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simplification - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-02-20 Tue

#5412. θʣäΤñäΤ [origin_of_language][language_change][evolution][history_of_linguistics][language_myth][sobokunagimon][simplification][homo_sapiens]

ػˤΥϥɥ֥åɤǤ롥Mufwene θεʲ˴ؤϤǤϡޤǤƤƤ͡ʸ쵯ʲҲ𤵤Ƥꡤɤβͤ롥
褯Ѥʵ1ĤˡθʣäΤ뤤ñäΤȤε˴ؤΤ롥ʲδϡʳ鸽ޤǸñ㲽ƤΤʣƤΤȤϢ뵿䤬Ƥ롥
ʬʤΩˤĤƤԤ롥㤨СԤΤ Jespersen ȡԤ Bickerton ϹоȤʤMufwene (31) βѤ褦

His [= Jespersen's] conclusion is that the initial language must have had forms that were more complex and non-analytic; modern languages reflect evolution toward perfection which must presumably be found in languages without inflections and tones. It is not clear what Jespersen's position on derivational morphology is. In any case, his views are at odds with Bickerton's . . . hypothesis that the protolanguage, which allegedly emerged by the late Homo erectus, was much simpler and had minimal syntax, if any. While Bickerton sees in pidgins fossils of that protolanguage and in creoles the earliest forms of complex grammar that could putatively evolve from them, Jespersen would perhaps see in them the ultimate stage of the evolution of language to date. Many of us today find it difficult to side with one or the other position.


ξرĤȤȼ˴ŤƤꡤ󤬤⤽ΤɤǧʤʤΤǡʿ򤿤ɤ餶ʤޤʣñȤϲȤ̤ΩϤ롥ǸˤĤƤϡ#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#4165. ʣˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2020-09-21-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The Origins and the Evolution of Language." Chapter 1 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 13--52.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2023-09-18 Mon

#5257. Ƕ Mond Ǥβ5 [mond][sobokunagimon][politeness][simplification][contact][heldio][youtube][hel_education][phonetics][prestige][speed_of_change][language_myth][link]

֤ǡμͭӥ Mond ˴󤻤ƤϤμ5ۤɲޤǤ󥯤ͭޤ

(1) ɸɽʤѸüԤˤϡܿͤɰդ򼨤񤬾ʤΤǤ礦
(2) Ū˸ơָѲάפʤΤǤ礦
(3) ֥饸YouTubeʤɡ͡ʥǥ̤ƱѸˤ츻˴ؤȯƤä㤤ޤΥǥȤ˥ץ䥳󥻥ץȤѤƾ󶡤Ƥޤ
(4) ʤ͡ϡʤĿͺϤɡ˥ꥹե󥹤ʤɤΥȤ̥ŪɤȤ䥤ɤΥȤ̥ϤʤɤȤΤǤ礦
(5) Ѳϡɤ٤®٤ǵޤ㤨СդɽϡɤΤ餤٤ޤΤʤΤǤ礦

Mond ˴󤻤Ϥμ¿ͤǤܸȽȤӤȤμ䤬Ωޤ (1) (4) Υ°뤫ȻפޤͤˤȤä̤¸ߤǤꡤޤ˻פ줬ˡ¾θ٤ƤðۤäƤΤȺФƤޤȤФеޤȤ櫓ؤ̤οޤä¾ӤȤˡκΩäħܤդȤ¿̻֤ޤ
Ĺǯؤ˿Ƥи鴶뤳Ȥϡ̻ϱˤƹԤ᤮뷹ȤȤǤΤ˳ơθˤϸͭħΤǡǤܸ㳰ǤϤʤΤǤܸΤߤ˴ѻħȤΤϡۤ¿櫓ǤϤʤźνϤϤ褽ĤΤǤѤʵ˴ؤľϡ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤȳ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ
5μΤ3ġ(1), (2), (4) ϡ֤äƤߤСˤޤĤ (language_myth) ˴ؤä褦˻פޤŪʹͻ̤ơβǤΤȤ⥨ƥ󥰤Ǥ͡

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2022-04-16 Sat

#4737. ᤤ2ˤɤܿˤĤƤ Millar θ [contact][borrowing][simplification]

Millar 2016ǯΤʤǡܿ (contact) ݤˤϡܿ2θŪᤵθɬפƤ롥2ɤܿȡᤤ2졤뤤Ʊ2ĤɤܿȤǤϡ꤬ۤʤϤȹͤƤ롥
Millar ΤθϾQŪǤꡤ⤹ɬפʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤܿؤʬʱƶϤؤ Thomason and Kaufman Thomason ˤƤϡŪʶᤵϸܿǤۤɽפʥѥ᡼ȤƤȤ館ƤʤͿȤƤ⡤Ǥ夤ͿˤȤɤޤȤöŪ䤷ͿƤʤΤǤcf. #1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1]
Millar μĥϡΤ褦ʳػŪطʤΤȤˤʤ줿ΤǤ롥Millar (9--10) ϡThomason ˤܿ˴ؤ4ʳμ٤Ҳ𤷤ˡ2ˤĤȽƤ롥
1Ĥϡμ٤ϡܿ1¦̤Ǥ (borrowing) 礭Фä٤ȤʤäƤꡤ (interference) ʬ˹θΤȤϤʤäƤʤȤȤ (cf. #1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])#2009. ؤˤܿġ2ѡѡ ([2014-10-27-1])ˡܿˤñ㲽 (simplification) ʤɤνפ꤬ꤳܤƤޤäƤȤ
2ĤϡҤ̤ꡤThomason (and Kaufman) ϳܿ2֤θŪᤵȤѥ᡼ڻ뤷Ƥ뤬Millar ̤Ƥ褦ˡºݤˤϽפʥѥ᡼ȤȤǤ롥Millar (10) ϽϤˤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . close linguistic relationship makes for a much more nuanced (and sometimes unexpected) series of contact-induced outcomes. We also have to include into such an analysis a discussion of occasions of near-relative contact where the two (or more) varieties involved would normally be considered dialects of the same language.


ܿؤΰ¤˵θƤƤ褦˻פ

Millar, Robert McColl. Contact: The Interaction of Closely Related Linguistic Varieties and the History of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2016.
Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Thomason, Sarah Grey. Language Contact. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2001.

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2021-09-25 Sat

#4534. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation (3) [old_norse][contact][koine][koineisation][borrowing][language_shift][simplification][inflection][substratum_theory]

8Ⱦ11ˤƥ󥰥αѸϸťΥɸǻܿθܿ (contact) ϸαѸη˿ʱƶڤܤѸ˾ΰյ礭ˡ¿θ椬ʤ졤ѤƤܥ֥Ǥ⡤ťΥɸ˴ؤ old_norse ¿εǼ夲Ƥ
θܿħϡñʤüѤˤȤɤޤ餺٥ˤƶڤǤˤ롥˶޸ñ㲽 (simplification) ʿ (levelling) ˴ؤơܿι׸äȤŦƤ롥θܿܿΥݥΤʤǤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤΤ͡ʵ롥
ʬ˱ƶϤΤ Thomason and Kaufman (97, 281) θΩƤǤϡθܿοϡ (borrowing) 뤤ϸ (language_shift) ˤƶȤäˤȤϡξθüԤǤϤʤθüԤǤȤ
ξüԤȤ˼餸Ƥ륿פθܿǤȤ򤬤롥2ʤ뤤2ˤüԤߤŶ򸫤Ĥ֤ʿƤ͡ (koineisation) βǤϤʤȤΩˤĤƤϡǤˡ#3972. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation ([2020-03-12-1]) ȡ#3980. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation (2) ([2020-03-20-1]) ǤҲ𤷤Ƥ Winford (82--83) Dawson ˰͵򤷤ĤIJ⤷ƤʬѤ

Hope Dawson (2001) suggests that the variety of Northern English that emerged from the contact between Viking Norse and Northern Old English was in fact a koiné --- a blend of elements from the two languages. The formation of this compromise variety involved selections from both varieties, with gradual elimination of competition between variants through leveling (selection of one option). This suggestion is attractive, since it explains the retention of Norse grammatical features more satisfactorily than a borrowing scenario does. We saw . . . that the direct borrowing of structural features (under RL [= recipient language] agentivity) is rather rare. The massive diffusion of Norse grammatical features into Northern Old English is therefore not what we would expect if the agents of change were speakers of Old English importing Norse features into their speech. A more feasible explanation is that both Norse and English speakers continued to use their own varieties to each other, and that later generations of bilingual or bidialectal speakers (especially children) forged a compromise language, as tends to happen in so many situations of contact.


ܿؤγǤϡ͡ΩԤƤƤ褦˻פ롥

Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Dawson, Hope. "The Linguistic Effects of the Norse Invasion of England." Unpublished ms, Dept of Linguistics, Ohio State U, 2001.
Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.

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2020-09-21 Mon

#4165. ʣˤĤƺƹ [simplification][terminology][philosophy_of_language]

ɸϡ켫ΤؤʣꡥؤǤ͡ƤʤƤ롥ˤȤäʣǤȤñǤȤϤɤȤʤΤ̻Ūʴ餤С줬ʣ (complication) Ȥñ㲽 (simplification) ȤȤϡ̣Τ
ȤСѸˤʸˡñ㲽ˤǤȤФФʤ뤬ʸˡñ㲽ȤΤϡŪˤϲɤñ㲽ƤΤ¦̤ñ㲽Ƥ褦ˤߤƤ⡤̤¦̤ǤϤäʣƤȤȤϤʤΤñ㲽ʣξäƤΤǤХȡȤƥץ饹ޥʥˤʤΤ뤤ϤǤʤΤʬʤȤ餱
ˤĤƤϡ#293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1])#928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1])#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#2820. 񤷤ˤĤơ ([2017-01-15-1]) ϤȤ뵭ǵƤ
ϡʣפΤΤפƤߤKarlsson et al. (viii) ϡ"complexity" ˤĤ Rescher (1) Ƥ롥"Complexity is first and foremost a matter of the number and variety of an item's constituent elements and of the elaborateness of their interrelational structure, be it organizational or operational." ξ Karlsson et al. (viii--ix) Rescher (9) "complexity" ʬΩӤʣǰƬˡʲΤ褦ʤĤ "modes" 򼨤Ƥ롥

1. Epistemic modes
   A. Formulaic complexity
      a. Descriptive complexity: length of the account that must be given to provide an adequate description of the system at issue.
      b. Generative complexity: length of the set of instructions that must be given to provide a recipe for producing the system at issue.
      c. Computational complexity: amount of time and effort involved in resolving a problem.
2. Ontological modes
   A. Compositional complexity
      a. Constitutional complexity: number of constituent elements (such as phonemes, inflectional morphemes, derivational morphemes, lexemes).
      b. Taxonomic complexity (or heterogeneity): variety of constituent elements, i.e., number of different kinds of components (variety of phoneme types, secondary articulations, parts of speech, tense-mood-aspect categories, phrase types etc.).
   B. Structural complexity
      a. Organizational complexity: variety of ways of arranging components in different modes of interrelationship (e.g., variety of premodification or postmodification alternatives in basic constituent types such as noun phrases; variety of distinctive word order patterns).
      b. Hierarchical complexity: elaborateness of subordination relationships in the modes of inclusion and subsumption (e.g., variety of successive levels of embedding and modification in phrases, clauses, and sentences; variety of intermediate levels in lexical-semantic hierarchies).
3. Epistemic modes
   A. Operational complexity: variety of modes of operation or types of functioning (e.g., variety of situational uses of expressions; variety of styles and speech situations; cost-related differences concerning language production and comprehension such as Hawkins' 2004 efficiency, etc.).
   B. Nomic complexity: elaborateness and intricacy of the laws governing the phenomenon at issue (e.g., anatomical and neurological constraints on speech production; memory restrictions on sentence production and understanding).


ʣˤϤĤΥפ뤳ȡ򤹤ˤäƤƱɶΩäƤʤȵ߹ʤǤ뤳Ȥʬ

Karlsson, Fred, Matti Miestamo, and Kaius Sinnemäki. "Introduction: The Problem of Language Complexity." Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change. Ed. Matti Miestamo, Kaius Sinnemäki and Fred Karlsson. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2008. vii--xiv.
Rescher, N. Complexity: A Philosophical Overview. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1998.

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2020-03-20 Fri

#3980. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation (2) [contact][old_norse][koine][sociolinguistics][simplification][accommodation]

[2020-03-12-1]˰³Ƥꡥkoineisation ȤϡűѸȸťΥɸθ᤹ܿ뿷Ǥ롥᡼ȤƤϡײŪ˷Ƥ줿˥塼ξͤƤߤȤ褤ܤΤ˥˥塼󤬺졤ϤサԤäƤ롥ܸ͡餳ʹ뤬֤ФĤˤĤ (mixing) ġ¤Ρ֤ɤĤʬʿಽդȤñ㲽Ƥ椯ΰϢβ koineisation Ǥcf. #1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])#3150. ܿϸñˤ뤫ʣˤ뤫 ([2017-12-11-1]
koineisation ȤܤΤϡܿˤ礭ʱƶϤ Thomason and Kaufman ̤2ܿסʤ shift-induced interference contact-induced changes ΤȤۤʤ륿פȤ󼨤Ƥ뤫ʤ2ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1])#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])#3968. ܿ2סimitation adaptation ([2020-03-08-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
űѸȸťΥɸܿ koineisation פǤܳŪƤ Warner ʸɤ󥰤Ϥ빥Ǥ롥Warner koineisation 򾧤ꡤξüԤưפˤȤϤʤ˸ߤ˽ʬǽäȤˤƤ롥ξǡߥ˥ˤüԤɤ accommodation selection Ż뤷 (344)

In ... koineization, English and Norse were both used in the same conversation. Speakers tend to accommodate to their interlocutors, so situations developed in which there was mixing of forms with considerable variation. Over time particular forms were selected, and they survived.


ϥԡɴȤǼ㴳ĤȤΤ⡤Kerswill ˤСkoineisation 2--3Τ˴λΤŵȤ뤫űѸȸťΥɸܿˤѲϰ̤ˤϤʤꥹԡǥ˵äȤ뤬ͿѲ¿ϡˤޤǤ®٤ˤϵڤФʤ
˴ؤơWarner ϸܿξˤäƤ koineisation λ֤뤳ȤƤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸ졦ťΥɸΥ̤ʣǴʥפ koineisation ʤΤǤϤʤȤͻ (351)

The speed of koineization depends on interaction within groups, and can also be slow .... Examples from new towns involve dialects which are quite close to one another, and groups that are relatively compact. Norse and OE are at the limits of mutual comprehension, which means that change is a much bigger job linguistically, and the English-Norse situation will have involved considerable socio-geographical variation and complexity across a period of time, reinforced by continuing inmigration of speakers of Norse in particular area, but as a series of situations involving communities of different sizes and cultural mix, speaking a series of koines which are at various removes from OE and ON, and which become dialects while still containing variation. All this took time.


Warner λ¾ΤޤȤȤʤäƤ1Ƥ (385)

So I believe that there is a coherent interpretation of the history of contact between English and Norse in which they are adequately mutually comprehensible. A (perhaps considerable) period of rudimentary dialect mixing and leveling was followed by an increase in interaction, by the weakening of distinctive elements of cultural identities of speakers of Norse and OE, and by a general willingness to disregard linguistic boundaries .... Then koineization, in which child peer groups especially in larger villages and urban areas may have played a focusing role in stabilizing variation, led to the amalgamation of English and Norse. This will have taken place at different times in different places: early in the Lindisfarne glosses, but considerably later in areas with a denser Norse population reinforced by immigration. Notice that this account includes a mechanism for simplificatory change and selection in the largely automatic accommodation which attends face-to-face interaction between speakers of similar linguistic systems, given appropriate social and psychological circumstances. So there is an apparently motivated connection between the linguistic situation (with its social and psychological components) and the overall type of outcome, and if my interpretation of this situation is appropriate, inflectional simplification at some level should reasonably (but not certainly) be anticipated.


Ǹ Warner ˤ koineisation Ȥ "a process of koineization (dialect mixing, levelling and simplification, driven by mutual accommodation and selection)" (393) ѤƤ

Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Warner, Anthony. "English-Norse Contact, Simplification, and Sociolinguistic Typology." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 118 (2017): 317--404.
Kerswill, P. "Koineization and Accommodation." The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Ed. J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. 668--702.

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2020-03-12 Thu

#3972. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation [contact][old_norse][koine][prestige][sociolinguistics][simplification][semantic_borrowing][ilame][koineisation]

űѸȸťΥɸܿˤĤơܥ֥ǤϤطʤħ򤿤ӤӵƤ1ĤƶȤơθܿ koineisation ǤϤʤȤ롥koine koineisation ϤȤơϢܿɽ魯Ѹ졦ǰγˤϰƤꡤϲä koineisation ȸƤ֤ȤȤϤʤФʤʤʲδϢ뵭򻲹ͤޤǤ˵󤲤ƤΤΡϤΤ䤳ˤĤƤϿꤷʤǤ

#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])
#3150. ܿϸñˤ뤫ʣˤ뤫 ([2017-12-11-1])
#3178. ȳ̿ԻѼء ([2018-01-08-1])
#3499. "Standard English" "General English" ([2018-11-25-1])
#1391. lingua franca (4) ([2013-02-16-1])
#1690. pidgin ȤδϢ ([2013-12-12-1])
#3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ ([2018-02-06-1])

Fischer et al. (67--68) koineisation ˤĤƤ Kerswill 򻲾Ȥά˲⤷ƤȤޤȤƤݥȤ4Ĥ롥

(1) 23Τ˴λΤŵǤꡤȤ1Ǥⴰλ뤳Ȥ
(2) (mixing)ʿ (levelling)ñ㲽 (simplification) 3ʤ
(3) ܿ2ѼŵŪ˷³ʤ pidgin creole Ȱۤʤ
(4) 줫Ѽ郎ŪȤȤʤҿ櫓Ǥʤ

űѸȸťΥɸܿǰƬˡ(2) ˵󤲤Ƥ3ĤβˤĤ­Ƥ1βǤ뺮 (mixing) ͡ʥ٥Ǥߤ뤬űѸο;̾ΥѥΤʤ they, their, them ʤɤθťΥɸǤƤʤɤŵǤ롥dream Τ褦˷֤ϱѸỤ̄ϸťΥɸŪȤ̣ (semantic_borrowing) λʤɤ󤲤롥Ѹäδؤ¿θťΥɸñ줬ǤȤΤ⺮Ȥ롥
2βǤʿ (levelling) ϡʣä۷֤μबꡤ1Ĥη֤˼̤ƤѲؤűѸǤϷ se sēo, þæt ʤɳƼη֤˶ޤѸˤ þe ؿʿƤäǵäƤ뤳Ȥϡkoineisation 1ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
3βǤñ㲽 (simplification) ϡƻޤζ̤줿ꡤưѲ2饹̤ʤɡʸˡƥ꡼ζ̤ʤʤ褦ʥؤʸˡ (gender) ξü⤳ˤ롥
Τ褦ˤߤƤȡΤ˸űѸȸťΥɸܿˤϡ̣ħĤ롥 koineisation ȸƤ֤٤ɤѸȤȤʤ뤬ŦƤħˤǼǤȤ¿
Ϣơ#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Kerswill, P. "Koineization and Accommodation." The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Ed. J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. 668--702.
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

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2018-08-23 Thu

#3405. esoterogeny exoterogeny [sociolinguistics][contact][lingua_franca][sociolinguistics][simplification][terminology][accommodation_theory][suppletion]

#1585. ĺŪʶƱΤθʣ ([2013-08-29-1]) "esoterogeny" Ȥǰ˿줿춦ƱΤ¾ζƱΤФ¾Ū٤Ȥ褦ˤʤȡθˤäʣʤΤؤȡʤ "esoteric" ʤΤؤѲȤ΢֤С¾ζƱΤФƿ̩٤Ȥ褦ˤʤСⳫ줿ñʤΤؤȡʤ "exoteric" ʤΤؤѲȤꤵ뤫⤷ʤβοˤĤƤ̤Ȥ٤ɷŪʹͤǤϤ롥Campbell and Mixco Ѹ콸ꡤξѸβѤ롥

esoterogeny 'A sociolinguistic development in which speakers of a language add linguistic innovations that increase the complexity of their language in order to highlight their distinctiveness from neighboring groups' . . . ; 'esoterogeny arises through a group's desire for exclusiveness' . . . . Through purposeful changes, a particular community language becomes the 'in-group' code which serves to exclude outsiders . . . . A difficulty with this interpretation is that it is not clear how the hypothesized motive for these changes --- conscious (sometimes subconscious) exclusion of outsiders . . . --- could be tested or how changes motivated for this purpose might be distinguished from changes that just happen, with no such motive. The opposite of esoterogeny is exoterogeny. (55)

exoterogeny 'Reduces phonological and morphological irregularity or complexity, and makes the language more regular, more understandable and more learnable' . . . . 'If a community has extensive ties with other communities and their . . . language is also spoken as a contact language by members of those communities, then they will probably value their language for its use across community boundaries . . . it will be an "exoteric" lect [variety]' . . . . Use by a wider range of speakers makes an exoteric lect subject to considerable variability, so that innovations leading to greater simplicity will be preferred.
   The claim that the use across communities will lead to simplification of such languages does not appear to hold in numerous known cases (for example, Arabic, Cuzco Qechua, Georgian, Mongolian, Pama-Nyungan, Shoshone etc.). The opposite of exoterogeny is esoterogeny. (59--60)


exoterogeny esoterogeny Ȥ2ĤΩ복ǰϡΤ#1521. ޲ȷ ([2013-06-26-1]) ΩȤ礦ʿСֳ줿׸ʼҲˤȡĤ줿׸ʼҲˤΩȤäƤ줬ñ㲽ʣȤɤӤĤΤϡŤʵפȤ#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1]) ǤϡϤ佼ˡˤĤ esoterogeny ιͤФȤˤʤ뤷#1247. ɸѸϸ෿ŪˤꤽˤʤѼǤ ([2012-09-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Hope ε⡤ɸѸжʸˡ esoterogeny ˤäΤΤ褦˻פ롥1βʳˤȤɤޤȤȤϰռƤʤФʤʤ
⤽Ρñ㲽 (simplification) ȤϲؤΤˤĤơȤδ֤ǵ뤳ȤŦƤ (cf. #928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1])#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#3228. Joseph θѲ˴ؤƶ5 ([2018-06-07-1])) ޤɤΤ褦ʾñ㲽뤫ˤĤƤ⡤ܿ (contact) Ȥδط͡ʹͻ (cf. #1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ ([2014-03-20-1])#3151. ܿˤ줬ñ㲽뵡˻ˤϤޤʤä ([2017-12-12-1]))

Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.

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2018-06-07 Thu

#3328. Joseph θѲ˴ؤƶ5 [language_change][contact][linguistic_area][folk_etymology][teleology][reanalysis][analogy][diachrony][methodology][link][simplification]

ϢεǡJoseph ʸ "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture" 򻲾ȡѤƤ (cf. #3324. Ѳ̸Τʤ礦褦ˤƿʤǤ ([2018-06-03-1])#3326. ̻ŪȶŪ ([2018-06-05-1])#3327. ѲˤüԤ϶ŪǤ ([2018-06-06-1])) ѲˤˤĤƤκŪƹͤľƤ롤ͥ줿ͤǤ롥
ϡJoseph ŪỊ̇Ĺʲս˺Τ˲ȴƤ

[T]he contact is not really between the languages but is rather actually between speakers of the languages in question . . . . (129)


ϸƤߤФȯۤ˻פ뤬̡뤤ϸܿˤƤ顤Ф˺ƤǤ롥ʲε⻲ȡ#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])#1168. ܿȤüܿǤ ([2012-07-08-1])#2005. üԺߤθѲؤηپ ([2014-10-23-1])#2298. Language changes, speaker innovates. ([2015-08-12-1])
ˡХ륫 (Balkan linguistic_area) ˤܿ夲ʤ顤ͿƤսꡥ

. . . an overemphasis on comparisons of standard languages rather than regional dialects, even though the contact between individuals, in certain parts of the Balkans at least, more typically involved nonstandard dialects . . . (130)


2ĤθѼܿͤݤˡξԤɸŪѼǰƬ֤뤳Ȥ¿ºݤθܿˤƤϤषɸѼɤܿʤΤˤɸѼüԤɤܿˤΤ̤ۤǤϤʤäȤʸǤ롥
Ѥäơָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ؾ塤פǤ뤳ȤˤĤơ

Folk etymology often represents a reasonable attempt on a speaker's part to make sense of, i.e. to render transparent, a sequence that is opaque for one reason or another, e.g. because it is a borrowing and thus has no synchronic parsing in the receiving language. As such, it shows speakers actively working to give an analysis to data that confronts them, even if such a confrontation leads to a change in the input data. Moreover, folk etymology demonstrates that speakers take what the surface forms are --- an observation which becomes important later on as well --- and work with that, so that while they are creative, they are not really looking beyond the immediate phonic shape --- and, in some instances also, the meaning --- that is presented to them. (132)


Ǥ Joseph ϸѲˤüԤָ̱츻ŪȯۤΰյɾˤȤɤޤ餺ǤüԤζפָ̱츻ȤӤĤƤ롥#2174. ָ̱츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2015-04-10-1])#2932. salacious ([2017-05-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
ˡüԤζȴϢơʬ (reanalysis) ñ㲽ʣˤɤؤ뤫˼1ʸ󤲤褦

[W]hen reanalyses occur, they are not always in the direction of simpler grammars overall but rather are often complicating, in a global sense, even if they are simplificatory in a local sense.


ѲΡñ㲽פ˴ؤŪȤơ#928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1])#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#1693. §ŪʲѲԵ§ŪʷѲ ([2013-12-15-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ǸˡѲζŪˤĤƤΰѤ󤲤ƤؼԤ϶Ū˷кȤƵ뤬ɬǤϤʤȤƤ

[T]he grammars linguists construct . . . ought to be allowed to reflect uneconomical "solutions", at least in diachrony, but also, given the relation between synchrony and diachrony argued for here, in synchronic accounts as well.


Joseph, B. D. "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture." Explanation in Historical Linguistics. Ed. G. W. Davis and G. K. Iverson. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992. 123--44.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-23-1]

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2017-12-12 Tue

#3151. ܿˤ줬ñ㲽뵡˻ˤϤޤʤä [contact][history][anthropology][sociolinguistics][simplification]

ε#3150. ܿϸñˤ뤫ʣˤ뤫 ([2017-12-11-1]) ǡܿη̡ñ㲽ΤʣΤȤ夲Trudgill ηȤƤϡñ㲽˻Τ "high-contact, short-term post-critical threshold contact situations" ξ¿ȤȤΤ褦ʾϡ˾夢ޤʤäȤǤꡤдʹߤŪǤϤʤȤĤޤꡤۤʤüԤɤû֤ǻ̩ܿиȤ֤ϡ˻ˤϷ褷̤ΤȤǤϤʤäΤǤϤʤTrudgill (313) ۩

   I have argued . . . that we have become so familiar with this type of simplification in linguistic change --- in Germanic, Romance, Semitic --- that we may have been tempted to regard it as normal --- as a diachronic universal. However, it is probable that

widespread adult-only language contact is a mainly a post-neolithic and indeed a mainly modern phenomenon associated with the last 2,000 years, and if the development of large, fluid communities is also a post-neolithic and indeed mainly modern phenomenon, then according to this thesis the dominant standard modern languages in the world today are likely to be seriously atypical of how languages have been for nearly all of human history. (Trudgill 2000)


դ˸С餯˻θܿ˴ؤ֤ϡ෿Ǥ 1 3 ΥפäȤȤˤʤʤܿϸߤθʣݻĹ뤳Ȥ¿äΤǤϤʤȡ˻ʿŪ¸˻ƮŪͻ¤ȤܤΩ򴶤벾Ǥ롥

Trudgill, Peter. "Contact and Sociolinguistic Typology." The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 299--319.
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-23-1]

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2014-05-10 Sat

#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ [terminology][language_change][pidgin][creole][functionalism][functional_load][entropy][redundancy][simplification]

Ѹˤʸˡñ㲽 (simplification) ˤǤȸ뤳Ȥ롥űѸ줫Ѹˤʣʶ (inflection) פʸˡ (grammatical gender) 졤Τ˸줬ñ㲽褦ˤߤ롥ޤפˤĤƤϡ#928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1]) 2β̤Ƴ
ñ㲽ȤѸϡԥ󲽤䥯쥪벽ʸ̮ǤѽФ롥줬ԥ䥯쥪ؿܤƤݤŵŪ˴ѻʸˡѲϡñ㲽ȤħŤ롤ȸ롥
ˤñ㲽ȤǰˤȤ館ˤβäñ㤢뤤ʣȤߤʤˤĤơŪ˹դʤǤ롥áʸˡѤˤäñ㡦ʣδϡʤ⤷ȤƤ˰ۤʤ#293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1]) Ǥ褦ˡˤɤνŤߤͿ٤Ȥ⤢롥ޤǽŪΩ줫顤 functional_load entropy ¬뤳ȤǤȤƤ⡤ϸ; (redundancy) ĤΤǤϤʤäȤ롥ˡñ㲽ȤϸѲħȤ館뤿βʳŪѸǤϤʤѲȷӤĤɾޤѸǤϤʤȤ̤ʤʴϢơ#432. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ ([2010-07-03-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
󥽥 (57) ϡ쥪ˤߤȤ롤̣ΤʤΡñ㲽פˤĤơ3ĤιͤҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

(A) ֺǾסβϡϡڥ륻ˤäƺ줿ڥ륻ϡ쥪ΤʤˡʤˤȤäƤ礫ʤħΤߤ򤽤ʤǾηϤߤ
(B) ֺŬס̡ॹ쥦ǡˤȤäơ֥쥪ˤǤɽϺŬ֤ˤס
(C) Ωסλϥ㡼ɥˤä󾧤줿㡼ɥϡ⡼ꥷ㥹ξ硤Ϥ¸ߤƤηϡʥե󥹸졤ޥ졤Хȥˤޤ˰ۼǤäˡηϤḺäȹͤ


󥽥ϡγǰۣǤȤơñ㲽פȤѸ줽ΤΤ˵褷Ƥ롥ե󥹸١Ȥ˥󡦥쥪줫ζŪѤѤ褦 (57--58) 󥽥εϡܼĤƤȻפ

ñ㲽ȤǰΤΤǤϤʤȤХ˥󡦥쥪 mon zanfan ̤錄ΤɤͤȤɽϡե󥹸 mon enfant ñ錄λҡͤ mes enfants ʣ錄λҶͤȤĤη뤳ȤǤ롥ߤơ˥ñʣȤ̤ʤ顤ե󥹸ñȤʤ뤫⤷ʤ̤̤ߤСƱͳ顤쥪ɽϤäȤޤ顤äƤñפǤϤʤȤ⤤ºݡñפȤΰ̣ϡʣŪǤϤʤפȤ⡤ס֤ޤǤʤפȤ⤤ΤǤ롥򤵤ˤ褯Ĵ٤ʤС˥ϡϤäꤵɬפȤʣɽ魯ȤǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ĥλˤ mon bane zanfan ʻλҶˤΤ褦ˡbane Ȥʣɽ魯ƻѤơͤ顤쥪ȥե󥹸ΤϡˤϡäѤäȤФǤ륯쥪줬ƥȤǤ礭ʾ򤢤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤ롥ƤФ餯δ֤ɤ٤ꤵˤȤvey mon zanfan! ̤λҤߤƤͤ͡Ȥ褦ΤȤ虜虜ɤ⤬ͤʣϤäꤵɬפϤʤ¾ǡե󥹸Ǥϡʣ򤷤᤹ˤϡƤξ硤̾ηŪɸǤϤʤɸˤäƤ롥顤쥪ǽηϤȤΩƤʤʤСƱˡɽˤĤ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥̤βȤФäˤʤ
οˤĤƤε򤹤Ƥȡ˥󡦥쥪пäƤ뤫顤ե󥹸äʣȤȤˤʤ¡˥󡦥쥪ǤϡǤĤǰĤˤʤäƤΡܡʤɡˤФ̤Τᤸ뤷롥ֻΡĤΡܡפˤĤƤϡmon bane zyé ȤȤϤǤmon dé zyé ȤʤФʤʤƱͤˡֻΡ̰ĤΡܡפȤȤϡmon koté d zyé Ȥkoté d dé ϡпѤ̤Τᤸ뤷Ǥ롥äơmon bane soulie ϡ­ηؤȤǤʤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ʻ𤬤뤫顤ñ㲽פȤȤФϻȤʤˤȤϤʤθˤϡ̥쥪äΤȤߤͿͼŪʥ˥奢󥹤뤷ǽŪ¤Ū˰ۤʤӤƤʾ塤Ū˲ˤϡޤ̩礭ޤǤ롥ֺƹ¤פȤäۤäȤֺƹ¤פȤΤۤäΩŪǤ뤷¾¿Ѹñ㲽ǾŬˤȤȤʤꡤ餫ˤ褦ȤƤ빽¤ŪʤθиܤȽǤʤȤ롥


κǽΰѤˤ륤ڥ륻θѤˤĤƤϡ#1728. Jespersen θѡ ([2014-01-19-1]) 򡤥ॹ쥦ˤĤƤϡ#1074. Hjelmslev θء ([2012-04-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

١롦󥽥 ë ɧ إ쥪١ҡʸ˥ӡ2000ǯ

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