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apostrophe - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-29 20:50

2023-12-12 Tue

#5342. ڤ (clipping) ˤ෿ [word_formation][shortening][abbreviation][clipping][terminology][polysemy][homonymy][morphology][typology][apostrophe][hypocorism][name_project][onomastics][personal_name][australian_english][new_zealand_english][emode][ame_bre]

ȤƤڤ (clipping) ˤĤƤϡ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓Ω줫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) ǾܤҲ𤷤
128 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ۿˤ#921. 2023ǯαñϥ --- rizzꤷơclipping ˤ¤Ȥܤǿλ夲



ۿǤϡ2023ǯ Oxford Word of the Year rizz ˷ꤷȤ˥塼줬 charisma clipping ˤû̷Ǥ뤳ȤȤ charisma θ츻Ҳ𤷤
rizz charisma clipping ˤǤ뤳ȤȤơȤñθƬǤǤʤʬڤФ줿û̸Ǥɮͤ롥Τ褦ʸϡۤ¿ʤȸޤ뤫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) "Mesonym" Ǽ夲褦ˡ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤϤˤϰ㤤ʤʲβˤ "fore-and-aft clipping" ȸƤǤ褤
heldio ΥꥹʡϢ륳ȡ䤬󤻤줿ΤǡȴϢ McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵ "clipping" ѤƤ (223--24)

CLIPPING [1930s in this sense]. Also clipped form, clipped word, shortening. An abbreviation formed by the loss of word elements, usually syllabic: pro from professional, tec from detective. The process is attested from the 16c (coz from cousin 1559, gent from gentleman 1564); in the early 18c, Swift objected to the reduction of Latin mobile vulgus (the fickle throng) to mob. Clippings can be either selective, relating to one sense of a word only (condo is short for condominium when it refers to accommodation, not to joint sovereignty), or polysemic (rev stands for either revenue or revision, and revs for the revolutions of wheels). There are three kinds of clipping:

(1) Back-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the end of a word: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)s. Back-clipping is common with diminutives formed from personal names Cath(erine) Will(iam). Clippings of names often undergo adaptations: Catherine to the pet forms Cathie, Kate, Katie, William to Willie, Bill, Billy. Sometimes, a clipped name can develop a new sense: willie a euphemism for penis, billy a club or a male goat. Occasionally, the process can be humorously reversed: for example, offering in a British restaurant to pay the william.
(2) Fore-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the beginning of a word: ham(burger), omni(bus), violon(cello), heli(copter), alli(gator), tele(phone), earth(quake). They also occur with personal names, sometimes with adaptations: Becky for Rebecca, Drew for Andrew, Ginny for Virginia. At the turn of the century, a fore-clipped word was usually given an opening apostrophe, to mark the loss: 'phone, 'cello, 'gator. This practice is now rare.
(3) Fore-and-aft clippings, in which elements are taken from the beginning and end of a word: in(flu)enza, de(tec)tive. This is commonest with longer personal names: Lex from Alexander, Liz from Elizabeth. Such names often demonstrate the versatility of hypocoristic clippings: Alex, Alec, Lex, Sandy, Zander; Eliza, Liz, Liza, Lizzie, Bess, Betsy, Beth, Betty.

Clippings are not necessarily uniform throughout a language: mathematics becomes maths in BrE and math in AmE. Reverend as a title is usually shortened to Rev or Rev., but is Revd in the house style of Oxford University Press. Back-clippings with -ie and -o are common in AusE and NZE: arvo afternoon, journo journalist. Sometimes clippings become distinct words far removed from the applications of the original full forms: fan in fan club is from fanatic; BrE navvy, a general labourer, is from a 19c use of navigator, the digger of a 'navigation' or canal. . . .


McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-30-1]

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2022-08-06 Sat

#4849. ͭ -'s ˤĤƤκ [youtube][voicy][heldio][apostrophe][orthography][euphony][sobokunagimon]

83˹줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥκǿ46ƤMacy's -'s ʤΤ Harrods ˤϥݥȥեʤ櫓Ǥ' (apostrophe) λѤᤰ붦Ū̻Ū˾Ƥޤ



ݥȥեĤʤǴˤϢȤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ#432. ʤû̷ that's ϤΤ *this's ϤʤΡȤѤʵ夲ޤ⤪İ



ˡͭʤ 's ˴ؤȤȤΤʤ򡤡Űʸˡ٤򻲾ȤĤġɲäȻפޤs դ˥ݥȥեñդƽͭʤɽ魯ĤΤǤ1Ĥʣ -s ǤդƤ륱Ǥa girls' school birds' nests Τ褦Ǥ
ˡʣǤϤʤȤֻ -s ǽñŵŪˤϸͭ̾ˤͭʤˤˤϡ -'s ǤϤʤ -' Τߤդ뤳Ȥ¿ǤSocrates' death, Achilles' tendon, Moses' prophecy Τ褦ǤColumbus' discovery, Dickens' novels, Venus' flower basket ʤɤʤΤǤ -'s ǽȤȤǡ䤳
ޤfor ---'s sake Υե졼Ǥϡ̾줬 [s] ȯǽäƤȤˤ -'s -' ޤޤfor convenience' sake, for goodness' sake, for appearance' sake ΤȤǤ
ݥȥեκȤ⺮ζˤߤȤäۤ褤Ǥ͡ݥȥեˤĤƤϰʲε⤴Ȥ

#198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1])
#3889. ͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨륹ڥ󥰡 ([2019-12-20-1])
#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1])
#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1])
#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1])
#3892. greengrocer's apostrophe (2) ([2019-12-23-1])
#3656. kings' Τ褦ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθˤϲάƤΤǤ ([2019-05-01-1])
#3661. ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθ˲άƤ뤫Τ褦˴Τϼ ([2019-05-06-1])
#4755. ݥȥեϤȤʤʤ롩 ([2022-05-04-1])

ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ

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2022-05-04 Wed

#4755. ݥȥեϤȤʤʤ롩 [apostrophe][punctuation][orthography][netspeak][speed_of_change]

ѸˤμȤμΤ⤷Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ

ݥȥե (apostrophe) ϾŪ˻ȤʤʤǽϤȻפޤ
ͥƥ֤ǤѤ¿褦ǡʤХԥ󥰤ڤˤʤȻפޤ
"I'm" "Im" ȤʤȸܤʤȤʤǤ"dont", "Whats", "Whos" ʤɤϤʤƤ褤ʤȻפäƤޤޤͭ 's Ϥʤʶ路礬뤫⤷ޤ󤬡
* ͵"Have we murdered the apostrophe?" By Hélène Schumacher, 24th February 2020


ϱѸˤ򸦵椷ƤޤαѸ줬ɤʤäƤѸͽԤǤϤޤΤǡʾСˡݥȥե (apostrophe) ιԤʬޤ󡥤ο֤αѸζˡ (punctuation) ήƧޤĤġǯ Netspeak ˤưįƤȡ줫ϼΤ褦ʤȤΤ⤷ʤʤȴ뤳ȤϤޤ

̣ξҲ𡤤꤬ȤޤݥȥեˤĤƤϡ⤤ȹͤƤޤ Laurel MacKenzie Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤ"the apostrophe is subject to whims of fashion, just like other things in culture and society are" ȹͤƤޤߤεŪˡŪˤȾХɥۥåޤäƤΤǡѸ񤯤Ȥˤϸ§ȤƤ˽äƽ񤤤ƤޤѸν񤭼δѤϻȤȤѤäƤޤ˱ƵϤѤäƤΤȤȤ򡤱Ѹ˸̤Ʒ֤ߤƤޤФƤϡ̵ѤƤޤ
鸽ޤǤαѸζˡ (punctuation) ˤįȡɵμƸäƤƤȤή줬ޤ夫鸽ˤƤ⡤ɵλѤϳΤ˸äƤƤޤ20Ⱦǥꡤή³Ф꤫¿ʤȤ®ƤȤǽϽʬˤޤSNS ϤȤŪ֥եޥפʥǥȡʹܤʤɤŪ֥եޥפʥǥȤǤϡѲΥԡɤ˺ޤԤαƶʤ顤ԤϤޤǤäѲƤȤȤˤʤͽۤƤޤ
ݥȥեˤĤƤϤ hellog 񤤤ƤޤݥȥեγƼˡΥȤޤƤаޤȷ̤ˤĤƤϡȤ櫓#3656. kings' Τ褦ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθˤϲάƤΤǤ ([2019-05-01-1])ɤǤߤƤ
ؿС󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯɤݥȥեˤĤƤͤùޤ


Ԥͽ̤ꡤݥȥեϡ餯äȤڡȤϻפޤ󼺤ƤϤΤʤȻפäƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-06-1]

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2021-03-19 Fri

#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ [consonant][phonetics][suffix][apostrophe][punctuation][participle][orthography][spelling][gerund][infinitive]

γڤβλޤѸλɤǤȡʬ -ing -in' 򸫤뤳Ȥ롥Ū¯Ūȯɽݤˤ⡤Ф -in' ˽в񤦡ݥȥե (apostrophe) ѤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤľŪˤХեޥȯ -ing g æξάΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤΤȤ館2ĤǸǤ롥
1ˡȯæάⵯäƤʤǤ롥-ing ȯ /-ɪŋ/ ǡ-in' ȯ /-ɪn/ Ǥ롥ǸλҲ٤Ƥߤ餫ʤ褦ˡԤͭɡ /ŋ/ ǡԤͭɡ /n/ Ǥ롥ξԤæάδطǤϤʤ夢뤤ִδطǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Ԥɽݤ˥ݥȥեѤΤ㤤ΤȤʤ櫓ˤˡʤ𤬤롥ͭɡ /ŋ/ 1ǤʤŵŪ <ng> 2ʸ֤ͭɡ /n/ ñ <n> 1ʸ֤Τξֻ٤С-ing <g> æά -in' 褦ˤߤ롥פȯǤϸΰΡæפ䤹ȤľƯ-in' άȤƲᤵ䤹ΤɽϳΤæάäƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ȯϤΤ褦ʤȤϵäƤʤ
2ˡŪˤäƤ -in' -ing Ȥϡ餯ʬΰ۷֤Ǥ -inde θޤäΩȹͤۤǤ롥äȤ⡤դβŪϹäƤꡤñ˷ŤʤȤϵƤ
ʬ -ing ˤϼ¤ʣǤ롥űѸ줫Ѹ̤ơʬŪ -inde, -ende, -ande ʤɤη֤ȤäƤΰ۷֤ʬۤϡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) ǼȤꡤ褽ʬϢưƤѸˡ̾ư̾ؤȯãƤ -ing -inde ʤɤθʬȤӤĤ褦ˤʤäcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])ˡˡ -en ⲻƤ˻äκƱ֤ʣcf. #2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1]
ˤ衤-in' -inde ξάǤפȤŪ˵Ƥ뤫⤷ʤ-in' -ing ξάǤפȤϸˤ
Ϣơ#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

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2019-12-23 Mon

#3892. greengrocer's apostrophe (2) [punctuation][apostrophe][spelling][orthography]

#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1]) ³ԡ-s Ȥ֤٤Ȥ apostrophe դ -'s ֤ɸŪʻ㤬פ䤿ʤŵŪȬɴͻˤߤʸˡʤΤǡ̸򤸤 "greengrocer's apostrophe" ȾΤ롥
μ The Golden Apostrophe Awards ʤ륵Ȥ롥ȥåץڡ˷ǤƤΤϡ"Trump's First Campaign Event Had It's 4th Anniversary" Ƚ񤭹ޤ줿̿Ǥ롥ͭ̾ its apostrophe it's ֤äƤޤˤ褯1Ĥ (cf. #198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1]))
ꥹޥߤ󤲤Τդ路Υڡ ˷ǺܤƤįƤߤȡapostrophe ʤ٤Ȥˤäꡤդˤ٤Ȥˤʤä͡˳ڤ롥

To our Valued Gowings Customer's Merry Christmas & Happy New Year
Camera's follow Vatican insiders to reveal the intrigue and manoeuvring behind the election of a new pope.
Your invited to join us for our Family Service each Sunday at 9.30am.
16 DELUXE CHRISTMAS CARDS IN ASSORTED DESIGN'S

ѸˡȤƤϳΤˡָѡפȤΤŪˤߤ apostrophe դդʤˤĤƤĹѤλ夬äʲεǴϢ夲ƤΤǡɤ졥

#3661. ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθ˲άƤ뤫Τ褦˴Τϼ ([2019-05-06-1])
#3656. kings' Τ褦ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθˤϲάƤΤǤ ([2019-05-01-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-06-1]

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2019-11-30 Sat

#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ [spelling][j][v][punctuation][standardisation][apostrophe][capitalisation][punctuation]

ƥ줬ѸʤҤƤϸθѸˤν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶˤĤƤϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 褯ΤƤ롥ƥϡҿΤȤƥͥ󥹴˱ѸɸಽΤܤˤʤäȤϳΤƱΥ衼åѤǤե󥹸졤ڥ졤ꥢ⡤Ѹν񤭸դ˾ʤ̱ƶͿƤѸˤǤ⤢ޤ궯Ĵ뤳ȤϤʤ̣˽פʻ¤Ǥ롥
Scholfield (158) ˤСŦƤ롥

<i> <j><u> <v> ζ̤ϡƥǤϤʤڥ䥤ꥢˤä̤ˤ¥줿cf. #1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]), #2415. ޿Ūɽֻ׼ John Hart ˤפơ ([2015-12-07-1])
long <s> οϡ餯ΦαƶǤcf. #584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])
ݥȥե (apostrophe) ƳΦ
ʸ (capitalisation) Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäΦ
Φθ줫ѤȤˡѸǤֻѸ첽˼뷹⡤嵭νƱ򼨤
ΰΤ⥤ꥢե󥹤ʤΦ褿Τä

Scholfield (158) ΰʲλŦϡ֥ƥ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶװʾˡ֥衼åѽ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶפؤܤƤ롥

. . . those with influence over how English writing developed were at least in the sixteenth/seventeenth centuries motivated to locate English as a modern European national language perhaps rather more than as another classical language.


ѸϡۤΥǥȤƤƥǰƬˤƤŪŨмԤĶϼԤȤ뤷ƤΤϡƱΥ衼åѤνäȤȤˤʤꤽ

Scholfield, Phil. "Modernization and Standardization since the Seventeenth Century." Chapter 9 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 143--61.

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2019-05-06 Mon

#3661. ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθ˲άƤ뤫Τ褦˴Τϼ [apostrophe][genitive][plural][punctuation][haplology][folk_etymology][sobokunagimon]

#3656. kings' Τ褦ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθˤϲάƤΤǤ ([2019-05-01-1]) ꤹѤʵ夲ŪʴβȤơüŪˡֲάƤʤפŪĤޤСkings Ȥʣˡ˽ͭʤ 's դֻ塤 s's Ȥ뤵ʤꤽʤΤǡάɽΤǤϤʤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ (cf. haplology) ºݡΤ褦ȯۤΤȤǶѸ˸Ԥζˡ (punctuation) ޤäƤǽϹ⤤ΤǤϤʤȻפ롥⤷äȤ顤Ūʻ¤˴ŤȤϡŪ˴ŤˡγΩäȤȤˤʤ롥񤹤ĤʤεǽҤ٤褦ʣ kingsñͭʷ king'sʣͭʷ kings' 3Ĥɽ϶̤뤳Ȥˤʤä櫓顤̤ȤˤʤäȹͤƤ롥ŪˤϤ櫓ǤϤʤäȤȤ򤳤ǤϼĥƤ
դˤĤƤϡJespersen (272) ޤ˼夲Ƥ롥ѤΤüᤤ

   16.86. These forms [genitive plurals with -es] (in which e was still pronounced) show that the origin of the ModE gen pl is the old gen pl in -a (which in ME became e) + the ending s from the gen sg, which was added analogically for the sake of greater distinctiveness. The s' in kings' thus is not to be considered a haplological pronunciation of -ses, though some of the early grammarians look upon it as an abbreviation: Bullokar Æsop 225 writes the gen pl ravenzz and crowzz with his two z-letters, which do not denote two different sounds, but are purely grammatical signs, one for the plural and the other for the genitive.---Wallis 1653 writes "the Lord's [sic] House, the House of Lords . . pro the Lords's House", with the remark "duo s in unum coincident." Lane, Key to the Art of Lettters 1700 p. 27: "Es Possessive is often omitted for easiness of pronunciation as . . . the Horses bridles, for the Horsesses bridles."
   In dialects and in vg speech the ending -ses is found: Franklin 152 (vg) before gentle folkses doors | GE M 1.10 other folks's children; thus also 1.293, 1.325, 2.7 | id A 251 gentlefolks's servants; ib 403; all in dialect | London schoolboy, in Orig. English 25: I wish my head was same as other boyses. Cf Murray D 164 the bairns's cleose, the færmers's kye, the doags's lugs; Elworthy, Somers. 155 voaksez (not other words, cf GE)


Τ褦ʲɤǤȡɸΡˡפȤƤ -s's 뤵 -s' ˤȤϺѤǤʤΤΡɸˤȤߤȡ⤢ʤְäƤȤϸڤʤΤʤȻפľꤹ롥

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2019-05-01 Wed

#3656. kings' Τ褦ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθˤϲάƤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][apostrophe][genitive][plural][punctuation]

»1εϡѤʵ䥷꡼ꡥԤѤʵǤ
ѸǤɽ kings ʲ, king's ʲΡˡkings' ʲΡˤȡ̣˱3ν̤ޤȯϤ٤ /kɪŋz/ ƱʤΤǤֻˡϤäȶ̤뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤǤɽζ̤ϲͳ褹ΤǤ礦
ݥȥե (apostrophe) ϡŵŪ˾άɽ魯Ѥޤit's it is ξάǤI'm I am ξάyou're you are ξάǤݥȥեϾάΤѤȤϸ¤ޤ󡥡#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1])#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŪˤϾάɽ魯Ѥޤ¾ŪˤȤޤɸε⡤δߤɬפꤽǤkings, king's, kings' γơΩҲ𤷤Ƥޤ礦
űѸǡֲפɽ魯ֲפʣʼʡгʡˤ cyningas Ǥ줬ʣ kings ˤʤ櫓ǤϸűѸ cyningas Ѹ kinges Ѹ kings ȤѲβФ̤Ǥܤȡ-as -es ȤŤʣ첻ü-s Ȥʤä櫓ǤΤ褦̻Ūˤʣۣ첻 /ə/ ־üפȤȤ館ޤŪˤ첻־άפ줿褦ˤߤޤʣֻ kings ϼ¤ϤΤ褦ˡ־άפǤˤ⤫餺򼨺륢ݥȥեѤ˺ѤޤƤȤ櫓Ǥ
ˡֲΡפɽ魯ñͭʷֻ king's ˤĤƹͤޤ礦űѸǤϡñ°ʡʽͭʤΤȤűѸǤϤƤӤޤ˷ cyninges ֤졤줬ѸˤΤޤ kinges ȤƼѤޤѸˤơʣξȥѥ˸ۣ첻äᡤƱ kings ֤ƤޤΤޤޤǤ褵ʤΤǤˤֻ϶̤褦ȤȤʤΤñͭʷΤۤ king's ɽ뤳Ȥˤʤޤۣ첻 /ə/ ־άפƤΤ顤ɸ뤿 king's ȤݥȥեդνˤʤäΤĤ뤳ȤǤޤ
ǸˡֲΡפɽ魯ʣ°ʷ kings' ǤˤϤܤŪɬפǤűѸǤʣ°ʷ cyninga Τ褦 -a äƤޤѸˤƤ -a æäñ°ʸ -es ʸ첻üФ -sˤʣ°ʸȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäΤǤĤޤꡤking(e)s Ȥ֤ǡֲΡפȡֲΡסʤȡֲסˤƱɽ路иΤǤơʹߡˤȯ϶̤ǤʤΤǤƽ񤭸դˤƤ϶̤褦ȡñͭʷ king'sʣͭʤ kings' ȤʬȯãΤǤ
ʾޤȤмΤ褦ˤʤޤʣʼʡˤ kings Ѹ kinges ͳ褷޸ e ־άפ줿Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤޤξάɽ魯Τ˥ݥȥեդ뤳Ȥ򤷤ޤǤŬäƤʤ褦ˤߤޤñͭʷ king's ϡʣƱѸ kinges ͳ褷޸ e ־άפ줿̤η֤ǤΤǡݥȥեդֻŬäƤȤǤǸʣͭʷ kings' ϡñͭʷȹ줷֤ˤΰ̣ǤΥݥȥեθ˲άƤ櫓ǤϤޤ

(1) άƤΤ˥ݥȥեդƤʤʣ kings
(2) άƤ뤫ʤȤͳǡ˥ݥȥեդƤʤȲ򤻤ñͭʷ king's
(3) άƤʤΤ˥ݥȥեդƤʣͭʷ kings'

㥯ȤʤΤǤɽ3Ԥ̤ȤˤäΤǤ礦ΰտޤǤޤˤ衤줬ѸˡʤΤǤ

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2016-08-14 Sun

#2666. Ѹ԰ʶˡ [punctuation][emode][printing][manuscript][shakespeare][writing][orthography][standardisation][apostrophe][hyphen]

15Ⱦ˰ (printing) ⤿餵줿塤³16δ֤ɸŪˡؤϺϤޤäκݤηƻֻˤȤɤޤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ˤڤ֤Ȥˤʤä
Ωμ񤭼ܤλˤϡƼζɵ椬̣ŪŪȤϲɤΤΥɤȤ͡ѤƤ¿ϰλʹߤ˾äƤޤäο30Ķ߻ȤƤΤƱζɵ⤢äμܤǤϤεǽɬ⸽ΤΤƱǤϤʤäʾФƽؤȸФβϴȤƤꡤѸˤ⤤ޤ򼨤ʤä
ΰȼԤϴŪˤϼܤˤäɵƸ褦ȤбʤΤ⤢ꡤ뤳Ȥ¿äŪˤϡ</> (virgule) <.> (point) Ϲǧ줿</> εǽϸߤ <,> (comma) 1520ǯ夫鸽ߤΤ褦 <,> ֤褦ˤʤäȼԤˤäƤξԤȤѤΤ⤢äˡ
ΰǤϡۤ <:> (colon), <> (paragraph mark), <//> (double virgule) ʤɤѤ졤ɵȤƤ <( )> (parentheses), <;> (semicolon), <?> (question mark) ʤɤƳ줿ˤϻ֤פ㤨С<;> ʤɤϡCoverdales ˤ1538ǯοθ˸줳뤬󥰥ɤѤ褦ˤʤΤ1570ǯʹߤȤäƤ褤
17äƤ⡤ޤˡ԰³㤨СShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ⡤ȴò䡤ȥߥλȤʬϰӤƤʤäݥȥե (apostrophe) ϥե (hyphen) ͽʤȤ˸줿 (ex. advan'st (= advanced), cast-him (= cast him)) ԰ꤵϸ Shakespeare ιˤȿǤƤꡤۤʤǤۤʤѤȤ֤ˤʤäƤ롥
ݥȥեˤĤưäƤζɵ϶οǤꡤά򼨤ѤФΤ1559ǯǤ롥ʤߤΥݥȥեˡȤƽͭʤɽ魯 <'s> ǤλѤ뤬ȯãϤä٤18ΤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡǤˡΰĤȤˡޤäƤζɵ⡤ѸǤϤޤ夷ƤʤäΤȤϡƳξ׷⤬˳̿ŪäȼԤŬΤˤ˻ԺΤ򼨤1ĤλɸȤߤʤȤǤΤǤϤʤʾ塤Crystal (261) 򻲾ȤƼɮ
Ϣơ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2015-09-21 Mon

#2338. 16hem, 'em Ժߤ (2) [personal_pronoun][emode][corpus][eebo][punctuation][apostrophe]

ε ([2015-09-20-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ16 hem, 'em Ժߡ뤤٤ȤˤĤơEEBO (Early English Books Online) Υƥȥǡ١Ѥơʰ׸Ƥߤ̤ϡư hem ޤᡤλäƤꡤǫ˽֤ϼäƤʤΤΡ16ϳΤ˶ü˾ʤȤ狼ä
16ȾΤϡAndrew Boorde, The pryncyples of astronamye (1547) ˸ "doth geue influence to hem the which be borne vnder this signe" 1ΤߤǤ롥16Ⱦ300ۤɤΥ֥ѥΤʤǡˤ'em ˻äƤϡ16ȾΥ֥ѥޤƤ㤬ʤ
16ȾΥ֥ѥǤ⡤hem ϾȤϤƾѤʤF. T., The debate betweene Pride and Lowlines (1577) ʤƥȤˤ "for they doon hem blame", "For which hem thinketh they should been aboue" ʤɤJoseph Hall, Certaine worthye manuscript poems of great antiquitie reserued long in the studie of a Northfolke gentleman (1597) ȤˤƤŤᤫΤʤDz٤줿ꤹ٤Ǥ
17֥ѥθ̰򤶤äįȡhem ٤ȤݤϤʤ'em ϤᡤٳĥƤͻҤǤ롥Ԥ 'em νиϡݥȥեȤɵ漫Τγ礬17ˤƿʹԤȤȴط (see #582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]))
hem, 'em Ū³ȤˤĤƤϡ16ˤ⤫㤬ʸڤȤȤ顤³ǧƤ褤ȤϹͤ롥ǤϤäˤѤƤȤ¬⡤餯ʤʸϤξˤۤȤȿǤʤäΤȤϻĤ뤷17ʹߤ褷ƤݤˡǤ˶Ūˤ them ξάȲᤵƤǽˤĤƤɤͤ뤫ȤĤ롥ϡޤȤäƤ褤

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2015-09-20 Sun

#2337. 16hem, 'em Ժߤ (1) [personal_pronoun][emode][apostrophe]

#2331. Ѹˤ3;ʣ̾ʳŪ th- ([2015-09-14-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡŤ3;ʣ̾Ϳʤͳ褹 hem 뤤Ϥμ 'em ϡɸѸǤ1500ǯޤǤ them ˤִۤ줿16ʹߡŪʶäƺƤʸ˸Ф'em ϡߤθ I got 'em. ˤߤ褦ˡޤκפĤƤȤ뤬űѸѸ줫鸽ѸˤŪ³ĥ뤿ˤϡ16ξڵԺߤȤʤꤽWyld (327--28) ˿Ƥ롥

The history of hem is rather curious. It survives in constant use among nearly all writers during the fifteenth century, often alongside the th- form. I have not noted any sixteenth-century example of it in the comparatively numerous documents I have examined, until quite at the end of the century. It reappears, however, in Marston and Chapman early in the seventeenth century, and in the form 'em occurs, though sparingly, in the Verney Mem. towards the end of the seventeenth century, where the apostrophe shows that already it was thought to be a weakened form of them. During the eighteenth century 'em becomes fairly frequent in printed books, and it is in common use to-day as [əm]. It is rather difficult to explain the absence of such forms as hem or em in the sixteenth century, since the frequency at a later period seems to show that, at any rate, the weak form without the aspirate must have survived throughout. The explanation must be that em, though commonly used, was felt, as now, to be merely a form of them.


Wyld ϡ16 hem, 'em ϸȤ³ƤϤǤ them Ρ줿άȤ򤵤ƤꡤʸϤξȿǤ뵡񤬤ʤäΤȤո
β΢դڵϤ롥Wyld 16㤬г̵ȤƤ뤬OED 'em, pron. Ūʸįȡ촴첻ɤ̵뤹Сhem 'em तϡΤ˾ʤΤΡĤʸڤ롥

a1525 (a1500) Sc. Troy Bk. (Douce) 143 in C. Horstmann Barbour's Legendensammlung (1882) II. 233 A ferlyfule sowne sodeynly Among heme maide was hydwisly.
a1525 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Trin. Dublin) (1896) 28 He bad ham well þorwe that thay sholden yn al manere senden after more of har kyn.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 66, Sotly hyt semys not surfetus harde No vnpossibill thys pupull perfourme in dede That fyuetymes fewer before home has done.
1579 Spenser Shepheardes Cal. May 27 Tho to the greene Wood they speeden hem all.
1589 'M. Marprelate' Hay any Worke for Cooper 48 Ile befie em that will say so of me.


ŪϢ³ĥΤ˼餬ĤʤäȤ٤ǡ16ϳΤʤ褦Ǥ롥ŪʸȤʸϤȿǤ뵡񤬤ʤäȤˤĤƤ⡤⤦겼ƹͤɬפꤽ
ʤ18ˡSwift 'em 餷ʤˡȤ񤷤Ƥ뤳ȤդäƤWyld (329) ۩

Note that this form ['em] became so widespread in the early eighteenth-century speech that Swift complains that 'young readers in our churches in the prayer for the Royal Family, say endue'um, enrich'um, prosper'um, and bring'um. Tatler, No. 230 (1710).


Wyld, Henry Cecil. A History of Modern Colloquial English. 3rd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1936.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-28-1] [2015-09-21-1]

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2014-03-04 Tue

#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe [punctuation][plural][writing][register][apostrophe]

ѸǤϡ§Ȥʣ s Фƽ񵭾 apostrophe ֤뤳ȤϤʤ㳰ϤꡤŪˤ dot your i's ʤʸΤΤʣ1890's ʤɤǯ塤PhD's ʤɤάʣξˤ apostrophe դ줳ȤˤʤäƤ[2010-11-30-1]ε#582. apostropheפ򻲾ȡˡǶǤϡ2ĤǤ apostrophe ʤ 1890s PhDs Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿ʤäƤƤ롥ĤƤϰ̤̾ʣˤ -'s ֻ줿ߤǤϤܻۤ䤨ˡȤäƤ
Ϥ줿ɸŪʾ̤ǡʣ -'s Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥䡤षǤȻѤƤΤ "greengrocer's apostrophe" ȸ롥Horobin (12) ˤС

. . . the apostrophe is used before a plural -s ending; so-called because it is thought to be particularly prevalent in greengrocers' signs advertising apple's, pear's, and orange's. As Keith Waterhouse notes in his book English our English (1991): 'Greengrocers, for some reason, are extremely generous with their apostrophes---banana's, tomatoe's (or tom's), orange's, etc. Perhaps these come over in crates of fruit, like exotic spiders' (p. 43).


ƤߤСʤۤɳΤȬɴͻˤ褯ɽ㤨СʲΤ褦ˡ

Greengrocer's Apostrophe

greengrocer's apostrophe ̤ƤϲʤΤñʤѤȤ⤢褦ФȤϸڤʤ1Ĺͤ뤳ȤȤơgreengrocer's apostrophe ϡȬɴʤ˸¤ʤˤȷӤĤΤȤơȬɴŪʻѰ (register) 뤤ʸ (style) ɽ路ƤΤǤϤʤȬɴŪȤϲŪΤ˽Ҥ٤Τ񤷤οʪŹȤơŪʼҲŪϤΥ줿̱¯Τ褦ʤΤθƤΤǤϤʤäȰ̲ƸСɸŪǵŪɽˡæ뤳ȤǡƤߤ䤹ФƤȤȤ⤷ʤʪͻˤϰǤϤʤ񤭤褯礦greengrocer's apostrophe ϼ񤭤εʤضƯ򤷤ƤȤͤ롥
⤷˾嵭ʸŪ̡ʤ뤤ϼҲṲ̄ȸäƤ褤ˤΤȤСθ̤ϡ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1]) Τεǽˤ⳺ʤΤǤ뤫顤punctuation 5εǽȤȤˤʤ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2010-11-30 Tue

#582. apostrophe [punctuation][plural][apostrophe]

[2010-11-23-1]εdz⤷褦ˡŪ punctuation λѤˤϸŤʤ'פɽ蘆뵭 apostrophe ˤŪε16˥ե󥹸줫Ѥ졤17˹ޤä衤apostrophe ˤ3ĤˡȯŸƤ

(1) ʸξά: cannot can't, government gov't, I am I'm, never ne'er, 1999 '99
(2) ͭ: boy's, boys', Jusus'
(3) ʸʣ: two l's, three 7's, four MP's

(2) (3) ˡ⡤(1) ʸξάˡ˵ĤȤ롥ͭʸʣ -s Ѹ -es ʤˤϸűѸ -es -asˤͳ褷<e> ɽ蘆첻ȼäƤ e άɽȤѤ줿Τ -'s ääơξάɽϽͭʤˤʣˤƱͤŬѤʣǤ (3) ˵󤲤üʾƤϽ˻ѤʤʤäͭʤǤ⡤䤬 e ξάȤ䤫ΩŪ e 礤Ƥ men's ʤɤˤղä졤ߤν˽ͭʤɽ魯ˡؤȯŸƤäߤ apostrophe εϤ18ˤʤäƤ褦䤯ΩΤǡϤޤηŪѤƤʤä䡤ʹߤ⸽ߤ˻ޤǡŪʵϤϴˤϳΩƤʤȤäƤ褯ѸѼԤΤ˺³Ƥ롥
[2009-11-11-1]εǤߤ褦 its it's ˸ apostrophe λѤ˴ؤ뺮ӻǤ롥its, hers, ours, yours, theirs ʤ̾νͭʤͭ̾Ǥ apostrophe ĤʤȤ㤬뤷one's Τ褦̾ξϤϤ apostrophe ĤȤʤ⤢롥ԤŹβʤɤǤ Harrods, Lloyds ˤ apostrophe ղäʤMacy's ˤղäȤä𿶤Ǥ롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 203

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2010-11-22 Mon

#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ [punctuation][apostrophe][hyphen][exclamation_mark]

Ѹν񤭸դǤ punctuation ֶˡפβ̤礭period, comma, colon, semicolon, hyphen, apostrophe, question mark, exclamation mark, quotation marks Ϥᡤasterisk, italics, bold type, capitalisation, indentation ʤɤ⹭ punctuation ιǤȹͤƤ褤MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers The Chicago Manual of Style ʤɤǤ϶ˡεϤ٤Ƥꡤºݤʪ񤭤϶ˡˤΤǤ롥ޤǸȤ⡤̤ν񤭼ɤ߼⡤ˡ񤭤䤹ɤߤ䤹˴ط뤳ȤΤäƤꡤʤ̤Ƥ뤳ȤǧƤ롥
Crystal (278) ˤСpunctuation ˤϾʤȤ4Ĥεǽ롥

(1) grammatical: "to enable stretches of written language to be read coherently, by displaying their grammatical structure"
(2) prosodic: "representing the intonation and emphasis of spoken language"
(3) semantic/rhetorical: "highlight semantic units or contrasts present in the text but not directly related to its grammatical structure"
(4) semantic/graphic: "add a semantic dimension, unique to the graphic medium, which it would be difficult or impossible to read aloud"

punctuation ȤäƤ˻פĤΤϡ(1) grammatical ӤʸȤŪñ̤ڤΤ period Ѥ롤̴ط򼨤󤹤Τ comma Ѥ롤ȸ̤Τ space Ѥʤɤ punctuation ŵŪˡ
(2) prosodic ʵǽȤϡquestion mark Ǿ徺Ĵ򼨤ǤȤexclamation mark Ǹ쵤ɽʤɤǤ롥
(3) semantic/rhetorical Ϲ̣ʸŪʵǽȹͤƤ褤⤷ʤsemicolon 󤹤뤳ȤˤäƱĴɽꡤʸǹʬ stanza ɽˡѤʤɤ롥
(4) äդбΤʤ̣˹׸뵡ǽǡ֤פɽ魯 scare quotes 䡤Ĵ򼨤 *VERY IMPORTANT* ʤɤȥƥꥹǶʸ뵻ˡʤɤȤʤ롥
Żҥ᡼ʸ˽ϤƤ punctuation ˤ͡ʿѤиĤĤ롥Ѳϡפ components ( see [2010-05-09-1] ) Τߤʤ餺punctuation Τ褦ʼŪ component Ǥμ¤Ƥ롥ǤϡˤϤɤä󡤱ѸˤˤƤ punctuation ϾѲƤγפεǡ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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