ϻؼԤΤȤ˵˻פäƤ褦ʵޤ˱ѸƤطԤˤƤߤޤȡ褯Ф֤뤢ȤȤǡ˼夲褦ȻפäǤs ̾ʣޡʤΤˡưȤषñޡϰΤɤʤäƤΤȤ̵⤢ޤȤƤϡ̻Ū˱ѸߤѸˤΩ줫餤дʤǤİ
űѸˤΤܤȡ̾ʣ s εȤ -as ȤäȤʬޤΤ s ʣϷӤĤƤ褦ˤ⸫ޤޤ̾Τ1/3٤ΡѲ̾פ˸ꤷƤηӤĤǤ¾2/3̾ϡ¤ʣ s ʤɼʤäΤǤĤޤs = ̾ʣפȯۤϡѸۤɶϤޤǤѸʹߤˡ2/3Ƥ s ʣ̾줬 s ʣؤȾ괹ƤäΤǤ̤ȤơߤǤ99%̾줬 s ʣ˻ꡤs = ̾ʣפδط夷ޤ s ʣŪˤϤʸܳŪΤޤޤǤʢʸΥơޤʤΤǤˡȾʬ餤ŪǤȤȤǵߤƤȻפޤ
ư3ñ s ˤĤƤǤűѸѸǤϤ⤽ s ȤϰŪǤʤषʤҲ th -eth ʤɤ̤Ǥ th Ѹˤ s ֤ƤޤξŪ˶ᤤޡȤȤǤϷ褷Ƥʤޤǡ֤פǤѲθˤĤƤ⤢ޤˤ衤Ȥ th äΤˤβȾж s ִ줿ΤǤ줬ߤ3ñ s Ȥʤޤ
ȤȤǡ̾ʣ s ⡤ư3ñ߸ s ⡤ޤǤϰפƤǡŪˤߤеۤʤޤơλѲƤ̤ˤޤϻƤ뤱ɤ¤ϷطˤϤʤȤ֤뤢פʤΤǤ
ޤäζǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤ̤θ⤢ޤ#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) ([2013-08-20-1]) εɤϤǡʤʤԤǤ
ε ([2020-11-09-1]) ˰³ʣ (intensive_plural) ˤĤơѸ Quirk et al. ʤɤˤϼ夲Ƥ餺ɤܤγعʸˡdz̤˸ڤΤΤ褦ǡƤŵ Kruisinga դΤ褦ȤƤڡ°ԡˤμŵꡤƱѤ (739--40) εμݤ֤Ȥˤʤ뤬餺
intensive plural ʶʣʷˡˡ̣Ĵ뤿ѤʣΤȡ̸ (mass word) ˸ʣǡʣθʪȤ̣ϴޤޤʸ¿롥ʪɽ̾ξ٤ζȤɽʪɽ̾ξϹꡦѡϢ³ʤɤɽ: the sands of Sahara---[Kruisinga, Handbook] / the waters of the Nile---[Ibid.] / The moon was already in the heavens.---[Zandvoort, 19757] ʷϤǤ˶ǵƤ / I have my doubts.---[Ibid.] ʻϵǰƤ / I have fears that I may cease to be Before my pen has glean'd my teeming brain---J. Keats ʻΥڥդФλפƤޤ˻ǤޤΤǤϤʤȶƤ / pure and clear As are the frosty skies---A Tennyson ƤĤΤ褦ʡ / Mrs. Payson's face broke into smiles of pleasure.---M. Schorer ʥڥͤϵޤ˴̤Ȥʤä / To think is to be full of sorrow And leaden-eyed despairs---J. Keats ʹͤ뤳Ȥᤷߤȳ赤Τʤܤ˾뤳ȡ / His hopes to see his own And pace the sacred old familiar fields, Not yet had perished---A. Tennyson ʲ²˲ʤĤζοϤƧ⤦Ȥ˾ߤϤޤääƤʤä / All the air is blind With rosy foam and pelting blossom and mists of driving vermeil-rain.---G. M. Hopkins ʰ̤絤Ф鿧ˢȷ㤷֤ȼĤĤ뿧αΤǴ⤯ۤɤˤʤ / The cry that streams out into the indifferent spaces, And never stops or slackens---W. H. Auden øʶ֤ήФƤäơ䤨⤷ʤߤ⤷ʤ㤭ˡ
ƱͤˡжԡˤμŵꡤLatinism ιफϢʬ (477) Ѥ롥
(3) ̾ʣѤɽˡ
붯ʣ (Intensive Plural) ΰǤ뤬Ȥ˥ƥɽˡ路16ȾκȤʸϤ¿졤αƶǸǤʸŪʤŪˡȤưݻƤ롥ȤСĤ˸褦 hopes, fears ϡVirgil (70--19 B.C.) Ovid (43 B.C.--A.D. 17?) ˸ƥ amōrēs [L amor love ʣ], metūs [L metus fear ʣ] ˤʤäΤȤߤʤ롥Like a young Squire, in loues and lusty-hed His wanton dayes that ever loosely led, . . . ȵ⤭ȤĤƢʤ㤤ԤΤ褦ʡġ---E. Spenser, Faerie Qveene I. ii. 3 / I will go further then I meant, to plucke all feares out of you. ͽʾΤȤơʤοۤ줤ˤ̤äƾ夲褦---Sh, Meas. for M. IV. ii. 206--7 / My hopes do shape him for the Governor. ʤɤ餽οͤϤ羭ȸ---Id, Oth. II. i. 55.
ۤۤƥΥȥåȤϡ줬ͥɤήԤ;ḽѸȤή졥ޤݤ߹롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
Ѹʤ䤽¾θˤˤ̾ʣ (plural) Ȥϲ˰Ū˸ˤ (number) Ȥʸˡƥ (category) ȤϲȤΤθˤ饤ե1ĤǤ롥δ顤ԻĤǤ⤷ʤȻפäƤΤɸʣ (intensive_plural) ȤݤʲŰʸˡ٤ꡥ
ޤ̾ -s ʣȤʤϤݳǰɽ魯̾ʡǥեȤԲĻ̾ˤդȼäƶʣȤ롥ξ硤̣Ūˤϡ١פζɽ魯ȤäƤ褤
It is a thousand pities that you don't know it.
She was rooted to the spot with terrors.
Τ褦ϡԲĻ̾줬Ū˲Ļ̾첽ʣƶդȤ֤ٴΤȹͤ롥ĻԲĻζ̤ñʣζ̤⤿ʤܸθѤǤʤνŪʡֵפǤ롥֤ɽ魯̾Ȥ despairs, doubts, ecstasies, fears, hopes, rages ʤɤ롥
嵭Ȥϰۤʤꡤ¿쾯ʤŪʥΤؼ̾ǤϤ뤬̾ԲĻ̾ȤưΤϢ³סֹסֽѡפȤˤ붯դ -s Ȥ롥
We had gray skies throughout our vacation.
They walked on across the burning sands of the desert.
Where are the snows of last year?
ۤˤ⡤ݸݤ˴ϢΤ¿clouds, fogs, heavens, mists, rains, waters ʤɤ㤬ߤ롥
ֶʣ (intensive plural) Ȥä֤ä̾ΤĤƤ뤬thanks ʤ꤬Ȥˡacknowledgements ʼռˡmillions of people ʲɴο͡ˤʤɡȶʱѸɽˤ⤤Ǥ⤢ꤽѸˤ̾βĻԲĻζ̤ȤΤ⡤ŪʤΤǤϤʤȹͤǤ롥
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
sheep, deer Τ褦̾ʣϡɤ櫓̵Ѳ sheep, deer ΤޤޤǤѸˤϡΤ褦ʡñʣƱפȸƤФ̾줬ʤʤ⤤Ĥ¸ߤޤäɤΤ褦طʤΤǤ礦饸βİ
ѸˤˤƤϡȤȤ sheep ˤ deer ˤ衤ñʣϷŪ˶̤ƤޤűѸλˤϡñ scēap Ф *scēapuƱͤñ dēor Ф *dēoru Τ褦ˡˤäñʣ̤ƤΤǤűѸޤǤˡŪˤϡֹ첻(high_vowel_deletion) ȸƤФ벻ѲƸ -u üñʣƱȤʤäƤޤäƤΤǤ
ơΥפñˡưʪñ̤ɽ魯̾줬ʤ餺ޤޤƤȤ³ѸŸˤƥݥȤȤʤäƤޤȤƼоݤȤʤưʪʷˤñ̤ɽ魯̾ϡñʣѤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤϼǤǤ礦̾ϡʣǻȤΤǥեȤʤΤǤȡ -s ʤɤĤʣǤ뤳ȤɬפʤΤޤηǼ¼Ūʣɽ魯ȤȤޤȤȸűѸˤʣ -s ȤäƤ fish Ǥ顤δ˴ޤñʣƱȤʤޤ̤ȤợΰǤϤޤưʪηñ̤ɽ魯Ĥ̾줬ѸǤüʡñʣƱפ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤŪˤϡsheep, deer, fish, carp hundred, thousand, million, billion ʤɤ̾Ǥ
sheep deer ϡΤ褦ʷΥǥȤʤäűѸ줫³Ϸޤ̾ʤΤǤƶĴƤޤsheep deer ȤơűѸλˤϡȷŪ˰ۤʤʣƤȤȤǤѲȤθθạ́Ū (analogy) η̡Τ褦ñʣƱˤʤäƤΤȤȤõƤȻפޤ
ȴϢơ##12,1512,2232εåȤƤФȻפޤ
Ե§̾ʣΡ֤ʤפѤʵ֤ȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦⡤ѸˤˤϤȯ뵿֤Ȥޤʻ伫ȡ̣ǤϤεɤ³ƱѸˤΤθԤˤʤäȤäƤǤϤޤ
ۤȤɤ̾줬 -(e)s Ĥʣ櫓Ǥ̾ feet, sheep, phenomena, oxen ʤɡͽۤǤʤʤĤޤŵۤˤʤʣޤΤ褦Ե§̾ʣκǤΤ children Ǥʤñ child -ren ĤʣˤʤΤ櫓ʬޤ̩ʤΤǤ oxen ȤäȻϴޤˡ
ԲIJ̾ʣ٤ˤҤȤƤߤޤ礦İ
űѸˤϡ̾ʣκढޤΤ1Ĥ -ru Ȥޤ줬̵˻ĤäƤ child ʣ childru ͳ childer ۤɤη֤ˤʤäƤϤǤ¿̾줬űѸͥǤä -(e)s ղäˡʤ뤤ϡ˼ͥä -(e)n ˤˡˤӤƤٸǤ뤬椨ĤƤޤä child ʣ childru/childer ϡϤ⤤Ƥޤ̤Ȥʤޤ-ru/-er ʣ֤ˤʤʤäƤޤθǤʣǤ뤳ȤΤʤȴ줿ΤǤ礦Ѹˤ⤦1ĤͭϤʸǤ -(e)n դơʤʣ children Ф˻äΤǤθ -(e)s ʣޤޤĥˤĤ -(e)n ʣϿꤨƤoxen ˺פĤ٤ˤʤäƤޤޤchildren ⤢̣ǤϤ֤Ȥޤ r Τߤʣɽ碌ΤǤ -en äȤ̣ǡ츻Ūʴ2ʣ (double_plural) λȤޤ
-(e)s ʣؤΰܲĬήϡäǯۤ³ƤޤĬήͤСʤ̤ children *childs ֤뱿̿ʤΤ⤷ޤchildren ϡűѸѸγ碌ƼѸ˾õ٤ʣʤΤǤ
ȴϢơ##146,218,145,337,2826εåȤ櫓֤֡ȤФ̻ŪˤߤפȤϡᤷޤ
hellog 饸15ϡڥȯפʤ1Ĥ夲ޤwomen = /ˈwɪmɪn/ ϡɤҤä֤äƤǤʤڥȯδطǤñ woman = /ˈwʊmən/ ȤʤꡤޤǤΤǤʣ women = /ˈwɪmɪn/ ϡäʤΤȤǤʲİ
ǸΤȤDZѸˤζȤƽҤ٤褦ˡԵ§ˤߤΤŪˤϵ§ŪǤꡤפʤȤȤ¿ޤषߵ§ŪˤߤΤΤۤŪˤȤʤäƤѥ¿ΤǤ
ޤΤ褦ˡѸˤȲؤμϤФдؤ礤ޤܳŪ˱ѸˤؤǤߤȤϡȤⲻؤ⤤ä˳ؤǤѸˤΤ⤷ΤʤʬȯѲˤޤ夲ȤμդˤĤƤϡ##223,224εåɤ
ɸѤʵˤĤ2֤ε ([2020-05-03-1], [2020-05-04-1]) Ƥޤ⤽³Ǥ
Japanese Chinese ƻǤ뤫̾ȤѤǤʣ -s ĤʤΤȤФơѸˤ Japaneses Chineses Τ褦̾ -s ʣ̤˻ȤƤΤ顤Τ褦ʷƻ쵯˵ϼʤȤȤޤǵߤƤޤ䤦٤ϡʤ Japaneses Chineses ȤʣޤǤѤˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ
ͤ1ĤϡޤǤݤ̷⤹褦ǤϤޤϤ굯Ū˷ƻǤȤռˤ³ǽŪˤϤ줬ȤǤ㤨 Those students over there are Japanese. ʹȤ Japanese ʣ̾ȤơܿͤפȤǤޤƻȤơܡʿ͡ˤΡפȤǤޤĤޤξŪǤŪˤƻǤꡤ٤ȤƤƻȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤСȤä꤬̾ΤĤǤʸȯȤƤ⡤ʹϷƻȤ뤫⤷ޤȤ̾Ȥ Japaneses ʹ줿⤢äȤϤĹ֤ˡϤ Japanese ηƻȤߤʤȤԲǽǤϤޤ
⤦1ĤδϡϤεȴؤäƤޤthe English, the French, the Scottish, the Welsh, ʤɡ -ish ʤ䤽ΰ۷ˤķƻͳ褹?͡פ -(e)s 餺ŪѤ뤳ȤȤʿΤǤϤʤȤ⵿ޤcf. #165. ̱²ƻ i-mutation ([2009-10-09-1])ˡ
ˤ⤦1ĤδʤСȯ˴ؤ⤢뤫⤷ޤJapaneses Chineses Ǥϸ³ /-zɪz/ ȤʤꡤȯԲǽȤϤ鷺Ȥ⺤ˤʤޤ뤿ʣ -s ڤȤȤǽޤϢƽͭʤ -s λȤƤߤޤȡ/s/ /z/ ǽͭ̾νͭʤ Socrates' death, Moses' prophecy, Columbus's discovery ʤɤ֤ޤȯȤƤϽͭʤʬ /-ɪz/ ϼ¸ʤΤ̤Ǥ³ȯˤʤ뤿ȹͤޤJapanese, Chineses ˤƱ褦ȯװѤΤ⤷ޤ
Ūװ⤦1IJäʤСJapanese Chinese θ /z/ ΤʣθθΤȤƴ㤤줿Ū˴ѻ줿ȤŦƤޤ礦OED Ǥϡ㤤η̤ȤƤñȤƤ Chinee Portugee λ㤬𤵤ƤޤΤ褦ʴ㤤Ūˤϡְʬϡ (metanalysis) Ȥޤˤ̲ȤŪ¤ϤޤʤȤ Japaneses Τ褦ʻϢ³ԼǤȤ嵭˴Ū˴ؤäƤǽ魯ǤϤޤ
ʾ塤٥εǤˤϻäƤޤѸˡѸؤδɸѤʵäƤߤޤѸˤΥݥƥ̥Ϥ˵ŤƤ館йǤ
ε ([2020-05-03-1]) ˰³ѸˤμȤǴ줿ɸѤʵˤĤơ
εǤϡ-ese ϵŪ˷ƻǤꡤ餳̾ȤʻͭΡʣפʤɤϤȤʤΤȤޤѸˤϷƻ쵯̾ϤޤȤꡤ㤷äʣ -s ȤäƤΤǤ (ex. Americans, blacks, females, gays, natives) Ǥޤ
ˤˤȤäԹΰȤˡѸˤϡʤ Japaneses Ȥ̾ʣѤƤΤǤOED Japanese, adj. and n. ꡤιܤʸƤߤޤ礦
B. n
1. A native of Japan.
Formerly as true noun with plural in -es; now only as an adjective used absolute and unchanged for plural: a Japanese, two Japanese, the Japanese.
. . . .
1655 E. Terry Voy. E.-India 129 I have taken speciall notice of divers Chinesaas, and Japanesaas there.
1693 T. P. Blount Nat. Hist. 105 The Iapponeses prepare [tea]..quite otherwise than is done in Europe.
. . . .
ڥޤǤϤޤ Japanesaas Iapponeses ȤߤޤĤޤꡤ̾ȤƤʣ Americans, blacks, females, gays, natives ѤΤƱ褦ˡJapaneses Τ褦ѤƤΤǤ1655ǯʸˤ Chinesaas ѤƤꡤ17ˤϤ줬ŪäΤǤºݡԥ塼ͥߥȥ̾ؼڱ٤ˤ "1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iii. 438 Sericana, where Chineses drive With Sails and Wind thir canie Waggons light." Τ褦 Chineses ѤƤޤϡʤ̾ʣ Japaneses, Chineses ѤȤʤꡤñʣƱȤʤäΤǤ
³εǹͤƤȻפޤ
ѸˤμȤǴ줿ѤʵǤ-ese (suffix) ġ?͡פ̣̱̾ϡʣǤ -s դñʣƱȤʤޤThere are one/three Japanese in the class. Τ褦˻ȤޤʤʣʤΤ -s դʤΤǤ礦ϡʤʤǤȻפޤ
Ѹˤ sheep, hundred, fish ʤɡʤñʣƱ̾줬ޤ¿ϡ#12. How many carp! ([2009-05-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦˸űѸζˤΤܤꡤθŤѸޤDzŪ˻ĤäΤȤŪˤưפǤޤ-ese ϻ𤬰ۤʤޤϥե줫μѤǤꡤȤѸȤƶѸʹߤ˸Ƥ뿷ǤűѸʸˡˤΤܤäñʣƱŤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤ
-ese θ츻ͤƤޤ礦-ese ȤϡޤäƸͭ̾餽ηƻǤƥηƻ -ensis ͳ褷θťեˤȿǷ -eis Ѹ -ese ȤƼޤޤĤޤꡤŪ Japanese, Chinese Ū˷ƻȤơܤΡסΡפ̣ΤǤ
ƻ줬̾ȤѤ褦ˤʤΤϱѸ˸¤餺ӤǤJapanese ñȤǡܤθ "the Japanese language" ܤο͡ʡˡ "(the) Japanese person/people" ۤɤ̣̾ȤʤΤ⼫ԤǤߤ˻ޤǡ̾ǤϤʤƻǤȤռΤݥȤǤʣ̾ܿͤפȤѤȤǤ鸶ȤƤηƻΰռĤäƤꡤƻˤϡñȶ̤ʣʤȤ¤ؤäơJapanese Ȥ֤ΤޤޤʤΤȹͤޤפˡJapanese ŪˤϷƻ顤̾ˤߤʣ -s դʤΤȤǤ
ˤϾ꤬ޤŪˤϷƻǤʤ̾첽ñϡѸˤޤȤޤơ¿̾첽ʾ塤̾ȤƤΥ롼˽äʣǤ -s ȤΤǤ㤨 American, black, female, gay, native ϵŪˤϷƻǤ̾ȤƤѤƤꡤξ硤ʣ -s ȤޤȤ Japanese ⤳ƱΩ֤ˤϤǤʤ -s ʤΤǤŪǤ Japanese ñʣƱ˲Ǥޤ
ˤĤƤϡε³Ƥޤ
#1253. ťΥɸαƶܡ ([2012-10-01-1]) ǵꥹȤˡDance (1735) ȤĤܤɲäƤ¾ڤԤ벾Ȥ٥Ǥ롥
(1) the marked increase in productivity of the derivational verbal affixes -n- (as in harden, deepen) and -l- (e.g. crackle, sparkle)
(2) the rise of the "phrasal verb" (verb plus adverb/preposition) at the expense of the verbal prefix, most persuasively the development of up in an aspectual (completive) function
(3) certain aspects of v2 syntax (including the development of 'CP-v2' syntax in northern Middle English)
(4) the general shift to VO order
嵭 (1) ˤĤƤϡ#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1]) ǴϢ˿ƤΤǡ⻲ȡ
(2) ˤĤƤϡϢơ#2396. ե줫ζμѤФ뿵 ([2015-11-18-1]) ȡ
(3), (4) 츽ݤȤ櫓 (4) 礭ʲǤ롥ˤĤƤرѸˤDzۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡؽ2011ǯˤ54ǤƤ롥˰ʲε碌Ƥɤ
#1170. ťΥɸȤθܿȶޤο ([2012-07-10-1])
#3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡס ([2017-11-22-1]) Ϣܵؤľܥפ
#3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡס ([2017-12-21-1]) Ϣܵؤľܥפ
#3733.رѸ춵٤Ϣ5֤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤס ([2019-07-17-1])
Ǹ˥ꥹȤ˲äΤ˺Ƥ⤦1Ĥιܤä
(5) the spread of the s-plural
ϡ伫Ȥܺ٤ƤǤ롥ܤ Hotta
Dance, Richard. "English in Contact: Norse." Chapter 110 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1724--37.
δ졡رѸˤDzۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
ɸϡѸ˷ˤƤŪʹͤǤ롥ѸǡԵ§פȾΤŪʸݤ¿ϡĤƤϡֵ§פ1äȤȤǤ롥Феդޤʤǡֺε§ϺԵ§פȤȤ¿§ (regular) Ե§ (irregular) ȤϡŪˤϸߤʬۤˤ餫˶̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿ΤŪȤϤ뤬ŪˤХݥؤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤŪʶ̤Ǥ롥
θ§Ҥ٤ƤΤ Fortson (69--70) ΰѤǤ롥Ӹ (comparative_linguistics) κƷ (reconstruction) μˡȤδϢǡŪʰ⤤ȤʤäƤ롥
A guiding principle in historical morphology is that one should reconstruct morphology based on the irregular and exceptional forms, for these are most likely to be archaic and to preserve older patterns. Regular or predictable forms (like the Eng. 3rd singular present takes or the past tense thawed) are generated using the productive morphological rules of the language, and have no claim to being old; but irregular forms (like Eng. is, sang) must be memorized, generation after generation, and have a much greater chance of harking back to an earlier stage of a language's history. (The forms is and sang, in fact, directly continue forms in PIE itself.
ѸˤԵ§ʸݤǧ֤ĤƤϤष§ŪäΤ⤷ʤפ䤦ƤߤȤ褤ƤŪˤϤ̤Ǥ롥դˡʤϲεͯʤ§Ūʸݤ˻פڤƤߤƤۤˤäƤϡϤĤƤԵ§ʸݤɤ櫓ˤβǰ̲褦ˤʤä⤷ʤȡ˸Ūȯۤζ˰դ롥θ§ϱѸˤ⡤ܸˤ⡤¾Τɤθˤ褯ƤϤޤ롥
ֺԵ§Ϻε§פϡˤȤޤʤǤ줿ˤĤơѸˤ鼡ȡ
Ե§פ̾ʣ (ex. feet, geese, lice, men, mice, teeth, women) (cf. #3638.رѸ춵٤Ϣ2֤ʤԵ§ʣΤס ([2019-04-13-1]))
Ե§פưγ (ex. sing -- sang -- sung) (cf. #3670.رѸ춵٤Ϣ3֤ʤԵ§ưѤΤס ([2019-05-15-1]))
3ñ -s (cf. ѸϢ2֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ)
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. "An Approach to Semantic Change." Chapter 21 of The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Blackwell, 2003. 648--66.
#3656. kings' Τ褦ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθˤϲάƤΤǤ ([2019-05-01-1]) ꤹѤʵ夲ŪʴβȤơüŪˡֲάƤʤפŪĤޤСkings Ȥʣˡ˽ͭʤ 's դֻ塤 s's Ȥ뤵ʤꤽʤΤǡάɽΤǤϤʤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ (cf. haplology) ºݡΤ褦ȯۤΤȤǶѸ˸Ԥζˡ (punctuation) ޤäƤǽϹ⤤ΤǤϤʤȻפ롥⤷äȤ顤Ūʻ¤˴ŤȤϡŪ˴ŤˡγΩäȤȤˤʤ롥ĤʤεǽҤ٤褦ʣ kingsñͭʷ king'sʣͭʷ kings' 3Ĥɽ϶̤뤳Ȥˤʤä櫓顤̤ȤˤʤäȹͤƤ롥ŪˤϤ櫓ǤϤʤäȤȤǤϼĥƤ
դˤĤƤϡJespersen (272) ޤ˼夲Ƥ롥ѤΤüᤤ
16.86. These forms [genitive plurals with -es] (in which e was still pronounced) show that the origin of the ModE gen pl is the old gen pl in -a (which in ME became e) + the ending s from the gen sg, which was added analogically for the sake of greater distinctiveness. The s' in kings' thus is not to be considered a haplological pronunciation of -ses, though some of the early grammarians look upon it as an abbreviation: Bullokar Æsop 225 writes the gen pl ravenzz and crowzz with his two z-letters, which do not denote two different sounds, but are purely grammatical signs, one for the plural and the other for the genitive.---Wallis 1653 writes "the Lord's [sic] House, the House of Lords . . pro the Lords's House", with the remark "duo s in unum coincident." Lane, Key to the Art of Lettters 1700 p. 27: "Es Possessive is often omitted for easiness of pronunciation as . . . the Horses bridles, for the Horsesses bridles."
In dialects and in vg speech the ending -ses is found: Franklin 152 (vg) before gentle folkses doors | GE M 1.10 other folks's children; thus also 1.293, 1.325, 2.7 | id A 251 gentlefolks's servants; ib 403; all in dialect | London schoolboy, in Orig. English 25: I wish my head was same as other boyses. Cf Murray D 164 the bairns's cleose, the færmers's kye, the doags's lugs; Elworthy, Somers. 155 voaksez (not other words, cf GE)
Τ褦ʲɤǤȡɸΡˡפȤƤ -s's 뤵 -s' ˤȤϺѤǤʤΤΡɸˤȤߤȡ⤢ʤְäƤȤϸڤʤΤʤȻפľꤹ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
»1εϡѤʵ䥷ꡥԤѤʵǤ
ѸǤɽ kings ʲ, king's ʲΡˡkings' ʲΡˤȡ̣˱3ν̤ޤȯϤ٤ /kɪŋz/ ƱʤΤǤֻˡϤäȶ̤뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤǤɽζ̤ϲͳ褹ΤǤ礦
ݥȥե (apostrophe) ϡŵŪ˾άɽ魯Ѥޤit's it is ξάǤI'm I am ξάyou're you are ξάǤݥȥեϾάΤѤȤϸ¤ޤ#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1])#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŪˤϾάɽ魯Ѥޤ¾ŪˤȤޤɸε⡤δߤɬפꤽǤkings, king's, kings' γơΩҲ𤷤Ƥޤ礦
űѸǡֲפɽ魯ֲפʣʼʡгʡˤ cyningas Ǥ줬ʣ kings ˤʤ櫓ǤϸűѸ cyningas Ѹ kinges Ѹ kings ȤѲβФ̤Ǥܤȡ-as -es ȤŤʣ첻ü-s Ȥʤä櫓ǤΤ褦̻Ūˤʣۣ첻 /ə/ ־üפȤȤ館ޤŪˤ첻־άפ줿褦ˤߤޤʣֻ kings ϼ¤ϤΤ褦ˡ־άפǤˤ⤫餺륢ݥȥեѤ˺ѤޤƤȤ櫓Ǥ
ˡֲΡפɽ魯ñͭʷֻ king's ˤĤƹͤޤ礦űѸǤϡñ°ʡʽͭʤΤȤűѸǤϤƤӤޤ˷ cyninges ֤졤줬ѸˤΤޤ kinges ȤƼѤޤѸˤơʣξȥѥ˸ۣ첻äᡤƱ kings ֤ƤޤΤޤޤǤ褵ʤΤǤˤֻ϶̤褦ȤȤʤΤñͭʷΤۤ king's ɽ뤳Ȥˤʤޤۣ첻 /ə/ ־άפƤΤ顤ɸ뤿 king's ȤݥȥեդνˤʤäΤĤ뤳ȤǤޤ
ǸˡֲΡפɽ魯ʣ°ʷ kings' ǤˤϤܤŪɬפǤűѸǤʣ°ʷ cyninga Τ褦 -a äƤޤѸˤƤ -a æäñ°ʸ -es ʸ첻üФ -sˤʣ°ʸȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäΤǤĤޤꡤking(e)s Ȥ֤ǡֲΡפȡֲΡסʤȡֲסˤƱɽ路иΤǤơʹߡˤȯ϶̤ǤʤΤǤƽդˤƤ϶̤褦ȡñͭʷ king'sʣͭʤ kings' ȤʬȯãΤǤ
ʾޤȤмΤ褦ˤʤޤʣʼʡˤ kings Ѹ kinges ͳ褷 e ־άפ줿Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤޤξάɽ魯Τ˥ݥȥեդ뤳ȤޤǤŬäƤʤ褦ˤߤޤñͭʷ king's ϡʣƱѸ kinges ͳ褷 e ־άפ줿̤η֤ǤΤǡݥȥեդֻŬäƤȤǤǸʣͭʷ kings' ϡñͭʷȹ줷֤ˤΰ̣ǤΥݥȥեθ˲άƤ櫓ǤϤޤ
(1) άƤΤ˥ݥȥեդƤʤʣ kings
(2) άƤ뤫ʤȤͳǡ˥ݥȥեդƤʤȲñͭʷ king's
(3) άƤʤΤ˥ݥȥեդƤʣͭʷ kings'
㥯ȤʤΤǤɽ3Ԥ̤ȤˤäΤǤ礦ΰտޤǤޤˤ衤줬ѸˡʤΤǤ
رѸ춵٤αѸϢֱܵѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ4ϤޤäƤޤȯ䤵줿5Ǥϡ2εȤơ֤ʤԵ§ʣΤפȤѤʵꤢƤޤɤ

̾ʣˤϡΥХʬǤʸΥȥ The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English ǤˡʤȤ⤢ꡤܥ֥Ǥʣ plural ε͡˼ꤢƤޤϢܵƤȤȤ櫓ط֥ؤΥʲĥäƤޤ
#946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])
#157. foot ʣϤʤ feet ([2009-10-01-1])
#12. How many carp! ([2009-05-11-1])
#337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
#3298. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (1) ([2018-05-08-1])
#3588. -o ǽ̾ʣ --- pianos potatoes ([2019-02-22-1])
#3586. ʣ ([2019-02-20-1])
ѸʣˤȤơޤˤĤƤ⡤ޤޤ椹٤ȤĤäƤޤѸˤϱǤ
2017ǯϢܤָѸѸˤλͤ1֤֡ȤФ̻Ūˤߤ פȤϡǤʣˤޤΤǡɤ
δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ2ʤԵ§ʣΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ5桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ41262--63ǡ
-o ǽû̾줫鵬§Ūʣˡֻ -s Τߤդ pianos פȡ-es Ȥ potatoes פ̤롥
LGSWE (285) ϡLGSWE Corpus ˤäξפʬۤĴξδ֤ɤΤ⤢Τǡ80%ʾΨˤơ줫Υפ˳꿶äꥹȤǤ롥ӡŰʸˡ٤ä * դˤޤĤġʲ褦
pianos : *autos, avocados, casinos, commandos, concertos, discos, *dynamos, embryos, Eskimos, *ghettos, jumbos, kilos, memos, pesos, photos, pianos, portfolios, radios, scenarios, shampoos, solos, stereos, studios, taboos, tacos, tattoos, *torsos, trios, twos, videos, weirdos, zeros, zoos
potatoes : buffaloes, cargoes, echoes, heroes, mangoes, mosquitoes, mottoes, negroes, potatoes, tomatoes, tornadoes, torpedoes, vetoes, volcanoes
С-s Τߤդ pianos פ§Ǥ롥äˡάͳ褹 -o ǶοȤƲää -o -s ʣΤǥեȤǤ롥ޤ첻 oפȤʤˤ⡤ֻԹȻפ뤬-s ΤߤդΤ§Ǥ (e.g. bamboos, cameos, cuckoos, curios, folios, radios, studios, trios)
potatoes פϤɤ餫ȤС㳰פ¦ˤʤ櫓ΥפˤϱѸ첽ٹ礤Ū줬ޤޤΤդפ롥
ޤ-s -es δ֤ɤ̾⾯ʤʤŰʸˡ٤ǤϡȤ banjo(e)s, buffalo(e)s, cargo(e)s, fresco(e)s, ghetto(e)s, grotto(e)s, halo(e)s, mango(e)s, manifesto(e)s, mosquito(e)s, motto(e)s, tornado(e)s, volcano(e)s, zero(e)s Ƥ롥˵ꥹȤȽʣñ⤢뤳Ȥ顤-o ʣäȺ٤ĴСºݤˤϤ˹Ϥɤ줬ѻΤ⤷ʤ
ʤȴϢơñ potato ֤ potatoe ȸäƳФƤꥫ Dan Quayle Υ롤̾Ρpotato פˤĤơHorobin (2--3) 뤤Ϥ (16--17) ȡ1ʸΥڥߥʤǤϤʤˤǡ̿Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢Ȥä٤Ǥ롥pianos potatoes ȤϷ褷ʤ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
ѸԵ§ʣȤ̾ˤϡʣȸƤФ췲롥ȤƶѸʹߤ˥ƥ졤ꥷ졤ե졤ꥢʤɤѤ줿ؽѡǡˤʣݤäƤΤˤơѸε§Ūʸ -(e)s 褦ˤʤäΤ⾯ʤʤޤɽŪñŰʸˡ٤˰͵ưʲ˼
ä˥ƥ -us ̾˸20ε§ʣήˤĤƤϡHotta ȡʴϢơ#121. octopus ʣ ([2009-08-26-1])#161. rhinoceros ʣ ([2009-10-05-1]) ˡ
1. ƥϤ̾
1.1 -us ǽ
a) -us [əs] -i [aɪ]
alumnus ˻´ alumni
bacillus ʥХ륹ݡ bacilli
esophagus ʿƲ esophagi
locus ʵס loci, loca
stimulus ʻɷ stimuli
b) §ʣ -es Ĥ
apparatus ֡ apparatuses
bonus ʥܡʥ bonuses
campus ʹ campuses
caucus ʴġ caucuses
chorus ʥ饹 choruses
circus ʥ circuses
impetus ʵưϡ impetuses
minus οޥʥ minuses
prospectus ʳعʤɤΰ prospectuses
sinus ƶ sinuses
status ϰ̡ statuses
c) -us -i Ѳ -es ξͤΤ
cactus ʥܥƥ cacti, cactuses
cirrus ʴ cirri, cirruses
cumulus ѱ cumuli, cumuluses
focus ʾ foci, focuses
fungus ʤΤʤɤζ fungi, funguses
genius ʼŷ͡ genii ʼˡgeniuses ŷ͡
nimbus nimbi, nimbuses
nucleus ʸҳˡ nuclei, nucleuses
radius Ⱦ¡ radii, radiuses
stratus ر strati, stratuses
syllabus ʶܡ syllabi, syllabuses
terminus üء termini, terminuses
d) ¾
corpus ʽ corpora, corpuses
genus ° genera, genuses
1.2 -a ǽ
a) -a [ə] -ae [iː]
alga algae
alumna ʽ´ alumnae
larva larvae
b) §ʣ -s Ĥ
area ϰ areas
arena Ʈ arenas
dilemma ʥޡ delemmas
diploma ʳذȾ diplomas Τޤ diplomata ⤢
drama ʥɥޡ dramas
era ʻ eras
c) -a -ae -s ξͤΤ
antenna ʿѡƥʡ antennae ʿС, antennas ʥƥʡ
formula ʸ formulae, formulas
nebula nebulae, nebulas
vertebra ǡ vertebrae, vertebras
1.3 -um ǽ
a) -um [əm] -a [ə]
addendum Ͽ addenda
bacterium ʥХƥꥢ bacteria
corrigendum ʥߥץȡ corrigenda ɽ
datum ʥǡ data
desideratum ڼ¤ desiderata
erratum ʸ errata ɽ
ovum ҡ ova
b) §ʣ -s Ĥ
album ʥХ albums
chrysanthemum ʵơ chrysanthemums
forum Ƥ forums Τޤ fora ⤢
museum ʪۡ museums
premium ʳ premiums
stadium ʥ stadiums Τޤ stadia ⤢
c) -um -a -s ξͤΤ
aquarium ʿ²ۡ aquaria, aquariums
curriculum ʶ curricula, curriculums
maximum ʺ¡ maxima, maximums
medium ʪ media, mediums media ñmedias ʣȤˡ⤢
memorandum ʥ memoranda, memorandums
millennium ǯ֡ millennia, millenniums
minimum ʺǾ¡ minima, minimums
moratorium ʻʧͱͽ֡ moratoria, moratoriums
podium ʻش, podia, podiums
referendum ʹ̱ɼ referenda, referendums
spectrum ʥڥȥ spectra, spectrums
stratum ء strata, stratums
symposium ʥݥ symposia, symposiums
ultimatum ʺǸ̹ ultimata, ultimatums
1.4 -ex, -ix ǽ
a) -ex [ɛks], -ix [ɪks] -ices [ɪsiːz]
codex ʸżܡ codices
b) -ex, -ix -ices -es ξͤΤ
apex ĺ apices, apexes
appendix Ͽ appendices, appendixes Ρפΰ̣ʣ appendixes
index ʻɸ indices, indexes Ρֺפΰ̣ʣ indexes
matrix Ρ matrices, matrixes
vortex ʱ vortices, vortexes
2. ꥷϤ̾ʣ
2.1 -is [ɪs] ǽ
a) -es [iːz] ˤʤ롥
analysis ʬϡ analyses
axis ʼ axes ax(e) פʣ ȯ [ɪz]ˤȤʤ뤳Ȥա
basis Ūá bases base ִϡפʣ ȯ [ɪz]ˤȤʤ뤳Ȥա
crisis ʴ crises
diagnosis ʿǡ diagnoses
ellipsis ʾά ellipses ellipse Ĺߡפʣ ȯ [ɪz]ˤȤʤ뤳Ȥա
hypothesis ʲ hypotheses
oasis ʥ oases
paralysis paralyses
parenthesis ʴݤä parentheses
synopsis ʳס synopses
synthesis , syntheses
thesis ʸ theses
b) §ʣ -es Ĥ
metropolis ʼԡԲ metropolises
2.2 -on ǽ
a) -on [ən] -a [ə]
criterion ȽǤδ criteria
phenomenon ʸݡ phenomena
b) §ʣ -s Ĥ
electron Żҡ electrons
neutron ҡ neutrons
proton ۻҡ protons
c) -on -a -s ξͤΤ
automaton ʼư֡ܥåȡ automata, automatons
ganglion ʿ ganglia, ganglions
3. եϤ̾ʣ
3.1 -eau, -eu -eaux, -eux
adieu [əˈdjuː] ̤ adieux [əˈdjuːz] ޤ adieus
bureau [ˈbjʊəroʊ] ʻ̳ɡ bureaux [ˈbjʊəroʊz] ޤ bureaus
plateau [ˈplætou] ʹ⸶ plateaux [ˈplætoʊz] ޤ plateaus
tableau [ˈtæbloʊ] ʳ tableaux [ˈtæbloʊz] ޤ tableaus
3.2 ñʣƱ ʤʣΤȤΤ -s [z] ȯ
corps ġ corps
chassis [ˈʃæsi(ː)] ʼư֤μ桤㥷 chassis
faux pas [foʊ pɑː] ʥåȤȿ뼺ԡ faux pas
rendezvous [ˈrɑːndəˌvuː] «ˤ rendezvous
4. ꥢϤ̾ʣ
4.1 -o -i
libretto ʵܡ libretti [-iː] ޤ librettos
tempo ʥƥݡ tempi [-iː] ޤ tempos
virtuoso ʵ virtuosi [-iː] ޤ virtuosos
4.2 §ʣ -s Ĥ
solo աξϡ solos
soprano ʥץΡ sopranos
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
Hotta, Ryuichi. "Thesauri or Thesauruses? A Diachronic Distribution of Plural Forms for Latin-Derived Nouns Ending in -us." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture. 106 (2010): 117--36.
#3300. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (3) ([2018-05-10-1]) ǡ/f/ ǽ̾Ĥʣ -f -ves Τ뤫뤤ξԤμɤˤĤƴñˤޤȤ
Mondorf ˤѸη˴ؤʸϤɤǤơλδ֤ˡԵ§פ scarves, hooves ĥֵ§פ scarfs, hoofs Ū˸ƤƤȤҤ˽вää scarves ϡ18ˤ20%ۤɤΨä2080%ޤ礭ʤhooves 180%191ΨФơ20ˤ30%ޤǿͤФƤ褦
촴ѷñ -s դȤֵ§ŪפȸΤǤС̾ǵäƤ뤳ȤϡԵ§פȤʤ뤬촴 -f -v Ȥ -es Ȥѥϡ־§פȤƳΤ¸ߤȤ⤤롥ĤޤꡤθݤϸˤäƤϡԵ§פȤ־§פȤ⡤ˤäƤϡֵ§פȤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʻϡʬϼԤ̻ΤδȤ뤫ˤäƤ̯ʱƶΤǡ갷
ѲϤΤ褦ʲη֤ǤϤ롥1Ĥ絬§˼ǿʤǤ뤫Ȼפ䡤Ťʣξ§ΩƤ롥ȤȤäƸηϤ̵ˤʤ뤫ȤФʤ餺षߤʬۤ졤̤߽Ф롤絬§Ⱦ§δطˤĤƤϡ#1596. ʬˤβ ([2013-09-09-1]) Ȥ줿
Mondorf, Britta. "Late Modern English: Morphology." Chapter 53 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 843--69.
3֤ˤ錄ɸȯŸƤ ([2018-05-08-1], [2018-05-09-1], [2018-05-10-1]) 4ơʺǽˤȤơˤ⤦Ҥͤä
wolves ʤӴŪ wivesˤطʤˤϡűѸѲ̾ζޥѥˤơʣʡʡгʡ˷Ȥ -as ղäȤ𤬤äˤűѸ wulf wulfas Ȥʤꡤf ͭ˶ޤ뤿ͭΤƤwīf ˤĤƤ⡤ѲȤ̤Υ롼פ°Ƥꡤˤ wives ؤȯãʤ wulf/wulfas פ˱ƶ졤 (analogy) ˤ wives ؤȵ夷СʤǼ
Τ褦ˡ-ves ʣˤĤƤϤΤŪǽϻѤñ°ʷܤƤߤǽŪˤϸѸνͭʤ -'s ϢʤޤǤ롥ʲñ°ʷĴʤ顤űѸ wulf wīf ζɽ餿ƷǤ褦
|
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2֤ε ([2018-05-08-1], [2018-05-09-1]) ǡɸѤʵˡѸˤαäƤ3ơ
űѸ wulf (nom.acc.sg.)/wulfas (nom.acc.pl) Ȥ wolf (sg.)/wolves (pl.) ȤñʣڥΥǥ뤬 (analogy) ˤäơŪˤ wulf Ȱۤʤޥ饹°롤 -f ¾̾ˤȤäȤleaf/leaves life/lives Ϥˤ롥
Ѹθ¤įȡ -f ̾Τ٤Ƥʣˤ -ves 櫓ǤϤʤ㤨Сroof/roofs, belief/beliefs ʤɤפ⤫֤ϴˡֵ§ŪפʣäƤ롥Ȥ櫓 roof ʤɤϡűѸǤ hrōf Ȥ֤ǡޤ wulf ƱѲ롼פ°ƤΤǤꡤˤϸűѸǼºݤѤƤ hrōfas Ѿ졤ߤ *rooves ȤʤäƤ٤ʤΤǤ롥ȤʤäƤʤʤrooves ˤĤƤϰʲɽ⻲ȡˡ
ǵäȤϡ˵ΤȤ̼ѤǤ롥wife ʤɤξˤϡΥǥȤʤäΤ wolf/wolves ΥפäΤ roof ΥǥϡäȰŪʡ㤨 stone/stones, king/kings ȤäפǤꡤ -s ĤкѤȤȤñʥפäΤǤ롥Ʊͤ˥եѸ grief, proof ʤɤ⡤ȤȤΥեǤʣηˡñ -s ղääȤ⤢ꡤԤΥǥ岡ĸ岡줿Ȥˤꡤߤʣ griefs, proofs ȤʤäƤǤ롥
-f ̾췲ǥȤ wolf/wolves פѤ뤤 stone/stones פѤŪʴϤʤġ̾ˤäơϤޤޤǤ롥Ūξפδ֤ɤƤ̾⾯ʤʤߤǤ -fs -ves ξʣꤦȤ⤢롥ѤȤϡ줯餤˸ġ̡˺ѤΤǤꡤΰ̣ǤȤ館ɤΤʤΤǤ롥
ε ([2018-05-08-1]) Ǥϡwolf ʣ wolves Ȥʤͳʹƥåꤷ⤷ʤˤơۤñǤϤʤȤФƤΤǤϤʤѸθݤѸŪ˹ͤƤȡˤ꤬Τ褦˿ޤäƤ
ʲȤ Jespersen (Modern, 16.21--16.25 (pp. 258--621)) ˴Ť -f ĤθΡḽˤʣɬפ˱ƥȤ褦ʤ¿㡤ƤܤϡJespersen (Linguistic, 374--75) ȡˡϡĨꤺ4ơ
| ñ | ʣ | |
|---|---|---|
| beef | beefs/beeves | |
| belief | beliefs | Ť believe (sg.)/believes (pl.) ̾ϡOE ġelēafa ȴϢ뤬첻æơf ̵16ˤ believe (v.) belief (n.) ־̤褦ˤʤꡤ̾ -f Ω grieve (v.)/grief (n.), prove (v.)/proof (n.) ʤɤ⤢ä⤷ʤ |
| bluff | bluffs | |
| brief | briefs | |
| calf | calves | |
| chief | chiefs | |
| cliff | cliffs | Ť cleves (pl.) ⡥ |
| cuff | cuffs | |
| delf | delves | Ȥ delfs (pl.) ⡥ޤɸѸ delve (sg.) ⡥ |
| elf | elves | ޤ elfs (pl.) elve (sg.) ⡥ |
| fief | fiefs | |
| fife | fifes | |
| gulf | gulfs | |
| half | halves | Ⱦʳشˡפΰ̣Ǥ halfs (pl.) ⡥ |
| hoof | hoofs | Ť hooves (pl.) |
| knife | knives | |
| leaf | leaves | ash-leafs (pl.) "ash-leaf potatoes" |
| life | lives | Ť lyffes (pl.) ʤɡ |
| loaf | loaves | |
| loof | looves/loofs | loove (sg.) ⡥ |
| mastiff | mastiffs | Ť mastives (pl.) ⡥ |
| mischief | mischiefs | Ť mischieves (pl.) ⡥ |
| oaf | oaves/oafs | |
| rebuff | rebuffs | |
| reef | reefs | |
| roof | roofs | ɤ䥢ꥫ rooves (pl.) ⡥ |
| safe | safes | |
| scarf | scarfs | 18Ϥᤫ scarves (pl.) ⡥ |
| self | selves | ůѸּʡפΰ̣Ǥ selfs (pl.) ⡥ |
| sheaf | sheaves | |
| shelf | shelves | |
| sheriff | sheriffs | Ť sherives (pl.) ⡥ |
| staff | staves/staffs | פΰ̣Ǥ staves (pl.) ֿ͡פΰ̣Ǥ staffs (pl.) stave (sg.) ⡥ |
| strife | strifes | |
| thief | thieves | |
| turf | turfs | Ť turves (pl.) ⡥ |
| waif | waifs | Ť waives (pl.) ⡥ |
| wharf | warfs | Ť wharves (pl.) |
| wife | wives | Ť wyffes (pl.) ʤɡhousewife "hussy" Ǥ housewifes (pl.) Austen ǤϤΰ̣ huswifes ⡥ |
| wolf | wolves |
ε ([2018-05-08-1]) ǡwolf (sg.) Ф wolves (pl.) ȤʤͳűѸβ§˾Ȥ餷ˤꡤϢ¾ -f (sg.)/ -ves (pl.) 㡤ʤ calf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, self/selves, sheaf/sheaves, shelf/shelves, thief/thieves, wife/wives ʤɤ⤭줤ǤȻפ⤷ʤѸˤϤۤɥȥ졼ȤΤǤϤʤȤʣʥƥबɤˤϡʤʤ⤢ΤǤ롥
㤨Сwife (sg.)/wives (pl.) λ夲褦̾ϡűѸǤ wīf ȤñʡʸФ˷äƤθϡֺʡפȤֽפäˡf ϡ¦ͭ첻챦¦ˤϲʤΤǡͭ˶ޤƤפ櫓ǤϤʤǥեȤ /f/ ȯ롥ơȤͽۤΤϡ֤Ȥʣʡʡгʡ˷Ǥ wīf -as ζդϤǤꡤf ͭ˶ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫顤/v/ ͭΤפȤȤ
ϴñˤʤȤΤϡwulf ξϤޤѲȤ롼פ°ƤꡤεǷǤɽ˽ȤˤʤäƤΤwīf ѲȤ롼פ°̾ǤꡤűѸǤϰۤʤޥѥƤʲˡζɽǤ褦
| Ѳ̾ | ñ | ʣ |
|---|---|---|
| wīf | wīf | |
| г | wīf | wīf |
| ° | wīfes | wīfa |
| Ϳ | wīfe | wīfum |
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