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ɸϡ켫ΤؤʣꡥؤǤ͡ƤʤƤ롥ˤȤäʣǤȤñǤȤϤɤȤʤΤ̻Ūʴ餤С줬ʣ (complication) Ȥñ㲽 (simplification) ȤȤϡ̣Τ
ȤСѸˤʸˡñ㲽ˤǤȤФФʤ뤬ʸˡñ㲽ȤΤϡŪˤϲɤñ㲽ƤΤ¦̤ñ㲽Ƥ褦ˤߤƤ⡤̤¦̤ǤϤäʣƤȤȤϤʤΤñ㲽ʣξäƤΤǤХȡȤƥץ饹ޥʥˤʤΤ뤤ϤǤʤΤʬʤȤ餱
ˤĤƤϡ#293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1])#928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1])#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#2820. ˤĤơ ([2017-01-15-1]) ϤȤ뵭ǵƤ
ϡʣפΤΤפƤߤKarlsson et al. (viii) ϡ"complexity" ˤĤ Rescher (1) Ƥ롥"Complexity is first and foremost a matter of the number and variety of an item's constituent elements and of the elaborateness of their interrelational structure, be it organizational or operational." ξ Karlsson et al. (viii--ix) Rescher (9) "complexity" ʬΩӤʣǰƬˡʲΤ褦ʤĤ "modes" Ƥ롥
1. Epistemic modes
A. Formulaic complexity
a. Descriptive complexity: length of the account that must be given to provide an adequate description of the system at issue.
b. Generative complexity: length of the set of instructions that must be given to provide a recipe for producing the system at issue.
c. Computational complexity: amount of time and effort involved in resolving a problem.
2. Ontological modes
A. Compositional complexity
a. Constitutional complexity: number of constituent elements (such as phonemes, inflectional morphemes, derivational morphemes, lexemes).
b. Taxonomic complexity (or heterogeneity): variety of constituent elements, i.e., number of different kinds of components (variety of phoneme types, secondary articulations, parts of speech, tense-mood-aspect categories, phrase types etc.).
B. Structural complexity
a. Organizational complexity: variety of ways of arranging components in different modes of interrelationship (e.g., variety of premodification or postmodification alternatives in basic constituent types such as noun phrases; variety of distinctive word order patterns).
b. Hierarchical complexity: elaborateness of subordination relationships in the modes of inclusion and subsumption (e.g., variety of successive levels of embedding and modification in phrases, clauses, and sentences; variety of intermediate levels in lexical-semantic hierarchies).
3. Epistemic modes
A. Operational complexity: variety of modes of operation or types of functioning (e.g., variety of situational uses of expressions; variety of styles and speech situations; cost-related differences concerning language production and comprehension such as Hawkins' 2004 efficiency, etc.).
B. Nomic complexity: elaborateness and intricacy of the laws governing the phenomenon at issue (e.g., anatomical and neurological constraints on speech production; memory restrictions on sentence production and understanding).
ʣˤϤĤΥפ뤳ȡˤäƤƱɶΩäƤʤȵ߹ʤǤ뤳Ȥʬ
Karlsson, Fred, Matti Miestamo, and Kaius Sinnemäki. "Introduction: The Problem of Language Complexity." Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change. Ed. Matti Miestamo, Kaius Sinnemäki and Fred Karlsson. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2008. vii--xiv.
Rescher, N. Complexity: A Philosophical Overview. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1998.
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