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2023-08-31 Thu

#5239. t ƲϤĤ顩 --- Mond μ [mond][sobokunagimon][phonetics][r][ame]

μͭӥ Mond Ǥ˲ޤ


[t] ƲϤĤ顩 --- Mond μ



ȤƤϡt Ʋ (flapping or tapping) ٤ȤѸʹߤƤȤȤˤʤޤ󥰥ɤǰ۲ȤƹԤʤƤΤ17ʹߤ˥ꥫޤϤ˰ܿѾ줿ΤȻפޤt ƲϥꥫѸŵŪħǤȤݤǤ¾¿ΥꥫѸħȤȤˡºݤε󥰥ɤ˵줽Ǥ
ǤϺĴ˺ݤäŵ򵭤ƤޤǤ Dobson (Vol. 2, p. 956) Minkova (147--48) ˵ޤDobson εҤȤƻĤƤޤ

          (4) Intervocalic [t] becomes [r]
385. From early in the sixteenth century there appear the forms porridge, porringer, &c. for earlier pottage, potager (see OED, s.vv.), though the older forms also survived (thus Salesbury has potanger and Bullokar potage). Coles gives porridg and porringer as 'phonetic' spellings of pottage and pottinger, from which it appears that written forms with t may sometimes conceal spoken forms with [r].


Ϣơ#61. porridge ϰ򤳤Ƽѹ٤ ([2009-06-28-1]) r rhotic ε⻲ȡ

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2023-08-30 Wed

#5238. ָ첽פȤɽήԤäƤ褦Ǥ [voicy][heldio][notice]


Ҥʤä顤ǶܸήԸդȤʤäƤ봶Τָ첽פȤɽˤĤƹͤ뵡ޤ
ָ첽פϡǯ¿ΥӥͥΥȥäƤꡤХȥɥɤȤäƤ褵ǤܸǤäդ񤭸դǤ褯ȤƤꡤȤΤȤ̤Ƥ褯ˤޤ
伫Ȥϡָ첽פȤɽ˰´ФƤꡤѤȤϤˤ衤ʤ깵ѤƤȻפޤ󡤼Ȥΰ´ΤõꡤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)3ˤ錄äȯޤĤޤָ첽פˤĤƲǸ첽ƤߤǤ

#809. ָ첽פȤɽήԤäƤ褦Ǥ818īۿ
ڱѸˤ #23verbalization ָ첽818ۿˡʢϷȤͭۿ1ܤȤƤǤ
#812. ָ첽פФƤäȰ --- ؼԤλ821īۿˡʢ Voicy Υȡơ޴#첽褦˻äƤۿǤ

Ȥ櫓 #809 #812 ۿˤĤƤϡ¿İƤޤȤ⤿󤤤ָ첽פȤɽ˰´Ƥͤϻ伫Ȱʳˤ⾯ʤʤȤ´ޤޤVoicy Υȡơ޴#첽褦ϡ͡ʥѡʥƥΡָ첽״ѤʹȤǤεΤˤ˻ͤˤʤޤ⤼Ҥİ褷ƤߤǡˤĤƤͤФȡ
Ȥ櫓 #809 ۿΥꥹʡγ󤫤ε夬äƤޤΤǡҺǤ⤽˻ƤȤꤲƤФȻפޤ
ޤޤƤʤǤ͡

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-08-29 Tue

#5237. ޽ȯԤΡֱѸˤˤĤĴ٤ [bibliography][hel_education][reference]

־ǡ޽ȯԤ֥ơĴ Paste+ץ꡼ΤʤˡֱѸˤˤĤĴ٤פꤹ椬뤳Ȥȯޤ޽ LSʿʸظʡˤˤǡ2023ǯ112ȯԤƤޤ
ܽʬˡ (NDC) ʬֹ830.2פʬҲȤȤǡϤޤˡֱѸˡפǤƱǤϴϢɤȤƤۤˡ˸ءסָűѸפ󤲤Ƥޤ




4ڡˤ錄ꡤ޽ۤΩ줫Ѹˤ˴ؤܤ䤽¾λҲ𤵤Ƥޤܥ֥Ҳ𤵤ƤꡤӤäꡪ򤷤ѸˤؤǤߤΤɤ⡤ɤϤФ褤ʬʤȤˤǤ
ܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǡؤӻϤΤɽʤɤŪ˹ԤʤäƤޤʲˤĤؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

hellog #4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1])
hellog #4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1])
heldio #140. ̡Ѹˤ (2021/10/18)
hellog #4731. رѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰 --- Ѹǽ񤫤줿Ѹ˳3Ҳ ([2022-04-10-1])
heldio #313. ྰȤ̡˼äߤαѸ˳3 (2022/04/09)
hellog #3636. ǯٽرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ҳ ([2019-04-11-1])
heldio #315. ǦȤ̡Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ (2022/04/10)
hellog #4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1])

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2023-08-28 Mon

#5236. ݡļ¶ѤθˤĤ¿ľ̤ޤ [youtube][voicy][heldio][sociolinguistics]

Voicy heldio ˤ¿ľʺءȤ̤ۿޤ¿ɤϡݡļ¶ѤαѸʤܸӡˤ򸦵椵Ƥޤ¾αѸؼֿ̾Ʊʤξ塤ݡļ¶ѤθȤϲ˸礤ޤ#818. ¶ѤαѸ with ¿ľ¾İ36ʬۤɤβۿˡ



饸ƥӡǶΥͥåȥȥ꡼ߥ󥰤μ¶Ȥäǥˤ㤤ʸˤ뺹㡤ݡļ̤ˤ뺹ʤɡ͡ʥѥ᡼ؤꡤĴʬϤ񤷤ΰȻפޤʸ̤ꥢ륿¶ŪʸʬǤȴޤ
ʤ¿ɤˤϰְʼδѸظإͥ˽б餷ƤǤ륹ݡļ¶ѤαѸ䤽¾ˤĤơ4ˤ錄ꤪä򤤤ޤcf. #5162. 塦Ĥ YouTube ǥݡıѸ¿ľ򥲥Ȥˡ ([2023-06-15-1])ˡҤ⤴İ

¿ľʺءо졪 --- ݡļ¶Ϲ񤴤Ȥˤ󤼤ڰʼδѸظإͥ 136 ۡ
֥ݡļ¶λ --- Ȥˤιμ¶ϤڰʼδѸظإͥ 138 ۡ
¿ľϤˤƸؼԤˤʤäڰʼδѸظإͥ 140 ۡ
ܤáǤá --- ¿ľ4ơʺǽˡڰʼδѸظإͥ 142 ۡ

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2023-08-27 Sun

#5235. Ҹ15αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][lme][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][caxton][malory][negative][impersonal_verb][preposition][periodisation]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤơǤ˲٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮȤˡʹܤǤ
ܽ1ϡ15ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿ҸĻرءȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤá15ȤΤŪʱѸˤλʬǤѸκǸΤǤϡȻפäϱԤǤΤˤ̤ʤΤǤ̤İƤС15ѸȤߤª뤳Ȥɬ̵ʤȤǤϤʤʬϤǤޤ#817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡İ40ʬĶβۿǤˡ



伫Ȥ⡤Ҹ̤ޤǤϡ15αѸϤޤ Chaucer ɽ14αѸ³ˤʤȤ٤ǧǤȤäΤǤפ㤤ä褦ǤѸؤȤơѸ˾塤ˡǽפʻǤ뤳ȤʬäƤޤ15αѸ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥߤޤ󤫡ǽ˼˼٤ϡ̤κǸˤ⤢ä褦ˡThomas Malory ˤ Le Morte Darthur إλ٤Ǥ͡Arthur νˡ
ʬˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ periodisation ΥΤĤ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ߲
ơ󤴰⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡޤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʲꤴȤ



YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡




¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-10-1] [2023-09-03-1]

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2023-08-26 Sat

#5234. 5ͤǸ CMC (computer-mediated communication) [cmc][punctuation][voicy][heldio][masanyan][ogawashun][punctuation][link]

#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1]) ˤĤơѸظԤ5ͽޤäưߤʤե꡼ȡޤäϤ餳Ǥޤ̤Ȥ CMC ͡¦̤˸ƤȤʤäƤȻפޤʤ˾Ф⤢ޤˡ Voicy heldio ǤϤΤ򡤺̾ۿƤޤ60ʬۤɤĹܤǤνˤäꤪİФȡ#816. ͥåȻθո --- CMC ΥˡǤ



󻲲äƤʳ4ͤΥСϰʲ̤Ǥ

¿ľʺء: https://gproweb1.obirin.ac.jp/obuhp/KgApp?resId=S000185
󤵤ʳءˡhttps://www.ntu.ac.jp/research/kyoin/kodomo/gakoukyouiku/kaneta_t.html
Ͻؤʥեꥹرؤۤˡhttps://sites.google.com/view/shunogawa (cf. ogawashun)
֤ޤˤפȿĿФ¢رءˡhttps://sites.google.com/view/moritamasato/ (cf. masanyan)

˶ (punctuation) 夬ޤϢ hellog 򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥޤ

#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])
#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])
#808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1])
#2848. ּԤ1ʤס ([2017-02-12-1])
#3045. punctuation εǽ¿ ([2017-08-28-1])
#3891. Ѹ͡ʶɵλ١ ([2019-12-22-1])
#3893. grammatical punctuation correspondence punctuation ([2019-12-24-1])
#4751. ʤ٤Ƥʸ񤭤ͤΡ ([2022-04-30-1])
#4987. ѸδòλȤȽ19 ([2022-12-22-1])
#4986. ܸƤƤ봶ò ([2022-12-21-1])

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2023-08-25 Fri

#5233. ָդν --- ؽػŵ٤ [religion][semantics][semantic_change][polysemy][register][kotodama]

#5230. ֽθա --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-08-22-1]) ǰѤؽػŵ٤μʬˡ2žָդνפȤФǤƤʸϤ (347--38)

դν¾ηŪȤƼƤİ뷼---νˤۤܽŤʤ---ǤϡդļԤ˼Ƥ졤䤬ơŵŵפԻ롥ϲŪ줿ǤꡤڤβȽǤδब˵ʾ塤˸ɵϤꤨʤ줬ŵ̱Ĥκܤˤ롥䶵ꥹȶ顼ʤɤΰˤơŵ̵ɵμĥŪ˱뤬ҥɥʤɤ¿Ǥ⡤ŵФưפ˴ѻǤ롥ŵФʪҤŵޤھϡդνܼŪ¢ƤΤǤ롥
ޤĶŪҤθաʿθʩʤɡˤ줿ŵŪޤΤߤʤ餺˽񤫤줿ŪͤӤӤƤȤߤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Τ褦츻Ȥʤäơ¾ΰڤβʬȤߤʤ硤դ켫ΤʲơǽŪˤϸդʪ߽ФǤȼĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʤդʪιǤȸָ챧פǤ롥츫ȡϿܤ줿̤ȯã椨ѤۤʸѤȼǽ⤤ΤǤ롥


Ǹ˽ФƤָ챧פȤʸѤˤĤơ֤򤪤ƼΤ褦ʸϤ³ (348)

ְջãפ˾ʤ¤ꡤƯϡ①ɽС②ʤ③ؼ④ˤ롥ϡ①ï②ïˡ③ΤˤĤơ④ȤפȤͻ蹽¤Ȥߤǹͻ뤳ȤǤ¤ϡְջãפۤˤѤǧȤߤˤϼޤڤʤۼʸδҤθ챧ˤϴޤޤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤˤϸμ׵ǽְջãפǤϤʤֱ¤פª褦ʸѤƤǤΤǤ롥


ָ챧פϡؤǤϼ갷뤳ȤΤʤѤǤϤ뤬1ĤθѤǤϤ롥

ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-27-1] [2023-09-12-1]

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2023-08-24 Thu

#5232. ̾̾θȤƤ Domesday Book [domesday_book][oe][norman_conquest][manuscript][onomastics][name_project][personal_name][toponymy]

#5227. űѸ̾Τθ ([2023-08-19-1]) ǿ줿ȤꡤDomesday Book ϸűѸ̾ΰλǤ롥
Domesday Book ȤϲǤСWilliam I 1086ǯ˺餻󥰥ɤΤۤĴĢʸ뤤ˤǤ롥⿽ΩƤ;ϤʤŰŪĴֺ֤꤫ǸοȽפˤʤ館 "Domesday Book" ̾դ줿̾12溢ޤǤˤϰŪʸƾΤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ롥
͡ȿäΤΡĴϻŻκ٤®ǡˤƤ餯ǤʹŪʶӤäĴ7--8ͤΰѰˤäƼ»ܤ졤ơۤʤϰôơľܼԤνΤ˴ؤܺ٤Ի񤫤鲦ν񵭴Ρ줬 Domesday Book Ǥ롥
ñ Domesday Book ȸƤФƤ뤬ºݤˤϰۤʤ2ĤδΩäƤ롥1 (Great Domesday) ϡEssex, Norfolk, Suffolk ٤ƤνϿޤǤ롥3Ĥν˴ؤƤϡǤϤʤ2 (Little Domesday) ¸Ƥ롥
Domesday Book ̾ȤƤβͤȡֻѾաפˤĤơClark (453--54) ⤷Ƥ뤳ȤѤ褦

For late OE name-forms of both kinds Domesday Book (DB) is the prime source; for many place-names, those from the North especially, it furnishes the earliest record extant . . . . DB proper consists of two volumes (recently rebound as five), always part of the state archives and now housed in the Public Record Office, wherefore they are together known as the 'Exchequer Domesday'. The two sections are, it must be emphasised, of different standing: 'Little DB', which deals with Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, represents a redaction earlier and fuller --- therefore more useful to onomasticians --- than that of 'Great DB', which deals with the rest of the Conqueror's English realm. There are also various related records, usually known as 'satellites', some (like Exon DB) official, others private . . .; on matters ranging from administrative procedure to orthography, these supplement the information given by the Exchequer volumes. Although DB as it stands results from a survey undertaken in 1086, roughly half the material there dates back to pre-Conquest times. Based as they were upon enquiries made by several panels of commissioners who collected documentary as well as oral evidence and interrogated alike French-speaking post-Conquest settlers and survivors of the pre-Conquest land-holding classes, the extant DB texts, in which the commissioners' returns have to varying degrees been recast, need careful handling. At the orthographical level, basic to onomastic study, they are notoriously unreliable. For one thing, not all the scribes used the traditional OE orthography . . . . For another, working conditions were unpropitious: name-material, unlike common vocabulary, cannot be predicted from context, and so the DB clerks, interpreting utterances of witnesses from varied linguistic backgrounds, sometimes perhaps toothless ancients, and editing drafts that bristled with unfamiliarities, were liable to mishear, misread, misunderstand, miscopy or otherwise mangle the forms. Only lately has appreciation of the types and degrees of scribal error in DB made progress enough for former broad assumptions --- for instance, about 'Anglo-Norman influences' --- to be gradually replaced by recognition of specific auditory and visual confusions.


Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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2023-08-23 Wed

#5231. űѸο̾ˤϲȷϤɽ魯 (family name) Ϥʤä [oe][anglo-saxon][onomastics][name_project][personal_name][alliteration][patronymy][by-name]

űѸο̾ˤϡ family name last name פϤʤ#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ褦ˤʤΤϥΥޥΤȤǤ롥
ȷϤ°ɸȯۤޤǤʤä櫓ǤϤʤä˲ȤηˤĤƤϡ̾ƱҲǻϤƬ (alliteration) ηȤвħ (sound_symbolism) DzȷϤ򼨺ƤޤȤʤȤӤDZ椫ǤϤʤ
Clark (458) Τ褦󤲤Ƥ롥

Despite the lack of 'family-names' in the modern sense, kinship-marking was a main motive behind old Germanic naming . . . . Thus, royal genealogies, whose partly mythical character makes them likely to show idealised forms, regularly exhibit runs of alliteration, as in the West Saxon sequence: Cerdic, Cynric, Ceawlin, Cuða, Ceada, Benbeorht, Ceadwalla . . . .


ۤˡ̾ˤĤơ§ŪǤϤʤΤΡ䷻̾˴ޤޤǤͭ뷹ߤȤ (cf. (patronymy))
̾ˤĤƤϡ󤻤ϿʤŪʷϻŦˤ褦Ǥ롥㤨 Bede ˵󤲤Ƥ̾ǤСűѸ̾Τ1/7ʲˤȤɤޤȤ

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-31-1] [2023-12-16-1]

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2023-08-22 Tue

#5230. ֽθա --- ؽػŵ٤ [religion][semantics][semantic_change][polysemy][register][kotodama]

#5221. ֵפȤϲ (2) ([2023-08-13-1]) ǿ줿ؽػŵ٤ѥѥɤ³Ƥ롥ָաפιܲˡֽθա (346--47) ȤФζ̣⤬äϲɤۤʤäƤΤ

θξˤա뤤ϤǻѤդΤϡ̤ˡֽפȸƤФƤ롥㤨Сֿΰפʩڡפ硤οΡְפʩֹڡפϡäṆ̀礤Ȥϼۤˤʹ֤γǰŪİĶ򼨤ΤǤ롥äȤƤƱǤ⡤줬ξ˸ȡ˰ۼΰ̣ӤӤΤǤ롥Τ褦ˡή̤Ƥ̣ǤȤ䤷ĶŪؤƯˤϤ롥
ξȤϡŪˤϡиΩǤꡤޤ㫤ԤǤ롥ǤϡФФȤʤ׵⡤ȿ鸫СФФȤʤ׵⤬Ƥ롥ĶŪۤդȤƸȤθʩʩ⤤ʩŵˤȤƼƤ뤬θդǻѤդƱηϤ°ΤǤ롥ʤСθʩϡȤ򤵤줨ʤĤޤꡤξǤϡФФȤʤ븽ݤȤơޤθաСˤ֤ΤǤ롥ĶŪ줿ꡤĶŪؼꤹۤɤˡդ뤲ΤǤ롥ξǤϡ餫λǡή줬ǤڤĶŪȤ˸줫ƤȤǤαư롥Ρ狼ĶæФȤˢؤפȤŤαưи佡ʤƤ롥
ȤǡաĤޤ꽡ˤϤĤμ꤬ޤޤƤꤵ롥ĶŪۤ줿ŪϡľѡħǰηİΤ̤Ǥ롥椨줬Ԥ༡ϡ¦Ǥǧ֤Ȥ򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥Ȥʪáʩˤˡˡʩ⤽ΤΡʤ켡νˤϡޤľŪ˴졤äߺѤμСǧƤ椯ǡĹ修θա󼡤νˤĽĤ˶ͭ졤ħŪʰվŻäƵ˼ޤ롥ơǰŪϣФʤŵŵԻ졤ĤˤϿءؤʤɳŪʿηŪĤθա軰νˤФ롥
ξˤƽ줬ȯȤȤˡդ˽ˤäƽξ줽켫Τ졤Ū̿ϤǺƹȤ¦̤롥Ȥ櫓θդۤθդϡܼŪǤŽ̤줿ΤȤ롥̽ۤˤΤϡռβ漹Ū˲Τ̵ȤʤꡤФμƩȤ֤Ǥ롥εꡤǥʥեξ̾ˡǰʩܡޥȥʿˡ˻졤ʤɤε̽ۤ귿ϡ褯ΤƤ롥μ귿Τ뤳ȤϡΤĤɡ狼ĶæʢФȤˢؤפüŪ˼¸뤳Ȥ¾ʤʤ衤硦θ֤Ū˽Ż뤵졤ŪˡΰĤȤȤ߹ޤƤʤǤ롥


ȵ䤬ͯƤξˤƤϡְפֹڡפΰ̣ѤȤȤϲ̤ự (semantics) ιͻоݤˤʤΤȽδ֤ˡ¿ (polysemy) ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ƤȹͤƤ褤ΤʤɤǤϡŪʸ˴ؤơڽʳءˡۤڥꥹȶۤʤɤΥ졼٥뤬ղä뤳Ȥ⤢顤쥸ȤƤȤ館ƤΤ
ΰѤǤϡּ¦Ǥǧ֤פȤɽѤƤ롥¦ǰ̣¤򤷤ꤷƤΤȤС̣ѲѰۤμΤᤰȤؤäƤˤĤƤϡ#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ
θˤĤƤϡ#3908. ֵפȤϲ ([2020-01-08-1]) ȡ#5221. ֵפȤϲ (2) ([2023-08-13-1]) ⻲ȡ#753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1]) طƤ

ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-08-21 Mon

#5229. űѸ˿̾ΥȥɤѤä [oe][anglo-saxon][onomastics][name_project][personal_name][diachrony][bede][domesday_book][by-name]

ϢűѸˤ̾ܤƤ롥űѸȰˤäƤĹˤ錄ʤΤǡ̻ŪѲäȤƤ⤪ʤ̾̾դ˥ȥɤ뤳ȤϸαѸǤܸǤ褯ΤƤ̤ǤꡤűѸˤ⤽λήԤäȤƤäʤ
Clark (461) ϡBede ˤ731ǯ蘆줿 Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (= Ecclesiastical History of the English People) William I 1086ǯ˺餻Ģ the Domesday Book ˤ̾Ӥ̾դη̻ŪѲ餷ΤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Although neither sample can be taken fully to represent contemporary usages, it is no accident that in detail the recorded stocks differ, with deuterotheme usages similar but only half the protothemes in common. Even with allowance for the greater number of name-bearers represented in DB, overall variability seems little reduced. Some change of custom has none the less taken place: the fairly even seventh-century frequency-pattern has given way to a markedly uneven one, with many names occurring just once or twice but a particular few, such as Ælfrīc, Godrīc, Godwine, Lēofwine and Wulfrīc, having each a multitude of bearers distinguished from one another by by-names (a similar pattern appears in the names of Suffolk peasants of probably ca 1100 . . .). This development parallels those seen in continental West-Germanic communities. . . .


ɬΤ̻ŪѲǤȤƶĴƤ櫓ǤϤʤClark ϸűѸˤƿ̾¿ƤʬϤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ǡμפʾ̾ϻĤäƤꡤƱ̾ξˤ̤ (by-names) դä뤳Ȥˤ̤褦ˤʤäƤȤ
̾դήԤѲظ˲äΤˤʤȤ#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-08-20 Sun

#5228. űѸο̾ΰΤˤ2ŻҲΩ [oe][anglo-saxon][onomastics][name_project][personal_name][consonant][phonetics][shortening][hypocorism][germanic][sound_symbolism]

űѸο̾ΰ (hypocorism) ħϲȤ񿴤򤯤뤰䤤ФơClark (459--60) Ը򻲹ͤˤĤġ⤷ҥȤͿƤƤ롥˲˴ؤŦŻҲ (geminate) ΩĤΤȤ

Clearly documented hypocoristics often show modified consonant-patterns . . . . Thus, the familiar form Saba (variant: Sæba) by which the sons of the early-seventh-century King Sǣbeorht (Saberctus) of Essex called their father showed the first element of the full name extended by the initial consonant of the second, in a way perhaps implying that medial consonants following a stressed syllable may have been ambisyllabic . . . . In the Germanic languages generally, a consonant-cluster formed at the element-junction of a compound name was often simplified in the hypocoristic form to a geminate, Old English examples including the masc. Totta < Torhthelm, the fem. Cille < Cēolswīð, and also the masc. Beoffa apparently derived from Beornfrið . . . .


ŻҲҲñ㲽ȤСܸΡ֤äס֤äס֤äס֤ޤä۵롥ܸβǤϽŻҲ¥ˤΤΤŪꤵƤȤäƤ褤̾䤽ΰΤʤɤˤϤȤ櫓¿ѤƤ褦ʰݤ롥ħ (sound_symbolism) δ顤餫ŪϲǽʤΤ

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-08-19 Sat

#5227. űѸ̾Τθ [oe][anglo-saxon][onomastics][evidence][philology][methodology][name_project][domesday_book]

Ϣε#5225. 󥰥̾ι (2) ([2023-08-17-1])#5226. 󥰥̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤ ([2023-08-18-1]) ǰѡȤƤ Clark (453) ꡤ⤽űѸ̾ (onomastics) θ (source-materials) ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤΤǧƤ

The sources for early name-forms, of people and of places alike, are, in terms of the conventional disciplines, ones more often associated with 'History' than with 'English Studies': they range from chronicles through Latinised administrative records to inscriptions, monumental and other. Not only that: the aims and therefore also the findings of name-study are at least as often oriented towards socio-cultural or politico-economic history as towards linguistics. This all goes to emphasise how artificial the conventional distinctions are between the various fields of study.
   Thus, onomastic sources for the OE period include: chronicles, Latin and vernacular; libri vitae; inscriptions and coin-legends; charters, wills, writs and other business-records; and above all Domesday Book. Not only each type of source but each individual piece demands separate evaluation.


ŪʸűѸʸŪȤϾۤʤǧ졤̣ȤϤʸŪ椫礭Ƥ櫓ǤʤʸؤǤ󤵤Ƥ븶ϤפʤΤѤκǸˤ褦 "each individual piece" βͤõȤⶦ̤롥ͭ̾ϰ̤ñƱ꤬񤷤ᡤ;פ˿ŤפȤϤꤽ
ᤰˤĤƤϰʲε򻲾ȡ

#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])
#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵ򡤾ä䤹ڵ򡽡ؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1])
#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])
#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1])

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-24-1]

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2023-08-18 Fri

#5226. 󥰥̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤ [name_project][onomastics][personal_name][anglo-saxon][oe][bede][beowulf]

ε#5225. 󥰥̾ι (2) ([2023-08-17-1]) ǡClark 򻲾Ȥ Bede ˤߤűѸ̾ηǧǤο̾ "themes" бäϡűѻ Beowulf Ǥ褯ѤƤñ췲ǤꡤűѸˤʸŪɤɽ魯ΤȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ǡ̾դμºݤäƤϡ줾 themes ΰ̣űѸ˶Ū򤵤Ƥɤʬʤ̾˹Ƥְ̣פΤϤ褯뤳ȤBeowulf θäϻθäǤꡤűѸǤäȤϡ褯Ŧ줭ȤǤ롥󥰥ʸŪɤȤʸ仺ŪɤȤäۤ褤褦ˤפ롥
ˤĤơClark ⿵Ťʸ򼨤Ƥ (457--58)

Name themes thus largely parallel the diction of heroic verse . . . . Kindred elements in the diction of Beowulf include common items such as beorht, cēne, cūð, poetic ones such as brego and torht, and also, more strikingly, compounds like frēawine 'lord and friend', gārcēne 'bold with spear', gūðbeorn 'battle-warrior', heaðomǣre 'renowned in battle', hildebill 'battle-blade', wīgsigor 'victorious in battle' . . . . Parallels must not be pressed; for rules of formation differed and, more crucially, such 'meaning' as name-compounds possessed was not in practice etymological. Name-themes might, besides, long out-live related items of daily, even literary, vocabulary: non-onomastic Old English usage shows no cognate of the feminine deuterotheme -flǣd 'beauty' and, as cognates of Tond- 'fire', only the mutated derivatives ontendan 'kindle' and tynder 'kindling wood'. Resemblances between naming and heroic diction nonetheless suggest motivations behind the original Germanic styles: hopes and wishes appropriate to a warrior society, and perhaps belief in onomastic magic . . . .


ѤκǸˤ褦ˡClark ϥ󥰥̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤȤ (1) μҲˤդ路˾ߤȴꤤ(2) ̾ˡؤοġ󤲤Ƥ롥󥰥ͭȤǤ뤬ƸФ̣̾դŪưŤȤȤ館줽
Ǿ줿̾ˤְ̣פᤰˤĤƤϡʲ⻲ȡ

hellog #2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])
hellog #5197. ͭ̾˰̣ϤΤʤΤ ([2023-07-20-1])
heldio #665. ͭ̾ˤϻؼоݤϤ뤱ɤ̣ϤʤǤ͡2023ǯ327

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-19-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-08-17 Thu

#5225. 󥰥̾ι (2) [name_project][onomastics][personal_name][anglo-saxon][oe][bede]

#4539. 󥰥̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1]) ˰³űѸο̾ˤĤ Clark ˤ뵭ҤߤƤߤ
Clark ϡBede ˤ Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (= Ecclesiastical History of the English People) ˸215ο̾ʼ˵ͤο̾ˤˤĤƼ󤲤Ƥ롥2/3ۤɤο̾2Ĥǡ1ǡ2Ǥ򤽤줾 "prototheme""deuterotheme" ȸƤ֡ˤȤ߹碌ʤäƤꡤ "themes" ʤ뤤 "name lemmas" ȸƤǤ褤ˤμ夲ȡ85--90ۤɤ̤ʼ̤ˤΤ⤢Ȥˡ50ʾϤäѤ1ǤȤơ20ϤäѤ2ǤȤѤƤꡤ1Ǥˤ2ǤˤѤƤΤ12ढ롥űѸ̾ˤĤƤΰȤơ1ǤѤ themes Τۤ¿ͤȤ
űѸο̾ themes ϡ̾̾졦ƻȤƤѤ뤢դ줿Ǥ뤳ȤħǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ John Mary Τ褦˿̾òѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤBede ˸90ۤɤ themes ˤĤƤС70ʾ夬ޥŪǤǤꡤ2/3ۤɤ̥ޥˤߤǤǤ롥ޥηǻѤ themes ȤȤ
ѥ Bede ˸¤äƤ⡤̾įƤߤȡ˷֤복ǰˤʤäƤ롥Clark (457) 󤹤롥

Recurrent concepts and typical Bedan name-themes include: nobility and renown --- Æðel- 'noble', Beorht-/-beorht 'radiant', Brego- 'prince', Cūð- 'renowned', Cyne- 'royal', -frēa 'lord', -mǣr 'renowned', Torht- 'radiant'; national pride --- Peoht- 'Pict', Swǣf- 'Swabian', Þēod- 'nation', Wealh-/-wealh 'Celt' and probably Seax- if meaning 'Saxon'; religion --- ælf- 'supernatural being', Ealh- 'temple', Ōs- 'deity'; strength and valour --- Beald-/-beald 'brave', Cēn- 'brave', Hwæt- 'brave', Nōð- 'boldness', Swīð-/-swīð fem. 'strong', Þrȳð-/-þrȳð fem. 'power', Weald-/-weald 'power'; warriors and weapons --- Beorn- 'warrior', -bill 'sword', -brord 'spear', Dryht- 'army', Ecg- 'sword', -gār 'spear', Here-/-here 'army', Wulf-/-wulf 'wolf; warrior', and perhaps Swax- if meaning 'dagger'; battle --- Beadu-, Gūð-/-gūð fem., Heaðu-, Hild-/-hild fem., Wīg-, and also Sige- 'victory' (limitations of function apply only to the Bedan evidence). Peace (-frið), prudence (Rǣd-/-rǣd 'counsel'), and defence (Bōt- 'remedy', Burg-/-burg fem. 'protection', -helm 'protection' and -mund 'protection') are more sparingly invoked. In compound names, protothemes appear in stem-form. Inflections are added only to the deuterothemes; when not Latinised, masc. names follow the a-stems and fem. ones the ō-stems.


Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ

#4539. 󥰥̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1])
#3902. 㥢󥰥̾ Edward, Edgar, Edmond, Edwin ([2020-01-02-1])
#3903. ޥ̾ atheling, edelweiss, Heidi, Alice ([2020-01-03-1])
#5195. ̾ (name lemma) ([2023-07-18-1])

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-19-1] [2023-08-18-1]

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2023-08-16 Wed

#5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][lmode][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲǤޤ¼Ļر̾ˤˤǤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮƤޤ
Τӡܽ5ϡ19ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿滳ʿؤۤȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤ19ϡѸΤߤȸ˶ᤤǤΤǡۤ礭ʰ㤤ϤʤȻפ줬ǤΤ˸ѸɤΤǤ19αѸ⤪褽ɤƤޤȤΤϻ¤Ǥ餳ʰ㤤򸫲ᤴƤޤ礭ʸ˴٤äƤޤΤǤƤˡȤˤϤޤʤ褦տռŪʴѻɬפȤȤˤʤޤդλ19αѸȤˤİޤ#806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡Ǥɤİ褯27ʬۤɤβۿǤˡ



滳ȤϡޤǤ2 heldio ̤ԤʤۿƤޤ

#803. 滳ˤȤäƱѸȤϲǤ --- ֱѸϡǤ״δϢ̲2023/08/12 ۿ
#323. 滳Ȥ̡singular "they" 19Ǥ̤˻ȤƤ (2022/04/19 ۿ)

󤴰⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡǤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡʲꤴȤйǤ



YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡




¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-08-15 Tue

#5223. رѸ˿ʹ6椬ȯԤޤ [hel_herald][notice][khelf][hel_education][link]

814khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ6椬ָޤPDFDZɤǤޤ
6ϡkhelf ĥå @khelf_keio ̤ΥĥǤ⤷ƤޤĥȤʤɤ̤ơֱѸˤδ֤ˡפαѸ˳ưhelˤˤϤޤȹǤ

رѸ˿ʹ6



khelf ΡرѸ˿ʹ6ԽѰӼɮԤγ٥ȤԤƤޤʴط԰Ʊ꤬ȤˡʲΥ饤ʥåפǤ

Ի׵Ĥʥڥưʪ
super hyper ʤ
Buffalo buffalo buffalo?
The Data ARE!?
Ѹ˥饦 by khelf 2ڹԡˡ
ȥФȿΤζϴط --- ̣ФΤĤʤ ---

4椫ϤޤäƤ̤ܶοֱѸ˥饦 by khelfפǤϡѸ˸ԤؤΥ󥿥ӥ塼Ǻܤޤܤ븦ԤڹʷܳرءǤǤ⿨ƤȤꡤˤ khelf Ǥ⤿ӤӤäˤʤäƤꡤVoicy heldio ˤⲿ٤б餷ƤƤޤ
ơرѸ˿ʹ٤Ϻǯ4ϴȯԤư衤褽31٤ΥڡȯԤ³1ǯȾФޤޤ³ޤΤɼԤγͤΤǤɤ꤬ȤޤǿޤޤơرѸ˿ʹ٤Τ٤ƤιϡŪǤѡۤˤĤƼͳˤ갷ȤǤޤषѸˤ̥Ϥ򹭤٤ưƤȯԼΤ khelf ȤޤƤϡŻΡΤ鷺ͤ˹ѡۤƤޤȹǤ
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ǸˡرѸ˿ʹ٤ΥХåʥСʹ泰ޤˤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ碌Ƥɤkhelf HP ΥڡˤХåʥСޤˡ

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Referrer (Inside): [2025-10-23-1] [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-08-14 Mon

#5222. ֱѸϡʻˤȤäơˡǤ --- heldio ꥹʡ󤫤󤻤줿 [voicy][heldio][notice][khelf][metaphor][conceptual_metaphor]

#5219. ʤˤȤäƱѸȤϡ --- 81319:00--20:00 Voicy heldio ΤΤ餻 ([2023-08-11-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤաkhelfʷѸ˥ե˶Υ٥ȤȤơheldio Ϥޤ饤İ衦äꥹʡγ󡤤꤬ȤޤѸ¿οͭ͡륳ߥ˥ƻǤϤޤؤӡѤƤġͤαѸФפˤ줾Ǥͤ͡ҤȤ꤬ۤʤѸѤäƱѸդäƤ뤳Ȥ褯ʬޤƲο˴ؿƤޤޤ
1ּͻҤϡī̾ۿȤƥ֤Ƥޤ#805. ֱѸϡǤ ʤˤȤäƱѸȤϤʤǤˡİ



θƤӤȴϢǶδϢ󤲤Ƥޤ

֡ڱѸˤ #18ֱۡѸϡʻˤȤäơˡǤ״ȯʡ
֡ڱѸˤ #19ֻۡˤȤäƱѸϡǤפϪܲ
#800. ֱѸϡʻˤȤäơˡǤפ罸ޤ --- ˤ˸ꥹʡ÷
#803. 滳ˤȤäƱѸȤϲǤ --- ֱѸϡǤ״δϢ̲
#804. 7ǰƬ˱Ѹؼ4̾˿ҤͤƤߤޤ֤ʤˤȤäƱѸȤϲ --- ˨Ҥ󡤶󤵤󡤤ޤˤȤ̡

ꥹʡγ󤫤󤻤줿ʤȤοˤϡΥ˽ޤäƤޤʲˤäȲƤޤϤäȽ񤭹ޤƤΤǡ˼Τȴˤޤˡ¿ˤϡֻˤȤäơפդƤޤǤϰΧ˾ʤ󼨤Ƥޤ

ѸϥʥӥǤ
Ѹϼ꤬Ǥ
Ѹʳؽˤ٥ȥ顼ܤǤ
ѸǤ
Ѹϥ꡼Ǥ
ѸȤϰ̤ΰĤǤ
ѸдߤγǤ롥
Ѹϡֵˤʤ륢ġפǤ
Ѹϡּʹ괶פǤ
Ѹϡֽ̿פǤ롤뤤ϡֿͤΤפǤ
ѸĤʤߤǤ
ѸϸդªѤ̣ѡʤؤ˥ѥפΤ褦¸ߤǤ
ѸȤϡֽΤʤι~Never Ending JourneyפǤ
ѸȤϡפΤ褦ʤΤǤ
ѸϹ񿴤ؤǤ
Ѹϡ̤ΤȤפǤ
ѸAǤ
ѸϥХǤ
Ѹܤμξ֤Ǥ
ѸϡפǤ
ѸϻΤɤ⤿Ǥ
ѸϡֿѤΡפǤ
Ѹ¿ܿͤˤȤäơ̲ҡפǤ
ѸϸǤ
ѸϿʹ֤Ƭ򤹤ΤǤϤʤǴиͿƤΤǤ
ѸϻȤäƤθäãƤΤǤ
Ѹؽϲꥨ졼ФͤʤΤǤ
ѸȤϡȡפǤ
Ѹ϶Ǥ
ѸŪ¸ߤǤ
ѸϸҤǤ
ѸϳݤǤ
ѸϥΥǤ
Ѹ§ʤΤˤǤ
ѸʤΤˤǤ
ѸϡڤαޤäȤ١ƤΤ椫ޤˤɤɤĹ,üϰΤȤޤǿӤƤ̯ʻޤǤ
ѸؽϥåȤǤ
ѸԻ׵ĤʼǤ
Ѹϡ֤äȵˤʤäƤ륫åƱפǤ
ѸϿͧǤ
ѸƴǤƣǤһפǤ
ѸǤ륲Ǥ
ѸϾǤ
ѸϱʱƴǤ
ѸϸܿͤζܤǤ
ѸϻˤȤäμ̣Ǥ
Ѹϥץåˡγ湥ξǤ
ѸϿͳʤǤ
ѸʳؽˤȤ϶Ǥ
ѸϥɥʶˤǤ
Ѹϲ񤤤˹Ԥ륢ɥ (AKB48) Ǥ
ѸϡܸüԤˤȤäơ˰֤䤵Ǥ
ѸȤҤФǤ
ѸȤϿǸĤĤĻǤ
ѸȹǤ
ѸϥԥΤǤ
Ѹϡ̤Ƥ⹥ʿ͡פǤ
ѸϵǤǤ
ѸϿʹִطǤ
ѸϥɥĸλǤ

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2023-08-13 Sun

#5221. ֵפȤϲ (2) [sobokunagimon][optative][religion][terminology][etymology]

ؽػŵ٤᤯ʤ˴طĤޤɤߤƤȤֵפιܤ˹ԤäˤĤƤϡ#3908. ֵפȤϲ ([2020-01-08-1]) ǰٹͤȤäϤιܤεҤˡ򤹤뤿μ꤬ (260--61)

ˤ뽡ؤˤϡεᤰ䤤礭ʴؿ򽸤ᡤȼѤζ̤˴ؤ꤬˵줿ռȼʸζ̤ᤰ䤤ؤ̤Ƥ롥˴ؤŪʸθŵǤص (Das Gebet, 1918) F. ϥ顼ˤС⼡οͳŪĶŪ¸ߤؤȸ뵧ϼŪʽ̤졤̾ʿʩʤĶŪ¸ߤ̾򾧤뤳ȡˡʡꡤ뤤ñ˿ʹ֤δ˾μ¸뵧ʤɤˤƤϡȼŪͻ礬ƤȤޤͳŪĶŪ¸ߤȤθȹͤΩ줫ϡۤȶ̤뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ȥμդ֤뽡ŪʽȤδ֤ζήưŪǤ롥㤨С̾ˤϸդϤŪʷǤʤ䴶աʤɤʤߤ뤷ꤤͽĶŪ¸ߤΤ餻ȤȤˤⵧ빽¤롥η򹯰ݻ򵧤褦ʾϡ꤬ष˶ŤƤȤͤ롥
ֵפ̣դθ츻ϡȤݤʸkŪʥƥȤָ뤳ȤǤ롥Ѹ "prayer" ɥĸ "Gebet" ʤɡֵפ̣θϤࡤꤦפʤɤθդ˵ĤΤФơܸΡ֤Τפϡ֤פʤʤΡʤءʤɤɽȡ֤Τפʤ𤲤롤ʤ٤Ȥạ̈θȤȤ߹碌ǤƤꡤŤϡֿȤˡɵפǤϤʤֿȤɵפȤˡߤ줿ȤʤߴꤦоݤȤƤοͳŪ¸ߤȤŪʹͤȤϰۤʤꡤܸΡ֤ΤפǤϡθռΤ̿ϤʤΤɤȹͤƤȤ狼ΤǤ롥


¾δϢ뽡Ȥθ̩ʶ̤񤷤Ǥ롥ȤСθդȡ¾δϢ뽡θդȤθ̩ʶ̤񤷤ȤȤˤʤ
ʳءˤȸʳءˤγݤϡΩˤȤäƤ⥨ƥ󥰤ǤꡤȤäƤ褤ܥ֥ϡ#1546. ʬۤȽʬۡ ([2013-07-21-1])#2485. ʸȽ ([2016-02-15-1]) ޤ religion γƵ򻲾ȡ

ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-12-1] [2023-08-22-1]

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2023-08-12 Sat

#5220. OED World Englishes [world_englishes][elf][oed][variety][notice]

OED Online Υ󥿡եǡѹ줿ɤѲᡤΤ褦 OED ѤƤ1桼ȤƤϡʤǤäƤޤäޤǤäƤ롥ѹľˤرʤɤȡֺäͤפȤȤꤷۤȤ
󥿡ե˴뤿ˡƤʤȤ֥饦Ƥ顤ޤǵŤʤäʤɤ¿ȯǤҲ𤹤 World Englishes ι⤽1Ĥ
OED 2028ǯ˽ǤǤ100ǯޤ롥 "The OED100 project" ˸ơOED ѸؤδؿƤȤѶŪʻ򼨤Ƥ롥OED ԻϤޤä19ȾˤϡѸϤޤֿפǤϤʤäߤǤϱѸ175ͤüԿ͸ʤBritish Council ˤĴ˥󥬥ե󥫤Ȥƻ¾ȤʤäƤ롥Ȥ櫓100ǯ򿶤֤ȡ͡ʱѸѼ郎иɸಽˤäƤϵϲäOED Ѹᤰ뤳ε޷ѲȿǤ͡ѼǰŪ˻ȤƤ䤽ȯѶŪ˺ϿƤ򼨤Ƥ롥
嵭ΥڡϡOED World Englishes ˴ؤ󶡤ϥ֤ȤʤäƤꡤ󥯤ĥƤ륳ƥĤɤ߻İƤǤ⡤ٶˤʤȤ櫓ڡ֤Ƥ롤ѼΰؤΥ󥯤ϽפǤ롥OED ¤˿ʲƤ롪


OED: World Englishes


Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-18-1]

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2023-08-11 Fri

#5219. ʤˤȤäƱѸȤϡ --- 81319:00--20:00 Voicy heldio ΤΤ餻 [voicy][heldio][khelf][notice]



89 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡ#800. ֱѸϡʻˤȤäơˡǤפ罸ޤ --- ˤ˸ꥹʡ÷ۿޤ
ꥹʡγˡ֤ʤˤȤäƱѸȤϤɤ¸ߤǤפ䤤̤ǤkhelfʷѸ˥ե˶Υ٥ȤǤ
ؤθƤӤ2Фޤꥹʡ¿ΥȤ󤻤ƤޤֱѸϡʻˤȤäơˡǤפȤեޥåȤɬƤϤޤʤƤ⤫ޤޤΤǡͤͳ京ʤɤźơͳˤйǤ
ȳ󤫤ΤʤԤ812 19:00--20:00 ˡ󤻤줿ɤ߾夲ĤijǴվޤǤȤ heldio Υ٥Ȥ򳫺ŤͽǤ
ѸФפϽͽȻפޤ͡ʡֱѸѡפȤȤߤ򤷤ƤСѸؽᤰ߳ˤʤޤܥ֥ǤĤˤƤֱѸˡפؤְյˤФƤΤȴԤޤ
ҳιֱͤѸȤϲפز򤪴󤻲ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-14-1]

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2023-08-10 Thu

#5218. åȥ̾ζ֤ϿФƤѤʤ [onomastics][toponymy][stress][name_project][germanic][celtic][scottish_gaelic][pictish][scottish_english][scots]

#5212. ̾ؼԤϤʤեɥ򤹤Τ ([2023-08-04-1]) Ǹڤ Taylor ʸθȾǡåȥ̾ζ֤˴ؤä٤˽Ф路 (82--83) 츻󶡤줬äʤʤäƿλ֤ФȤƤ⡤̾ζ֤ݤ뷹ȤȤ§ǤϤʤȤȤΤ褦դˤж֤γǧˤäƸ츻󶡸줬٤γΨǤȤȤˤĤʤ롥

It is very important to record how a place-name is pronounced, since this can yield vital clues for its correct analysis. For example it is a general, though by no means universal, rule that place-names which are stressed on the first element are in languages of Germanic origin, such as Scots or Norse, while place-names which are stressed on the second or third element are of Celtic origin, such as Pictish or Gaelic. It would be more accurate to say that in both language groups it is the specific element which bears the stress, but that in Scots and Norse names the specific usually comes first, the generic second, while in names of Celtic origin it is usually the other way round. It is a remarkable fact that the original stress pattern of a name tends to survive, even when the original language of coining has not been spoken locally for many hundreds of years.


Ϥ⤷ʵ䤬Ƭͯ夬äƤ롥

̸Ū specific/generic ζ̤֤䶯֤شطˤΤʤΤ
̾Ȱ̸ȤǤϡŪʶ֤ݻ䤹˺ΤʤΤ
Ʊ̾Ǥ⸽üԤȳüԤȤδ֤Ƕ֤ȯۤʤ뤳Ȥ뤬̾ϰˤ뺹ƱȤȤ館Ƥ褤Τ

Taylor, Simon. "Methodologies in Place-name Research." Chapter 5 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 69--86.

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2023-08-09 Wed

#5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ [voicy][heldio][name_project][onomastics][notice]

87ʷˤˡ3̾ȤȤˡ̾ץȡפʤΤΩ夲ޤ˱Ѹˡؤδ̾פˤĤƵƤȤǤ֡ܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פʤɤǴϢ륳ƥĤƤۤ͡ʥ٥ȤⳫŤƤͽǤkhelfʷѸ˥եˤˤⶨϤĤǡ̾פᤰ夲ƤȻפäƤޤܥ֥ɤߤγ⡤ȼƤС
ץȤʤƤ礿Сϡޤ4̾Ȥʤޤ3̾ϤǤ heldio ʤɤǤϤߤǤ

Ͻؤʥեꥹرؤۤ
ڹʷܳرء
޽¤ء

ץΩ夲4ͤ饤ǽ뤷ݤ˼Ͽ̲ݤΤ򡤺 heldio ۿޤ#799. ̾ץȡΩ夲ǰϿ with Ͻؤڹ󡤸޽¤30ʬۤɤĹˤİ



ǡ̾פȤäƤ⡤СϰϤϤƹǤ⤽̾פȤϲ䡤ȤȤϤޤꡤճȤؤǤޤˤäƤ̾פªۤʤ⤢ޤ
ؤβʬȤ onomastics ͭ̾פȤΰ褬ޤʻϡ̾ءפȸƤӤȤǤˡˤĤƤϡǤܥ֥Ǥ onomastics ¿εǽ񤤤ƤޤΤǡҤɤȤ櫓ʲε򤪴ᤷޤ

#5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1])
#5189. ͭ̾ؤμϰϡ ([2023-07-12-1])
#5191. ̾פȤϲ ([2023-07-14-1])

Ҥ줫Ρ̾ץȡפưˤܤ

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2023-08-08 Tue

#5216. Beowulf ˤĤȤ˥쥳ҤͤƤߤޤ [beowulf][oe][literature][voicy][heldio][manuscript][rhetoric]

hellog #5206. Beowulf Ƭ11Ԥɡ ([2023-07-29-1]) Voicy heldio #783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦ󡤾ϽؤȰߤʤ餴Ҳ̤ơűѸǽ񤫤줿ɽŪʱͺ Beowulf ˴ؿ⤿줿⤤뤫Ȼפޤ
˰³űѸȤ߷ͧΩءˡǦʽٲءˡϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤ3̾ȡ路ʤ Beowulf ̵򷫤깭ޤȤ櫓κʤȤǤ߷ˡBeowulf ϤˤƸäƤΤθոħϲʪϤΩΤμꤲ򤤤ޤ
ԤΤߤ40ʬۤɤĹܤȤʤäƤʤ⽪ϾӤƤˤޤ֤ΤȤˤİС

heldio #797. ߷ͧ Beowulf ΤȤ򲿤Ǥ䤷Ƥߤޤ with Ǧ and Ͻؤ



κʤ˴ؿϡܥ֥ beowulf γƵ⤴

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2023-08-07 Mon

#5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ [dictionary][lexicography][phrasal_verb][conversion][punctuation][hyphen][gerund][voicy][heldio]

#5213. ưʻž ODPV ([2023-08-05-1])#5214. ưʻž ODPV (2) ([2023-08-06-1]) ơOxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (= ODPV) δ (514--17) ˵󤲤ƤɽθΰƸ롥Ƥߤ372濫äɹΰѤʤΤȻפ
Ϣƺī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡȴŪ˴ؤ#798. outbreak breakout --- ưѲΰ֤ᤰۿΤǡİС



ʲΰ˵󤬤äƤۤܤ٤Ƥθ줬ưѲפθȤʤäƤ뤬uplift upturn ΤߤѲưפȤʤäƤ롥2ϳơ a1845, 1868 ФȤʤäƤꡤŪˤСѲưפθȤ٤¤ȤȤˤʤ롥



back-up
balls-up
bawling-out
beating-up
blackout/black-out
blast-off
blowout
blowout (main entry)
blowing-up
blow-up
botch-up
(a) breakaway (group)
(a) break-away (state)
break-back
breakdown
break-in
break-out
breakthrough
break-up
brew-up
brush(-)down
brush-off
build-up
bust-up
bust-up (main entry)
call(ing)-up
carry-on
carryings-on
carve-up
castaway
cast-off
cave-in
change-down
change-over
change-up
check-in
check-out
check-over
check-through
check-up
clamp-down
clawback
clean-out
clean-up
clear-up
climb-down
clip-on (ear-rings)
clock-in (time)
clock-off (time)
clock-on (time)
clock-out (time)
close-down
cock-up
come-back
come-back (main entry)
come-down (main entry)
come-hither (look) (main entry)
come-on
cop-out
count-down
cover-up
crack-down
crack-up
crossing(s)-out
cut-away
cut-back
cut-off
cut-out
die-back
dig-in
doss-down
downpour
drawback (main entry)
dressing-down
drive-in (main entry)
drop-out
drying-up
fade-out
falling-off
fall-out (main entry)
feedback
fight-back
fill-up
fit-up
flare-up
flashback (main entry)
flick(-)through
flip(-)through
flyover (main entry)
flypast
follow-on
follow-through
follow-up
foul-up
frame-up
freak-out
freeze-off
freeze-up
freshen-up
fuck-up
gadabout
getaway (main entry)
get-together
get-up
give-away
glance-over/through
(the) go-ahead (to do sth)
(a) go-ahead (organization)
go-between (main entry)
go-by (main entry)
goings-on (main entry)
going-over (main entry)
hand-me-down(s)
hand-off
hand-out
hand-over
hang-out
hangover/hung over (main entry)
hang-up/hung up (main entry)
hideaway
hold-up, holdup
hook-up/hooked up (main entry)
hose down
hush-up
jump-off
kick-back
kick-off
kip-down
knockabout (main entry)
knock-down, knockdown (price)
knock-down, knockdown (furniture)
knock-on
knock-on effect (main entry)
knock-out
knock-up
lace-up(s)
layabout (main entry)
laybay (main entry)
lay-off
lay-out
lead-in
lead-off
leaf-through
leaseback
left-over(s)
let-down
let-out
let-up
lie-down
lie-in
lift-off
lift-up
limber-up
line-out (main entry)
line-up
listen-in
(a) live-in (maid)
(a) living-out (allowance)
lock-out
lock-up (main entry)
(a) look about/around/round
look-in (main entry)
looker(s)-on
look-out
(be sb's) look-out (main entry)
look-over
(a) look round
look-through
make-up
makeshift(s)
march-past
mark-down
mark-up
marry-up
meltdown (main entry)
mess-up
mix-up
mock-up (main entry)
(a) mop-up (operation)
muck-up
(a) nose(-)about/around/round
offprint
onlooker(s)
outbreak
outcast
outlay
output
overspill
passer(s)-by
paste-up
pay-off, payoff
peel-off
phone-in
pick-me-up
pick-up
pick-up (truck) (main entry)
pile-up
pile-up (main entry)
pin-up (main entry)
play-back
play-off
(a) poke(-)about/around
(a) pop-up (book)
(a) potter(-)about/around
print-off
print-out
pull-in
(a) pull-out (section)
pull-up
punch-up
push-off
pushover (main entry)
put-down
(a) put-down (point)
(a) put-up (bed)
quickening-up
(a) rake(-)about/around/round
rake-off
rake(-)round
rave-up
read-through
read-through (main entry)
riffle(-)through
rig-out
rinse-out
rip-off
roll-on/roll-off (main entry)
roll-up (main entry)
round-up
rub-down
rub-up
runabout (main entry)
run-around (main entry)
runaway (children)
runaway (main entry)
(a) runaway (marriage)
(a) runaway (victory)
run-down
run-down (main entry)
run-in (with) (main entry)
run-off
run-through
run-up
(a) scout-about/around
(a) see-through (blouse etc)
seize-up
sell-off
sell-out
sell-out/sold-out (main entry)
send-off (main entry)
send-up
setback
set-to
set-up
setback
set-to
set-up
set-up (main entry)
shake-down
shake-out
shake-up
share-out
shoot-out
(a) shop around
show-down (main entry)
show-off
shut-down
sit-down
sit-down (demonstration/strike) (main entry)
sit-in
skim-through
sleep-in
(a) sleep-in (nanny)
slip-up
smash-up
snarl-up
snoop(-)about/around/round
speed-up
spin-off (main entry)
splash-down
(a) spring-back (binder)
stack-up
stake-out
standby
stand-in
stand-off (main entry)
stand-to
stand-up comedian/comic (main entry)
start-up (capital)
step-up
(a) stick-on (label)
stick-up
stitch-up
stop-over
stowaway
strip-down
summing-up
sun-up
swab(-)out
sweep-out
sweep-up
swill-out
swing-round
switch-over
tailback
take-away
take-home (pay)
take-off
take-out
take-up
talk-in (main entry)
talk-through
teach-in (main entry)
tearaway (main entry)
tee off (main entry)
telling(s)-off
(a) through-away (can)
(a) throw-away (remark)
throw-back
throw-back (main entry)
throw-in
throw-out
(a) thumb(-)through
ticking(s)-off
tick-over
tidy-up
tie-up/tied up (main entry)
tip-off
(a) tip-up (seat)
top-up
toss-up
touch-down
trade-in
trade-off
try-on
try-out
turnabout
turn-around
turndown
turn-off
turn-on
turn-out
turn-over
turn-over (main entry)
turn-round
turn-up(s) (main entry)
turn-up for the books (main entry)
upturn
uplift
(a) wake-up (call)
walkabout (main entry)
walk on (main entry)
(a) walk-on (part)
walk-out
walk-over
walk-through
warm-up
wash-down
wash-out
wash-out (main entry)
watch-out
weigh-in
whip-round (main entry)
wind-up
wipe-down
wipe-over
work-in (main entry)
work-out (main entry)
write-in (main entry)
write-off
write-up
(a) zip-up (jacket)




Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-18-1] [2025-02-17-1]

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2023-08-06 Sun

#5214. ưʻž ODPV (2) [dictionary][lexicography][phrasal_verb][conversion][punctuation][hyphen][gerund]

ε ([2023-08-05-1]) ˰³ư켭ŵ Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (= ODPV) 򻲾ȤĤĶư (phrasal_verb) ʻž (conversion) ˤĤơ
ODPV δ (514) ˡ̾첽ưˤĤƳ㤬ǺܤƤ롥ʬɤǡưʻžᤰ͡¦̤ߤƤ롥㤨С2Ǥδ֤˥ϥե󤬶ޤΤɤޤ᤿ˡꡤưΥǤϤʤư -ing դư̾첽ˡ¸ߡ츫ưʻžΤ褦ǤƼ¤ϤȤбư줬礱Ƥ륱ƻؤʻžλʤɡ

This index covers all the nominalized forms (ie nouns derived from verbs + particles/prepositions) recorded in the main part of the dictionary (usually but not always the base form of the verb + particle/preposition, with or without a hyphen). For a full treatment of these forms, see The Student's Guide to the Dictionary.
   Nominalized forms sometimes consist of the -ing form of the verb + particle/preposition (eg (a) dressing-down, (a) summing-up, (a) telling-off). The more common examples are recorded here.
   Each nominal form is listed alphabetically and is followed by the headphrase(s) of the entry (or entries) in which it appears in the main text:
change-over change over (from)(to); change round/over
output put out 7
   When the nominalized form is the headphrase itself, the fact is noted as follows:
fall-out (main entry)
(There is no finite verb + particle expression in regular use from which fall-out derives: a sentence such as *The nuclear tests fell out over a large area is unacceptable.)
   When a nominalized form is generally used attributively, a noun with which it commonly occurs is given in parentheses after it:
(a) see-through (blouse) see through 1
start-up (capital) start up 2
   Whether a nominalized form appears as one word, as one word with a hyphen, or as two words, is often a matter of printing convention or individual usage. The entries in the dictionary and in this index generally show the most accepted form in British usage, but variations are recorded where appropriate, eg. a) poke(-)about/around.


ʤߤ1ǻȤƤ The Student's Guide to the Dictionary γս (xiii) ˤϡΤ褦ˤ롥

1 what is a nominalized form?
A nominalized form ('nom form' for short) is a noun formed from a phrasal verb: make-up, for instance, is formed from make up (ie 'apply cosmetics to one's face') and take-off is formed from take off (ie 'leave the ground in an aircraft'). Sometimes nom forms have a spelling which includes the letters -ing: tell off (ie 'reproach, reprimand') has the nom form telling-off.


ǤȤʤΤ񤷤ưȯŸȤ٤ʻž̾졦ƻˤĤƤʣʻ𤬤褦

Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-07-1]

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2023-08-05 Sat

#5213. ưʻž ODPV [dictionary][lexicography][phrasal_verb][conversion][voicy][heldio]

ư (phrasal_verb) ʻž (conversion) ˤĤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǼ夲ޤ#796. get-together, giveaway --- ưʻžİ



ۿΤʤǿ줿 Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (= ODPV) ˤĤƾҲ𤷤ޤǤФƤ褦ǤۿΤ˻䤬ȤΤ1993ǯǤǤ


Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. ''Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs''. Oxford: OUP, 1993.



μδ (514--17) ˶ư줬ʻžƤǤ¿̾ʤȤ˷ƻˤƤޤ400Ķ᤯ΤǤϤʤǤ礦Ǥ20ǯФäƤޤߤޤǤʻžư⾯ʤʤΤޤ
ưʻžˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεǿƤޤΤǤȲ

#420. 20ȾˤϤäĤθ ([2010-06-21-1])
#1695. ưʻž ([2013-12-17-1])

ޤư˸¤餺̤ʻžˤĤƤϡܥ֥εȤƤ conversion heldio ۿȤƤդˬͤС

Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-07-1] [2023-08-06-1]

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2023-08-04 Fri

#5212. ̾ؼԤϤʤեɥ򤹤Τ [onomastics][toponymy][methodology]

̾ؼ (toponymist) ϴ˸äƸ椹뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ򺣤 Google Earth 3ǥ󥰤ϿޥեȤʤɤѤ륳ԥ塼κȤ¿ʤäƤ褦եɥȤϸʬ礫ʤȤ
åȥɤ̾򸦵椷Ƥ Simon Taylor Ȥ̾ؼԤͭ̾ؤ˴ؤϥɥ֥åΤʤ1ǡեɥˤĤƼΤ褦˽񤤤Ƥ롥̾ؼԤָ֤ɤäʤȻפäΤǰѤƤ

There is much in the life and work of the toponymist which involves sitting at a desk, whether at home, in a library, or in an archive. Equally, there are aspects essential to the work which involve 'getting out and about'; for the purposes not just of interrogating those who live in a landscape, as in the collection of oral material, but of interrogating the landscape itself. There are many cases in which the landscape offers the key to the interpretation of a name. Ambiguity and doubt abound especially in the interpretation of names which have been mediated by a language or languages different from the one in which they were originally coined, and it is often only a careful consideration of the physical landscape, past and present, which can offer any chance of certainty. While some of this can be done through maps, and with the recently available online resources such as Google Earth and the 3D modelling of maps in such programs as Fugawi UK, there is, for the foreseeable future at least, no substitute for being in and moving through the actual landscape.

Even in cases in which there is little or no doubt concerning a given element, a detailed engagement with the landscape can shed much light on the precise definition and application of the element involved, bringing us closer to the mindset and motivations of the original name-givers. (Taylor 75)


ʤۤɡ֤ϳ֤äƤȤƤ⡤֤ͭСĤƤ̾դưĤʤɤˤĤƲ󥹥ԥ졼뤫⤷ʤȤȤʤΤϡˤ˴ϢʬǤС̾˸¤餺ɤоݤˤĤƤ뤳Ȥ⤷ʤ򺣤ϲȤˤʤˤƤǤ뤳ȤƤΤΤʤȤФäƤʤdz˷Ф

Taylor, Simon. "Methodologies in Place-name Research." Chapter 5 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 69--86.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-10-1]

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2023-08-03 Thu

#5211. Innsbruck EDD Online 4.0 [dialect][web_service][corpus][lmode][lexicography][edd][dictionary][notice]

Joseph Wright ˤ English Dialect Dictionary Υ饤ǤǤ EDD Online ˤĤơManfred Markus Ψ Innsbruck ؤΥब饤󲽥ץȤκǽʳ̤Ȥ Version 4.0 ɽȤξޤInnsbruck EDD Online 4.0 Based on Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (1898--1905) Ǥ


Innsbruck EDD Online 4.0 Based on Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (1898--1905)



Ϥޤ EDD Online ˭٤ʵǽȤʤƤʤΤǤβ᡼ǧǤꡤϿ޾˼Ƥ줿вεǽ¤ƤݤǤ
Markus ˤȤΥȥư5ʬˤ⤢ޤΤǻİ򤪴ᤷޤʼȤϴطޤ󤬡ưκǸΥ󥹥֥åηʿ˿åƺȥꥢ˹Ԥʤɤۡˡ
EDD ˤĤƤϡhellog ǤϰʲεǼ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȳ

#869. Wright's English Dialect Dictionary ([2011-09-13-1])
#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1])
#2694. EDD Online (2) ([2016-09-11-1]) 򻲾ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-08-02 Wed

#5210. ǶαѸ츻ŵ --- ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯ [notice][review][etymology][voicy][heldio][yurugengogakuradio][youtube][link][kenkyusha][kdee]


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ



hellog μɮΤˤ⡤Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פμϿΤˤ⡤ɸΡرѸ츻ŵ٤ʤϻˤȤäƤʤȸڤäƤ褤Ȼפޤʤ⤦1İʤȤʤΤ OEDˡ
֤إ饸פؤνб顤սءȤ Voicy ̤2ˤ錄ꡤѸθ츻˴ؿΤ˸ơرѸ츻ŵ٤򶯤侩ޤ줾 YouTube ֱñĢθ츻Τ뤿ˡԤƤӤޤڥå1900 with #247ʤȤ櫓49ʬ30դ꤫ˤ Voicy #787. ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤΥ򤴾Ҳ --- սȤ̡ǤҤİ



ΡرѸ츻ŵ٤ȴϢơ ָnote֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ȳǰ΢áꤹ붽̣ޤԽ N. A. 󤬡ҰĹξѰϺ˥󥿥ӥ塼Ƽɮ줿Ǥ



رѸ츻ŵ΢¦ˤĤơΤʤȤФǶäޤ㤨С

ҺǸγǤ줿ŵ
17ǯᤤǯ򤫤Ի줿ŵ
Ѥϡܤ꽪äϤݴɾʸ­ʤʤΤǡ

˷Ȥä٤Ƥ˲ƴդĤġرѸ츻ŵ٤᤯äƤȻפޤ
hellog θ츻ʼŵ˴ϢεϿ¿ޤʲ˼äΤȴФޤͤޤǤˡ

#600. Ѹ츻ν ([2010-12-18-1])
#1765. ܤǽ¤ƤѸ츻ؤ Klein αѸ츻ŵ ([2014-02-25-1])
#485. 츻Τ뤿Υ饤󼭽 ([2010-08-25-1])

#5051. 츻ѤѸܥӥΤ hellog heldio γѤ򡪡 ([2023-02-24-1])
#3546. Ѹˤ츻ñؤӤʤ顤줬μ ([2019-01-11-1])
#3696. ܥӥΤΡֺǤΩ25θΥѡġס ([2019-06-10-1])
#3698. 츻ؽˡΤ ([2019-06-12-1])
#4360. ñθ츻Ĵ٤ؤӤȤˤϡ ([2021-04-04-1])
#3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])ʢ5ǯˡرѸ츻ŵ٤ˤܤĤıѸ츻ֺ¤򳫤Ȥޤ

#466. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ ([2010-08-06-1])
#727. 츻ؤμΧ ([2011-04-24-1])
#1791. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ (2) ([2014-03-23-1])
#598. Ѹ츻ؤά (1) ([2010-12-16-1])
#599. Ѹ츻ؤά (2) ([2010-12-17-1])

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-08-01 Tue

#5209. ¾ư (transitivity) Ȥϲ (3) [transitivity][termonology][verb][grammar][syntax][construction][semantic_role][semantics]

¾ư (transitivity) ˤĤơ2ˤ錄äƤ

#5202. ¾ư (transitivity) Ȥϲ ([2023-07-25-1])
#5204. ¾ư (transitivity) Ȥϲ (2) [2023-07-27-1]

Bussmann (494--95) Ѹ켭ŵ transitivity ιѤ롥

Valence property of verbs which require a direct object, e.g. read, see, hear. Used more broadly, verbs which govern other objects (e.g. dative, genitive) can also be termed 'transitive'; while only verbs which have no object at all (e.g. sleep, rain) would be intransitive. Hopper and Thompson (1980) introduce other factors of transitivity in the framework of universal grammar, which result in a graduated concept of transitivity. In addition to the selection of a direct object, other semantic roles as well as the properties of adverbials, mood, affirmation vs negation, and aspect play a role. A maximally transitive sentence contains a non-negated resultive verb in the indicative which requires at least a subject and direct object; the verb complements function as agent and affected object, are definite and animate . . . . Using data from various languages, Hopper and Thompson demonstrate that each of the factors listed above as affecting transitivity is important for making transivtivity through case, adpositions, or verbal inflection. Thus in many languages (e.g. Lithuanian, Polish, Middle High German) affirmation vs negation correlates with the selection of case for objects in such a way that in affirmative sentences the object is usually in the accusative, while in negated sentences the object of the same verb occurs in the genitive or in another oblique case.


¾ưȤϡ(1) ǡǤ뤳ȡ(2) ˤäƤζ񸽲ˡ͡Ǥ뤳ȡʬäƤŪˤϡгŪ׵᤹롤̤ɽ魯ľˡιư줬¤ "transitive" ǤȤȤ

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-23-1]

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