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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-09-14 Tue

#4523. --- ޸ο򤯤̤ĤäưΥƥ꡼ [inflection][conjugation][ilame][verb][noun][category][tense][mood][person]

űѸʰˤ˻ϤޤѸ򤫤Ƥܴۤ뤷޸οϡѸˤ˾νäȤäƤ褤ˤѸθȤƤ෿Ҥä֤äƤޤäȤäƤǤϤʤȤ櫓̾졤ư졤ƻη絬Ϥʺ;ʤ졤ʻȷӤĤƤʸˡƥ꡼ (category) Ȥؤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
̾ˤĤƤСűѸǤ (gender) (number) (case) 3ƥ꡼λ̰ΤȤ٤ǽƤѸǤϤ褽ȳʤΥƥ꡼岽üˤ餵졤ͥȤʤäƺ˻롥
ưˤĤƤϡűѸǤϿ; (person) (number)ˡ (mood) (tense) ǽŪä޸οιȤ졤ʳΥƥ꡼θ礬ޤä٤ƤΥƥ꡼ޤӤƤȤϤṲ̄ͥΤϻǤ롥
Lass (161) ϡḽѸưΥƥ꡼Ūʶ̤ȤΤ褦˿޼

TENSE  pres.  MOOD  ind.  NUM.  sing.   PERS.   1, 2      -0
                                                                         
                                                                          3     -s
                                                                           
                                                  pl.    
                                                                       
                              subj./imp. 
        
        
         past   -d

ưꤹǽץƥ꡼ȤƻפˤƤˡ̤ʤȤʤäƤ롥Lass (159--61) ˸űѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹбޤ⤢롥Ӥȷκ褯ʬ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-01-1]

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2020-03-12 Thu

#3972. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation [contact][old_norse][koine][prestige][sociolinguistics][simplification][semantic_borrowing][ilame][koineisation]

űѸȸťΥɸܿˤĤơܥ֥ǤϤطʤħ򤿤ӤӵƤ1ĤƶȤơθܿ koineisation ǤϤʤȤ롥koine koineisation ϤȤơϢܿɽ魯Ѹ졦ǰγˤϰƤꡤϲä koineisation ȸƤ֤ȤȤϤʤФʤʤʲδϢ뵭򻲹ͤޤǤ˵󤲤ƤΤΡϤΤ䤳ˤĤƤϿꤷʤǤ

#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])
#3150. ܿϸñˤ뤫ʣˤ뤫 ([2017-12-11-1])
#3178. ȳ̿ԻѼء ([2018-01-08-1])
#3499. "Standard English" "General English" ([2018-11-25-1])
#1391. lingua franca (4) ([2013-02-16-1])
#1690. pidgin ȤδϢ ([2013-12-12-1])
#3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ ([2018-02-06-1])

Fischer et al. (67--68) koineisation ˤĤƤ Kerswill 򻲾Ȥά˲⤷ƤȤޤȤƤݥȤ4Ĥ롥

(1) 23Τ˴λΤŵǤꡤȤ1Ǥⴰλ뤳Ȥ
(2) (mixing)ʿ (levelling)ñ㲽 (simplification) 3ʤ
(3) ܿ2ѼŵŪ˷³ʤ pidgin creole Ȱۤʤ
(4) 줫Ѽ郎ŪȤȤʤҿ櫓Ǥʤ

űѸȸťΥɸܿǰƬˡ(2) ˵󤲤Ƥ3ĤβˤĤ­Ƥ1βǤ뺮 (mixing) ͡ʥ٥Ǥߤ뤬űѸο;̾ΥѥΤʤ they, their, them ʤɤθťΥɸǤƤʤɤŵǤ롥dream Τ褦˷֤ϱѸỤ̄ϸťΥɸŪȤ̣ (semantic_borrowing) λʤɤ󤲤롥Ѹäδؤ¿θťΥɸñ줬ǤȤΤ⺮Ȥ롥
2βǤʿ (levelling) ϡʣä۷֤μबꡤ1Ĥη֤˼̤ƤѲؤűѸǤϷ se sēo, þæt ʤɳƼη֤˶ޤѸˤ þe ؿʿƤäǵäƤ뤳Ȥϡkoineisation 1ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
3βǤñ㲽 (simplification) ϡƻޤζ̤줿ꡤưѲ2饹̤ʤɡʸˡƥ꡼ζ̤ʤʤ褦ʥؤʸˡ (gender) ξü⤳ˤ롥
Τ褦ˤߤƤȡΤ˸űѸȸťΥɸܿˤϡ̣ħĤ롥 koineisation ȸƤ֤٤ɤѸȤȤʤ뤬ŦƤħˤǼǤȤ¿
Ϣơ#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Kerswill, P. "Koineization and Accommodation." The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Ed. J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. 668--702.
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

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2018-02-27 Tue

#3228. enough enow [inflection][spelling][pronunciation][adjective][johnson][ilame]

enough θ촴ϰĸ̤ꡤޥƱ줬ǧ롥ޥĸ *ȝanōȝaz Ƹθϡ genoeg, ɥĸ genug, ťΥɸ gnógrȸ ganōhsƸűѸ ġenōh, ġenōg ʤɤǤ롥
űѸˤϡ g Ĺ첻θ̵뤳Ȥ¿/x/ ȯ褦ˤʤäȹͤ롥θ塤16ޤǤ˿ /f/ ȤʤäΤߤ enough ɸȯϢʤȯǤ롥
ʸǤϤʤ˸ g Ͼ嵭ηϩ򤿤ɤʤäϽפǤ롥ȤΤϡƻȤƤθ줬ѤȤűѸѸˤƤϡʤ˱޸ղäɬפꡤ g ϤƤǤϤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫㤨СűѸˤơʣʡгʤǤ -e ղäơġenōge Ȥ֤äη֤ˤäƤϡλҲϸλȾ첻˾夲첻ܤʤɤβѲФơѸޤǤ˸ߤ /ɪˈnaʊ/ ˶ᤤȯˤʤäƤenow ֻϡȯȿǤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡenough enow ζ̤Ūˤñʣΰ㤤ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ñ enowʣ enough Ѥ褦ξԤκϤǤѸ餢ä褦Ǥ롥enow ऱƤ enough ΰ̲ϡŪʶ̤ΤˤĤƤ Milton Τ褦ʽ񤭼⤤ΤΡ17ˤϳΩƤȤߤ (Jespersen 2.75)
Ȥ⤷Ȥ1755ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Johnson μǤϡenow enough ̤θФǵ󤲤Ƥꡤ"The plural of enough. In a sufficient number." Ȥ롥ʸȤͿƤΤ Sydney, Milton, Dryden, Addison ʤɤΤŤʸǤꡤ enow enought Ū˶̤ƤڵȤ櫓ˤϤʤ
ߤμǤϡenow ϡԸդȤ졼٥Ž enough ѤȤƤ뤬嵭Τ褦ˡŪˤ enough ʣ˵ĤȤ¤ϲƤʤѸǤϤСenow Τ̲ۤŪ˻ѤƤ륱¿ȤոƤ
ʤߤˡenough/enow ʿŪȤơplough/plow 󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) 򻲾ȡϢơblond/blonde ˸ˤֶޡפꤢ#504. Ѹ¸ߤͣζޤƻ ([2010-09-13-1]) ɤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.

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2016-12-14 Wed

#2788. General Prologue 7ܤμܴ [ilame][chaucer][manuscript][inflection][hel_education]

11ˡҤʸإѥ狼ѲѰۤȸǤ줿ܼPDFɤˡؤפȤѲѰ۸˥åδʪȤƽǤƤꡤ˥åȤ1СȤơѸˤƻޤοȤθŪ;ȡפꤹ뾮ƤƤ
Ǥϡ1553μܡܤӤǤ Solopova The General Prologue on CD-ROM Ѥơƻޤ̵ͭܡ̤˾ȹ礷Ƥ롥ˤ The General Prologue 7Ԥ34μܡܤȴꥹȤ󤲤Ƥ뤬ΥߥˡѥƥȤϡƱʤμܡܴ֤ΰƱΥץȤưŪˤͭѤȻפΤǡ˼ƤʲǤϡܡܤǯˤꡤ154ȾȤ˶ڤä C15a1, C15a2, C15b1, C15b2 ζʬߤ1450ǯ1ܤˤĤƤ C15mid Ȥ̰ˤƤ롥ǡֻˡʤɤѰۤѲ̣äƤ餤

1 (C15a1) 
ElThe tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
Ha4The tendre croppes and þe ȝonge sonne
HgThe tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
LaThe tendre croppes 7 þe ȝonge sonne .
  
2 (C15a2) 
Bo2The tendre Croppes and the yong sonne
En1The tendre croppes and' the yonge son
IiThe tendre croppes and the yong sonne
LcThe tendir croppis 7 þe yonge sonne
PsThe tendre croppes and the yong sonne
PwThe tendre croppis 7 þe yonge sonne
Ry2The tendre croppes 7 the ȝonge sonne
  
3 (C15mid) 
MgThe tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
  
4 (C15b1) 
ChThe tendre Croppes . and the yonge sonne
Ds1The tender croppis 7 the yong' sonne
FiThe tender croppes and þe yonge sonne
Ha2The tendre croppes . 7 the yong sonne .
Ha3The tendre croppys . And þe yownge sonne
HtThe tendre croppes and the yong' sonne
Ld1The tendre croppes and the yong sonne
Ph2The tendir croppis and the yong Sūne
PyThe tendre croppis . and the yong' sonne
SeThe tendre croppis / 7 the yonge sonne
Tc1The tendre croppis and th yong sonne
To1the tendre Croppis . and the yonge sonne
  
5 (C15b2) 
Ad1The tendre croppys / and the yong sonne
Bo1The tendir croppis and the yong Sūne .
Cx1The tendir croppis / and' the yong sonne
Cx2The tendyr croppis / and' the yong' sonne
En3The tendre croppis and the yonge sonne
Ld2The tendre croppys and the yong sōne .
Ma¶ The tenþir Croppis . and' þe yonge son
PnThe tendre croppes and the yong sonne
Tc2The tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
WyThe tendre croppys and the yonge sonne


ϢơGeneral Prologue ƬʬˤĤƤϡ#534. The General Prologue Ƭθ߷ȴλ ([2010-10-13-1])#2275. ѸβηϤ The General Prologue ([2015-07-20-1])#2667. Chaucer Ѥä10--15%ե󥹼Ѹ ([2016-08-15-1]) 򻲾ȡ

δ졡ѸˤƻޤοȤθŪ;ȡסإѥ狼ѲѰۤȸپ ˧Ĺ ҡ ϯԡˡҡ2016ǯ144--62ǡ
Solopova, Elizabeth, ed. The General Prologue on CD-ROM. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-27-1]

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2016-07-05 Tue

#2626. űѸ줫ѸˤƤζ޸ο [inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][vowel][final_e][ilame][drift][germanic][historiography]

Ѹˤ礭Ĭή1Ĥˡɸθݤ롥ĬήϡޥĸΤ鸽ѸˤĹ³Ƥ뷹Ǥꡤdrift ήˤȤƾΤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ȥ櫓ʹԤΤϸűѸ줫ѸˤƤλǤ롥Baugh and Cable (154--55) βüŪ󤷤Ƥս

Decay of Inflectional Endings. The changes in English grammar may be described as a general reduction of inflections. Endings of the noun and adjective marking distinctions of number and case and often of gender were so altered in pronunciation as to lose their distinctive form and hence their usefulness. To some extent, the same thing is true of the verb. This leveling of inflectional endings was due partly to phonetic changes, partly to the operation of analogy. The phonetic changes were simple but far-reaching. The earliest seems to have been the change of final -m to -n wherever it occurred---that is, in the dative plural of nouns and adjectives and in the dative singular (masculine and neuter) of adjectives when inflected according to the strong declension. Thus mūðum (to the mouths) > mūðun, gōdum > gōdun. This -n, along with the -n of the other inflectional endings, was then dropped (*mūðu, *gōdu). At the same time, the vowels a, o, u, e in inflectional endings were obscured to a sound, the so-called "indeterminate vowel," which came to be written e (less often i, y, u, depending on place and date). As a result, a number of originally distinct endings such as -a, -u, -e, -an, -um were reduced generally to a uniform -e, and such grammatical distinctions as they formerly expressed were no longer conveyed. Traces of these changes have been found in Old English manuscripts as early as the tenth century. By the end of the twelfth century they seem to have been generally carried out. The leveling is somewhat obscured in the written language by the tendency of scribes to preserve the traditional spelling, and in some places the final n was retained even in the spoken language, especially as a sign of the plural.


ѸʸˡηϤ¿ʱƶͿǤꡤαѸ˾ȵڸ̤󤹤ȥ꤬ʤۤɤָ캬פȯʡ#655. ޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1])ˡ礫ʬϤؤĬή (synthesis_to_analysis)ƻޤξü (ilame) -e (final_e) ʤɡѸ˾¿طʤˡֶ޸οפؤäƤ롥θݤθ̤ǫСDZѸ̻ˤ򤢤ٵҤȤˤʤΤǤϤʤȤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-01-1] [2020-02-25-1]

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2016-04-30 Sat

#2560. űѸηƻ춯Ѳޤ̾̾κѥ [adjective][ilame][terminology][morphology][inflection][oe][germanic][paradigm][personal_pronoun][noun]

űѸηƻζѲѲζ̤ˤĤƤϡޥɤθħȤơ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1])#785. ޥ٤¬뤿10ܡ ([2011-06-21-1])#687. ޥɤηƻζѲȼѲ ([2011-03-15-1]) Ǽ夲ѸˤޤοˤĤƤ ilame γƵˤ
ѲȼѲζ̤ϸűѸǤ̾ˤߤ줿Ѳƻζޤ̾ΤȷŪˤ褽ʿԤƤȤäƤ褤㴳κۤ롥Ȥ˷ƻζѲޤǤϡб̾ζѲޤȰۤʤ꤫˸롥Ūˤϡΰ㤤Τսˤ̾ǤϤʤ;̾ (personal_pronoun) ζ޸Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤűѸηƻ춯Ѳޤϡ̾ޤ̾ޤ礷褦ʤΤȤʤäƤ롥ηаޤˤĤơHogg and Fulk (146) ˼򷹤褦

As in other Gmc languages, adjectives in OE have a double declension which is syntactically determined. When an adjective occurs attributively within a noun phrase which is made definite by the presence of a demonstrative, possessive pronoun or possessive noun, then it follows one set of declensional patterns, but when an adjective is in any other noun phrase or occurs predicatively, it follows a different set of patterns . . . . The set of patterns assumed by an adjective in a definite context broadly follows the set of inflexions for the n-stem nouns, whilst the set of patterns taken in other indefinite contexts broadly follows the set of inflexions for a- and ō-stem nouns. For this reason, when adjectives take the first set of inflexions they are traditionally called weak adjectives, and when they take the second set of inflexions they are traditionally called strong adjectives. Such practice, although practically universal, has less to recommend it than may seem to be the case, both historically and synchronically. Historically, . . . some adjectival inflexions derive from pronominal rather than nominal forms; synchronically, the adjectives underwent restructuring at an even swifter pace than the nouns, so that the terminology 'strong' or 'vocalic' versus 'weak' or 'consonantal' becomes misleading. For this reason the two declensions of the adjective are here called 'indefinite' and 'definite' . . . .


Ū˶ѲޤΤɤŪ̾ŪǤϤʤ̾ŪȤȡacc.sg.masc (-ne), dat.sg.masc.neut. (-um), gen.dat.sg.fem (-re), nom.acc.pl.masc. (-e), gen.pl. for all genders (-ra) Ǥ (Hogg and Fulk 150)
ѲѲȤ֤˴ŤޥӸؤŪʶʬѸϡűѸηƻˤĤƤϲȤͭѸʹߤˤϤۤȤ̵̣ȤʤäƤΤǤꡤ̻ŪˤϤӤ졦̣Ūʵǽܤ (definiteness) (definiteness) Ȥ̤Τۤ⤷ʤ

Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-16-1] [2020-04-12-1]

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2016-04-24 Sun

#2554. ͭޤʸ̮ [terminology][inflection][morphology][syntax][derivation][compound][word_formation][category][ilame]

(inflection) ˤϡŪʴߤĸͭ (inherent inflection) ȡŪʴߤʸ̮ (contextual inflection) 2बȤ롥Booij (1) ˤȡ

Inherent inflection is the kind of inflection that is not required by the syntactic context, although it may have syntactic relevance. Examples are the category number for nouns, comparative and superlative degree of the adjective, and tense and aspect for verbs. Other examples of inherent verbal inflection are infinitives and participles. Contextual inflection, on the other hand, is that kind of inflection that is dictated by syntax, such as person and number markers on verbs that agree with subjects and/or objects, agreement markers for adjectives, and structural case markers on nouns.


Τ褦ʶޤ2פζ̤ϡޤǤθǤŦ뤳ȤϤäƥñ urbs ʣ urbes ΰ㤤ϡοΰפˤͿ뤳ȤϤ뤬Ȥựοˤưۤʤ㤤ǤꡤͭޤطƤ롥ʷ urbs гʷ urbem ΰ㤤ϡ̣Ūʰ㤤ͿƤ뤬ȤŪ׵ᤵ뺹ۤǤȤǡδͿضȽǤ롥äơǤʸ̮ޤطƤȤ
ѸˤĤƹͤƤ⡤̾οʤɤ˴ؤͭޤϡ̣ŪŪ¦̤äƤ롥бʣΤʤ̾졤бñΤʤ̾pluralia tantum)ñʣŪʰ̣ۤʤʤʤۤʤ2ǤߤСΤȤϼΤǤưʬδ֤ˤδطߤ롥ϡΤ졦ʣδط˶ᤤ
ʸ̮ޤ꿼˴ؤäƤ뤳Ȥϡɸͭޤɸ⳰¦ղä뤳ȤȴͿƤ褦Booij (12) ۩"[C]ontextual inflection tends to be peripheral with respect to inherent inflection. For instance, case is usually external to number, and person and number affixes on verbs are external to tense and aspect morphemes"
콬δ⡤ͭޤʸ̮ޤζ̡äԤԤͥۤȤϻٻ褦ͭޤȼΰ̣Ĥľܤʸ˹׸뤬ʸ̮ޤΩ⤿ޤŪ˴ŪʰյĤˤʤ
ǤϡѲλˤơ󵯤줿褦ʸͭޤʸ̮ޤζ̡ˤԤθԤФͥۤϡɤΤ褦ɽΤѸˤǤߤ褦ˡʸˡŪǽä̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤζ޸üƤäȤˡεǽ顤ζ޸ʬ˾üƤäν餫ˤʤСȾ嵭2ĤζޥפȤϢưشطĴ٤뤳ȤǤ⤷ȡѸƻޤλ㤬Ūˡ餫ƶ⤿餷ƤΤǤϤʤȴƤ롥ѸηƻޤˤĤƤϡilame γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

Booij, Geert. "Inherent versus Contextual Inflection and the Split Morphology Hypothesis." Yearbook of Morphology 1995. Ed. Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996. 1--16.

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2016-01-02 Sat

#2441. ȷƻζ (2) --- ѸǤ⺤ [adverb][adjective][ilame][flat_adverb][inflection][final_e][syntax][chaucer]

Ѹˤơ-ly ʤΤñ flat_adverb ȷƻζ̤֡졦̣ΤˤƤ⡤ĤˤˤĤơ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1])#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1])#1354. ƻܿ ([2013-01-10-1]) εʤɤǼ夲üŪˤСThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸˤơbright ʤΤηƻʤΤȤǤ롥
¤ϡѸɤݤˤƱ꤬롥ϡѸˤƻζ޸ -e ξüˤĤƸ椷ƤȡäǺޤܤƤ줬ǤϤʤƻǤ뤳ȤǧǽƸ -e ˤĤ櫓ŪˤϤƱȤʤäƸʬĤʤ̣δŪȽǤʤȤ롥ȡäФ路ˤ⤫餺㤯㤯֤ʻ줫פȤ٥ŽäƤꤹȤˤʤΤ
Chaucer ηƻޤ򸦵椷Ƥ Burnley ʸɤǡǺߤ1ͤΤΤǤʤȤΤꡤȤBurnley (172) ⡤ޤäƱͤäƤ롥

Chaucer's grammar requires that adverbs be marked either by -ly or final -e, so that in some contexts this latter type may be indistinguishable from adjectives. In my analysis I have taken both the following to be adverbs, but there is room for disagreement on this point, and these are not the only cases of their kind:

   That Phebus which that shoon so cleer and brighte (3.11)
   In motlee, and hye on hors he sat. (1.273)

This uncertain boundary between adverbs and adjectives is inevitably responsible for some uncertainty in statistics, but it must be accepted as a feature of the structure of Chaucer's language and not a weakness of analysis. In the following, for example, the form of the word hye suggests an adverbial, but the sense and syntax both imply an adjectival use:

   He pleyeth Herodes vpon a scaffold hye (1.3378)

It is probable, however, that this usage is actually adverbial. The adjectival form in the next example also seems to occur in a syntax which requires that it be understood adverbially:

   Yclothed was she fressh for to deuyse. (1.1050)


ʸǤŪʰ֤ŪͳʤᡤȽǤ뤿θʤ龯ʤʤ롥षξŪѤ뤳ȼΤܻؤƤΤǤϤʤȴꤿʤۤɤˤϡѸˤĤʤξʻ֤񤷤롥

Burnley, J. D. "Inflection in Chaucer's Adjectives." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 83 (1982): 169--77.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-25-1]

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2015-12-28 Mon

#2436. ƻʣޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ [adjective][ilame][inflection][final_e][plural][number][category][agreement]

2֡#2434. ƻѲޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ ([2015-12-26-1]) ȡ#2435. eurhythmy 뤤 "buffer hypothesis" ŬѲǽ ([2015-12-27-1]) εǡInflectional Levelling of Adjectives in Middle English (ilame) ˤĤƹͻ#2434εˤΤϡ¤ϷƻΡñפμѲޤȤ -e ΤȤǤäơƱ褦 -e ٤ޤǤ褯ݤƤƻΡʣפζޤˤĤƤϿƤʤä#532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1]) ˵󤲤ɽʬ褦ˡʣˤƤϡѲȶѲζ̤ʤ§ȤƤĶˤơñƻ -e äΤǤ롥#2435εǰä "eurhythmy" "buffer hypothesis" ϡƻѤĶκۤȤäʣξˤϾ嵭Τ褦ĶȤʤΤǡʤʣޤ -e 褯ݻ줿ΤˤĤƤϡ̤ȤưʤФʤʤ
ФơŪˤϡñʣ̤ (number) Ȥʸˡ (category) ѸθηϤˤƤ褯ݼ餵ƤǤ롤Ƥ̾̾ˤƤϡĸ줫űѸФƸѸ˻ޤǰӤƿζ̤ݤƤưΰ (concord) ˤƤ⡤ȤƤϾ˴ͿŪǤ³ƤƻǤϡŪ˶Ѹʹߡɸ򤷤ʤʤäȤϻ¤Ѹη㤷οʿȾüĬήΤʤӡѸޤʣ -e 褯ݤäƤȤȤϡѸθηϤˤƿȤƤ夷ƤȤ򼨤Τǡϰʲ Minkova (329) θƱդ롥

My analysis assumes that the status of the final -e as a grammatical marker is stable in the plural. Yet in maintaining the syntactically based strong-weak distinction in the singular, it is no longer independently viable. As a plural signal it is still salient, possibly because of the morphological stability of the category of number in all nouns, so that there is phrase-internal number concord within the adjectival NPs. Another argument supporting the survival of plural -e comes from the continuing number agreement between subject NPs and the predicate, in other words the singular-plural opposition continues to be realized across the system.


ǤϡʤѸǤϿȤʸˡƤޤǺĤȤʤƸߤǤĤäƤˤΤϸˤʸˡƤΰŪǤꡤˤȤ٤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤεϡ "Syntactic Agreement" ꤹ6.6 (141--44) ǿƤΤǻȤ줿

Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6--9 April 1987. Ed. Sylvia Adamson, Vivien Law, Nigel Vincent, and Susan Wright. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 313--36.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.

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2015-12-27 Sun

#2435. eurhythmy 뤤 "buffer hypothesis" ŬѲǽ [ilame][adjective][eurhythmy]

ε#2434. ƻޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ ([2015-12-26-1]) ǡ̵ȶȤ֤빥Χ (eurhythmy) ݻ褦ȤϤƻ޸ξü٤餻ȤҲ𤷤Minkova ϡΤ褦 -e ˾֤Ȥߤʤ "the buffer hypothesis" (326) ȸƤǤ롥
βϡƻޤ -e ʳˤ⡤Ѹ˾͡ʸݤŬѲǽǤ롥㤨С#712. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2) ([2011-04-09-1]) #643. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ ([2011-01-30-1]) Ǥ夲褦ˡˡβʬƻ learned, naked, wicked 䡤ƥѸ solid, squalid, timid, vivid ʤɤˤƺǽ᤬줺ˤΤ⡤buffer hypothesis
Minkova (326--28) Ǥϡ¾ŬѲǽ㤬Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥㤨СűѸνѲ̾ñ°ʤͳ褹 -e myn herte rote Τ褦ʹ¤ˤѸޤݤƤ¤ŦƤ롥ޤhad were ϡưȤѤˤϡ޸ȤñȤȯ뷹äΤФưȤѤˤϡ -e դ2ȤƸ뤳ȤäȤŦʤƤ롥Ʊͤˡη֤ˤĤơư want ³ˤ I want to go. Τ褦 to ȤʤΤФư should ³ˤ I should go. Τ褦˸ȤʤΤ⡤buffer hypothesis ͿΤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ˡasleep, afloat, aswim, aghast, aglow, aslant ΤäѤˡѤ¿ƻˤơ1˶ʤΤ⡤ꥺबͿ
Ҥ٤褦ˡbuffer hypothesis θ̤ˤ̤ƤޤǾöŪǤ뤳Ȥդ䤹ϤȯŪϤǤϤʤ̲Ǿ˼夯ѤƤϤȤߤ٤

Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6--9 April 1987. Ed. Sylvia Adamson, Vivien Law, Nigel Vincent, and Susan Wright. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 313--36.

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2015-12-26 Sat

#2434. ƻѲޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ [adjective][ilame][syllable][pronunciation][prosody][language_change][final_e][speed_of_change][schedule_of_language_change][language_change][metrical_phonology][eurhythmy][inflection]

ѸˤǤϡ̾졤ư졤ƻΤ褦ʼ礿ʻˤơ޸ -e ؿʿˤüƤäȤаޤ롥-e ξü®٤ (cf speed_of_change, schedule_of_language_change) ˤĤƤϡʻ֤Ǻä̾ưζ޸ˤƤϾüŪᤫäƻˤüϤä٤Chaucer ɽѸǤ⽽ʬݤƤ (Minkova 312) ϡʤƻѲޤ -e ٤ޤǾü񹳤ΤˤĤƹͤ
Minkova ηꤷƤСäñηƻμѲޤˤ -e ϡݻ䤹ΧưŤäȤȤǤ롥㤨Сthe goode man Τ褦ʡ괧ܷƻ̾פȤ칽¤ˤƤϡñƻ˶޸ -e դȤˤäơ嶯嶯ιΧ (eurhythmy) ݤ䤹Ĥޤꡤ֤ȱΧ׵᤬פˡŪ -e ŪפȤ줿Τȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
դ٤2Ĥ롥1ĤϡűѸѸŪ׵ᤵƤ -e eurhythmy ݤĤ٤üȤ줿ȤΤǤꡤ-e eurhythmy 򤢤餿˳٤ŪˤʤĶ줿櫓ǤϤʤȤȤeurhythmy θ̤ϡѶŪȤöŪʸ̤ȤȤˤʤ롥
2ܤˡ-e ݻȤ eurhythmy θ̤Ĺ³15--16ʹߤˤϷ̤ȤƸüζϤĬή˶ʤäȤ¤롥λ¤ϡeurhythmy Ф뵿ǰ뤫⤷ʤeurhythmy θ̤켫ΤˤäϤ򶯤᤿᤿ꤷȤϡʬˤ뤳Ȥeurhythmy ϡŪ˱ѸȤηϤ˹夯ѤƤװǤǧƤ褤ηǺѤƤ¾νװȤδطˤŪ˵ǽƤȲ᤹٤Ǥ롥äơ15--16˷ƻޤ -e ṳ̈Ȥ "dysrhythmy" ȤƤ⡤ eurhythmy ưŤ¾νװκϤäΤȹͤФ褯λ˴ؤ eurhythmy ⼫ΤѤɬפϤʤMinkova (322--23) ϡƻ޸ -e ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . the claim laid on rules of eurhythmy in English can be weakened and ultimately overruled by other factors such as the expansion of segmental phonological rules of final schwa deletion, a process which depends on and is augmented by the weak metrical position of the deletable syllable. The 15th century reversal of the strength of the eurhythmy rules relative to other rules is not surprising. Extremely powerful morphological analogy within the adjectives, analogy with the demorphologization of the -e in the other word classes, as well as sweeping changes in the syntactic structure of the language led to what may appear to be a tendency to 'dysrhythmy' in the prosodic organization of some adjectival phrases in Modern English. . . . The entire history of schwa is, indeed, the result of a complex interaction of factors, and this is only an instance of the varying force of application of these factors.


Ѹˤˤƻ޸ˤĤƤϡ#532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1])#688. ѸηƻηϤοʿ ([2011-03-16-1]) ۤilame (= Inflectional Levelling of Adjectives in Middle English) γƵ򻲾ȡ
ʤ伫Ȥ⤳ˤĤʸ2ܤۤɽ񤤤Ƥޤ[1] Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Levelling of Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus." Journal of the Institute of Cultural Science 73 (2012): 255--73. [2] Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Decreasing Relevance of Number, Case, and Definiteness to Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus."إ硼įơ٥硼20ǯǰʸԡˡǡ2014ǯ273--99ǡˡ

Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." ''Papers from the 5th International

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2015-08-04 Tue

#2290. ƻޤĹ첻û [final_e][ilame][inflection][vowel][phonetics][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][adjective][afrikaans][syntagma_marking]

<look>, <blood>, <dead>, <heaven>, ʤɤ첻ʬϡ2Ĥ첻֤뤬ȯȤƤϤ줾û첻Ǥ롥ϡѸˤͽ̤ۤ2äΤθ塤û1ȤʤäǤ롥<oo> ֻȯδطӤطʤˤĤƤϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1])#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1])#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1]) ǿ줿<ea> ˤĤƤϡ#1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]) Ǵñ˿줿ˤʤΤǡȤƼ夲
Ҥ̤ꡤ<ea> Ĺ첻ɽ路ǤѸˤƤλ3Ҳ֤ûäƤꡤdream / dreamt, leap / leapt, read / read, speed / sped Τ褦첻̤Ω (cf. #1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])) ޤñҲ֤ˤƤ⡤ѸޤǤˤĤñˤûƤ (ex. breath, dead, dread, heaven, blood, good, cloth) ΰۤʤûβˤĤƤϡ#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1]) #2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) ǸȤǤꡤ˲Ūʴ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤä˽Ѹˤûϰθä˸¤ƤȤ𤬤ꡤޤǤ롥
Görlach (71) ϡεˡŪǤϤ뤬˷ŪʴǤ롥

Such short vowels reflecting ME long vowel quantities are most frequent where ME has /ɛː, oː/ before /d, t, θ, v, f/ in monosyllabic words, but even here they occur only in a minority of possible words. It is likely that the short vowel was introduced on the pattern of words in which the occurrence of a short or a long vowel was determined by the type of syllable the vowel appeared in (glad vs. glade). When these words became monosyllabic in all their forms, the conditioning factor was lost and the apparently free variation of short/long spread to cases like (dead). That such processes must have continued for some time is shown by words ending in -ood: early shortened forms (flood) are found side by side with later short forms (good) and those with the long vowel preserved (mood).


Ҳǽñ촴ηƻϡѸޤǡŪʾ˱ơƶ޸ e ݤĤȤä (cf. #532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1])) ޸ e ̵ͭϲṽ¤Ѳ촴첻Ĺûꤷ1Ĥηƻˤ뤳ĹûѰۤǥȤʤäơṽ¤¾δĶˤƤĹûѰۡʤƸûˤ褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ Görlach glad vs. glade 󤲤ʤҤ٤ƤΤϡϡ˷ŪʵǽͭƤ޸ -e Ū˾üƤǡεǽ򼺤촴첻Ĺûΰ㤤ˤκפĤΤߤȤʤäƤäȤаޤǤ (cf. #295. black Blake ([2010-02-16-1])) Ϣơ#977. ƻζ޸ο syntagma marking ([2011-12-30-1]) ǿ줿եꥫ󥹸ˤƻ޸Ρʸˡפλ㤬פФ롥

Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-16-1] [2015-08-07-1]

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2015-02-24 Tue

#2129. ɥĸˤˤ final e [final_e][ilame][orthography][spelling][prescriptive_grammar][german][hypercorrection]

Ѹˤˤ final_e ϡȯˤƤֻˤƤפǤ롥űѸ줫ѸˤʹԤ޸οʿ (levelling of inflection) νɾΤfinal e ξüϸαѸˤ˺Ǥ⹭ϤʱƶڤܤȤäƤ褤ˤꡤűѸ줫̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤζηϤǷѸ򴬤Ƿ뤳ȤȤʤää˷ƻ -e ˤĤƤϡilame γƵǰäƤ
ѸޤǤˤϡ final e ϲŪ̵ȤʤäƤȹͤ뤬ֻݻ줿褷ꤹ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʵǽĤĤäChaucer νܤǤϡʼ⤤Τۤ final e 褯ݤƤʤɤλ¤ǧƤꡤ final e ΤݼȵռƤȤ롥ѸޤǤ϶޸ȤƸŪǽͭƤ final e Ѹʹߤˤʤ˵ڤǼҲŪʸŪǽô褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥˶Ѹˡؤδؿޤꡤֻ final e ¸ε§ˤĤƤε⤫ޤӤʤä
final e μҲ񲽤ȤƤ٤ʾ嵭αѸ˾θݤϡ̣Ȥˡɥĸˤ㤬ߤ롥 (113) ˤСɥĸˤ final e βξüϡ15˳礷16ȾڤȤ (ex. im Lande > im Land) ϡѸۤ٤ޤ17 e ֻξǰտŪ褷ͻҤ륿ǤʪθŪ顤ޤʸˡˤߤ뵬ŪʥȤΤ롥17դޤǤˤϡe ղäŪȤʤäƤ褦
⤷ΤϡƥȤˤ뤬̾ñͿʤ e aus dem winde in ihrem hause ʤɤΤ褦褷ФǤϤʤ;̾ؼ̾Ϳʤ e zu ihme sieder deme Τ褦褷Ƥꡤ-ung, -in, -nis νˤ e ղä Zuredunge, nachbarinne, gefengnisse Τ褦˸뤳Ȥ e 16ʹߤ˰̤ˤ褻17ʸˡǤȤƤΤǤʹġp. 114ˡβ꽤 (hypercorrection) Ȥ롥
Ѹˤ final e ȤʤΤϡˤ뤬Ѹ줫ѸȤäƤ褯Ѹ˸ԤˤȤäƤĹƬˤμǤ³ƤɥĸˤǤγϤ٤ۤĹ³ΤǤϤʤä褦ˡʤɤθŪϤ򴬤ǤȤʤäǡξݤӤ롥޸οʿȤޥν̿Ūʸݤ˵ final e ϡ˻ǤϤ뤬̣ӸؤΥơޤȤʤΤǤϤʤ

ԡ֥ɥĤȽĴ1649ǯˤ˵줿ȤСס˸ʸˡԶɽȯù԰١١ʶ ҡ ԡ̾ ҡԡˡˡҤĤ˼2014ǯ105--32ǡ

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2012-12-31 Mon

#1344. final -e [final_e][mulcaster][spelling][graphemics][alphabet][orthography][pronunciation][phonetics][silent_letter][ilame]

Ѹˤˤǽפ1ĤȤơfinal -e 󤲤롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) ʤɤǰäƤĿŪʴؿ椨ˤҤܤˡֺǽספȸƤǤʤǤϤʤ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤѸˤĬήҤƤϰˤĬήθȤ final -e Τİյ礭final -e ϡȯǤ⤢ֻǤ⤢롥final -e ϡűѸ졦ѸǤ⤢ꡤѸ졦ѸǤ⤢롥ϡǯκǸȤƤդ路Ȼפ final -e ˤ򳵴ѤƤߤ褦ѤȤäƤϰǤϺѤޤʤȤCaon ʸ˽äơ̵󤹤롥
űѸޤǤϡ˸͡첻ϸߤ˲ֻ̤ƤȤűѸˤʤȡʤδĶǤ -a, -o, -u -e ؤͻ礷Ƥ椯첻ʻˤοʿ (levelling) ȸƤФ븽ݤǤ롥ŪˤΤ˶̤Ƥ첻ϡޤ schwa /ə/ ؤۣ沽˾ü (e.g., sune > sunə > sun) -e ϡֻϤä٤ޤݤ줿
final -e æϼΤ褦ʾ˺줿 (Caon 297)

- from North to South in all dialects in turn;
- first from written disyllabic forms with short stem vowel and then from those with a long stem vowel. In the latter forms, -e was generally retained to indicate that the previous vowel was long e.g. name;
- first from nouns and verbs and then from adjectives . . . .


final -e λ¸ϼΤ褦ʾ˺줿 (Caon 297)

- the kind of text: the ending occurred more frequently in poetry than in prose, in that it provided the poet with an extra syllable whenever he needed it;
- the presence of the ending in the dialect: if the writer spoke a southern dialect he probably still pronounced --- and therefore wrote --- all his final -e's;
- the author of the text: conservative writers like Chaucer and Gower preserved final -e in their spelling.


15ޤǤˤϡȯȤƤ final -e ϤܾۤäƤȹͤ롥16, 17ˤϡؼԤֻ׼Ԥˡ塤final -e 꼰ޤäǺǤƶϤäȤΤ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611; see [2010-07-12-1]) Ǥ롥Mulcaster ϡ The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤơ-ld, -nd, -st, -ss, -ff θ֡ͭ c g θ֡Ĺ촴첻ĸˤ final -e λѤ꼰ʤ16ΰ John Rastell (c. 1475--1536) Mulcaster 첻Ĺɸ final -e εǽȯãƤȤ⤤ˡ18˺ʬϤ졤Ǹ˵󤲤ǽΤߤɸಽ

Caon, Louisella. "Final -e and Spelling Habits in the Fifteenth-Century Versions of the Wife of Bath's Prologue." English Studies (2002): 296--310.

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2011-12-30 Fri

#977. ƻζ޸ο syntagma marking [ilame][adjective][inflection][agreement][germanic][afrikaans][syntagma_marking]

ε#976. syntagma marking ([2011-12-29-1]) Ǽ夲ϺΤäΤϡ˸زˤơ̳ƻؤΡ֥ޥΡnæפȷƻѲΡʸˡספꤹ븦ȯɽΤʤǤ̾ƤǤ롥
űѸ䡤ʬŪѸˤ⸫줿ޥηƻѲŵŪʸ -n ǤƤ椯ȤˤäơʤΰפȤʸˡŪǽͭƤѲζηϤʸˡפƤ椯ˤĤ븦ȯɽä-n ޤƻѲ˾üƤޤäΤǤʸˡⲿʤ櫓꤮ΤȤ -e ʤɤ첻ĤäƤꡤǤƤθϤĤƤΤ褦Ūʰפ򼨤櫓ǤϤʤȤȾüʳĤΥޥ˸롥㤨Сեꥫ󥹸ǤϡĤƤζ޸ͳ褹 -e ̵ͭϡƻ촴ηŪˤäƼưŪ˷ޤäƤΤǤꡤŪʾϴƤʤȤ
ϡƻ޸ʸˡȤϡ̤θ򤹤С줬ַƻ̾פϢ뤹ñʤ֥ơספƤȤȤǤȻŦ롥֥ơספȤϡƻ̾Ϣ٤򶯤뤿첻 -n ֤˶߹Ȥ syntagma marker ȤƤƯˤۤʤʤϲ (euphony) ȤƤΩĤȻפ졤Ūǽϸ¤ʤ夤ȤƤ⡤¸߰յޤäʤȤȤˤϤʤʤޤ¿ΥޥǡˡǤϷƻζ޸ݤˤȤ¤뤬ϴط̾ȤϢ٤ˡξ夤Ǥ
ޤޡܲѸηƻηϤ (ilame) ˴ؿΤǡβDzŪ˻ĤäƤƻ޸ϡޤ syntagma marker ȤơĤʤΡ֥ơספȤơǽƤˤʤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȡȯɽİƻפäǤ롥
ѸΤƻ޸Ͼüˤʤʤ⡤֤Ȥʤ館ƤŪʰפΰռƻĤäƤ椨Ȥͤ뤬Ȥ̤ˡŪ syntagma marking ׵᤬ä椨뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤspeculative ǤϤ뤬ɷŪʵȤʤꤦ롥

Ϻظء١罤ۡ1981ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-04-1] [2012-05-13-1]

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2011-03-19 Sat

#691. üȷ֥饹 [morphology][phonetics][lexical_diffusion][ilame][plural][adjective][speed_of_change][neogrammarian]

ѲΤʤǤξüϤȤ櫓ŪʸݤǤ롥ǤŪĴΥͥ륮Τǡ夤ȯȤʤ꤬Ǥ롥̵ͭˤʤ롥첻Ǥۣ첻 schwa [ə] ͳƾüҲǤ໤ƾü롥ʹ֤˴ŤθݤǤ롥
üޤּΡײѲȤäơ߳˿ʹԤȤϸ¤ʤ19ɥĤǯʸˡ ( Neogrammarians ) οäƼĥƤΤΡºݤˤϡѲθäФưΧȤϸ¤ʤषǶóȻ ( lexical diffusion ) ȤƤ褦ˡѲˤϸä˥褦ˤƽ˿ʹԤ⾯ʤʤüˤĤƤСäФưΧ˺ѤϤ᤿Τ褦˸ơ֤в᤹ˤäƷ֥饹֤ǾüοƩΨ®٤˺ФƤ㤬롥֥饹Ǥû֤Ǿüλ뤬̤η֥饹ǤϾüٱ䤷ꡤޤ̤η֥饹ǤϾüɤθ褹ʤɤȤȤ⤢ꤦ롥Τ褦ʲѲǤϡ쳰ŪʡŪʡװˤ곫Ϥ줿Ѳ֥饹ζ̤ȤŪʡʵǽŪʡװˤäĴȤȤˤʤ롥
ѸˤλȤƤϡߤ˴Ϣ2Ĥθü󤲤롥
(1) űѸ줫Ѹ˻Ϥޤä -n ξüΧ˻Ϥޤä褦˸ơѸˤϷ֥饹Ȥ˿ʹԤλۤʤäƤѲ̾ñƻǤ -n ξü®䤫äѲ̾ʣǤ٤줿 (Moore, "Loss")ѸǤϡ̾ʣȤƤ -n Ͼü٤줿Ф꤫षĥۤɤǤ (Hotta 218)
(2) ƱűѸ줫Ѹ˻Ϥޤä첻ֻǤ̾ <e> ֤졤[ə] ȯ줿ˤξüΧ˻Ϥޤä褦˸ơѸοʹԤλϷ֥饹Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤ̾ζޤǤϸ첻Ϥ褯ü[2010-10-11-1]εǸ褦˷ƻζ޸ʣȼѲñˤȤơޤ餯ưˤƤ⡤14ޤŪ褯ݤ줿 (Minkova, "Forms" 166; Ϣ Moore, "Earliest" ⻲)
(1), (2) ξǡ̾졦ƻʣɸȤ䤬̤ƤΤ⤷(2) ˴ؤơMinkova (186) Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The analysis proposed here assumes that the status of the final -e as a grammatical marker is stable in the plural, for both diachronic inflexional types. Yet in maintaining the syntactically based strong - weak distinction in the singular, -e is no longer independently viable. As a plural signal it is still salient, possibly because of the morphological stability of the category of number in all nouns, so that there is phrase-internal number concord within the adjectival noun phrases. Another argument supporting the survival of plural -e comes from the continuing number agreement between subject noun phrases and the predicate, in other words a morphologically explicit opposition between the singular and the plural continues to be realized across the system.


ȳʤѸˤܼۤΤƵäΥƥ꡼ϸߤޤǷ³ƤѸˤͤȤθüȷ֥饹δϢ϶̣

Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Speech" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 159--75.
Minkova, Donka. The History of Final Vowels in English: The Sound of Muting. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991.
Moore, Samuel. "Loss of Final n in Inflectional Syllables of Middle English." Language 3 (1927): 232--59.
Moore, Samuel. "Earliest Morphological Changes in Middle English." Language 4 (1928): 238--66.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-08-13-1]

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2011-03-16 Wed

#688. ѸηƻηϤοʿ [adjective][inflection][lexical_diffusion][ilame][bibliography]

ܲδؿ1ĤˡѸηƻηϤοʿʼ "Inflectional Levelling of Adjectives in Middle English" ˤ롥ܥ֥ǤϢ뵭ϲ񤤤Ƥ ([2010-09-13-1], [2010-10-11-1], [2011-03-15-1]) ¿ξ硤ѸΥƥȤˤƷƻ -e ĤΤɤȤ¤˾ܤΤ¤ΤȤϱѸŪޥŪǤδߤäƤꡤѲδΥץˤѤȥԥåȹͤƤ롥ͳ2ġ

(1) Ѹ˾νפǤѸζޤοʿ ( levelling of inflection ) ˤĤƤϡ̾졤ư졤ܤޤ꤬ƻΩʤʤ¤˿ʿФƤƻηϤϡ̾ʤ˰¸ƤǤʤŪʴĶ˱ƶѲȼѲ̤Ƥ ([2010-10-11-1], [2011-03-15-1])ˤʣηϤạ̈ǺǤʣäƻηϤοʿפŤ뤳Ȥϡ²ΤʤǺǤʬϲοʤȤѸ ([2011-02-12-1], [2011-02-13-1]) ˤβˤϷ礫ȤǤʤ
(2) ƻηϤοʿϡ¾θˤʿʤ¿θѲˤƱ褦ˡ֤򤫤ƤäȿʹԤޤοʿβ΢֤SȤƵҤǽꡤlexical diffusion ˤȤäƼŪǤ (lexical_diffusion) ǡˤϡʿޤꡤಽǶޤβη ( subsystem ) Ω³ʳѻ졤ñ΢SȤƿʹԤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ롥˿ʹԤѲǤϡ˲ƤΤ

ʲˡɵ椹ˤäƤʸʺ⤳ɲäƤ椭򽼼¤ͽˡ

Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. (esp. pp. 27--29.)
Burnley, David. "Inflection in Chaucer's Adjectives." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 83 (1982): 169--77.
Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. (esp. pp. 13--15.)
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. (esp. pp. 105--07.)
Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "Tagging." Chapter 4 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap4.pdf . (esp. pp. 19--22.)
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154. (esp. pp. 23--154.)
Minkova, Donka. The History of Final Vowels in English: The Sound of Muting. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. (esp. pp. 171--91.)
Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6--9 April 1987. Ed. Sylvia Adamson, Vivien Law, Nigel Vincent, and Susan Wright. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 313--36.
Mossé, Fernand. A Handbook of Middle English. Trans. James A. Walker. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1952. (esp. pp. 64--65.)
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960. (esp. pp. 233, 275--77.)
Pearsall, Derek. "The Weak Declension of the Adjective and Its Importance in Chaucerian Metre." Chaucer in Perspective: Middle English Essays in Honour of Norman Blake. Ed. Geoffrey Lester. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic P, 1999. 178--93.
Samuels, M. L. "Chaucerian Final -E." Notes and Queries 217 (1972): 445--48.
Topliff, Delores E. "Analysis of Singular Weak Adjective Inflexion in Chaucer's Works." Journal of English Linguistics 4 (1970): 78--89.
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ(esp. pp. 144--47.)

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-12-1] [2015-12-26-1]

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2011-03-15 Tue

#687. ޥɤηƻζѲȼѲ [adjective][inflection][germanic][indo-european][oe][demonstrative][ilame]

[2009-10-26-1]ε (1) ǿ줿褦ˡޥɤħ1Ĥˡƻ줬Ѳ ( strong or indefinite declension ) ȼѲ ( weak or definite declension ) 2ζޤ򼨤ȤΤ롥ζ̤ϸѸǤϼƤ뤬űѸ丽ɥĸǤΤǧ롥ξޤλȤʬϸ§ȤŪ˷졤ƻ줬ؼ ( demonstrative ) θѤˤϼѲޤ򡤤ʳξˤ϶Ѳޤ򼨤ʸűѸѲѲΥѥ򻲾ȡޤѸηƻޤȤδϢ[2010-10-11-1]򻲾ȡ
ޥɤħȤȤʬ褦ˡĸǤϤζ̤ϤʤäĸǤϡƻͭζޤ⤿̾˽सʤˤäƶޤƤƻ֤̾ȹͤƤΤǤ롥ȤޥĸʳǷƻϷŪ̾줫Υ졤ΩηϤݻƤؼȿ¤򼨤褦ˤʤ롥줬űѸʤɤ˸붯ѲޤεǤ롥ºݤ˸űѸǶɽ٤ȡƻζѲ þes ɽؼζϸ褯Ƥ롥
ؼȷƻ줬Ʊ褦ʶޤ򼨤ȤȤϡֻؼܷƻ̾פΤ褦ξԤ³ƸˤƱ޸Ϣ³뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ뤵㤨С"to this good man" бűѸɽ *þissum gōdum men ȤƸ뤳Ȥˤʤä⤷ʤʼºݤθűѸʸˡ§ þissum gōdan men ˡMeillet (183) ˤСޥϤΡֽŶ줷 ( "lourd" or "choquant" ) ؼ˸³ƻΤˡޤŶ줷ʤޤȤơ褯ȯãƤ̾μѲڤƤơŪˤäƶ̤2ηƻޤޥɤ˸ͭħȤȯãΤǤ롥 Meillet ΡֽŶ줷ײ¾ˤʣװäȹͤ뤬̤Ĵ
űѸμפʻδʰ׶ɽˤĤƤϡ[2010-01-02-1]ǥ󥯤ĥä OE Inflection Magic Sheet ⻲ȡ

Meillet, A. Caracteres generaux des langues germaniques. 2nd ed. Paris: Hachette, 1922.

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2010-10-11 Mon

#532. Chaucer ηƻζ [inflection][chaucer][adjective][ilame][french]

ѸˤǤ϶޷δ顤űѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸϤ줾켡Τ褦˵Ҥ롥

Old English: full inflection
Middle English: levelled inflection
Modern English: lost inflection

ޤȤȤޤǽ̾졤̾졤ư줬פ⤫֤űѸǤϷƻʣ˶ޤƻϤ켫Τ餫η֥饹ʬव櫓ǤϤʤפ̾ȤȤ˷Ū˶ޤΤǡष1Ĥηƻ줬ꤦ޸ variation ̾ʤɤŪʴѲѲʬ졤ʤΥѥ᡼ˤäƤΤ40ζ޷򼨤űѸ full inflection λȸƤФʤǤ롥
Ѹʹߤϡ¿ͤʶ޸٤ƾü ( lost inflection ) ʳ levelled inflection λ夬Τ㤨Ѹ Chaucer ηƻޤߤȡ֤ȤϤäƤ¤ʤ lost inflection ˶ᤤChaucer ƻ good ˵󤲤ȡѲñǥޤʳǤ -e ȤΤߤι٤˿ʿ줿ѥǤ롥

 WeakStrong
Singulargoodegood
Pluralgoodegoode


⡤Τ褦˥ޤ -e ޤζ̤ĤƻϡñǸҲǽѸפȤĤǤꡤ¾Ϥ٤̵ޤǤ롥դä٤ϡФƥե󥹼Ѹηƻϸ§Ȥ̵ޤե󥹸ζڤƤʤɤǸʣ޸ -s 㤬ޤˤ ( ex. weyes espirituels, places delitables )
ˤǤѸϲϴλȤߤʤ뷹ꡤؿ䰷 levelled ˤʤ꤬Ǥ롥Chaucer ηƻζηϤ򳵴ѤʬȤꡤűѸ٤ levelled ǤϤ뤬ޤηϤʤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ-e -s Ȥä޸¸ߴݤʤѸˤκȤߤȡΤ褦ʲη ( subsystem ) ˤ߽Ф줿϶̣󶡤Ƥ롥

Chaucer's Adjectival Inflection

Old English Grammar by Murray McGillivray, University of Calgary
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 105--06.
Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. 13--15.

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2010-09-13 Mon

#504. Ѹ¸ߤͣζޤƻ [inflection][gender][adjective][french][ilame]

[2010-07-27-1]εǡƻӵ顦Ǿ򼨤 -er / -est ƻζޤȸʤ٤ɤˤĤƤε뤳ȤˤиѸˤƻζޤϳ̵ȤäƤ褵űѸǤϡƻŪ˴Ϣ̾ʤ˱Ʒ㤷ޤ˥ޥħŪʶѲޤȼѲޤλȤʬ¸ߤƤȤפȡѸξϡֶޤξüפѸˤή礭ǤǤ뤳Ȥƻפ롥
ȤBryson (26) ˤȡѸ˶ޤƻ줬1ĤȤ

In English adjectives have just one invariable form with but, I believe, one exception: blond/blonde.


blond(e) ֶȱΡ֥ɤΡפϥե󥹼ѸǤꡤѸʸˡˤʤä̾ˤ򽤾Ȥˤ blond 򡤽̾ˤ򽤾Ȥˤ blonde ѤȤΤŪʻȤʬǤȯ϶̤ʤˡɬʤʤäƤƤ롥ꥫǤ˽ˤʤ̤ blond Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿ʤäƤƤꡤꥹǤϵդ blonde ̷ȤФƤ롥ˤ衤ѲήȤƤ϶̤ʤʤưƤȹͤƤ褵
äĤĤΤ⤷ʤޤ¸ߤ blond/blonde ζ̤򡤸ѸˡֻĤͣζޤƻɽʤäΤϡűѸζޤȤϥפۤʤ뤫Ǥ롥ʤˤޤǤϤʤ ( gender ) ˤޤȤϤäƤűѸŪʸˡ ( grammatical gender ) ǤϤʤѸŪʼ ( natural gender ) ˤޤˤʤ⡤ζޤϼѸΥե󥹸ʸˡ򻲾ȤֳʹĤΤޤͤȡפΤ褦˸롥űѸηƻޤȤϰ褷ƤꡤޤȤƤŪϢ³ʤäơֻĤפȤΤɬŬڤǤʤȽǤ
OED ǤΤθν15 Caxton θ17ȾޤǸ줺Ǥ⥤åΤ֤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤ޤ˼ѸȤΰռǻäˤʤѸǤ⡤ȯ̤ʤֻǶ̤ȤȤϰռŪݤƤ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤ƤꡤϤեñǤ뤳ȤˤäֳʹĤΤޤͤȡפȤ礤
Ūˤߤ˴ŤޤǤˤϰ㤤ʤѸ¸ߤͣζޤƻǤȤ¤ϱǤϤʤζ̤强ƤǽȤͤȡæѡѻߡ㳰Ūε§򼨤ѲλȤܤ٤
ʤ̾ȤƤ blond blonde ѤΤŪǤꡤƻˡȤϰۤʤꡤ̤Ϥ褯ݤƤ롥

Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990.

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