡ
#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])
#3124. ܸ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])
#3125. ܸ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])
#3128. ܸ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])
#3129. ܸ (4) ([2017-11-20-1])
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.
ȸƤ֤뤤Ϥ̾ɽ蘆ƤϲȤϡҲŪ˿Ǥ롥̾ȡ줬ɤθؼ뤫ȤŪطǤ롥
ܤξ硤̸ȬŻʤɤξ줬Ĥ뤳ȤϾΤǡ¾ָ̾ü̱̾̾²̾פΤ褦˽ǰ̾ܡפǤ줤˰פΤǡܸפȸƤ֤Ȥ˲꤬ʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤcf. #3457. ܤξǴ졦 ([2018-10-14-1])ˡΤ褦˽ǰ̾ۤܰפϡǤȤȤΤäƤɬפ롥
եꥫʿϰϤȤꡤճ˻פ뤫⤷ʤ衼åѽǤ졤üԡȡ̱²ϰפäƤȸƾΤ뤫ȤϡȤ˿ˤʤΤcf. #1374. 衼åѳƹ¿ѹǤ ([2013-01-30-1])ˡȤСܥ֥Ǥϡ#1659. ޥɥ˥μҲء ([2013-11-11-1]) #3429. ޥɥ˥ο̾ ([2018-09-16-1]) ǥޥɥ˥ʸˤˤĤƤ#1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian ([2013-10-19-1]) Ǥϵ桼ν̾夲Ƥ
ܥ֥δؿǤȶʤȤǤСֱѸפȤƾΤؤΤȤȤѲƤűѸˤϡ"English" ϥɤäƤޥ췲νŪ˻ؤƤѸˤϡθüԤϥɰʳǤ⡤ʬŪˤǤϤ쥹åȥɡ륺ɤǤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ"English" λؼоݤŪŪˤޤä˶ѸˤƤϡѸϥ֥ƥ礫ӽФơ͡Ѽޤ "English" ȸƤФ褦ˤʤꡤǤϥꥫѸ䥤ɱѸϤȤϤǹԤʤƤԥѸޤǤ⤬ "English" ȸƤФ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ֱѸפεŪطǯȺȤǤۤʤäƤ롥
ʤ "English" Ȥ̾λؤϰϤѲˤĤƤ semasiological ʹͻդ A ȸƤФƤѼ郎Ȥ B ȸƤФ褦ˤʤäȤ onomasiological Ƥ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤåȥ˺դѸѼϡ15ˤϤޤ "Inglis" 1ѼȤߤʤƤ15Ⱦ "Scottis" ȾΤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥 "Scottis" Ȥϡ衤ѸȤϱ椫ʤȸɤ°륲ؤƤˤ⤫餺Ǥ롥ʿ (57) Ŧ̤ꡤΤ褦ʸ̾θطʤˤϡɬ䤽ôΥǥƥƥѲ롥
ťåĸϡ졻ǯ켷ǯޤǽåĸ졤åĸˤĤäȤ礭Ѳϡ˸Ƥ̾ѤäȡʤꥹƥScottis Scottish θťåĸ۷Scots Scottis ֲάˤȸƤФ褦ˤʤäȤǤ롥ĤƥƥȤդϤ餫˥ϥɡʤȥɡˤΥؤƤåȥϥȷӤĤƤȤɿͤϡθѼθƤ̾ϥƥǤȼĥϤϤäȤǧžǤäƥϤʸϥʳθؤ褦ˤʤäϥåȥɤθŪʥǥƥƥžȤƤΤǤ롥
ȸ̾εۤɡƼҲŪϤʤ
ʿ رѸθ1500ǯˡ١̼ҡ2016ǯ
(245--46) ϡܸˤˤʹȾˤ̤ͥᤰ褤ָפȤʤ顤̤˸ξԤˤäƺΤʤΤˤĤƤ롥
ޤˡξԤϡñʸλѿʤɤˤäƤޤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥ҤȤˤθϼԤθ줬¿ν̱ξ˷פȤä礬롥
ޤεϡŪˡʤˤ줽켫Τι¤ˤäƤޤΤǤʤ
ȤС첻ο¿餱Ȥ̾ȿ̤뤫龡ġȤäΤǤϤʤθ줬쵡ǽ˴ؤơҲŬǤƤ뤫ɤȤäϤ롥ˤҤĤƤСʣʼҲбǤ뤫ȤäȤɽʸΤμ䡤ʪؤθǽǤ뤫ȤäƤʤɤ롥ˡ쥳ߥ˥¾Υߥ˥ͥȡɤۤڤΥƤ뤫Ȥäʤɤ⤢뤫⤷ʤΤȤϡ餯ȤФʸΤγΩȡΥδطˤ롥
ñʤѿκϸξԤθˤʤʤȤ⤷¿ԤλѸ줬μҲʣбơǤ˽Ҥ٤쵡ǽᡤ夵¿οͤӤȤΤ߹ǤϤȤäΤƤȤȤȷӤĤ褦ˤʤСϡƤȸǤФơ¯Ūʾϡ쵡ǽ̤ǡˤĤ礬¿˻פ롥ޤλѿ¿θҲηкŪŪʸṲ̄ͥ˷ӤĤơΰҿȤäΤطʤˤʤ뤳ȤϤꤦ롥ΤȤ褤ɤˤͤˤäƤ⡤ȤؤθɬפȤʤäƤ롥
ϿŤʵŸƤ롥üԿ칽¤ΤΤľܤ˸ξ˹ȤȤϤʤ餬μҲŪʵǽ˺ѤꡤѤ줿ꤹСθ¤ˤƴŪ˹뤳ȤϤꤦȤǤ롥ɤΤȤҲŪǤߤƽƾԤؤιˤĤȤȤʤΤǡüԿ칽¤ΡľŪʡ٤ϤۤܥȹͤƤ褤ΤѸŪ첽פͤǡȤƤפǤ롥
Ѹ첽θäƤϡϢȤơ#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1])#1082. ʤѸȤʤä (1) ([2012-04-13-1])#1083. ʤѸȤʤä (2) ([2012-04-14-1])#1607. Ѹ춵Ū¦̡ ([2013-09-20-1])#1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ ([2014-03-20-1])#2487. νȤϡμҲŪϤΤȤǤ ([2016-02-17-1])#2673. ָˤѸνο͡ˤȤäƤͭˤס ([2016-08-21-1])#2935. ַкѡ줬ڤ뻰Ĥǡס ([2017-05-10-1]) ȡ
ΤȤ褤ס Ƶԡˡܸˡ١罤۽Ź1977ǯ243--86ǡ
319˥˥ǥΥκǸĤ֥פȤ˥塼ɤ1960ǯˤϥ2300Ƭ©ƤѤ̩ĤԤʤ졤2000ǯˤθΤǤƤߡĤ2ƬϥΤߤʤΤ˿ǤμǤꤷ
ݼݸϢ (IUCN) δˤС2017ǯ9ɽΥåɥꥹȤζʬȼοϰʲ̤517 KoDoMo ʹˡ֤ǼʬǴפǤꡤ25062郎ζʬ°롥
| ʬ | ο |
|---|---|
| 859 | |
| 68 | |
| ǴIA | 5403 |
| ǴIB | 8152 |
| ǴII | 11507 |
| Ǵ | 5691 |
| ¾3ʬ | 56287 |
| 87967 |
1120դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ11ε֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡޤѸθ˴ؤ礭ʤΤǡ2ˤ錄äϢܤͽǤϤԤȤʤޤ
Ԥγפϰʲ̤ǤܸȱѸˤ S, V, O 3Ǥθΰ㤤óݤȤơˤִܸפܤޤθˤСνˤܸĴ٤ȡ¤ܸ췿 SOV Ǥ¿ǸѸ췿 SVO ¿Ȥʬۤ餫ȤʤޤȤѸűѸޤ̤ȡSVO ΤۤSOV, VSO ʤ͡ʸ礬ǽǤĤޤꡤŪʸǤǤϤʤŪͳʸ礬ƤΤǤϡ̾졤ƻ졤졤ưʤɤθѲֶޡ ƯˤꡤʸΤɤǤǤ뤫ŪǤ뤫Τ˼Ǥ餺Ȥ⡤̤μʤѰդƤȤȤˤʤޤǴ֤طɸΤ˸äƤ뤫ޤäƤ뤫ϳΤ礭ʰ㤤ǤϤޤ줬ͥƤ롤äƤ뤫ȤˤϤʤޤ˱ѸˤβǸŪͳʸ줫 SVO ǤθؤȥեȤƤ櫓ǤΥեȼΤͥδɾ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤ
ԤκǸǤϡ֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤפȤѤʵ̻Ūʻ֤ʤѸ϶Ż뷿Ż뷿θؤڤؤꡤκݤˤʤܸSVOȤ줿Τפȥѥե졼ޤεˤĤƤϡθԤˤԤ
SOV, SVO ʤɤθ˴ؤƤϡ#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])#3124. ܸ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])#3125. ܸ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])#3128. ܸ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])#3129. ܸ (4) ([2017-11-20-1]) εɤ
ε#3128. ܸ (3) ([2017-11-19-1]) ơS, V, O ˴ؤƴܸŪʬۤˤĤƹͤƤߤϡ"Order of Subject, Object and Verb" by Matthew S. Dryer 2 "Geographical distribution of the dominant-order types" ǰƤΤǡʲʬȤ롥ε ([2017-11-19-1]) Ͽޤ碌ƻȤ줿
Ǥ¿ SOV ˤФäƤ뤬Ȥ櫓˸Ǥ롥˥塼˥ȥꥢ̥ꥫΦˤʬۤƤ롥2ܤ¿ SVO ϡϥ麽ΥեꥫˤƤϰ衤ƥ衼åѤ泤ն˹ߤ롥3ܤ VSO ʬۤФäƤ뤬쥢եꥫ̥եꥫ衼åѤΥȷϽ졤ݥͥˤϤ٤ν椬ߤ롥
Ʊˤϡ˾͡ʳǤδܸեåȤˤޤȤ̣桼饷ΦϿޤǺܤƤʰʲ˼ˡ

衼åѤ泤նǤϸߤǤ SVO ¿ŤǹͤȤष SOV ͥäȤ狼ʥƥ䥨ȥꥢʤɡˡޤߤȰۤʤꡤϽνޤϰˤơĤ VSO ߤ줿ŦƤܸŪʬۤȤΤϡ֤ΤʤѤΤΤ褦δܸѲˤĤƤϡ#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1]) ȡ
#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])#3124. ܸ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])#3125. ܸ (2) ([2017-11-16-1]) ³ơS, V, O δܸꡥ
#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ˡS, V, O θˤĤƤŪʲ⤬롥"Order of Subject, Object and Verb" by Matthew S. Dryer ꤹ뤽βˤȡϡʤʸ (rigid order) ĸȽʸ (flexible order) ĸ礭2ʬ롥ԤˤĤƤϡʸĤȤϤ٤ŪΩȤܸ (dominant order) ȤߤʤΤľ¿ޤ3ǤΤ V ΰ֤ˤĤƤŪS O Ū֤ϷޤäƤȤ褦ʡȾפȸƤ֤٤Τ⤢롥餫ʴܸʤ¸ߤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ㤨С̥ȥꥢ Gunwinyguanˡˡɥĸ䥪Τ褦˼Ǥ SVO °Ǥ SOV §줬Ū˴ŪϼǤʤܸդʤ褦ʥ⤢롥
嵭Τ褦˴ܸʣǤꡤܸη˴ؤ꤬͡뤬绨ĤʬषϿ˥ץåȤΤ Feature 81A: Order of Subject, Object and Verb Ǥʰʲ˺ƷǡˡɽǤ롥

| SOV | 564 |
|---|---|
| SVO | 488 |
| VSO | 95 |
| VOS | 25 |
| OVS | 11 |
| OSV | 4 |
| No dominant order | 189 |
ε ([2017-11-15-1]) ǡܸˤĤ Greenberg θŵŪ˿줿Greenberg 30θоݤˡθӤη̡ܸ֡Τ褦ˡSOVθǤиֻIJǽ⤤פʤɤδް (typological implication) ¿ǧ뤳Ȥ餫ˤGreenberg (107--08) ΤޤȤɽʲ˵롥
| Language | VSO | Pr | NA | ND | N Num |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basque | III | - | x | x | - |
| Berber | I | x | x | x | - |
| Burmese | III | - | x1 | - | -2 |
| Burushaski | III | - | - | - | - |
| Chibcha | III | - | x | - | x |
| Finnish | II | - | - | - | - |
| Fulani | II | x | x | x | x |
| Greek | II | x | - | - | - |
| Guarani | I | - | x | - | 0 |
| Hebrew | I | x | x | x | - |
| Hindi | III | - | - | - | - |
| Italian | II | x | x3 | - | - |
| Kannada | III | - | - | - | - |
| Japanese | III | - | - | - | -2 |
| Loritja | III | - | x | x | x |
| Malay | II | x | x | x | -2 |
| Maori | I | x | x | - | - |
| Masai | I | x | x | - | x |
| Maya | II | x | - | - | -2 |
| Norwegian | II | x | - | - | - |
| Nubian | III | - | x | - | x |
| Quechua | III | - | - | - | - |
| Serbian | II | x | - | - | - |
| Songhai | II | - | x | x | x |
| Swahili | II | x | x | x | x |
| Thai | II | x | x | x | -2 |
| Turkish | III | - | - | - | - |
| Welsh | I | x | x3 | x | - |
| Yoruba | II | x | x | x | x |
| Zapotec | I | x | x | x | - |
1. Participle of adjective-verb, however, precedes and is probably as common as adjective following.
2. Numeral classifiers following numerals in each case. The construction numeral + classifier precedes in Burmese and Maya, follows in Japanese and Thai, and either precedes or follows in Malay.
3. In Welsh and Italian a small number of adjectives usually precede.
ΤȤơ5θΤ˼夫شط뤳ȤƼ뤳ȤǤ롥оݤȤʤä30ĤˤʤȤϤۤʤϰ褫θ줬Ƥꡤʤ˿ꤹ뤳ȤΤǤĴ̤ȤƼƤ롥
Ϣơ#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ⻲ȡ
Greenberg, Joseph P. "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements." Chapter 5 of Universals of Language. Ed. Joseph P. Greenberg. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. P, 1966. 73--113.
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