228ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ11ߴȤƤ2ˤ֤ޤܤñϡthat --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפǤ
Ѹˤ that ϡؼ졤ط졤³ϤȤ͡ʸˡṲ̄¿Ǥ¿εǽϤǤ˸űѸˤߤޤơεǽϤɤΤ褦ˤƵꡤȯŸƤΤǤ礦Ķ٤ñǤ⤢ꡤˤȤʤȻפޤܤŪȯŸɤƤߤޤֵϡthat Ȭϻ群γ̩ǻ̩90ʬȤʤޤ
īֺ11Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС

ʤīֺ¤Υ110ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])
#6139. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤10very --- ʪפ纮ζոءפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-02-16-1])
12328ڡˤǡǯ٤κǽȤʤޤơޤϡbe --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưפǤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 Ȥʤޤī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧ
ޤ2026ǯ٤īǤαѸ˹ֺ¤³ޤȤƤơޤ2025ǯ٤Ρ˾äȤԻĤʱñפѤޤʻߤȤơظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ȤűѸѸθʸĩൡ䤷ƤͽǤܺ٤θڡꤴ

ǯ٤Ϸ1ī㡼ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤Ƥޤȥϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñפǤŪǤʤˤ䤤勞ꤲطʤäƤñ1ӡرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡεҤȤʤ顤ñ̥ϤꡤƱ˱ѸˤΥʥߥⴶƤޤ
228ڡˤιֺ¤ߴ2Ȥʤޤ夲Τϡޤ¿¿ǽΤʤΤʬʤʤꤽ that Ȥñܤޤ1ξʸǤ̣DZʸˡäƤ뤫Τ褦Ȭϻ群γεȯŸɤȡñͯƤ뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ
ʲthat ᤰäƤɤΤ֥쥹˽ФƤߤޤ
Is that that that that that that refers to? / That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is.
that 괧 the δطϡ
ؼ th- ȵ wh- δطϡ
ľñ줿this, these, that, those
this ñȤǤϿͤؤ뤱ɡthat ñȤȼˤʤΤϤʤ
those who ʤɤ those ͡ؤΤϤʤ
I think that . . . . ʤɤ that Ϥˤޤ줿
뤤Ƴ that
ط̾ that ϡ¾δط̾ȲۤʤΤ
that Ρ־άס뤤ϵ that ˤĤ
ۤˤϵäƤΤȻפޤthat Τ٤Ƥ90ʬǸԤȤϤǤޤˤɤ뤳Ȥḁ̇̄Ϥ֤ФȻפޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤߴ3ϰʲ̤ͽǤդ˸ơѸˤγؤӤ夲Ƥޤ礦
12328ڡ 15:30~17:00be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ư
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
1116ˤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥˤ#387. ѸˤϤʤ줬Ρܸˤϴ줬ʤѸδȻƤΤܸΤޤơޤִ (article) ȤʪäǤ礦ޤǤ褯İƤޤīλǻİ1ĶƤꡤȯǤ
(the, a/an) ϱѸؽԤˤȤäƱʱβǤȤΤʤܸȤԤˤȤäơȤ櫓ܤǤ⡤ʤѸˤϤΤ褦ʤΤΤȤäȻפäƤޤפˡϺŪ䤤ʤΤǤ
ʤ줬Τ䤤ϡѸˤδɳƤߤȡޤä٤¤Ϥޤޤ괧 the ǤϡѸޤ¿Υ衼åѸˤơɬǽ餫¸ߤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤˤǡŪˤʤäƤѤ褦ˤʤäֿԡפʤΤǤ
űѸλˤ⡤the ϳΤ¸ߤޤϸŪʳΩˡʻȤƻȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤ٤¸ߤˤȤɤޤäƤޤȤȡ֤ס֤פȤạ̈ɽ魯ؼ (demonstrative) äΤˤλؼϤñ˴ΤΤΤǤ뤳ȤɸʸˡŪǤؤѲƤä̤Ȥޤ줿ΤǤΤ褦ʡȤȤΰ̣ޤꡤʸˡŪʵǽĤ褦ˤʤѲʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȸƤǤޤϱѸˤˤ˽פʥơޤǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ١夲Ƥޤ
ŪʷаޤΤȡǽѤʵ֤ʤ줬Τפϡ֤ʤѸϡ虜虜ؼʸˡɬפäΤפȤ꿼䤤ؤȾڤޤʤʤ顤ΤʤܸüԤϡΤʤؤȤϴƤʤǤ
䤤Ф1ĤθȤʤΤܸν֤פȡ֤ϡפǤưǤϡΡ֤ס֤ϡפλȤʬѸδȻƤ¦̤뤳ȤŦ¤ (information_structure) δŸޤ
κǤŪϡäʹδ֤ǤǤ˶ͭƤʡˤǤʤʿˤ̤뤳ȤˤޤεǽϡܸΡ֤ס֤ϡפôȸ˥ѥʤΤǤܤäˤȤäƤߤޤ礦
ΡȤˡʡῷˤȤФʡῷˤޤʵˤϻؼǴˡФʡˤ˹Ԥޤ
Ѹˤȡ1ʸǤ괧줬2ʸǤ괧줬ѤϤǤ줾ܸν֤ס֤ϡפбޤ
ܸΡ֤ס֤ϡפλȤʬˤߤ뿷ζ̤Ȥˡϡ춦ƱΤˤȤäŪʤΤǤΥˡμʤϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤǽˤޤܸϤǤȯãƤȤӡѸϤޤˤäؼʸˡȤƻȤ櫓Ǥ
λ¤ϡѸδν˶ϫ䤿ˡƶͿƤޤѸδλȤʬˤϡطʤˤή졤ʤ¤ɬפ롤ȤȤǤѸδδФϡܸüԤ̵ռΤˡ֤ס֤ϡפȤʬƤ롤δФȷҤäƤΤǤ
ϡüԤΥߥ˥ΥˡȡλѲǽʸʣ߹äƷƤޤ̣Ǥϼ¤˿ʹ֤ʪʤΤǤҤεưǤ⤪餤
űѸˤ̾졤̾졤ƻʤɤμ» (substantive) γ (case) Ȥ (instrumental) ƻĤäƤѸޤǤˤܴۤ˾üƤޤűѸǤϤޤѤ롥
ʤδŪʵǽ3Ĥ롥(1) ʤˡɽ魯ˡ(2) ¾ȤƤˡ(3) ֤ɽ魯ˡǤ롥Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (47) ꡤʰѤ褦
Instrumental
88. The instrumental denotes means or manner: Gāius se cāsere, ōþre naman Iūlius 'the emperor Gaius, (called) Julius by another name'. It is used to form adverbs, as micle 'much, by far', þȳ 'therefore'.
It often expresses time when: ǣlċe ȝēare 'every year'; þȳ ilcan dæȝe 'on the same day'.
ʤϤǤ˸űѸޤǤ˿षƤƤˡűѸǤи٤Ϲ⤯ʤŪˤͿ (dative) ζ֤뤳Ȥ¿ĤäƤȤƤʤиòΤʤʤ褦˻פ롥ӸŪʴζʤοˤĤƤϡ#3994. űѸͿʷε ([2020-04-03-1]) Ȥ줿ۤ˶ʤȤƤϡ#811. the + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1]) ȡ#812. The sooner the better ([2011-07-18-1]) ⻲ȡ
Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.
ѸˤǤϡؼ that 괧 the ʬΩǤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥űѸ괧ʵŪˤϻؼǤꡤޤ괧ȤƤˡǤ˳ΩƤϤʤäص夳Τ褦˸ƤǤˤ se ʤ˱ƶޤ͡ʷ֤äΤʤñʡгʤη֤ þæt ä줬Ѹλؼ that η־Ǥ롥θűѸλ˴դߤȡthat the 1֤ˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
Ǥϡʤθ that the ֥롼פȴФΩؼȤȯãΤűѸ줫Ѹˤơ괧͡ʶ֤ the ȤƱ֤ؤȿʿƤäή줬³Сthe 1ˤʤ that 䤬ƾä椯̿ǤϤäȤthat ϻؼȤ̤εǽä椯̿æ뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ΤˤСȤ the ȤˤؼεǽϤäȤˡλؼεǽ the å褦ˤ that ΩȤȤĤޤꡤؼ that εǽ the ߤƤȤˤʤ롥θ塤¸ΡֶΡפλؼ this ȤʬĴ˿ʤߡthat ϡֱΡפλؼȤƳΩ˻ä
Fertig (37--38) ϡΰϢθѲŬ (exaptation) λȤƾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
A simple example can be seen in the modern survival of two singular forms from the Old English demonstrative paradigm: the and that. The contrast between these two forms originally reflected a gender distinction; that (OE þæt) was an exclusively neuter form, while the predecessors of the were non-neuter. One would expect one of these forms to have been lost with the collapse of grammatical gender. They survived by being redeployed for the distinction between definite article (the) and demonstrative (that).
ؼ that ȯãȴϢơʲ heldio hellog ΥƥĤȡ
heldio #493. ؼ this, that, these, those θ츻
hellog #154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1])
hellog #156. űѸ se ʻϲ ([2009-09-30-1])
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ͤʪǥ1ļ夲ʤ顤I like this apple. ȤʸȯäƤ̤Ƥ䤿ϤαʸֻϤΥǤפưפǤޤΰ̣ǤƤȻפǤޤˤǤ礦ʸ¿ŪȤʤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤȤǤ礦Ȥ櫓 this apple ʬճΤǤ
ޤthis apple unit ɤߤ type ɤߤȤ¿ޤ٤ΥǤϤʤ夲Ƥ뤳ΥפȤĤǤ unit ɤߤȤʤޤ٤ȢʼΥǤϤʤ夲ƤΤɽƤʼΥ㤨С֤դסˡפǤ type ɤߤȤʤޤ
type ɤߤˤ͡ʲǽޤ嵭ǤϤޤޡʼפȤ type ʬΤǤtype ʬˤ¾δ⤢ޤݤȤζʬ⤢ޤϤ줿ऴȤζʬ⤢ޤ礭١ʤȤ⤢ޤºݤʸ̮Ǥϡδ type ʹ꤬⤤Ψǿ¬Ǥ륱ۤȤɤȤϻפޤthis apple Ȥɽ˾ʤȤŪ¿뤳ȤʬäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ؼ this Τľͳ褹̣ŪŪ¿̾ apple λؼоݤǤ֤פΰ̣ŪŪ¿蘆äơ츫ȲȤΤʤ this apple Ȥɽΰ̣Ƥäۤʣ¿ͤǤ뤳ȤʬäȻפޤ
ʾ塤Cruse (50) εȤƼɮޤ
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
ε ([2017-11-15-1]) ǡܸˤĤ Greenberg θŵŪ˿줿Greenberg 30θоݤˡθӤη̡ܸ֡Τ褦ˡSOVθǤиֻIJǽ⤤פʤɤδް (typological implication) ¿ǧ뤳Ȥ餫ˤGreenberg (107--08) ΤޤȤɽʲ˵롥
| Language | VSO | Pr | NA | ND | N Num |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basque | III | - | x | x | - |
| Berber | I | x | x | x | - |
| Burmese | III | - | x1 | - | -2 |
| Burushaski | III | - | - | - | - |
| Chibcha | III | - | x | - | x |
| Finnish | II | - | - | - | - |
| Fulani | II | x | x | x | x |
| Greek | II | x | - | - | - |
| Guarani | I | - | x | - | 0 |
| Hebrew | I | x | x | x | - |
| Hindi | III | - | - | - | - |
| Italian | II | x | x3 | - | - |
| Kannada | III | - | - | - | - |
| Japanese | III | - | - | - | -2 |
| Loritja | III | - | x | x | x |
| Malay | II | x | x | x | -2 |
| Maori | I | x | x | - | - |
| Masai | I | x | x | - | x |
| Maya | II | x | - | - | -2 |
| Norwegian | II | x | - | - | - |
| Nubian | III | - | x | - | x |
| Quechua | III | - | - | - | - |
| Serbian | II | x | - | - | - |
| Songhai | II | - | x | x | x |
| Swahili | II | x | x | x | x |
| Thai | II | x | x | x | -2 |
| Turkish | III | - | - | - | - |
| Welsh | I | x | x3 | x | - |
| Yoruba | II | x | x | x | x |
| Zapotec | I | x | x | x | - |
1. Participle of adjective-verb, however, precedes and is probably as common as adjective following.
2. Numeral classifiers following numerals in each case. The construction numeral + classifier precedes in Burmese and Maya, follows in Japanese and Thai, and either precedes or follows in Malay.
3. In Welsh and Italian a small number of adjectives usually precede.
ΤȤơ5θΤ˼夫شط뤳ȤƼ뤳ȤǤ롥оݤȤʤä30ĤˤʤȤϤۤʤϰ褫θ줬Ƥꡤʤ˿ꤹ뤳ȤΤǤĴ̤ȤƼƤ롥
Ϣơ#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ⻲ȡ
Greenberg, Joseph P. "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements." Chapter 5 of Universals of Language. Ed. Joseph P. Greenberg. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. P, 1966. 73--113.
εǡĸϤۤ¿ʤȤ̣ΤϡŪʬۤФȤǤ롥衼åѡեꥫʿΤ˴ĸ줬¿εǤϡܤʸȤĤġŪкߤ˾Ƥ
Ѹˤ봧ȯãϡ#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡؼ줫θŪʸˡ (grammaticalisation) η̤Ƥ롥¾θǤƱͤŪȯãȤƤȤ뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥ҤΤ褦ŪʤޤȤޤ꤬뤳Ȥ顤 (139) ϡŪ˸Ϣȯã䤹Ȥ¦̤褦˻פפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤĹˤ錄ܿˤ (linguistic_area) ιͤطʤˤ롥
Ƕͭβǽϡȯͼ칽¤˻ޤܸ͡⤽βǽ1ĤǤ롥εǤ줿褦ˡưƬĸˤФи뤬θνΤʤǤ1ۤɤߤ줺ʬۤϤФäƤΤǤ롥㤨С٥ȸɡإ֥졤ӥ졤ȥͥʤɤưƬĴĸ췲Ǥ롥
Ǥϡ2ĤθŪħ˲餫ϤΤ (139) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥
ֽŵŪ˸褦ˡ̤ˡʸƬȤΤϡФܤʤξᡤˤƺǤŪʰ֤ȹͤ롥ưƬξϡΰ֤̾ŪǤǤʤư줬ơ̾ꡦɽΤʸƬ֤Ѥˡ̾ŪǤ˴դꡦζɬŪ⤯ʤäƤȹͤ롥
ȴϢơưƬĸʤ餺Ȥ⡤礬ޤäƤǤϰŪ̾ŪǤ֤ѤꡦɸΤˡȤʤѤ䤹Ȥ𤬤뤫⤷ʤ
ˡ־ݤɡĹפΤ褦ʡܡɾΡ۷פȡ־ݤɡĹפΤ褦ʡּ졽Ρּ۷פȤŪʶ̤ͤʤСԤǤξܤˤɽ蘆ΤǡΤ褦ʡʳ̤ɸμʤפǤ뤬ԤǤϴΤ褦Ūʼʤᤵ䤹Ȥ⤢ꤽɾȡѸϳΤ (1) ۷Ǥꡤ(2) ĸǤ뤫顤ȤȤ褤Ȥˤʤ롥
ǽҤ٤ƤȤϡĸŪưŤǤ⤢ꡤĸȤͤ˴Ť쳰ŪưŤǤ⤢롥ʬۤϡ餯θ⳰װߤ߹äơ٤ФΤ
ָˤȤäƴȤϲסءظ٥쥯1ظԽԡˡ罤۽Ź2012ǯ136--41ǡ2003ǯ10Ͽ
δŪ1Ĥ deixis ʥľˤ롥Ѹϡꥷǡּؤפ̣ deikunúnai ͳ褹롥Huang (132) ˤСdeixis Ȥ "the phenomenon whereby features of context of utterance or speech event are encoded by lexical and/or grammatical means in a language" Ǥ롥ľɽ (deictic (expression)) ˤϡؼ (demonstrative)12;̾ (1st and 2nd personal_pronoun)ɸ (tense marker) (adverb of time and place)ưư (motion verb) ޤޤ롥
餫 deixis ⤿ʤ¸ߤʤϡdeixis ɸʤʤȡʹ֤̾Υߥ˥ȤǤʤΤˡֻס֤סֺפΤ褦ľŪǰʤǤϡʤΩʤդǽäӤΥ "Meet me here a month from now with a magic wand about this long." ȽƤƤ⡤ïˡɤǡġɤΤ餤ĹξäƲФ褤ΤǤ롥ɤ꤬ΰտޤ deixis Ǥʤ륳ߥ˥㳲Ǥ롥
ѸľɽŵȤ you 褦̾äؤ you Ѥ졤Ⱦˤä you λؼоݤѤΤǤ뤫顤ŵŪľɽȤ롥If you travel on a train without a valid ticket, you will be liable to pay a penalty fare. Τ褦˰̿;ΤȤѤ you ǤϡľŪϤʤҤƤꡤ2;̾ you ľŪˡȤ٤
ľɽΤ⤦1ĤŵȤơthis 褦ؤʤɤʪŪʥ㡼ȼä this table ȸȤ this ϤľŪˡȤ뤬ʪŪʹưȼ鷺 this town ȸȤˤϡ this ľŪǤϤ뤬ħŪˡȤ롥ԤԤȯŸŪŪˡȹͤ졤ºݡ㡼ˡ (gestural) ǤѤ줺ħŪ (symbolic) ˡ礤Ƥե voici, voilà Τ褦ľɽ⤢롥СħŪˡΤߤľɽȤΤϤꤽˤʤ
ʾꡤľɽˡϰʲΤ褦ʬव (Huang 135 οޤѡˡ
Gestural
Deictic use
Deictic expression Symbolic
Non-deictic use
ѸǤϡؼ̾Ǥ this, that, these, those ϳơñȤǡͤؼ뤳ȤǤ롥ñˤϤħ롥ñ this, that ñȤǿͤؤˤϡ§ȤƷŪʴްդȤΤܵǤϡThis is John. Τ褦ʿͤҲ𤹤ʸ̮ǤˡϽΤȤˡˡ˴ؿ Poussa (401) ϡthat ΤˡνȤ OED 1905ǯʸƤ롥
'Would you like to marry Malcolm?' I asked. 'Fancy being owned by that! Fancy seeing it every day!' (Eleanor Glynn, Vicissitudes of Evangeline: 127).
Poussa ϡΤ褦 thatʤ thisˤˡѸ˾塤ŪǶˤʤäƸ줿ΤȤҲŪľ "comic-dishonourific" ˡȸƤ20ƬǤϤˡϤޤۤȤɵŤƤʤä褦ǡ㤨 Jespersen (406) ϡthis that ⤽ñȤǿͤɽ魯ˡϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
While in the adjunctal function the plural forms these and those correspond exactly to the singulars this and that, the same cannot be said with regard to the same forms used as principals, for here this and that can no longer be used in speaking of persons, while these and those can. The sg of those who is not that who (which is not used), but he who (she who); similarly there is no sg that present corresponding to the pl those present
this, that ñȤǿͤؼ뤳ȤǤʤäȤȡˡȤƿͤؤ褦ˤϤʤäΤΡŪʼҲŪľްդƤ뤳ȤȤϡ̵طǤϤʤthis, that ñȤǿͤؤΤˤϡޤ餫ΤȻפ롥
˸Ťˤ̤ȡűѸǤѸǤ⡤this, that ϡΤˤǤϤʤΤΡʣ these, those ȤȤñȤǿͤؤȤǤΤǤ (Jespersen 409--10) ǡñȤǿͤؤ this, that ΤĤƤˡʤѸľޤǤ˰öä뤳ȤˤʤäΤȤ̤꤬夬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Poussa ϡgender ȤճʴФơä3;̾줬ñǤ he, she ˽̤ʣǤ϶̤˶̤ they Ѥ¤ȡؼ̾ʬۤطŤΤǤ롥

ο (Poussa 405) ˼褦ˡȤ̤ʤʣǤϡ;̾ they Ϥؼ̾ these, those ñȤǿͤؤȤǤ뤬ñǤ̤Ǥ;̾ he, she Τߤǽǡ̤Ǥʤؼ̾ this, that Ѥ뤳ȤϤǤʤñǤϡthis, that ̤뤳ȤǤʤ椨ˡ֥åȤ櫓ΤȤϡʸˡȤȽ̤ƤűѸʬۿ (Poussa 407) Ӥȡ餫ˤʤ롥

űѸǤϡñǻؼ̾줬Ƚ̤ˡñȤǿͤؤȤʤƤ줿ȲǤ롥δ餹ȡޤ [-HUMAN] ΰ̣ƤʤȤȤǤ롥
Poussa ϡḽѸˤĤʤ "HUMAN" Ȥ̣ȯϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤʸˡηϤȴϢΤǤꡤؼηϤοʸϽФȿǤǤȤߤƤ롥Ѹˤ his its ȯŸ䡤ط̾ which who Իȯã⡤Ʊ˰͵ƤȤ (cf. #198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1])#1418. 17 its μơ ([2013-03-15-1]))
Poussa εȤСűѸ줫βѲˤäʸˡηϤ졤Ѹ˷ŪѲ뤳ȤȤʤä˶Ѹʹߤˡ;Ȥ̣ˤڤǤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹˤʥɥޤʤ
Poussa, Patricia. "Pragmatics of this and that." History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics. Ed. Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen, and Irma Taavitsainen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 401--17.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.
Ѥθˤơʹäȯȯäȼ̣Ūʰ̣ξˡƥ (context) ʤɤȤŪʰ̣ղäơΤȤƤΰ̣İȹͤƤ롥ƥȻȤΤۤˤⶨĴθ§ްդʤɼθŪ黻˰͵ựΤȤ館ƤΤꤵ뤬ǤϥƥȤŪʤäơμʬषƤ
쿹 (13--15) ˤСȯäȼƥ (context) 뤤Ͼ (situation) ˤ4Ĥ̤Ȥ
(1) ȯþ (utterance situation) 뤤ʪŪ (physical environment) ȯäԤƤ֡ꡥüԤưۤʤɤΥΥСХ롦ߥ˥㤨СȯäƤΤīդˤ Good morning. Good evening. ǰ夨ɬפȯäƤ˱ here there λؼоݤѰۤ롥ޤʪʤ I'll pour. ȸȤʪŪ餫ʤΤǡưŪά뤳ȤǽǤ롥
(2) þ (discourse situation) ä夹ȯäϢ³ΤǤꡤήΤʤ٤ब롥ȯäȤ̾Ƥꡤά줿䤦褦ʤȡޤɸ (discourse marker) ä餫δطǷƯǡþҴǤ롥
(3) ǧξ (cognitive environment) ˤĤƤäꡤʹξƤξΤɤʬߤδ֤ǶͭƤ뤫ȤäȤ˴ؤǧξס쿹p. 14ˡʤɤι٤ʸŪѤǤϡФʹˤɴʻŵŪμ˭٤˵롥㤨СäΤʤǰ츫ؼоݤΤʤ she Ѥ줿硤֤ǺäƤؤƤǽ롥
(4) ҲŪ (social environment) ƾθ (address term) ɸޤݥ饤ȥͥ (politeness) ɽϡäʹμҲŪʴط狼äƤʤС뤳ȤǤʤ
ȯäϤǰ̣ŪƽäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ͤ˭٤ʥƥȤϤȤƸŪˤϤƤ롥ˤ⼨θŪϤȤ櫓ľܤ˴ͿΤľ (deixis) ɽ;λؼ줬ŵ㤨 this ȤؼƤϡȯþþǧξΤ줫ȤʤǤʤѸ thou ϡȯþҲŪθˤǤʤ
쿹 ְ̣ΥƥȰ¸סظ١翮סԡˡˡīҽŹ2012ǯ13--32ǡ
#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1]) ϡޤϤäƲƤʤѸˤǤ롥QŪˤϡҲŪƶϤΤ London 濴Ȥ륤ѲȯϤȤʤꡤʤɼդŤƤϤѸǤϤषդθबعߤƤȤ㤬¿
ФơMillar Samuels ήεǽŪΩ줫顤"conservative radicalism" ȤͿƤ롥ȤƼ夲ƤѲϡ3;ʣ̾ they ˤűѸ hīe ִȡͤȲꤵƤ롤³ though ˤ þeah ִӻؼ those ˤ tho ִ
The issue with ambiguity between the third person singular and plural forms was also sorted through the borrowing of Northern usage, although on this occasion through what had been an actual Norse borrowing (although it would be very unlikely that southern speakers would have been aware of the new form's provenance --- if they cared): they. Interestingly, the subject form came south earlier than the oblique them and possessive their. Chaucer, for instance, uses the first but not the other two, where he retains native <h> forms. This type of usage represents what I have termed conservative radicalism (Millar 2000; in particular pp. 63--4). Northern forms are employed to sort out issues in more prestigious dialects, but only in 'small homeopathic doses'. The problem (if that is the right word) is that the injection of linguistically radical material into a more conservative framework tends to encourage more radical importations. Thus them and their(s) entered written London dialect (and therefore Standard English) in the generation after Chaucer's death, possibly because hem was too close to him and hare to her. If the 'northern' forms had not been available, everyone would probably have 'soldiered on', however.
Moreover, the borrowing of they meant that the descendant of Old English þeah 'although' was often its homophone. Since both of these are function words, native speakers must have felt uncomfortable with using both, meaning that the northern (in origin Norse) conjunction though was brought into southern systems. This borrowing led to a further ambiguity, since the plural of that in southern England was tho, which was now often homophonous with though. A new plural --- those --- was therefore created. Samuels (1989a) demonstrates these problems can be traced back to northern England and were spread by 'capillary motion' to more southern areas. These changes are part of a much larger set, all of which suggest that northern influence, particularly at a subconscious or covert level, was always present on the edges of more southerly dialects and may have assumed a role as a 'fix' to sort out ambiguity created by change.
Millar Conservative radicalism ̾ΤȤDz⤷ƤηϤ˼ޤƤᥫ˥ϡƵǽŪȤ뤬Υᥫ˥बѤȤơܿ (dialect contact) ȽѰ۷ (variants) ζ¸äȤפǤ롥ܿ (contact) η̤ȤƷ֤Ѱ (variation) εޤ졤ηŪĴ (systemic regulation) ˤꡤ֤Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥ˤϡ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ѳ3 contact, variation, systemic regulation ФäƤ롥Millar conservative radicalism Ȥͤϡ츫ԲĻĤؤθѲŤȤˡӤŪͿƤ褦˻פ롥
they though Ѳ˴ؤ̤ȤƤϡ#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1]) ȡ#713. "though" "they" Ʊ۵ ([2011-04-10-1]) ȡ
ʤMillar (119--20) ϡ3;νñ̾ she ˤűѸ hēo ִˤ conservative radicalism Ʊ褦ŬѤǤȹͤƤ褦she ˤĤƤϡ#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθ ([2011-06-28-1]), #793. she --- 奤ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1])#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲([2011-12-27-1]) ȡ
Millar, Robert McColl. English Historical Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2012.
[2012-01-24-1]ε#1002. this ؼƻȤƤˡפǼ夲 this ˡ˴ؤȤ̤ˡthis ˤĤơ⤦İ㤦䤬Ƥthis ظȤǤ褤ȤǤ롥
this 濴ŪʸȤơܤˤפǤȳΤ˻Ūˤϸߤ̤ؼȹͤΤthat time Ф this time ʤɡthat this ɽˤäƤ⡤that סthis פȤ꤬ưפˤʤäƤ롥
this ؼ뤳Ȥϳ̵ǤϤʤɸ this Sunday ϡñȤǤϡ褿פ̤ؤΤȲ᤹ľννäƤȤʸ̮Ǥϡ̤Ѥ롥this weekend, this summer ʤɤƱͤǤ롥פˡüԤᤤȴƤü this ΤǤꡤθ¤Ǥ this ؼ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ʊ̤ΰؤǤ⡤this Sunday Τۤ next Sunday ܴȤ뤫顤this ϻּθˤޤơŪʵΥζᤵƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥嵭ǤϡܸΡ֤ס֤νס֤βơפޤäƱȤǤ롥
ơѤ λؼ֤̾Ρפ this ϡθ deixis ηϤˤƤ⡤ŪŪˡꤷƤ롥 this б that ϡ[2009-09-30-1]ε#156. űѸ se ʻϲפǿ줿褦ˡűѸ se ʬǤꡤ֤ȵǽˤϤʣƱͤˡܸǤ⡤ΥФΥΥʤ뤤ϥˤΰ֤ŤϰꤷƤʤɻˤϥۤȤڤʤȤ顤ȥ2äȤ⤢뤷˸ؼʻؤˡȯãΤšܳŪˤäȤ顤˥ꤷʤ⤢ʹ⻳ڡpp. 151--52ˡդäСեλؼ̾ deixis η (Ƕ̤Τʤ ce Τߡˤ⡤ƥǤŪȯŸƤΤǤ롥Ƹ deixis ŪȯŸоŪ˸椹Τ⤪⤷
⻳ ԡ ԡإɥ֥åܸʸˡˡ١ҤĤ˼2010ǯ
ε#1002. this ؼƻȤƤˡ ([2012-01-24-1]) ˴Ϣơthis ɤߤҤȤĤȤäƤȤ´ܸΡ֤ɡפ⤽deixis δͿθϼ¤ʣ
ؼƻȤƤ this ˤϡѸǤ͡ˡ롥ѸȤʤСŪʴްդϡޤޤľŪˤϤȤ館ˤʤ뤷⤽ްդ뤳Ȥ˵դȤϡHorobin (94--96) ꡤChaucer ˸Ū˶̣ this ˡ2ΤƤߤ
ܤϡʪ̾̾Ԥ this ѤǡΡΡפۤɤΰդɽ路ǽȤƤ괧˶ᤤMustanoja (174) ˤС괧˶ᤤ this ˡϸűѸ줫鸫Τǡ"mainly a feature of vivid, colloquial, and often chatty style" Ȥ Chaucer Gower Ǥ褯ȤƤʸŪǤȤ this üˡ٤ˡΤˡ쿧ζ The Miller's Tale ǡ"This Absolon", "This parissh clerk, this amorous Absolon", "this joly lovere Absolon" ʤɡоʪ̾źƻȤ㤬ΩġۤˤϡThe Knight's Tale ǡ2ͤε Palamon Arcite ̤ᤴȤ˸ߤ˷֤ʬǤϡƬ "This Palamon", "This Arcite" ʤɤ this ź뤳ȤǡɤεΤˤĤƤ̤ʤΤþ䤬ǧ롥ξˤ⡤this ñ (definiteness) ɽ魯εǽˤȤɤޤ餺ɲŪþôäƤ롥
ܤȤơüԤ "a contemptuous or patronizing attitude" (Horobin 96) ްդȤ this ˡ롥ʲϡǤ Franklin Dorigen פαòᤷ㤷ɾơֽȤΤϡפȡθ˽Ҥ٤ƤսǤ롥
For his absence wepeth she and siketh,
As doon this noble wyves whan hem liketh. (F817--18)
ȤơƱ The Franklin's Tale ꡥ
'Go we thanne soupe,' quod he, 'as for the beste.
Thise amorous folk somtyme moote han hir reste.' (F1217--18)
⡤äоݤȤοŪΥ̤ᡤȶ˰ĤƤƤ顤ͤʷΤˤȤξǡthis ̤Ū˻ȤƤΤˤʤȤ
Chaucer ξ嵭2ˡȡ夲Ѹ this ˡȤδϢüԤοŪʰĤȤǤȤĤʤꤽ̣ǡthis deictic ƯϡѸϢʤȼѤƤȤ
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. (esp. pp. 105--07.)
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
this ˡˤĤƤμ䤬줿NHK饸ֺ¤ǡTetsu Joyce μβä줿ȤֻϰѼԡˡ
T: You're grinning from ear to ear, Joyce.
J: Tetsu, things are looking up!
T: Really? What's going on?
J: Remember that guy I was telling you about?
T: The new guy who works in your office?
J: Yes! He asked me out to dinner!
T: Excellent! Where's he taking you?
J: We're going to this unique hamburger joint.
T: But aren't you a pescetarian?
J: Not anymore!
8ܤ Joyce ȯäˤ this ǤǤ롥Ǥʸ̮ͤƤ⡤ϥСŹ϶դˤʤ褦ޤĤƤ2ͤԤäȤŹǤȤͻҤǤʤޤΥåȤ1ɤڤǡβȤδϢʤ
餤С this ϡJoyce ǰƬˤΡ֤ϥСפ̲ŪΥᤤΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ뤿ȯ줿 this ʹ Tetsu ˤȤäƤϡŪˤɤŹؤƤΤϤ狼ʤϤǤ롥괧 a 䡤äȤ a certain ˶ᤤˡüԤ̲λ¤ĴƤǡ롥ʤμݤɤߤǴְ㤤ʤȤϡѸüԤƱν˳ǧä
ˡϡ̾ˤܤƤꡤϤʤܸüԤˤϴФĤߤˤƳؽԱѱѼεܤȤȤ٤Ƥߤ褦
OALD8:
6 (informal) used when you are telling a story or telling sb about sth
There was this strange man sitting next to me on the plane.
I've been getting these pains in my chest.
LDOCE5:
(SPOKEN PHRASES)
6. used in stories, jokes etc when you mention a person or thing for the first time:
I met this really weird guy last night.
Suddenly, there was this tremendous bang.
LAAD2:
4. spoken used in conversation to mean a particular person or thing, especially when you do not know their name:
Then this girl came up and kissed him on the lips.
When am I going to meet this boyfriend of yours?
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2nd ed.:
9 used for referring to a particular person or thing SPOKEN used in a story or a joke when you mention a person or thing without giving a name
There was this big guy standing in the doorway.
MWALED:
5 --- used to introduce someone or something that has not been mentioned yet
<We both had this sudden urge to go shopping.>
?This sense of this is often used to produce excitement when telling a story.
<I was walking down the street when this dog starts chasing me. [=when a dog started chasing me]>
<Then these two guys come/came in and start asking her questions.>
Ǹ MWALED εҤۤǫŪ˸뤳ȤϡΤʸ̮ǡɽ߽Фˡ this ȤƤ褦ʪ̡סֶŪ̾ϵˡסֶʳơפȤǤФȤǤ뤬ϡäΤ褯ΤäƤ̲ƤˤȤʹˤȾᤤޤޤȤ̤߽ФƤ롥ʾꡤ̡ˡäΰŪ̲ˡȸƤǤ̤αѱѼεҤ⻲ͤޤǤ˵Ƥ
Web3:
1. f : being one not previously mentioned <I was waiting for the bus and this old man came along and asked me for a dime> <gave me a light from this big lighter off the table---J. D. Salinger>
American Heritage, 4th ed.
4. Informal Used as an emphatic substitute for the indefinite article: looking for this book of recipes.
SOED:
B. 1. d (In narrative) designating a person or thing not previously mentioned or implied, a certain. colloq. E20.
Ǹ SOED εҤˤȡ20θˡȤȤˤʤꡤʤ꿷⤦ˤĴ٤褦ȡOED ƤߤȡII. Demonstrative Adjective. 1. d. θ SOED ΤΤ˶̩бƤ櫓ǤϤʤäơŪʾܺ٤ΤޤޤѸޤ̤ꤦ뤫ɤȻפMED "this" (adj.) ȤбϤʤ
[2011-06-28-1]εshe --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθפǿ줿̤ꡤѸɸŪ3;νñ̾εޤƤ롥[2011-06-29-1]εshe --- 奤ˤ۷ʬۡפǸ褦ˡǤ⥤Ǥ͡ʷ֤ѤƤ뤬she ϤΤ褦ʰ۷1Ĥˤʤä⤽ she ʤ뤤ϽǤ scæ ˤ۷ȤƸ줿аޤԾܤʤΤǤ롥
she εˤϿ⤬ƤƤ롥פʤΤޤȤ褦
(1) űѸλؼ̾ se [2009-09-28-1]εˤѥȡˤνñʷ sēo 뤤 sīo ȡ;̾[2009-09-29-1]εˤѥȡˤνñʷ hēo (blend) Ȥ⡥
(2) Ҥ sēo ΰưˤ siō Фơshō ȯŸ
(3) wæs hēo ʤ -s ǽư֤줿ȤˡϢ (sandhi) ơsēo ȤʤäȤ ("sandhi-theory") 뤤ϡhēo ˤϡưĸƬ h æ yo Ȥ۷ǧ뤳Ȥ顤 wæs yo ľ sjo ˤ sho Ȥͤ⤢롥
(4) hēo ζư [hjoː] > [çoː] > [ʃoː] ȲѲȤ ("Shetland-theory") Ѳ˳ǧ롥
(5) ťΥɸλؼ̾ν sú, sjá Ѥ졤;̾ȤѤ줿Ȥ⡥ʤȤ̤ˡ (2) ζΰư˸ťΥɸαƶäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥
(2), (3), (4) ϽϤ줿첻 ē ǤϤʤ ō Ǥ뤳Ȥդ she ˶ᤤ֤˻ˤϡ첻꤬ĤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥첻ˤϡ2ĤβƤФƤ롥1Ĥϡ̾ hē 2;ʣ̾ ȝē ˴Ťˤꡤ첻 ē ˤäִ줿ȤΤǤ (cf. [2009-12-25-1], [2011-07-06-1]) ⤦1ĤϡűѸνñʷ hēo ǤϤʤñгʷ hīe ˴ŤƸɸȯãȤǤ롥
첻βΤߤʤ餺Ҳβ [ʃ] ȯŸаޤ⤦Ĥ礭Ǥ롥(2), (4) Τ褦ˡβѲȤȯãȤ⡤(3) Τ褦 sandhi Ȥ⡤뤤 [ç] ޤǤϲѲȤȯŸ /ç/ βǤȤƤϰ̤ŪǤ뤿˺Ǥᤤ /ʃ/ ִ줿ȤʤɤƤ롥
첻ȻҲξɬ⼫ǤϤʤɬפȤȤˡshe 롥餯ϡŪ1ĤϤʤΤƼѲִ䡤ʤɤˤޤ졤Τʤ she ΤȤȤʤ֤ǽŪ줿ȤȤǤϤʤ
ʾεҤˤϡOED, رѸ츻ŵ١Bennett and Smithers (xxxvi--xxxviii), Clark (lxvi--lxvii) Ȥ
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958.
[2009-10-26-1]ε (1) ǿ줿褦ˡޥɤħ1Ĥˡƻ줬Ѳ ( strong or indefinite declension ) ȼѲ ( weak or definite declension ) 2ζޤȤΤ롥ζ̤ϸѸǤϼƤ뤬űѸ丽ɥĸǤΤǧ롥ξޤλȤʬϸ§ȤŪ˷졤ƻ줬ؼ ( demonstrative ) θѤˤϼѲޤʳξˤ϶ѲޤʸűѸѲѲΥѥȡޤѸηƻޤȤδϢ[2010-10-11-1]ȡ
ޥɤħȤȤʬ褦ˡĸǤϤζ̤ϤʤäĸǤϡƻͭζޤ⤿̾˽सʤˤäƶޤƤƻ֤̾ȹͤƤΤǤ롥ȤޥĸʳǷƻϷŪ̾줫Υ졤ΩηϤݻƤؼȿ¤褦ˤʤ롥줬űѸʤɤ˸붯ѲޤεǤ롥ºݤ˸űѸǶɽ٤ȡƻζѲ þes ɽؼζϸ褯Ƥ롥
ؼȷƻ줬Ʊ褦ʶޤȤȤϡֻؼܷƻ̾פΤ褦ξԤ³ƸˤƱϢ³뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ뤵㤨С"to this good man" бűѸɽ *þissum gōdum men ȤƸ뤳Ȥˤʤä⤷ʤʼºݤθűѸʸˡ§ þissum gōdan men ˡMeillet (183) ˤСޥϤΡֽŶ줷 ( "lourd" or "choquant" ) ؼ˸³ƻΤˡޤŶ줷ʤޤȤơ褯ȯãƤ̾μѲڤƤơŪˤäƶ̤2ηƻޤޥɤ˸ͭħȤȯãΤǤ롥 Meillet ΡֽŶ줷ײ¾ˤʣװäȹͤ뤬̤Ĵ
űѸμפʻδʰɽˤĤƤϡ[2010-01-02-1]ǥĥä OE Inflection Magic Sheet ⻲ȡ
Meillet, A. Caracteres generaux des langues germaniques. 2nd ed. Paris: Hachette, 1922.
ѸǤ3;̾̾Ԥơ̾˰λؼŪǽ⤿üˡ롥Chaucer "The Knight's Tale", ll. 1209--10 㤬 Burnley (22--25) ƤΤǰѤ褦ʰʲѤ The Riverside Chaucer ˡ
This was the forward, pleynly for t'endite,
Bitwixen Theseus and hym Arcite:
ͩĤƤ Arcite ĤDz˸ڤƤսǡη Theseus hym Arcite δ֤Ǹ蘆줿Ǥ뤳ȤƤ롥ѤƤ hym εؼŪˡ3;̾Ǥ롥hym Arcite Ȥ̾ԤƤΤϡ1ĤˤϱΧԹȤȤͤ뤬Ǥϡ֤Υ륷ҤΥ륷פۤɤΰ̣ǡhym ϻؼоݤꤷƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥Horobin (95) Ǥϡؼ that ۤɤ֤ hym ȤƤ롥
;̾ˤϼȤȱ ( anaphora ) εǽ롥ȱʹ˵ڤܤ̤ȤƤϡ(1) ȱоݤ¸ߤǧΤ(2) 줬ïǤ뤫ͤߤᤵ롤Ȥ2Ĥʳͤ롥嵭 hym Arcite ǡhym (1) ΤߤôäƤꡤȱоݤȤ Arcite ľƤ뤿ˡ(2) ޤǤôɬפʤ;̾Ǥʤ餽εǽȾʬ̤ƤʤؼŪȸƤФʤ
ΧԹ̤Ȥơʸ̮ȤƤ hym פʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤΤ Arcite ǤξDzϤʤArcite ȤƼƤΤʻؼоݤ hym Ǥ˸ꤷȤΤ̯ʤΤǤ롥ǤϡַפǤȤפǤ롥
ַפδؤˡΧŪʸˤƤϡˤʤäƤΤïʤΤʤΤȤɬפ롥ΤˡˡΧʸǤϸͭ̾ˤؼŪǤ;ŪԤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ롥Burnley (24) ƤˡΧʸȤƤϡPetition of the Folk of Mercerye (1386) he Nichol, hym Nichol, the forsaid Nichol (PDE (the) aforesaid), the same Nichol ʤɤ֤Ȥޤˡ֤Υ˥롤ҤΥ˥פǤ롥
ɤˡΧˡ¿եäƤ ( see [2010-03-29-1], [2010-07-04-1] ), θˡեαƶ¿ʬ˼Ƥꤵ롥3;̾ؼȤѤ hym Arcite Τ褦ʡֿ;ܸ̾ͭ̾פȤ˴бϥեˤϤʤǽŪˤۤб dit, le ditz, avaunt ditz, lequel ʤɤƶڤܤȹͤ롥ƥˡΧʸǤ⡤եˡб dictus, supradictus, ipse, idem ʤɤ롥
Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983.
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
[2009-09-30-1]εǿ줿 se Ȥ̤ηλؼ̾ þēs "this" ζɽǤ롥

Ѹ this ϡɽñʤη֤ĤäΤǤ롥ޤɽʣʤ þās ϡѸ those η֤˱ƶͿǤϡѸ these εϡѸ that εϡդϡ¤˿ʣˤǤΤǡơ
[2009-09-28-1]ǡѸ괧 the бΤȤƸűѸ se ζɽǤΤȤνߤǡse Ϥʤ definite article 괧פǤϤʤ determiner סʡפȤ˸ƤФΤȤ䤬äǤϡűѸ se ϸѸ the ȵǽˡۤʤ뤫ȽҤ٤ʬƬΤʤǤƤʤäΤǡ餿Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
ѸǤ Ȥϡ̾齤Τ괧 ( definite article )괧 ( indefinite article )ͭ̾ ( possessive pronoun )ؼ̾ ( demonstrative pronoun ) ο̻ ( quantifier ) ؤŪˤϡthe, a, my, this, all ʤɤޤࡥäơʸˡǤϡthe ϡָפȤβ̶ʬǤִפΤ˲̶ʬǤ괧פǤȤ֤Ťˤʤ롥ΰ̣Ǥϡthe ̣Ǥ̾ꤹָפΰǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
űѸǤϡ̾ɸ괧פεǽϸѸۤΤˤϳΩƤʤä괧ȤƳΩ뤳Ȥˤʤ se Ȥ¸ߤƤꡤ衤ѸǤ "that" ˶ᤤֻؼ̾פȤƵǽƤֻؼ̾פȤƤˡ¾ˡʳǤϳΩƤʤäȤϤΤΡ괧פˡ˨Τ˸ΤǡޤȤȡse ˤϡֻؼ̾괧פεǽĤޤ"that""the"פεǽäȤˤʤ롥դ٤ϡűѸˤ se "that" Ȥ̷λؼ̾ þēs "this" Ū¸ߤȤǤ롥
ơ se ȸƤ֤٤Ȥ꤬롥괧פȸƤФʤΤϡεǽΩƤʤȤ˲äΡֻؼ̾פȤƤˡ̵뤵ƤޤǤ롥εǽŻ뤷ֻؼ̾פȤƤse ηΤۤ þēs η⤢ΤǶ̤ռ뤹ɬפ롥äơþēs-type λؼ̾פȶ̤ơse-type λؼ̾פȸƤ֤ΤäȤΤʤΤ⤷ʤ
εǡse ַסʡˤȸƤΤϡȤ٥ĤФ褤ΤȽȤʤäˡŪʥ٥ȤäƤޤäȤȤˤʤ롥ؤƶŪˡָפȸ٤ȤŪˡưʪפȸä褦ʤΤְ㤤ǤϤʤäŬڤѸѤ٤ä
Ѹ the ָפǤʤСűѸ se ָפǤ롥Ŭڤˤϡthe ϡָפΤʤǤäˡ괧פǤȸ٤Ǥꡤse ϡָפΤʤǤäˡse-type λؼ̾פǤȸ٤ä嵭λ̵Фä椨Ρɽäȿʡ
ĤθǤʣεǽäƤꤹȡ͡ߥThis is a beautiful life this ϡֻؼ̾פȥ٥Ť뤬This life is beautiful ξˤϡֻؼפȤǤƤ֤٤ǽ̤ʸˡȤˤäƤ⤳εǽθƤϤޤޤʸˡѸΥ͡ߥϰǤϤʤ
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