hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 5 ڡ / page 1 (5)

plural - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-12 Sun

#6194. رѸ˿ʹ13椬ޤ [hel_herald][notice][khelf][hel_education][link][helkatsu][review][helquiz][interview][plural][bible]

رѸ˿ʹ13



46ʷˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ٥꡼κǿȤʤ13椬־Ǹޤ椫9֤ȤʤǿǤPDFǼͳ˱ɤޤ
ǯ٤γϤȤȤϤ줿κǿƤ줿ɮءԽؤ khelf Сˤϡ鴶դޤ
ɤ߱Τ4̹Ǥ̤Υϥ饤ȤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ礦
1̤ϡhellog Ǥ䤷˿䤷ƤԲϻϲͭˤ̾ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡҲ𤹤봬ƬǤ¤Ρ֥䥸ߡפ򴶤ĤĤ⡤λԤʻͽȤϰ褹餫ʸسؽΤƤǤ⤢ޤʸˡδݰŵΤǤϤʤޤϳάĤǤƥȤӹȤϡűѸ졦ѸؤӻϤ褦ȤɼԤˤȤäơ϶ȤʤϤǤ
2̤ǤϡȶԵ§Ѳ̾ foot --- feet ޤʤ촴첻ѲΤطʤˤϡޥĸˤޤ̤ i-mutation Ȥ§ŪʲѲǤޤ츫ȡԵ§פ˻פ븽ݤŪɳ򤱤Фơֵ§ŪפǤäȤ狼ȤѸˤ̣̣廊뵭ǤƱ̤Τ⤦1ĤεӤ夲ƤꡤԤΰտޤĬήӤˤɤȿǤ뤫ͻƤޤ
3̤ϡΥ󥿥ӥ塼ʡֱѸ˥饦󥸡פǤϡˡؤʡˡkhelf СäǤäƤޤػβդȤνв񤤤顤֥åؤޥؤǤκ߳ΥԥɡƽѸˤʸˡ˸θ˻ޤǤߤܤƤޤѸ˸ԤɤΤ褦ռäƱѸȸäƤΤΤ뵮ŤʵȤʤޤܥ󥿥ӥ塼ˤĤƤ⤢ޤΤǡ餫⤪ɤߤˤʤޤ
4̤ˤϡѸˤλϤޤ䤦βȲεǺܤƤޤǤΤǤǤϾܺ٤ϽҤ٤ޤ󤬡Ѹ˾νפǯ夬ʣ󤲤Ƥꡤ줾˾ħҲ𤵤Ƥޤ
⡤khelf СΡֱѸˤ̥ϤפȤǮդ˴ž夬ȤʤäƤޤդοι֤ˡҤäȻ̤᤯äƤߤƤ
ǸˤʤޤعؤμǡرѸ˿ʹ٤ѤϡѼİΤᡤΥեꤴ󤤤ޤȹǤֱѸˤδ֤ˡפդȤ䤿 khelf γưhelˤؤߤȤʤޤΤǡꤤפޤ
رѸ˿ʹ٤ΥХåʥС khelf ΥڡˤƸƤޤ1椫12ޤǡ碌Ƥڤߤ

رѸ˿ʹ1ϴ2022ǯ41
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰12022ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ22022ǯ711
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰22022ǯ718
رѸ˿ʹ32022ǯ103
رѸ˿ʹ42023ǯ111
رѸ˿ʹ52023ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ62023ǯ814
رѸ˿ʹ72023ǯ1030
رѸ˿ʹ82024ǯ34
رѸ˿ʹ92024ǯ512
رѸ˿ʹ102024ǯ98
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰32024ǯ98
رѸ˿ʹ112024ǯ1230
رѸ˿ʹ122025ǯ77

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2025-06-06 Fri

#5884. YouTube ʸ麽սPLUSפˤƱѸˤ̥Ϥޤʸԡ --- ʤѸΥȥФˤʤäΤ [notice][youtube][word_order][article][plural][prescriptive_grammar][sociolinguistics][helkatsu][hel_education][sobokunagimon]



ε˰³530ʶˤ YouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥǸ줿Ѹ˥ȡθԡ26ʬۤɡˤ򤴾Ҳ𤷤ޤȥ֡ڤ䤳Ѹ줬ŪˤʤޤǡʸˡΩΤϤä250ǯan appleanϡȯ䤹뤿פǤϤʤäʤʣsФʤΤø""ḢϡǤʲưѤ֤ʤΤˡʸϤȤƤǺܤޤ



ԤǤϡƧ߹ǡʸˡѲ䡤Ѹ줬ΡפȤƤϰ̤ۤ˻äطʤʤɡ礭ʥơޤˤĤƤäƤޤ
ޤʸˡѲˤĤƤǤѸ礭ħΰĤˡ礬ʤޤäƤ󤲤ޤּưŪ (SVO) ȤܤǤꡤʸΰ̣̤ʤʤäꡤʸˡŪˤʤäꤷޤ1000ǯθűѸλ̤ȡϤäȼͳǤ̾γѲ˭äᡤؤƤʸιʤˤäΤǤǤϡܸӤǤ륿פäΤǤ
ѸΤ褦ʸʸˡΩΤϡŪˤߤŪǶΤȤǤ18ȾС뵬ʸˡλˡСȡ饦 (Robert Lowth) ʤɤʸˡؼԤױѸΥ롼ᡤ줬̤ƼҲ˹ޤäƤޤϡߤ˰̣̤ФǤ褤Ȥ褦ʡ꼫ȯŪήưŪʸˡήäΤǤ
ˡ̾ʣˤⶽ̣ơޤǤѸǤϡ̾ʣ99%᤯ -s Ĥ뤳ȤǺޤ˵§ŪǡؽԤˤȤäƤϤ꤬⤷ޤ󡥤ޤˤλʪǤűѸǤϡʣκϰͤǤϤʤɥĸΤ褦ˡ̾Ѳμˤä͡ʥѥ󤬤ޤ
̾ĤѸԵ§ʣȤĤäƤñ췲Ǥ㤨Сox/oxen Τ褦 -n ʣ륿סfoot/feet man/men Τ褦˸촴첻Ѳ륿ס child/children Τ褦˸űѸ̾ʣ -ru ͳ褹 -r- ޤॿפʤɤǤñ줬ʤޤԵ§ʤޤ޻ĤäƤΤȤȡƴŪäǤꡤ٤⤫äˡ-s ĤȤ§Ȥ˰߹ޤ줺񹳤Ǥ
ȡǤϡ괧 a/an λȤʬˤĤƤ⡤عʸˡǽȤϵդˤ餫ˤޤ䤿ϡּˤñ줬첻ǻϤޤȤˤϡȯص an ȤפȳؤӤޤˤο¤ϤεդǤȤ괧ϡ one ޤä an ȤޤǤĤޤꡤan apple ǥեȤηäΤǤơan book Τ褦˼˻Ҳ³ˡ/n/ /b/ ȤҲϢ³ȯˤˡn Τۤæ a book Ȥޤ줿ΤǤޤܤڤ褦ʻ¤ǤϤޤ󤫡
ƺǸˡǤ礭䤤֤ʤѸˤʤäΤפˤĤƤäޤ䤤Фϡ줽ΤΤ --- ȤʸˡñȤä˭٤Ȥ --- ȤϡۤȤ̵طǤ줬Ūϰ̤뤫ɤϡҤȤˡθä͡μҲ񤬤ĤġϡסʤϡϡкϡϤȤäѥ˰¸ޤ
Ѹξ硤18ʹߤΥꥹŸȡ20ʹߤΥꥫ罰ΰŪʹϤθز븶ưϤȤʤޤ˾塤ʸݸ줿餷᤿Ϥ䡤ƥ衼åѤθѸȤϤȡޤäƱǤαƶϤϡ˼ҲŪϤθۤ˱äơ夫鲼ؤήΤǤ
Τ褦ˡѸˤؤ֤ȤϡñʤŵǤϤʤѸλѤظˤʥߥåѲβȡطʤˤ͡μҲʸ򤹤ĤߤǤָդפò⡤ĹˤΥǸС줬ƤڤȤƤμѲ1ޤ˲᤮ʤȤƤޤ
ȡԤȹ碌ƤȤǡѸȤΩŪʻѤ򴶤Ƥ뤳ȤȻפޤ



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2025-02-18 Tue

#5776. ³passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ [plural][compound][morphology][inflection][phrasal_verb][french][syntax][noun][suffix]

ε#5775. passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ ([2025-02-17-1]) ³ʣ -s ʶǤˤĤơ Poutsma 򻲾Ȥ (142--43)
ե󥹸δѶͳ褹ʣ̾ʶˤ¿ϡѸäƤե󥹸ȿǤơ̾ǡܷƻǡפνˤȤɤޤ롥ѸȤƤϡθʣˤäơ̾Ǥ -s ĤΤŪǤ롥attorneys general, cousins-german, book-prices current, battlesroyal, Governors-General, damsels-errant, heirs-apparent, knights-errant Τ褦ˤʤattorney generals, letters-patents ⤢ˡ
ȯüǤ passer(s)-by Υסʤ̾Ǥθֻ硦줬դʣ⡤̾Ǥ -s դʣΤŪcommanders-in-chef, fathers-in-law, heirs-at-law, quarters-of-an-hour, bills of fare; blowings-up, callings-over, hangers-n, knockers-up, lookers-on, lyings-in, standars-by, whippers-in, goers-in, comers-out, breakings-up, droppings asleep, fallings forward ʤ (cf. men-at-arms)
ɽϥե̵ͭʤɤˤĤƤФɤ줬̤ꡤơɽˤĤˤ䴷ѤΤȻפ졤̲§ߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤θˤȤ롥

Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.

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2025-02-17 Mon

#5775. passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ [plural][compound][morphology][inflection][phrasal_verb][conversion][noun][suffix]

ʣǤʤʣ̾ˤĤơʣϸˡĤޤǽǤ -s ղäФ褤ȤΤŪʵ§Ǥ롥brother-officers, penny-a-liners, forget-me-nots, go-between, ne'er-do-wells, three-year-olds, merry-go-rounds Τ褦ˤǤ롥
Ȥɸ passers-by Τ褦ˡζư (phrasal_verb) ˤͳ褷줬ʻžत̾˴ؤƤϡ𤬰ۤʤ륱롥ǽǤȤʤ뾮ֻƱθˤ뤳Ȥˤʤäơľ -s դΤ뤫*passer-bys ǤϤʤ passers-by ȤʣΤ
#5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) 򻲹ͤˤȡpassers-by ʣȤΤȤ crossings-out, lookers-on, tellings-off, tickings-off, turn-ups 󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥
ǤϹԤʤƱפ˸Ƥ⡤絬§˽äƸ -s դ turn-ups, hand-me-downs, lace-ups, left-overs, makeshifts, onlookers 㤬ФƤ롥
Ϣơ -ful(l) ǸǤȤƤʣϡɤ줬롥ѸǤϤʤѸλǤ뤳ȤǤĤġ§Ȥ handfuls (of marbles), bucketfulls (of fragrant milk) ʤɤȺǸǤ -s դʣ뤬Ȥ (two) table-spoonsfull (of rum), (two) donkeysful (of children), bucketsfull (of tea) Τ褦1Ǥ -s Ĥ۷ߤ줿
ʾ塤Poutsma (141--43) 򻲾ȤƼɮñˤäɤ줬ȤȤϡ̣Ūʹθ̻Ū¦̤δͿ⵿롥̣

Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-18-1]

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2025-01-31 Fri

#5758. buriel, marquee, riddle ΰʬ [metanalysis][back_formation][plural][french][etymology]

#344. cherry ΰʬϡ ([2010-04-06-1]) εǡΰʬ (numerical metanalysis) ŵȤ cherry, pea, sherry 򸫤Poutsma (138) ꡤɸ3줬Ʊݤ¾Ǥ뤳ȤΤäΤǡ˵Ƥ

burial, from Mid. English buriels. When the e was changed to a in Mod. English, burials seemed to be a plural like victuals, vitals, espousals, etc.


marquee, from Mod. English marquees, a modified spelling of French marquise.


riddle, from Mid. English redels.


burial riddle ˴ؤƤϡŪˤϸ촴 -els ȤǤ򼨤Ƥ줬ƥͳ̾첽 -al (ex. arrival, denial) ʣ -s ˺ʬϤ줿Ȥ롥ޤmarquee Ȱ˼夲 cherry ˤĤƤϡե󥹸Ǹ촴Ƥ -ise ʬϤ줿̤Ǥ롥
ΰʬϤλƤȡоݤȤʤˤϸ츻ŪŪħ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.

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2024-12-16 Mon

#5712. Norman ʣ Normans Τۤ Normen ⤢ä [number][plural][compound][metanalysis][analogy][folk_etymology][oed]

German ʥɥĿ͡ˤʣ Germans Ǥ *Germen ˤϤʤʤ츻Ū -man ʣǤϤʤƱͤ human ʿʹ֡, Ottoman ʥޥ󡦥ȥ륳͡, talisman ʸˤʤɤ⡤-man ϤޤǸ촴ΰǤꡤ츻Ū -man ʣǤϤʤˡʣϵ§Ū - s Ĥ humans, Ottomans, talismans Ȥ롥*humen, *Ottomen, *talismen ȤϤʤʤ
ȼ㴳𤬰ۤʤΤ#707. dragoman ([2011-04-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̾ʣǤ롥dragoman ˤϸ츻Ūˤ -man ʣǤϤʤΤΡʣȤƤ dragomans Τߤʤ餺 dragomen Ѥ롥Ԥϰδ㤤뤤ϰʬ (metanalysis) ˴ŤŪˤϵƤƤ
˰ۤʤ륿פ夲 Norman ʣ̾ϡ츻Ūˤ north + -man Ǥꡤ餫 -man ʣǤcf. #1568. Norman, Normandy, Norse ([2013-08-12-1])ˡäơʣ *Normen Ȥʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ뤬ºݤˤΤȤ1Ĥ̾촴ȤƲᤵ褦ˤʤäΤNormans ȤѤƤ
Ȥ Norman θˤҤȤȡĤƤʣȤ Normen ѤƤȤ狼롥OED űѸ줫κǽʸ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

OE Þær wæs Harold cyning of Norwegan & Tostig eorl ofslagen, & gerim folces mid heom, ægðer ge Normana ge Englisca, & þa Normen [flugon þa Englis[c]a].
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Tiberius MS. B.i) anno 1066

OE Harold for to Norwegum, Magnus fædera, syððan Magnus dead wæs, & Normen hine underfengon.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Tiberius MS. B.iv) anno 1049


Ť Normans Τ̤ۤʣä褦ǤϤ롥

c1275 (?a1200) Seoððen comen Normans [c1300 Otho MS. Normains]..and nemneden heo Lundres.
Laȝamon, Brut (Caligula MS.) (1963) 7115

c1325 (c1300) þus was in normannes hond þat lond ibroȝt.
Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester (Caligula MS.) 7498


-man ָ̱츻Ūʣᤰϡۤˤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ

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2024-10-25 Fri

#5660. ʤѸˤñʣζ̤Ρ --- Mond ǤμȲ [emode][number][category][plural][dual][negation][mond][sobokunagimon][ai][voicy][heldio]

mond_20241019.png



μͭӥ Mond ˾嵭Ѥʵ䤬󤻤ޤʸϰʲ̤Ǥ

ѸǤñʣζ̤ޤʤ1ȤʳפʤΤǤ礦̤οҤ򤹤ȡ֤ʤΤۤοȤϰ㤦̤ʰˤʤΤǤ礦סΥ֥ʤɤǤпΤäޤ⤷ȤȤñпΤۤο3䡤֤äȤס֤Τפʤɡˤˤäƶ̤ƤΤˤñ㲽ƤȤȤϹͤޤǤ1ζ̤ϽȻĤäƤΤȤȡȤƤԻ׵Ĥ˴ޤ


ܼŪʼФơΤ褦˲ޤ X @chariderryu Ǥ⡤ˤĤƾʤȿޤΤǡܥ֥ǤƤΤ餻վ񤭤ǤޤȤƤȻפޤ



1. źθˤΥƥ꡼

ѸǤñ1פʣ2ʾפ2ʬ
űѸǤп¸ߤѸޤǤѤ줿
θǤϡ5ʬñп3ʣˤޤdzǧƤ
ܸΤ褦ˡΤʿζʬʤ¸ߤ
ˤäƥƥ꡼СοϰۤʤꡤŪѲ⤢

2. ʤ1פȡ2ʾפ̤ʤΤ

1פ¾οӤüǺΩäƤ
ǤŪŪ١ĽפʿǤ
Ѹ쥳ѥ (BNCweb) ˤСone λ٤¾ο갵Ū˹⤤
1פްդɽ˭ (ex. a(n), single, unique, only, alone)
2ĤΥƥ꡼ΤߤĸǤϡ̾1פȡ2ʾפζʬˤʤ

3. ä̤ʤΤϡ0פȡ1ʾפ⤷ʤ

0פȡ1ʾפζ̤꺬Ūʲǽ
ƻǤ no vs. oneǤ not ̵ͭ vs. ˤб
Ķơ̿ꡦȤ̣ŪŪʺ˴ؤ
ꡦפγǰϡAI ˤȤä񤷤Ȥ
0פޤ᤿Υƥ꡼ιͻܼŪˤĤʤǽΤǤϤʤ




Υƥ꡼ȤƻϤޤޤĤδ֤ˤꡦεˤؤäƤޤޤ³ͻƤȻפޤ Mond μ䡤Ǥ


Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-11-07-1]

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2024-03-11 Mon

#5432. ʣ -(r)en ϤȤǶǤϤʤä [exaptation][language_change][plural][morphology][derivation][inflection][indo-european][suffix][rhotacism][sound_change][germanic][german][reanalysis]

Ĺ餯̾ʣˤ򸦵椷ƤȤűѸǸԵ§פʣ -ru -n 줾ĸʳǤäȤΤʤäԤ ċildru "children" ʤɤˤߤ뤬ư̾äȤԤ ēagan "eyes" ʤɤˤߤ뤬̲ΰ̣ôä褦
ˤĤơFertig (38) ޥʣܼάˤ򤨤ʤ鶽̣äƤ롥

There are a couple of cases in Germanic where an originally derivational suffix acquired a new inflectional function after regular phonetic attrition at the ends of words resulted in a situation where the suffix only remained in certain forms in the paradigm. The derivational suffix *-es-/-os- was used in proto-Indo-European to form action nouns . . . . In West Germanic languages, this suffix was regularly lost in some forms of the inflectional paradigm, and where it survived it eventually took on the form -er (s > r is a regular conditioned sound change known as rhotacism). The only relic of this suffix in Modern English can be seen in the doubly-marked plural form children. It played a more important role in noun inflection in Old English, as it still does in modern German, where it functions as the plural ending for a fairly large class of nouns, e.g. Kind--Kinder 'child(ren)'; Rind--Rinder 'cattle'; Mann--Männer 'man--men'; Lamm--Lämmer 'labm(s)', etc. The evolution of this morpheme from a derivational suffix to a plural marker involved a complex interaction of sound change, reanalysis (exaptation) and overt analogical changes (partial paradigm leveling and extension to new lexical items). A similar story can be told about the -en suffix, which survives in modern standard English only in oxen and children, but is one of the most important plural endings in modern German and Dutch and also marks a case distinction (nominative vs. non-nominative) in one class of German nouns. It was originally a derivational suffix with an individualizing function . . . .


child(ren), eye(s), ox(en) ˴ؤϡޤǤ͡˼夲ƤʲΥƥ򻲾ȡ

hellog #946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
hellog #146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])
hellog #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])
hellog #218. ʣ ([2009-12-01-1])
hellog #219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
hellog #2284. eye ȯˡ ([2015-07-29-1])

hellog-radio ʢ heldio ȡ #31. ʤ child ʣ children ʤΤǤ

heldio #202. child children 첻Ĺ
heldio #291. ͺ ox ʣ oxen
heldio #396. ʤ I eye ƱȯˤʤΡ

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-01-19 Fri

#5380. ϸ줬ѲʤȤǤ [analogy][language_change][plural][voicy][heldio]

Fertig (76) "Analogical non-change" ꤹΤʤǡѸε§Ūʣ -s ˤơ (analogy) ˤĤäʻƤ롥

. . . stasis over time can be just as interesting a historical phenomenon as change (Janda and Joseph 2003: 83, 86). Although accounts of analogy rarely call attention to the fact, there are a number of examples in the literature where the mechanisms of morphological change are invoked to account for an absence of overt change, i.e. for the survival of an element, construction or distinction. Saussure (1995 [1916]: 236--7) reminds us that analogy2 is just as much responsible for the lack of change in the inflection of most forms that have always belonged to dominant, regular classes as it is for change in other, primarily irregular items. English speakers, for example, form the plural of dozens of nouns such as stone, eel, oath, comb, stool, etc. essentially the same way they were formed in Old English, not because each of these plurals has been transmitted perfectly across all the generations, but rather primarily because analogy2 yields exactly the same results as if the forms had been transmitted perfectly. These nouns all belong to the dominant class that formed their plurals with -as in Old English so even if English speakers never memorize any of them and always rely on analogy2 to recreate them, they continue to come up with the same forms that were used in the past.


Fertig ϡѲΤߤʤ餺̵Ѳطʤˤؿ󤻤ԤǤ롥#4228. ˸ؤϡ֤ʤѲפǤʤ֤ʤѲʤäפ䤦 ([2020-11-23-1]) Ǥ⡤Fertig νפʻŦѤƤ롥̵ѲˤյȤˤĤƤϡ#2115. ݻȸѲؤ񹳡 ([2015-02-10-1])#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2220. ѸǸƬ໤ͭʤäͳ ([2015-05-26-1])#2574. ־ѰۤꡤѲäƤס ([2016-05-14-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ǯ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פμѲ (language) Ʊ̵ͤѲ夲Ƥǯ2ۿ⤼Ҥİ

#945. ʤѲΤ (2024/01/01)
#947. ʤѲʤΤ (2024/01/03)

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

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2023-10-13 Fri

#5282. Jespersen ΡֶʣפλŦ [plural][number][numeral][personal_pronoun][personal_name][plural_of_approximation][semantics][pragmatics]

ε#5281. ʣ ([2023-10-12-1]) ˤʣ (plural_of_approximation) ˤĤơǽ˻ŦΤ Jespersen (83--85) Ǥ롥θŵɤ߱ΤǡΤޤްѤ

          Plural of Approximation
   4.51 The sixties (cf. 4.12) has two meanings, first the years from 60 to 69 inclusive in any century; thus Seeley E 249 the seventies and the eighties of the eighteenth century | Stedman Oxford 152 in the "Seventies" [i.e. 1870, etc.] | in the early forties = early in the forties. Second it may mean the age of any individual person, when he is sixty, 61, etc., as in Wells U 316 responsible action is begun in the early twenties . . . Men marry before the middle thirties | Children's Birthday Book 182 While I am in the ones, I can frolic all the day; but when I'm in the tens, I must get up with the lark . . . When I'm in the twenties, I'll be like sister Joe . . . When I'm in the thirties, I'll be just like Mama.
   4.52. The most important instance of this plural is found in the pronouns of the first and second persons: we = I + one or more not-I's. The pl you (ye) may mean thou + thou + thou (various individuals addressed at the same time), or else thou + one or more other people not addressed at the moment; for the expressions you people, you boys, you all, to supply the want of a separate pl form of you see 2.87.
   A 'normal' plural of I is only thinkable, when I is taken as a quotation-word (cf. 8.2), as in Kipl L 66 he told the tale, the I--I--I's flashing through the record as telegraph-poles fly past the traveller; cf. also the philosophical plural egos or me's, rarer I's, and the jocular verse: Here am I, my name is Forbes, Me the Master quite absorbs, Me and many other me's, In his great Thucydides.
   4.53. It will be seen that the rule (given for instance in Latin grammars) that when two subjects are of different persons, the verb is in "the first person rather than the second, and in the second rather than the third" 'si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, Allen and Greenough, Lat. Gr. §317) is really superfluous, as a self-evidence consequence of the definition that "the first person plural is the first person singular plus some one else, etc." In English grammar the rule is even more superfluous, because no persons are distinguished in the plural of English verbs.
   When a body of men, in response to "Who will join me?", answer "We all will", their collective answers may be said to be an ordinary plural (class 1) of I (= many I's), though each individual "we will" means really nothing more than "I will, and B and C . . . will, too" in conformity with the above definition. Similarly in a collective document: "We, the undersigned citizens of the city of . . ."
   4.54. The plural we is essentially vague and in no wise indicates whom the speaker wants to include besides himself. Not even the distinction made in a great many African and other languages between one we meaning 'I and my own people, but not you', and another we meaning 'I + you (sg or pl)' is made in our class of languages. But very often the resulting ambiguity is remedied by an appositive addition; the same speaker may according to circumstances say we brothers, we doctors, we Yorkshiremen, we Europeans, we gentlemen, etc. Cf. also GE M 2.201 we people who have not been galloping. --- Cf. for 4.51 ff. PhilGr p. 191 ff.
   4.55. Other examples of the pl of approximation are the Vincent Crummleses, etc. 4.42. In other languages we have still other examples, as when Latin patres many mean pater + mater, Italian zii = zio + zia, Span. hermanos = hermano(s) + hermana(s), etc.


ʣȤäƤ⡤ΰ̣ʣǤ롥ϡ츫ƷȤߤơܼŪˤϰ̣ȸʤΤȻפ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.

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2023-10-12 Thu

#5281. ʣ [plural][number][numeral][personal_pronoun][personal_name][plural_of_approximation][metonymy][t/v_distinction]

ʣ (plural_of_approximation) ʤΤ뤬¸ʲؿѸؼŵ٤˰͵򤷤롥
Ѹ̾ʣϡŪ -s դ̾ƱΡƱΤΤ2İʾ夢˸Ǥ롥ʣ (normal plural) ȸƤǤƱǤϤʤޤǶƤΤ2İʾ夢Ȥˤ⡤-s ΤĤʣѤ뤳Ȥ롥̩ˤƱǤϤʤƤΤƱΤȤȤ館줬2İʾ夢Ȥˤ -s Ĥ褦ȤȯۤǤ롥ʣ (plural_of_approximation) ȸƤФƤꡤѸˤϤĤλ㤬롥
㤨СǯǯǤ sixties 夲褦1960ǯ (in the sixties) 뤤60 (in one's sixties) Τ褦ɽϡsixty ʣ -(e)s դƤ60ǯʺСˡפΤΤ2İʾ彸ޤäΤǤϤʤ606162ǯʺСˤΤ褦Ϣ֤69ǯʺСˤޤ³褦ˡ60ΤΤ60˶ᤤȤޤäơsixties ȤҤäΤǤ롥Хȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ˤäơ϶ƤˤʤΤƱʼΡˤΤȶˤޤȤᤢ뤳Ȥˤäơsixties Ȥɽ夲ƤΤǤ롥̩ˤ뤳ȤкŪʸ̤礭
¾ˤϿ̾ʤɤդʣ㤬롥㤨 the Henry Spinkers ȤСMr. and Mrs. Spinker ֥ԥ󥫡׺ʡפξάȤѤ롥ɽϻˤäƤϡ֥ԥ󥫡ʻˡפˤʤ뤷֥ԥ󥫡ȡפˤʤ롥²ȤơֶפС«ͤ뤳ȤǡʣȤɽƤΤǤ롥
ܼŪʶʣȤơI ʣȤƤ we 롥1;̾ I äǤּʡפؼ뤬ʣȤ we ϡ褷 I ּʡפ2İʾ«ͤΤǤϤʤּʡפȡ֤ʤפȡ֤ʤפȡ֤ʤפȡ碌Τ we Ǥ롥Ʊ I ʹ֤Τ褦ʣΥԡƤ櫓ǤϤʤޤ I Ȥ¦ˤ֤ΤȤ򴷽塤ŪƱʪȤߤʤơ碌 we ȸƤǤΤǤ롥ǤС1;ΤʣפȤɽŪ̷ϤǤΤΡ嵭αŪʲѤ뤳ȤǸդ˻ȤäƤΤǤ롥
ȤʣΡ֤ʤפ̣ you 1ͤФѤȤԤ⡤⤷ȶʣȯۤ˴ŤŪˡȤäƤ٤ΤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ƱȤϲפȤůŪ꤬Ǿ΢ˤĤƤ뤬ˤʣϤ⤷ݤǤ롥

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-13-1]

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2022-04-15 Fri

#4736. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ14֤ʤ child ʣ children ˤʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][number][plural][double_plural][oe][vowel][homorganic_lengthening]

δñѸ in English٤5椬ȯȤʤޤƥȤDZѸˤ˴ؤϢܤôƤޤ14ϡԵ§ʣ֤1 children ˤĤơ-ren ȤϤäʤΤȤѤʵ˾ܤפƤޤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ5



children Ե§ʣΤʤǤѤԤतǤϢܵɤСǯۤθűѸλ夫餹ǤˤʤʤѤԤäȤʬޤФƤʤѤޤ͡child -- children ȻƤ brother -- brethren ˤ⿨ƤޤˤñפʤΤʣǤϡפȯѤˤĤƤ⤷Ƥޤchildren 򤭤ˤϡѸѸγؽԤγ⡤äȤʤ뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ
Ѹؽˤϰŵ٤Ե§ĤΤǤɤԵ§ˤŪͳޤҤȤޤŵƤޤäϡұѸˤδ鿶֤ꡤפỤ̄äƤߤƤѸˤ̥ϤˤȤĤȻפޤ
ϢȤơ#145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])#4181. ʤ child ʣ children ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-07-1]) ⤴

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2022-03-03 Thu

#4693. YouTube 2ơʣ3ñEbonics [youtube][notice][plural][3sp][aave][sociolinguistics][dialect][ame_bre][link][hellog_entry_set]

227˳ߤְʼδѸظإͥ2ƤޤɸѸפꥹΡä顤ܿ͡ڤäΤˡѸؤؤԡǤ



ĤѸءѸˤ˴ؿääֱѸʣȤϲ䡩פǤäȤϤޤꡤƱ -s Ĥʤư3ñä˰ܤꡤ3ñǤ -s ΤĤʤꥹ뤾Ȥ˵ڤӤޤˡ٤ϥꥫˤޤӲФǸˤϹͱѸꡤȤ櫓 Ebonics ãޤ10ʬ֤αѸؤΤڤǤС
ȴϢܥ֥εʲ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礷ɤߤɤ

#946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1])
#2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])
#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲס ([2016-05-06-1])
#4255. ʤ̾ʣư3ñƱ s ʤΤǤ ([2020-12-20-1])
#591. ꥫѸ줬ͤǤͳ ([2010-12-09-1])
#3653. Ebonics ([2019-04-28-1])
#2672. ꥹѸȯˡꥫѸʸˡ˼ҲŪʲ֤ͤ ([2016-08-20-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-09-1]

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2021-11-18 Thu

#4588. OED ˤʣ Englishes ν [world_englishes][variety][oed][countability][number][plural]

̡̾ȤΤԲĻ̾Ǥ English, French, Japanese Τ褦̵Ѥ롥ˤƤؤˤƤ⡤ƸΤʤ͡ѼˤȤȤϾQŪΤƤꡤƻ򴧤 American English, Old French, written Japanese ʤɤȤɽ뤳ȤϰۤλȤʤäƤ롥ǫ˥ѥե졼ʤ an American variety of English, an ancient variety of French, a written variety of Japanese ʤɤȤʤǫʥե졼顤 variety of άΤ American English, Old French, written Japanese ʤɤɽȤʤäƤȹͤ롥
Τ褦ˡޤɽΥ硼ȥåȤȤȤ館ΤǤСʾ;Ϥʤ⤷ʤصξάɽˤʤEnglishes Τ褦ɽϡƤȯۤξˤȿǤ褦ȤȤˡ򴶤롥¤ Englishes ȤʣݥȤʤΤǤϤʤan English ȤŪñפʥݥȤʤΤǤ롥פ English βĻ̾첽Τ
American English British Englishtwo Englishes ɽǤ褦ˤʤäطʤˤϡ͡αѸѤž롥ޤǤ two varieties of English ȤϤǤ櫓ǡ varieties of ʤ two Englishes ȤɽäȤȤñ˷ѲȤƺѤޤǤϤʤǧѲؤäƤΤѸĻ̾ȲᤷʤȤΥѥȤ礭
OED English, adj. (and adv.) and n. II. 2. d ˤȡEnglish βĻ̾ȤƤν1910ǯ H. L. Mencken Ǥ롥ιƸ褦

d. As a count noun: a variety of English used in a particular context or (now esp.) a certain region of the world; (in plural) regional varieties of English considered together, often in contradistinction to the concept of English as a language with a single standard or correct form.

1910 H. L. Mencken in Evening Sun (Baltimore) 10 Oct. 6/8 (heading) The two Englishes.
1941 W. Barkley (title) Two Englishes; being some account of the differences between the spoken and the written English languages.
1964 Eng. Stud. 45 21 Many people side-step the recognition of a plurality of Englishes by such judgments as: 'Oh, that's not English, that's American.'
1978 J. Pride Communicative Needs in Learning & Use of Eng. 1 The role of literature in non-native Englishes may be focal.
1984 Eng. World-wide 5 248 An overview of some aspects of various Englishes suggesting areas of possible research.
2000 Independent (Nexis) 28 June 11 It was one of the first places to be settled in the Plantations; there's an English spoken there that's unique.


㤬ꥫѸ˴ؤ̾ The American Language 路㡼ʥꥹȡɾȤ H. L. Mencken ȤΤʤäꥫѸȥꥹѸ̤ΤȸƤ Mencken αѸѤ˾Ȥ餻Сब The two Englishes ɽȤϤޤäԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ鼪ä
OED ʸӤΥϤ뤫⤷ʤؽѻ俷ʹȤΥǥΰѤ¿褦˸롥English βĻ̾ȤƤˡѸ츦ȤؽŪʸ̮ǻȤϤ졤줬İ̤ˤ⹭äƤȤɤ߼뤳ȤǤ
Englishes Τ褦ʣѤ롤ȤѸѤѲμ郎Ƥ顤100;ǯ¿ʤȤ⹭ΤƤΤΡޤȤƳؽѤʬѤˤʤüˡȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ɤ͸դƤΤäƤ

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2021-11-09 Tue

#4579. ʣˤʤỌ̇̄Ѥ̾ [plural][number][noun][semantics][homonymy][polysemy]

رѸŵ٤ڥڥȤ᤯äƤñʣǰ̣ΰۤʤ̾פΥڡ (p. 473) ȯΤʤΤ¿äΤǡƱѸ̾ñʣȤΤ񤷤ʤȻפä补㤨 glass ϡ֥饹פɡglasses ϡִפȤס

(1) ̾ʣñΰ̣˲ä̤ΰ̣Ĥ

appearanceиappearances
armarmsʼ
bonebones
brainǾbrains
chainchains«
colorcolors
compasscompassѥ
customcustomsǡǴ
future̤futuresʾʡءʪ
letterʸlettersʸ
lineԡlines
mannerˡmannersˡ
mountainmountains̮
numbernumbersʸ
oiloils
partʬpartsǽ
quarterʬΰquartersɼ
spectaclespectacles
teartearsò
term֡شterms


(2) ̾ʣñΰ̣Ȥ̤ΰ̣⤿ʤ

accomplishmentaccomplishmentsǽ
adviceadvices
airairs
arrangementarrangementsۡ
attentionattentions
authorityauthorities
chargecharges
clothcloths
copperƼcoppers
damage»damages»ʳۡ
directionƳشdirectionsؿ
forceforces
glassglasses
good????????????goods??????
groundgrounds
height????heights????
humanityʹhumanitiesʸʳ
instructioninstructionsؿ
looklooks
needɬneedsɬ
painpains
physicphysicsʪ
powerpowers󶯡ΡΡ
salesales
sandsands
savingsavings
securitysecuritiesڷ
spiritspiritsм
timetimes
waterwatersγ
woodںwoods
workŻworks


ˤʣϻ¾òƤΤ¿ȤƱ۵˶ᤤȤȤ
Ϣơ#4214. ʣ (1) ([2020-11-09-1])#4215. ʣ (2) ([2020-11-10-1])#1169. ̾ȤƤ news ([2012-07-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ش۳켭ŵԽԡˡرѸŵ١شۡ2006ǯ

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2021-05-28 Fri

#4414. ʤʣ -es ̾줬ΤǤ [plural][number][suffix][khelf_hel_intro_2021][sobokunagimon][noun][consonant][assimilation]

Ѹ̾ʣ˴ؤѤʵȤСfoot -- feet, child -- children ʤԵ§ʣˤޤĤ꤬ޤǽ˻פ⤫Ӥޤfoot -- feet ˤĤƤС伫Ȥܥ֥ǤǤ⤫Ȥۤɷ֤夲Ƥޤεå򻲾ȡˡ
Ȥ1ǯ˱Ѹ򶵤붵鸽ճʾäƤޤʣ˴ؤ̤μǺǤ¿äΤϡ֤ʤ -o, -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh ǽȤ -es ĤΤפäȤΤǤʤ -s ǤϤʤ -es ʤΤȤǤ͡ξ󤻤Ƥ줿ΤϱѸ춵򤷤ƤΥ´ʤΤǤֱѸƳ2021Τʣ -s ĤʤɤΤˡƤޤζ鸽줫ռȱѸˡѸظΥܤȤäƤ褤ƥĤǤ
̾θ (sibilant) ξ硤Ūˤ [s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ] ǤˤϡʣθȤ -es [-ɪz] դΤ§ǤŪطʤ嵭ƥƤ̤ǤȤȤʣ -s ǤϤʤ -es äΤǤäơ֤ʤ̾θξˤϡȤȤ -es -s ˤʤäƤޤäΤפȤ䤤ΩƤۤŬڤȤȤˤʤޤο䤤ФƤϡҤȤޤ֤Τ褦ʲѲפƤޤǤϡʤΤ褦ʲѲθ֤ǤʤäΤǤ礦ФơƥĤǤϼΤ褦˲ͿƤޤ

ؤβȤƹͤΤϡȯˤפȤΤǤ롥 -s-x-ch-sh ǽȯ [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ], [ʤ] Ǥꡤ[s] [z] Ʊ໤Ǥ롥ޤ[s] [z] ϻԲǤ[ʃ] [ʒ] ϸԲǡĴ֤˶ᤤΤ褯ҲϢ³ȯ⡤첻򶴤ȯ䤹ᡤ֤ e Ĥäȹͤ롥


ȯءǤ͡伫ȤŪˤϤޤǤΤ褦ƤޤΤ˱Ѹˤ̤Ʋ򤱤ƤҲϢǤꡤȤʬ䤹ǤƤͤ뵡ΤǡŤ˹ͻƤߤޤ

1. [s, z] ϢȯˤפȤäƤ⡤ƱϢϲޤĶǤ̤¸ߤޤ (ex. this style, these zoos, dish soap, garagesale, watchstrap, page zero) äơĴŪʴŪˡȯˤפȤȤϼĥˤ褦˻פޤ塤Ʊ첻ƱϢ򤱤뤳Ȥϻ¤ʤΤǡĶˤŪˡȯˤפȤȤϡޤĥǤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥤ǤΤǤСѸȤơȯƤʤפɽۤŬڤΤ褦˻פޤ

2. षʹΩΩλҲϢİ򤷤ˤפȹͤɤǤ礦ʣϡѸˤ̤̾ο (number) ˴ؤôפʷǤǤƱ̾Υƥ꡼ΤʤǤ⡤ (gender) (case) ϷŪ˿षޤ˴ؤƤϸߤޤǴ趯ӤƤޤѸˤƿϲ餫ΰ̣ǡֽספΤ褦Ǥ
äΩ줫餹СפȰռƤƤ⡤λҲϢäƤĴƱ (assimilation) γʹȤʤꡤ[s, z] Ԥݤ߹ޤƾäƤΤϼԤǤ̤Ȥơƥ꡼¸³δΩǤ礦ʹΩ줫餹Сʣޡ [s, z] ˴ؤƤϤäİǤ褦äˤϤäȯƤ餤ȤȤˤʤޤ
ä꤬ƱظΤФơʹϰ۲ (dissimilation) ظ롤ƸηϤѲξԤι˰ξΩäƤ롤ȤȤǤεǤСΥǤϡʹΰ۲θΤۤŪ˶äȤȤˤʤޤ򺣡ʹŻ뤷Ѳ¸ߴƤ뤳ȤŦƤȻפޤεå

ơΡʣ -es פΤʤǡɤҤä֤äƤȯءŬѤǤʤΤϡ嵭ƥǤܤƤ̤ꡤ-o ǽ̾ΥǤ̾˱ -s ä -es äꡤξԤδ֤ɤ򼨤͡ǤˤȤơѸؤƱ٤δ顤ƱʤǤФۤ -es 롤ȤŦʤƤϤȤܤͤޤϢܥ֥Ǥ#3588. -o ǽ̾ʣ --- pianos potatoes ([2019-02-22-1]) ˤưäƤޤΤǡɤ
ˤ衤¤˱οǤ͡٤

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2021-04-19 Mon

#4375. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ2֤ʤ foot ʣ feet ˤʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][plural][number][i-mutation][vowel][phonetics]

ۤˡ#4340. NHKδñѸ in English٤οϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפȤޤ ([2021-03-15-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤǯ٤˸Ƴ֤줿ֺ¡δñѸ in EnglishפΥƥȤΤʤǡѸΥܥʵ˴ؤϢܤϤƤޤˡ֥ߥƥ꡼ΩƤ򤭡פȤդǼɮƤꡤѸˤĶȤ٤ΤȤʤäƤޤΤǡؿΤɤ5ΥƥȤȯޤΤǡ⤷ޤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ5



5Ϣ2Ǽ夲ϡԵ§ʣɽȤ feet ˤĤƤǤʤ *foots ǤϤʤ feet ˤʤΤǤ礦
ܥ֥Ǥ#157. foot ʣϤʤ feet ([2009-10-01-1])#2017. foot ʣϤʤ feet (2) ([2014-11-04-1])#4304. ʤ foot ʣ feet ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2021-02-07-1])#4320. űѸˤϤäȤä foot -- feet פʣ ([2021-02-23-1]) ǰäƤǤθ줬ŪˤɤäƤʣѲ򡤡ּСפȤѤơޤǰʾʬ䤹⤷ޤɤɤ

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2021-03-18 Thu

#4343. ܼ佼ˡ [suppletion][prefix][suffix][plural]

Ѹˤ佼ˡ (suppletion) ˤĤƤϡ͡ʵǰäƤgo -- went, good -- better -- best, am -- was -- be, I -- my -- me ʤɡѲˤƸ촴ΰۤʤߤ륱Ǥ롥
̾佼ˡȤо嵭Τ褦ñθΤ˴ؤƤΤ򤷤ƤĤαѸؼŵäƤߤȡΰܼ (affix) ˴ؤƤ㤬󤲤Ƥ
㤨Сox -- oxen ȤԵ§ʣפˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦§ŪʣǤ -es Ȥդ *oxes ȤʤϤǤ롥ȤºݤˤϤΰŪǵ§Ū -es ϺѤ줺ۤʤ뵯ȷ -en ѤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤñܼʣܼʤ̾ο˴ؤ뵬§ŪʷѲ -ø -- -(e)s Ȥȡ̾ ox ˤĤбѲ -ø -- -en Ȥʤꡤ§ŪʷѲæƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʥؤơܼ佼ˡȤߤ뤳ȤǽȤ櫓child -- children, datum -- data ʤɤԵ§ʣƱͤ˹ͤ롥
Ѹ͡¸ߤԵ§פˤĤơθΤԵ§ǤȤŪʤۤɡܼˤ佼ˡȤȤ館븫⤢ȤȤ˵Ť줿

߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ׸켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ

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2021-02-23 Tue

#4320. űѸˤϤäȤä foot -- feet פʣ [plural][number][i-mutation][double_plural]

ñ foot Фʣ feet Τ褦Ե§ʣηˡˤĤơ#157. foot ʣϤʤ feet ([2009-10-01-1])#2017. foot ʣϤʤ feet (2) ([2014-11-04-1])#4304. ʤ foot ʣ feet ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2021-02-07-1]) Ǽ夲ƤɥĸʤɤǤϸߤǤ⤪ߤʣηˡǡ֥饦ʣפʤɤȸƤФƤ뤬ޥĸ줫饲ޥ줬 (i-mutation) ȤѲνϤȤ롥
ɸѸˤƤϡfeet, geese, lice, men, mice, teeth, women 7ˤĤƤβѲκפϻĤäƤʤűѸʳǤϤΥפ̾줬¾ˤ⤤Ĥ¸ߤLass (128) ˤȡāc (oak), bōc (book), brōc (trousers), burg (city), (cow), gāt, turf (turf), furh (furrow), hnutu (nut) ʤɤΥפäˤ̤ -s ʣݤ߹ޤƤä⤷Ǥʤк *each/ache, *beech, *breech, *birry, *ki(e), *gate, *tirf, *firry, *nit ʤɤΥ饦ʣѤƤϤǤʤ˵󤲤ͶֻϡֻˤʤäƤ⤷ʤȤ㼨ˤĤ餺ˡ
⤷Τϡbook ʣȤƤ *beech ĤäƤʤ츻Ū˴Ϣ beech ʥ֥ʡˤ¸ߤ뤳Ȥ (cf. #632. book beech ([2011-01-19-1])) ޤ֥ܥפ̣ʣ *breech ϺǤ¸ߤʤ鿷˺줿2ʣ (double_plural) Ȥ٤ breeches ȾܥˤϸǤ (cf. #218. ʣ ([2009-12-01-1])ˡˡ*ki(e) ȤʤäƤ뤬 n դϤ2ʣ kine ϡʤ⤤ޤѤƤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-19-1]

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2021-02-07 Sun

#4304. ʤ foot ʣ feet ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hellog_entry_set][plural][number][i-mutation]

̾ʣ̾ -(e)s ĤФ褤ǤʤˤԵ§ʣȤΤޤԵ§ʣˤ¤¿ढΤǤ1ĤΥפȤ foot --feet, goose -- geese, louse -- lice, man -- men, mouse -- mice, tooth -- teeth, woman -- women 󤲤ޤ촴첻Ѱۤ륿פǤ͡ѸŪˤСʣƱθˤΤȤǤޤfoot -- feet ˡѲεޤ礦İ



/i/ Ȥ첻ϡŪˤжüǤɤĤǤϤβʬȤζ᤯˰ĤФм¾ȤѼƤޤϤʥޥͥåȤȤƺѤޤ㤨Сθ̤ˤ /ai/ /eː/ Ϥ褯벻Ѳǡ֤Ф /yabai/ ǤϤФС֤١ /yabeː/ Ȥʤޤ͡ѸǤ⡤day ϤȤȤֻ̤ /dai/ ˶ᤤȯǤޤǤ /deː/ ؤѲޤ
Ȼ褦ʤȤѸΩΩĥޥλ foot ȯǤ /foːt/ ˵äΤǤʣǤ -iz ղä줿 /foːtiz/ ϡɤĤ /i/ βŪƶΤȤˡ䤬 /feːtiz/ Ȥʤޤθ塤Τʤ˰֤ /z/ 䡤ѲǤ /i/ ΤޤäƾüƤǽŪ /feːt/ ˵夷ΤǤʣ֤űѸ fēt ǤꡤѸ feet ʤΤǤ
ˤĤƤ##157,2017εåܳŪ˰äƤޤΤǡؿΤ󤽤⤴

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