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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-08-07 Mon

#5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ [dictionary][lexicography][phrasal_verb][conversion][punctuation][hyphen][gerund][voicy][heldio]

#5213. ưʻž ODPV ([2023-08-05-1])#5214. ưʻž ODPV (2) ([2023-08-06-1]) ơOxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (= ODPV) δ (514--17) ˵󤲤ƤɽθΰƸ롥Ƥߤ372濫äɹΰѤʤΤȻפ
Ϣƺī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡȴŪ˴ؤ#798. outbreak breakout --- ưѲΰ֤ᤰۿΤǡİС



ʲΰ˵󤬤äƤۤܤ٤Ƥθ줬ưѲפθȤʤäƤ뤬uplift upturn ΤߤѲưפȤʤäƤ롥2ϳơ a1845, 1868 ФȤʤäƤꡤŪˤСѲưפθȤ٤¤ȤȤˤʤ롥



back-up
balls-up
bawling-out
beating-up
blackout/black-out
blast-off
blowout
blowout (main entry)
blowing-up
blow-up
botch-up
(a) breakaway (group)
(a) break-away (state)
break-back
breakdown
break-in
break-out
breakthrough
break-up
brew-up
brush(-)down
brush-off
build-up
bust-up
bust-up (main entry)
call(ing)-up
carry-on
carryings-on
carve-up
castaway
cast-off
cave-in
change-down
change-over
change-up
check-in
check-out
check-over
check-through
check-up
clamp-down
clawback
clean-out
clean-up
clear-up
climb-down
clip-on (ear-rings)
clock-in (time)
clock-off (time)
clock-on (time)
clock-out (time)
close-down
cock-up
come-back
come-back (main entry)
come-down (main entry)
come-hither (look) (main entry)
come-on
cop-out
count-down
cover-up
crack-down
crack-up
crossing(s)-out
cut-away
cut-back
cut-off
cut-out
die-back
dig-in
doss-down
downpour
drawback (main entry)
dressing-down
drive-in (main entry)
drop-out
drying-up
fade-out
falling-off
fall-out (main entry)
feedback
fight-back
fill-up
fit-up
flare-up
flashback (main entry)
flick(-)through
flip(-)through
flyover (main entry)
flypast
follow-on
follow-through
follow-up
foul-up
frame-up
freak-out
freeze-off
freeze-up
freshen-up
fuck-up
gadabout
getaway (main entry)
get-together
get-up
give-away
glance-over/through
(the) go-ahead (to do sth)
(a) go-ahead (organization)
go-between (main entry)
go-by (main entry)
goings-on (main entry)
going-over (main entry)
hand-me-down(s)
hand-off
hand-out
hand-over
hang-out
hangover/hung over (main entry)
hang-up/hung up (main entry)
hideaway
hold-up, holdup
hook-up/hooked up (main entry)
hose down
hush-up
jump-off
kick-back
kick-off
kip-down
knockabout (main entry)
knock-down, knockdown (price)
knock-down, knockdown (furniture)
knock-on
knock-on effect (main entry)
knock-out
knock-up
lace-up(s)
layabout (main entry)
laybay (main entry)
lay-off
lay-out
lead-in
lead-off
leaf-through
leaseback
left-over(s)
let-down
let-out
let-up
lie-down
lie-in
lift-off
lift-up
limber-up
line-out (main entry)
line-up
listen-in
(a) live-in (maid)
(a) living-out (allowance)
lock-out
lock-up (main entry)
(a) look about/around/round
look-in (main entry)
looker(s)-on
look-out
(be sb's) look-out (main entry)
look-over
(a) look round
look-through
make-up
makeshift(s)
march-past
mark-down
mark-up
marry-up
meltdown (main entry)
mess-up
mix-up
mock-up (main entry)
(a) mop-up (operation)
muck-up
(a) nose(-)about/around/round
offprint
onlooker(s)
outbreak
outcast
outlay
output
overspill
passer(s)-by
paste-up
pay-off, payoff
peel-off
phone-in
pick-me-up
pick-up
pick-up (truck) (main entry)
pile-up
pile-up (main entry)
pin-up (main entry)
play-back
play-off
(a) poke(-)about/around
(a) pop-up (book)
(a) potter(-)about/around
print-off
print-out
pull-in
(a) pull-out (section)
pull-up
punch-up
push-off
pushover (main entry)
put-down
(a) put-down (point)
(a) put-up (bed)
quickening-up
(a) rake(-)about/around/round
rake-off
rake(-)round
rave-up
read-through
read-through (main entry)
riffle(-)through
rig-out
rinse-out
rip-off
roll-on/roll-off (main entry)
roll-up (main entry)
round-up
rub-down
rub-up
runabout (main entry)
run-around (main entry)
runaway (children)
runaway (main entry)
(a) runaway (marriage)
(a) runaway (victory)
run-down
run-down (main entry)
run-in (with) (main entry)
run-off
run-through
run-up
(a) scout-about/around
(a) see-through (blouse etc)
seize-up
sell-off
sell-out
sell-out/sold-out (main entry)
send-off (main entry)
send-up
setback
set-to
set-up
setback
set-to
set-up
set-up (main entry)
shake-down
shake-out
shake-up
share-out
shoot-out
(a) shop around
show-down (main entry)
show-off
shut-down
sit-down
sit-down (demonstration/strike) (main entry)
sit-in
skim-through
sleep-in
(a) sleep-in (nanny)
slip-up
smash-up
snarl-up
snoop(-)about/around/round
speed-up
spin-off (main entry)
splash-down
(a) spring-back (binder)
stack-up
stake-out
standby
stand-in
stand-off (main entry)
stand-to
stand-up comedian/comic (main entry)
start-up (capital)
step-up
(a) stick-on (label)
stick-up
stitch-up
stop-over
stowaway
strip-down
summing-up
sun-up
swab(-)out
sweep-out
sweep-up
swill-out
swing-round
switch-over
tailback
take-away
take-home (pay)
take-off
take-out
take-up
talk-in (main entry)
talk-through
teach-in (main entry)
tearaway (main entry)
tee off (main entry)
telling(s)-off
(a) through-away (can)
(a) throw-away (remark)
throw-back
throw-back (main entry)
throw-in
throw-out
(a) thumb(-)through
ticking(s)-off
tick-over
tidy-up
tie-up/tied up (main entry)
tip-off
(a) tip-up (seat)
top-up
toss-up
touch-down
trade-in
trade-off
try-on
try-out
turnabout
turn-around
turndown
turn-off
turn-on
turn-out
turn-over
turn-over (main entry)
turn-round
turn-up(s) (main entry)
turn-up for the books (main entry)
upturn
uplift
(a) wake-up (call)
walkabout (main entry)
walk on (main entry)
(a) walk-on (part)
walk-out
walk-over
walk-through
warm-up
wash-down
wash-out
wash-out (main entry)
watch-out
weigh-in
whip-round (main entry)
wind-up
wipe-down
wipe-over
work-in (main entry)
work-out (main entry)
write-in (main entry)
write-off
write-up
(a) zip-up (jacket)




Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-18-1] [2025-02-17-1]

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2023-08-06 Sun

#5214. ưʻž ODPV (2) [dictionary][lexicography][phrasal_verb][conversion][punctuation][hyphen][gerund]

ε ([2023-08-05-1]) ˰³ư켭ŵ Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (= ODPV) 򻲾ȤĤĶư (phrasal_verb) ʻž (conversion) ˤĤơ
ODPV δ (514) ˡ̾첽ưˤĤƳ㤬ǺܤƤ롥ʬɤǡưʻžᤰ͡¦̤ߤƤ롥㤨С2Ǥδ֤˥ϥե󤬶ޤΤɤޤ᤿ˡꡤưΥǤϤʤư -ing դư̾첽ˡ¸ߡ츫ưʻžΤ褦ǤƼ¤ϤȤбư줬礱Ƥ륱ƻؤʻžλʤɡ

This index covers all the nominalized forms (ie nouns derived from verbs + particles/prepositions) recorded in the main part of the dictionary (usually but not always the base form of the verb + particle/preposition, with or without a hyphen). For a full treatment of these forms, see The Student's Guide to the Dictionary.
   Nominalized forms sometimes consist of the -ing form of the verb + particle/preposition (eg (a) dressing-down, (a) summing-up, (a) telling-off). The more common examples are recorded here.
   Each nominal form is listed alphabetically and is followed by the headphrase(s) of the entry (or entries) in which it appears in the main text:
change-over change over (from)(to); change round/over
output put out 7
   When the nominalized form is the headphrase itself, the fact is noted as follows:
fall-out (main entry)
(There is no finite verb + particle expression in regular use from which fall-out derives: a sentence such as *The nuclear tests fell out over a large area is unacceptable.)
   When a nominalized form is generally used attributively, a noun with which it commonly occurs is given in parentheses after it:
(a) see-through (blouse) see through 1
start-up (capital) start up 2
   Whether a nominalized form appears as one word, as one word with a hyphen, or as two words, is often a matter of printing convention or individual usage. The entries in the dictionary and in this index generally show the most accepted form in British usage, but variations are recorded where appropriate, eg. a) poke(-)about/around.


ʤߤ1ǻȤƤ The Student's Guide to the Dictionary γս (xiii) ˤϡΤ褦ˤ롥

1 what is a nominalized form?
A nominalized form ('nom form' for short) is a noun formed from a phrasal verb: make-up, for instance, is formed from make up (ie 'apply cosmetics to one's face') and take-off is formed from take off (ie 'leave the ground in an aircraft'). Sometimes nom forms have a spelling which includes the letters -ing: tell off (ie 'reproach, reprimand') has the nom form telling-off.


ǤȤʤΤ񤷤ưȯŸȤ٤ʻž̾졦ƻˤĤƤʣʻ𤬤褦

Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-07-1]

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2019-12-24 Tue

#3893. grammatical punctuation correspondence punctuation [punctuation][hyphen]

Ѹζˡ (punctuation) ϵǽδ礭2Ĥʬ뤳ȤǤ롥񤭸դʸˡ˴ؤˡ (grammatical punctuation) ȡ񤭸դäդбդˡ (correspondence punctuation) Ǥ롥ԤϷǡ졤硤ᡤʸʤɤηŪñ̤ˤʸˡŪʵǽŪˡɸΤǤꡤԤϲɤؤʤɤΤ˱ΧŪʾŪˡɸΤǤ롥ԤʸˡŪǽΤۤŪͥǡפȤƤ뤬ŪˤжˡϼȤƱΧŪǽ̤ȯãƤ (cf. #575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])) 17ʹߡΧŻ뤫ʸˡŻؽſեȤƤȤаޤ뤬ߤǤⱤΧŪǽ̵Ȥʤä櫓ǤϤʤ
⤦1ġξǽˤޤȤ⤤3ζʬȤơhyphen Ѥ "line-breaks" εǽʬ֡ˤä뤳ȤǤ3εǽƤƤΤCook (107) "English punctuation" ꤹɽǤ롥ƷǤ褦

Grammatical punctuation
   morphemes<'> 'Milton's paradise lost'
<-> 'sensori-motor'
wordsspaces: 'God bless the child that's got its own'/'Godblessthechildthat'sgotitsown'
phrases<,> 'Policemen, like red squirrels, must be protected.'
clauses<,> 'An Englishman, even if he is alone, forms an orderly queue of one'.
<–> 'Federal work teams – split by race – finish ratchetting together a grandstand.'
<:> 'Man proposes: God disposes.'
text-sentencesCapitals plus <.> 'War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength.'
Correspondence punctuation
length of pauses (according to Lowth 1775)comma: single pause
semi-colon: 2 x pause
colon: 4 x pause
full stop: 8 x pause
tone-groupsclause-separating punctuation may conform to spoken tone-groups: 'Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.'
inner voicePunctuation may show the 'prosody of the inner voice' (Chafe 1988)
'contraction'<'> sometimes corresponds to a weak spoken form: 'he's', 'can't', ''em'
'line-breaks'
words are broken by hyphens at line-breaks according to morphemes 'trans-port' or syllables 'tran-sport'


Cook ϤΤ褦˶ˡ3εǽ̤Crystal Ϥ¾εǽˤܤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])#3045. punctuation εǽ¿ ([2017-08-28-1]) ε򻲾Ȥ줿

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-26-1]

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2019-09-20 Fri

#3798. űѸδˤʬ [punctuation][writing][scribe][manuscript][distinctiones][anglo-saxon][orthography][hyphen]

Ѹɽˤññδ֤˶ʬ񤭤νˤĤƤϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ϤȤ distinctiones γƵǼ夲ƤνϳΤ˸űѸˤ⸫줿Τ٤̤ȯãǤꡤޤDzϴʳˤä¤ΤȤ³ѸǤ⵬ϤȤƴϤʤäΤǡűѸʬ񤭤δˤ򳵴ѤƤСѸΤδˤΤȤΤǤ롥
Baker ϡűѸˤñʬ񤭡ñǤιԸ٤˴ؤ "Word- and line-division" (159--60) ꤹߤƤ롥ʲʬ񤭤ˤĤƤβ⡥

Word-division is far less consistent in Old English than in Modern English; it is, in fact, less consistent in Old English manuscripts than in Latin written by Anglo-Saxon scribes. You may expect to see the following peculiarities.

spaces between the elements of compounds, e.g. aldor mon;
spaces between words and their prefixes and suffixes, e.g. be æftan, gewit nesse;
spaces at syllable divisions, e.g. len gest;
prepositions, adverbs and pronouns attached to the following words, e.g. uuiþbret walū, hehæfde;
many words, especially short ones, run together, e.g. þær þeherice hæfde.

The width of the spaces between words and word-elements is quite variable in most Old English manuscripts, and it is often difficult to decide whether a scribe intended a space. 'Diplomatic' editions, which sometimes attempt to reproduce the word-division of manuscripts, cannot represent in print the variability of the spacing on a hand-written page.


³ơñǤιԸ٤ΰˤĤơ

Most scribes broke words freely at the ends of lines. Usually the break takes place at a syllabic boundary, e.g. ofsle-gen (= ofslægen), sū-ne (= sumne), heo-fonum. Occasionally, however, a scribe broke a word elsewhere, e.g. forhæf-dnesse. Some scribes marked word-breaks with a hyphen, but many did not mark them in any way.


űѸˤϥեȤäƤ̻ȤȤζɵ椬̲Τϡ#2698. hyphen ([2016-09-15-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16ȾΤȤǤ롥
ʾꡤűѸʬ񤭤δˤҤƤˡδˤʬ

Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-22-1]

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2016-09-15 Thu

#2698. hyphen [punctuation][writing][hyphen]

Ѹν񵭤ˤߤˡ (punctuation) ȯãϡ̤˶ʹߤνȤäƤ褤 (see #574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1])#2666. Ѹ԰ʶˡ ([2016-08-14-1])) ϥե (hyphen) ˤƤ㳰ǤϤʤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ̲Τ1570ǯʹߤǤ롥ºݡhyphen ȤƤ̾Ѹ˸Τ1620ǯդˤʤäƤǤꡤƳ٤θϡ"together" ̣륮ꥷ huphén (hupó "under" + hén "one") ƥͳDZѸäΤǤ롥ˤ⡤ζɵ漫ΤѤƤꡤ͡˸ƤФƤ㤨ФλѤŻ뤷 John Hart (c. 1501--74) joiner ȸƤǤ
ºݡϥե󵭹λѤϼܻκǽӤƳǧ롥͡äŪʵǽϡΤƱͤǤꡤ䤽ΰζܤ˴ؤδط뤳ȤˤäñǹԤޤ򤹤ɬפȤˤϡʬ䵭 (divider) ̤ʣηǤδϢ̩Ǥ1ˤޤȤ᤿ˤϡϢ (linker) ̤ˤ衤ñ̤ŪѤǤ (Crystal 260--61)
ϥեˡϡǤ夷ΤʤλѤˤϡ١ɤ줬롥㤨СѼ֤Ȥ٥ɤȤƤ⸫졤ꥹѸǤϥꥫѸϥե¿Ѥ뷹롥ʥѸʤɤǤϡѼŪʿ񤤤򼨤Ȥ⤤롥ޤĿͺ⤢ꡤe-mail vs email, ice-cream vs ice creamflowerpot vs flower-pot vs flower pot ʤɡɤ줬㤷̻Ūˤ⡤2ǽ񤫤ƤΤ˥ϥեդ졤˸˥ϥեʤ1Ȥ֤褦Ѳ뤲줬Ĥǧ롥㤨Сtype writer > type-writer > typewriter Ǥꡤۤ today, tomorrow, tonight ʤɤ to- Ƭĸ to day > to-day > today Τ褦ˡ褦ʷϩéäƤ (Crystal 266)

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2016-08-14 Sun

#2666. Ѹ԰ʶˡ [punctuation][emode][printing][manuscript][shakespeare][writing][orthography][standardisation][apostrophe][hyphen]

15Ⱦ˰ (printing) ⤿餵줿塤³16δ֤ɸŪˡؤϺϤޤäκݤηƻֻˤȤɤޤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ˤڤ֤Ȥˤʤä
Ωμ񤭼ܤλˤϡƼζɵ椬̣ŪŪȤϲɤΤΥɤȤ͡ѤƤ¿ϰλʹߤ˾äƤޤäο30Ķ߻ȤƤΤƱζɵ⤢äμܤǤϤεǽɬ⸽ΤΤƱǤϤʤäʾФƽؤȸФβϴȤƤꡤѸˤ⤤ޤ򼨤ʤä
ΰȼԤϴŪˤϼܤˤäɵƸ褦ȤбʤΤ⤢ꡤ뤳Ȥ¿äŪˤϡ</> (virgule) <.> (point) Ϲǧ줿</> εǽϸߤ <,> (comma) 1520ǯ夫鸽ߤΤ褦 <,> ֤褦ˤʤäȼԤˤäƤξԤȤѤΤ⤢äˡ
ΰǤϡۤ <:> (colon), <> (paragraph mark), <//> (double virgule) ʤɤѤ졤ɵȤƤ <( )> (parentheses), <;> (semicolon), <?> (question mark) ʤɤƳ줿ˤϻ֤פ㤨С<;> ʤɤϡCoverdales ˤ1538ǯοθ˸줳뤬󥰥ɤѤ褦ˤʤΤ1570ǯʹߤȤäƤ褤
17äƤ⡤ޤˡ԰³㤨СShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ⡤ȴò䡤ȥߥλȤʬϰӤƤʤäݥȥե (apostrophe) ϥե (hyphen) ͽʤȤ˸줿 (ex. advan'st (= advanced), cast-him (= cast him)) ԰ꤵϸ Shakespeare ιˤȿǤƤꡤۤʤǤۤʤѤȤ֤ˤʤäƤ롥
ݥȥեˤĤưäƤζɵ϶οǤꡤά򼨤ѤФΤ1559ǯǤ롥ʤߤΥݥȥեˡȤƽͭʤɽ魯 <'s> ǤλѤ뤬ȯãϤä٤18ΤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡǤˡΰĤȤˡޤäƤζɵ⡤ѸǤϤޤ夷ƤʤäΤȤϡƳξ׷⤬˳̿ŪäȼԤŬΤˤ˻ԺΤ򼨤1ĤλɸȤߤʤȤǤΤǤϤʤʾ塤Crystal (261) 򻲾ȤƼɮ
Ϣơ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2014-02-26 Wed

#1766. a three-hour(s)-and-a-half flight [compound][adjective][plural][number][numeral][hyphen]

ɸΤ褦ʿñ̤ޤʣƻˤƤϡñ̤ɽ魯̾ʣʤΤ§Ȥ롥a four-power agreement, a five-foot-deep river, a ten-dollar bill, a twelve-year-old boy ʤɤǡǤ롥
Ȥʣ⻶졤a three-hours-and-a-half flight ⤢뤷a four years course ⤢롥Quirk et al. (Section 17.108) ˤСƱɽȤưʲ4̤꤬ǽǤ롥

. . . in quantitative expressions of the following type there is possible variation . . .:
a ten day absence[singular]
a ten-day absence[hyphen + singular]
a ten days absence[plural]
a ten days' absence[genitive plural]


Ʊͤˡ4ǯפˤĤƤ⡤"a four year course", "a four-year course", "a four years course", "a four years' course" Τ⤢뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѱ۷ˤƤΤȤʬδबꤦΤȤϡ̻ŪŪ˶̣ʳǤ̤ĴǤ롥
ȴϢȤդƤΤϡϤꥤꥹѸˤơ̾θƻˡǤϡ̾줬ʣȤƤٸòƤˡʣη֤ΤޤޤǼ¸뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¤㤨СQuirk et al. (Section 17.109) ˤȡꥹѸΤ褦㤬ߤȤparks department, courses committee, examinations board, the heavy chemicals industry, Scotland Yard's Obscene Publications Squad, Chesterfield Hospitals management Committee, the British Museum Prints and Drawings Gallery, an Arts degree, soft drinks manufacturer, entertainments guide, appliances manufacturer, the Watergate tapes affair.

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-02-1]

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2010-11-22 Mon

#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ [punctuation][apostrophe][hyphen][exclamation_mark]

Ѹν񤭸դǤ punctuation ֶˡפβ̤礭period, comma, colon, semicolon, hyphen, apostrophe, question mark, exclamation mark, quotation marks Ϥᡤasterisk, italics, bold type, capitalisation, indentation ʤɤ⹭ punctuation ιǤȹͤƤ褤MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers The Chicago Manual of Style ʤɤǤ϶ˡεϤ٤Ƥꡤºݤʪ񤭤϶ˡˤΤǤ롥ޤǸȤ⡤̤ν񤭼ɤ߼⡤ˡ񤭤䤹ɤߤ䤹˴ط뤳ȤΤäƤꡤʤ̤Ƥ뤳ȤǧƤ롥
Crystal (278) ˤСpunctuation ˤϾʤȤ4Ĥεǽ롥

(1) grammatical: "to enable stretches of written language to be read coherently, by displaying their grammatical structure"
(2) prosodic: "representing the intonation and emphasis of spoken language"
(3) semantic/rhetorical: "highlight semantic units or contrasts present in the text but not directly related to its grammatical structure"
(4) semantic/graphic: "add a semantic dimension, unique to the graphic medium, which it would be difficult or impossible to read aloud"

punctuation ȤäƤ˻פĤΤϡ(1) grammatical ӤʸȤŪñ̤ڤΤ period Ѥ롤̴ط򼨤󤹤Τ comma Ѥ롤ȸ̤Τ space Ѥʤɤ punctuation ŵŪˡ
(2) prosodic ʵǽȤϡquestion mark Ǿ徺Ĵ򼨤ǤȤexclamation mark Ǹ쵤ɽʤɤǤ롥
(3) semantic/rhetorical Ϲ̣ʸŪʵǽȹͤƤ褤⤷ʤsemicolon 󤹤뤳ȤˤäƱĴɽꡤʸǹʬ stanza ɽˡѤʤɤ롥
(4) äդбΤʤ̣˹׸뵡ǽǡ֤פɽ魯 scare quotes 䡤Ĵ򼨤 *VERY IMPORTANT* ʤɤȥƥꥹǶʸ뵻ˡʤɤȤʤ롥
Żҥ᡼ʸ˽ϤƤ punctuation ˤ͡ʿѤиĤĤ롥Ѳϡפ components ( see [2010-05-09-1] ) Τߤʤ餺punctuation Τ褦ʼŪ component Ǥμ¤Ƥ롥ǤϡˤϤɤä󡤱ѸˤˤƤ punctuation ϾѲƤγפεǡ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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