ε#6284. Ѹˤ̳ --- ϱˤ ([2026-07-11-1]) Ȥδطꡥ
78ʿˡNPO ˡϵ夳Ȥ¼饤ˤơ촶դ YouTube ư褬ޤϡܥ֥ Voicy heldio ΡܥΥåפʤɤδǤߤαѸ˸ϽؤʾءˤȡƱνʼʷءˤΤ2ͤǤ
μϿΤϡ2ǯۤ2024ǯ1031ˡػĥѥۥץܤˤƹԤʤ줿ΤǤ伫ȤϡϻŻԹԤˤΩʤäΤǤθ˺Ť줿ǮƲʤˤϤäȳߡѸ˥ȡ˲֤餫ȤɤפФޤϤ̤22ʬۤɤΡ֥ǡפ줿ȤȤǡΥåĤޤǾҲ𤷤Ĥġhellog ɼԤγˤ⤼ưİƤФȻפޤ
̤μ礿ơޤϡϤμ礿븦եɤǤָűѸפȡ̾פǤ
ѸˤˤβȤСï⤬˺뤳ȤΤǤʤ1066ǯΥޥ (norman_conquest) ǤλؤΤűѸǤϤϡ鿷üԤ֥ƥˤäƤȤˡ¸̾ɤΤ褦֤줿Τ뤤ɤؤ줺˺פĤΤȤư֤˴ؿƤޤ
ưǤϡȤ櫓8ʹߤ˥֥ƥؿ꽻 (viking) ǤťΥɸ (old_norse) ͳ褹̾Ū˼夲Ƥޤλ䤿ֶ˽ʳ±פȤΥƥ쥪פϡ¤18ʹߤϺˤդΥ¿ʬ˴ޤޤƤꡤºݤˤϾͤȤ꽻ͤȤٸդ̤碌ʤ鶦¸Ƥ¦̤äȤŦˤϡܤڤ¿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ΥθŪפȤƺǤ̾̾ǤRugby ʤɤ̾˸ -by ǤǤťΥɸǡ¼פֽפ̣뤳Ǥϡɤ餫˽ŪʬۤƤꡤΥϷͺۤʪäƤޤ
ǡΥϤ̾ȤͥʤΤWashington Newton ʤɤ˸ -ton ǤǤűѸȤƤϡֺפְϤ줿פ̣ tūn ȤñνǤ줬ȤȯŸΤ䤿Τ褦˻ȤäƤ town ĮˤȤ櫓ǤޤܤΡ֡ĮפȤФƱͥ̾ǤˤȤޤƤΤǤ͡
̤Ǥϡ10˽˥ƥǵ줿̾ɽ顤Ϥε̾ Norðworðig ȥϤο̾ Derby ֤ƤܹԴܿɤ餮ȤʸỤ̄Ƥޤ
ϡŤؤ°륱ȸͳ̾ʤȤ櫓ˤޤĤ̾¿Ĥ Avon Thames ΰäʤɡˤ顤åΡ֥ˡ (Johnnie Walker) Υ˱줿̣츻ˤޤǵڤӤޤ⤯ѤΥ륨åȤͭ̾ʥȤǤ츻̤С⤯͡פȤ̵طǡӤ̤뿦̾θͳ褹ǽ⤯Ūʲʸˤˤäơ⤹ѤΥǥޤ줿ȤԥɤϡءʸŪˤ¤˶̣Ǥ
̾̾ȤΤϡʹ֤λˤξȤɤΤ褦ʴؤäƤǥƥƥξڤˤۤʤޤ22ʬưΤʤˡѸˤΥޥȸͭ̾ؤαŽ̤줿̤ȤʤäƤޤ
hellog ɼԤγͤˤޤƤϡҾǤ YouTube 뤤ľܥꡤ̥ŪưäȤİйǤ
ϢεɽθᤰҲ𤷤Ƥ롥Ρ#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1])ӺΡ#5582. -ster Ͻɽ魯ǤϤʤä --- Jespersen ([2024-08-08-1]) ˰³ϽѸ (by-name) Ĵ Fransson ˤҲ𤷤Fransson ϡ-ster ȤȽɽ魯äȤȿ Jespersen ФäƺȿƤ롥
Fransson ԤʤäΤϼ̤ꡥޤĴоݤȤʤ塦̾ -ester η̡ӤӤ͡Τ77̾242̾Ƚ⤽̾˸˽ΨƱǤϤʤ̾˸ǽ⤺ä㤯ºݤ˽12:1κȤˡ⤷̾ؤνи˽ƱǤäȲꤹȡ-ester λ79%ޤǤȤʤꡤ21%ˤȤɤޤ롥Ĥޤꡤ -ester Ͻ礭ФäƤȤߤʤ롥
ϰ躹⤢褦Saxon Ǥ -ester ϤȤ櫓ФäƤ뤬Anglia Ǥ⾯ʤʤǤ⡤ΤȤƤʤ餷ƤߤС-ester ȽӤĤƤȤȤϸǤ롥Fransson ϤޤǵȤǡٻŪʷ˻롥βսѤ褦 (44)
With regard to the nature of the suffix -ester some elucidation can be obtained from the significations of the present surnames, especially of those that occur most frequently. The most common of them are the following (ranged after frequency; the figure denotes the number of persons that have been found bearing the surname): Bakestere 63, Litester 60, Webbester 47, Brewstere 33, Huckestere 10, Heustere 9, Blextere 8, Kembestere 7, Deyster 7, Sheppestere 7, Bleykestere 6, Thakestere 5, Combestere 5, Dreyster 5. All the trades denoted by these names --- with the only exception of Thakestere --- are of such a character that they can very well be supposed to have originally been carried out only (or almost only) by women. I think, therefore, that we are entitled to conclude that the words in -ester were at first used only of women, and that the old and general theory holds true. This ending, however, was also applied to men in OE, but that this happened so often as it really did, may be due to the fact that women do not appear as frequently as men in the OE sources.
θ塤Fransson (45) ϡĴ̤줿ηϷŪʤΤǤϤʤǰƤ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ε#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1]) ˰³-ster εˤĤơȤȤϽɽ魯äȤФJespersen ϶ۤ¤10ڡˤ錄ȿʸƤΤ¿ˤ錄뤬Τ2ĤѤ롥
The transition of a special feminine ending to one used of men also is, so far as I can see, totally unexampled in all languages. Words denoting both sexes may in course of time be specialized so as to be used of one sex only, but not the other way. Can we imagine for instance, a word meaning originally a woman judging being adopted as an official name for a male judge? Yet, according to N.E.D., deemster or dempster, ME dēmestre, is 'in form fem. of demere, deemer.' Family names, too, would hardly be taken from names denoting women doing certain kinds of work: yet this is assumed for family names like Baxter, Brewster, Webster; their use as personal names is only natural under the supposition that they mean exactly the same as Baker, Brewer, Weaver or Web, i.e., some one whose business or occupation it is to bake, brew or weave. (420)
There is one thing about these formations which would make them very exceptional if the ordinary explanation were true: in all languages it seems to be the rule that in feminine derivatives of this kind, the feminine ending is added to some word which in itself means a male person, thus princess from prince, waitress from waiter, not waitress from the verb wait. But in the OE words -estre is not added to a masculine agent noun; we find, not hleaperestre, but hleapestre, not bæcerestre, but bæcestre, thus direct from the nominal or verbal root or stem. This fact is in exact accordance with the hypothesis that the words are just ordinary agent nouns, that is, primarily two-sex words. (422)
⤫ Jespersen ⤫ɤ餬ʤΤƤˤϡܺ٤ĴɬפȤʤ롥μ꤬ŪΤϡʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθ˽ΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤˤ롥ˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮ǤϤޤؼоݤäȤǤƤޤΤ
δ餤СʸΡֽפפؤƤ褤Ĥޤꡤʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤȤΤϡˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮ǤޤؼоݤäȤΤȤ⤷ʤ
¿λᡤλѤȡλؼоݤ˽ʬۤȤشطõȤäĴɬפºݤ Jespersen Ȥ⡤Τ褦ʼݤǻƤΤ̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥
Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.
webster, baxter ʤɤο̾䡤spinster, youngster ʤɤο̾˸ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1])
#3791. ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1])
#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ ([2024-06-07-1])
Ѹο̾˸ -ster ʬۤõȡڤʬۤ뤬ꥢˤǹ٤ǤȤϰʬۤȤ碌ơ⤽εǤ뤫Ȥ褬ĤƵäߤͭϤˤĤƤϡ嵭βǼ夲Ƥ̤ Fransson ˤаޤɤǤߤ褦 (42)
It is true that the surnames in -ester occur in the whole of England, but with regard to their frequency there is a distinct difference. The case is that they chiefly belong to the Anglian counties; most instances have been found in Nf (over 100 inst.), Li, Y, La, and St, but many also in Wo and Ess. In the WS counties (Sx, Ha, So) these surnames occur very seldom; thus I have only found 3 inst. in So, 5 in Ha, and 11 in Sx.
We now come to the difficult question whether the suffix -ester is a feminine ending or not. There has been no difference of opinion about this until recently, when Jespersen propounded an entirely new theory (Linguistica 420--429). According to the general view, -ester was originally a special feminine ending, which, however, was later applied to men as well as to women. This transition from fem. to masc. is usually explained through the supposition that the work that was at first done only by women, was later performed by men, too, and that the fem. denominations were transferred on men at the same time.
ʤƤפ̾ʱѸ˸Ԥ Jespersen ˤäȽ졤⤬줿ΤȤ켫Τ1930ǯäʤΤΤ褦ϻˤȤä繥ʪǤ롥ǤϡJespersen οȤϡ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.
ܲ䤬ܤȤƷǤܤƤ1ĤѸϢʤѸ by-name Ǥ롥Ǥ̾ͳ褹˴ؿƤ롥
Fransson (14--15) ˤȡ̾١ʣȤʤѸǤ¸ߴƤ롥Ūˤʣ2Ǥ̤Ƥ롥Ūˤ -maker, -man, -monger-, -wright तŵĴ٤Ƥߤ¾ˤ⤿롥ʣ2ǤȤŵŪʤΤ Fransson ΰƷǤ褦
-BATOUR: Orbatour.
-BETER: Coperbeter, Flaxbeter, Goldbeter, Ledbeter, Wodebetere, Wolbetere.
-BIGGERE: Fetherbycger, Shoubiggere.
-BYNDER: Bokbynder.
-BREDERE: Haryngbredere.
-BREYDER: Lacebreyder.
-BRENNER: Askebrenner, Lymbrener.
-BREWERE: Alebrewere.
-BROCHER: Ploghbrocher.
-KARTERE: Heryngkartere.
-KERNERE: Smerekernere.
-CLEVER: Burdclever.
-DRAGHER: Wirdgragher.
-DRAPER: Lyndraper.
-FEUERE: Baiounsfeuere, Orfeuere.
-GRAVER: Orgraver, Selgraver.
-HEWERE: Bordhewere, Fleshhewere, Marlehewer, Silverhewer, Stonhewere, Vershewere.
-HOPER: Goldehoper.
-YETERE: Belleyetere, Bligeter, Brasyetere, Ledyetere, Pannegetter.
-LEGGER: Streulegger.
-LETER: Blodleter.
-LITTSTER: Corklittster.
-MAKER: Aketonmaker, Aruwemakere, Aunseremakere, Belgmakere, Bokmakere, Bordmakere, Botelmaker, Bowemakere, Callemaker, Candelmaker, Kelmaker, Chalunmaker, Chapemaker, Chesemakere, Clokkemaker, Cordemaker, Cottemakere, Delmaker, Dofkotemakere, Elymaker, Flourmakere, Gourdmaker, Hayremaker, Hodemaker, Lepmaker, Maltmakere, Medemaker, Meysemakere, Melemakere, Moldemaker, Netmaker, Oylemaker, Paniermaker, Potmaker, Pouchemaker, Pundermaker, Quyltmaker, Saucemaker, Seggemaker, Sheldmakere, Strengmakere, Walmakere.
-MAKESTERE: Kallemakestere.
-MAN: Butterman, Candelman, Capman, Chapman, Cheseman, Clothman, Elyman, Fetherman, Flaxman, Flekeman, Glasman, Hauerman, Honyman, Laxman, Lekman, Lynman, Meleman, Mustardman, Oilman, Pakeman, Panierman, Redman, Sakman, Saltman, Sherman, Syveman, Slayman, Smeremay, Tailman, Wademan, Waxman, Werkman.
-MARTER: Bukmarter.
-MONGERE: Bukmongere, Ketmongere, Chesemonger, Clothmangere, Cornmongere, Fethermongere, Fishmongere, Flaxmongere, Fleshmongere, Garlekmongere, Gosmanger, Heymongere, Henmongere, Heryngmongere, Hermonger, Horsmongere, Irmongere, Lusmonger, Madermanger, Maltmongere, Melemongere, Otmongere, Sklatemanger, Smeremongere, Taylmongere, Tymbermongere, Waxmongere, Whelmonger, Wolmongere, Wudemonger.
-MONGESTERE: Bredmongestere.
-POLLARE: Felpollare.
-SELLER: Clothseller.
-SLIPER: Swerdsliper.
-SMITH: Ankersmyth, Arowesmith, Balismith, Blakesmyth, Bokelsmyth, Boltsmith, Botsmith, Brounsmyth, Knyfsmith, Copersmith, Exsmyth, Goldsmyth, Hudsmyth, Ledsmyth, Lokersmyth, Loksmyth, Orsmyth, Schersmyth, Shosmyth, Watersmyth, Whelsmyth, Whitesmyth.
-SNITHER: Lakensnither.
-TAWYERE: Whittewere.
-TEWERE: Whittewere.
-THEKER: Ledtheker.
-TOWERE: Whittowere.
-WASHERE: Skynwashere.
-WEBBE: Poghwebbe, Sakwebbe.
-WIFE: Flaxwife, Silkwife.
-WYNDER: Flekewynder.
-WOMAN: Silkwoman.
-WRIGHT: Arkewright, Bordwright, Bowewright, Brandwright, Briggwright, Cartwright, Chesewright, Kystewright, Kittewright, Culewright, Detherwright, Glaswright, Hayrwright, Lattewright, Limwright, Nawright, Orewright, Ploghwright, Shipwright, Syvewright, Slaywright, Tywelwright, Tunwright, Waynwright, Whelwright, Whicchewright.
-WRYNGERE: Chesewryngere.
Ϣơ#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ ([2024-06-07-1]) ʤɤε⻲Ȥ줿
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ǯβƤΩ夲̾ץȡ (name_project) 4̾ΥС9ۤɤơ̾ȱѸˡפ˴ؤ븦ơʤƤޤ̤ϳزݥˤƬȯɽȤǷ¤ޤǽ餻ΤϤäʤȤȤǡVoicy heldio ˤơ줾ΥǤϿȤۿޤ
#1075. ָűѸˤ̾ --- Ҳ˸Ʊ̾Ȥ --- ϽؤΥȯɽȡ by Ͻؤʾء
#1089. Ѹο̾ --- Ѹ̾˳ؤδ --- δΥȯɽȡ by δʷء
#1102. ֽѸˤ륤ꥹȤθƾ X ˴ؤҲŪͻ --- ڹΥȯɽȡ by ڹʷܳرء
#1105. ָѸξɸˤߤ̾βͤȤդޤ --- ¤Υȯɽȡ by ¤ء
ޤǥȤǤΤä˥ϥɥȤʤɤλźդƤޤû֤μϿ뤳ȤΤߤäƤޤषȯɽγפȤƤʬ䤹ʤäƤ뤫⤷ޤ
ۿˤĤޤơVoicy Υ̤Ƥո䤴ʤɤޤȡܿͤβ뤫⤷ޤҤйǤ
#5461. 4ΡhelפȤˤʤäƤޤ ([2024-04-09-1]) #5484. heldio/helwa ꥹʡγΡhelפҲ ([2024-05-02-1]) ʤɤǤҲ𤷤ưŪhelԤ1 lacolaco note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡȤŸƤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯɤ褦ȤʥץȤǡܲAιBιؤƧƤޤäˤ⤷츻ñ줬ԥååפƤꡤȤƤٶˤʤޤ
lacolaco ϡץޡܶȤȤƤꡤSpotify/Apple Podcast/YouTube ˤ֥ե饸 --- եȤ饸ȤȤŪۿƤޤ伫ȤϸΤ˾ץ٤Υޥ奢ץޡˤޤ֥եפ϶̣Ǥ
ե饸ǿ64ۿ#25 GoF③ Singleton ѥˤ2ĤβͤäƤǤץΥǥѥȤƤΡSingletonפȤʤäƤޤۿ9:00դǡ⤽ singleton Ȥñϲ̣ΤȤ櫓 -ton ʬϲʤΤȤ䤤ȯƤޤ
رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤϸФΩäƤʤäΤǡ¾μŵäƤߤޤǤ OED singleton NOUN2 ιܤߤƤߤޤ礦
1. Cards. In whist or bridge: The only card of a suit in a hand. Also attributive.
1876 If..the lead is a singleton..it may be right to put on the ace. (A. Campbell-Walker, Correct Card Gloss. p. vi)
Ф1876ǯǡȥפΡ1绥פȤʤäƤޤθ֤ҤȤΡס1ĤΤΡסñ1ĤιǤ⤿ʤˡפʤɤθƤޤ츻ˤϼΤ褦ˤޤ
single adj. + -ton (in surnames with that ending). Compare simpleton n.
θ -ton ˤĤƤϡOED ϡˤߤ -ton ȸƤ褦Ǥ simpleton ȤȤޤΤ single simple ϵŪˤƱ캬̤ƥѸǤϢϤꤽǤsimpleton θ츻ߤƤߤޤ礦
Probably < simple adj. + -ton (in surnames with that ending), probably originally as a (humorous) surname for a generic character (compare quot. 1639 and note at sense 1).
̾դ -ton žѤȤݤΤ褦Ǥ -ton ϡűѸ tūn ʰϤ줿ϡˤͳ褷 town Ϣʤޤ (exx. Hampton, Newton, Padington, Princeton, Wellington) ʤߤˡ̾ͳ褹ϰ̤ˤߤΤǤ
simpleton ν1639ǯȤʤäƤꡤޤ̤ʿʪ餫äƸƤ֥˥å͡ȤƻȤƤޤ
1. An unintelligent, ignorant, or gullible person; a fool.
In quot. 1639 as a humorous surname for a character who gathers medicinal herbs and is also characterized as stupid, and so with punning reference to simple n. B.II.4a.
1639 Now Good-man Simpleton... I see you are troubled with the Simples, you had not need to goe a simpling every yeare as you doe, God knowes you have so little wit already. (J. Taylor, Divers Crabtree Lectures 10)
ʾޤȤСsimpleton Ȥ¤ñޤ̤ΡñפȤäΥǤ礦ͷӤȤ⤤٤θ simple ƱϢ single ˤŪŬѤ졤singleton Ȥ줬Ǥäޤ
̾ȴϢ town, -ton ˤĤƤϡ#1013. ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#1395. up and down ([2013-02-20-1])#5304. ̾ Grimston ϸťΥɸȸűѸκǤϤʤ ([2023-11-04-1]) ȡ
ʤϤhelԤǤ~ߤ⡤ե饸 singlton 츻ˤĤơ note ȿƤޤ
ɸιټ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơ#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1]) #3791. ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ-ster ϤȤȽιټäȤ뤬¤ϤˤĤƤ⤢ꡤޤߤηǤǤ (Fransson 42--45)
Ѹο̾١ϤĴ Fransson ⤳ηˤĤƵƤ롥γ˿ˤϡޤϵҤפǤȤơFransson ϥɳϤ -ester 42ĤȰʲ̤ (41)
Bakestere, Blacchester, Blakestere, Bleykestere, Blextere, Bredmongestere, Brewstere, Kallemakestere, Capiestere, Cardestere, Kembestere, Combestere, Corklittster, Cuppestere, Deyster, Dreyster, Fullester, Girdelester, Heustere, Huckestere, Litester, Lokyestere, Madster, Maltestere, Mongestere, Quernestere, Ridelestere, Ropestere, Scherestere, Semester, Sewstere, Sheppestere, Sopestere, Tannestere, Thakestere, Touestre, Upholdestere, Wadester, Webbester, Whelster, Wyggester, Wollestere
֤Ϥ줫ʤΤʬۤϰˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ̾μ礬ΨۤʤäƤȤ𤬤褦ñʤ츻äˤȤɤޤ餺ȤȤҲŪʼΥȥԥåؤŸƤץץƤߤˤϤޤʤ褦դʤФȼȤĤġ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ܥ֥ǤǤϡ̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơѸο̾١ˤĤơ¿εƤ˰͵ƤԸ Fransson ˤ Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350 Ǥ롥20ȾθŤʬθȤƤϺǤǤ⽼¤ʸ1ĤǤ롥ºݡθܼƸǡѸοȡ̾ˤ褽ΤȤäƤ褤Fransson (5--7) ƸƤߤ褦
Bibliography
Abbreviations
INTRODUCTION
A. Scope and Aim. Explanatory Notes
B. A Short Survey of Middle English Surnames
1. The Rise of Surnames
2. Surnames in Latin and French
3. Classification of Surnames
C. Surnames of Occupation
1. Surname and Trade. A Comparison
2. Specialized Trades
3. Names not Found in NED. Antedating
D. The Heredity of Surnames
E. Two Suffixes of Obscure History
1. The Ending -ester
2. The Ending -ier
MIDDLE ENGLISH SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION
Ch. I. DEALERS, TRADERS
A. Merchant, Dealer
B. Pedlar, Hawker, Barterer
Ch. II. MANUFACTURERES OR SELLERS OF PROVISIONS
A. Miller, Sifter
B. Corn-Monger, Meal-Monger
C. Baker, Maker or Seller of Bread
D. Cook, Sauce-Maker
E. Maker or Seller of Cheese or Butter
F. Maker or Seller of Spices, Garlics, Oil
G. Maker or Seller of Salt, Soap, Candles, Wax
H. Butcher, Poulterer
I. Seller of Fish
J. Brewere, Vintner, Taverner
Ch. III. CLOTH WORKERS
A. Manufacturers of Cloth
1. Flax-Dresser, Comber, Carder
2. Spinner, Roper
a. Spinner, Winder and Packer of Wool
b. Maker of Ropes, Strings, Nets
3. Weaver or Seller of Cloth
a. Weaver, Webster
b. Maker or Seller of Woollen Cloth
c. Maker or Seller of Linen or Hempen Cloth
d. Maker or Seller of Silk, Pall, Curtains
e. Maker of Sacks, Bags, Pouches
f. Maker of Quilts, Blankets, Mats
g. Felt-Maker, Worker in Horsehair
4. Fuller, Teaseler, Shearman
5. Dyer and Bleacher of Cloth
a. Dyer, Lister
b. Dyer with Woad, Cork, Madder
c. Blacker, Bleacher, Washer
B. Manufacturers of Clothes
1. Tailor, Renovator of Old Clothes
2. Maker of Cowls, Jackets, Pantaloons
3. Maker or Seller of Hats, Caps, Hoods, Plumes
Ch. IV. LEATHER WORKERS
A. Tanner, Skinner, Currier
B. Saddler, Girdler
C. Furrier, Glover, Purse-Maker
D. Maker of Bellows or Bottles
E. Parchmenter, Bookbinder, Copyist
F. Shoemaker, Cobbler
Ch. V. METAL WORKERS
A. Goldsmith, Gilder
B. Coiner, Seal-Maker, Engraver
C. Maker of Clocks
D. Copper-Smith, Brazier, Bell-Founder
E. Tinker, Pewterer, Plumber
F. Blacksmith, Shoeing-Smith
G. Locksmith, Lorimer
H. Needler, Nailer, Buckle-Maker
I. Maker or Furbisher of Armour
J. Maker of Military Engines, Swords, Knives
K. Maker of Bows or Arrows
Ch. VI. WOOD WORKERS
A. Sawyer, Maker of Laths or Boards
B. Carpenter, Joiner
C. Maker of Carts, Wheels, Ploughs
D. Maker of Ships, Boats, Oars
E. Maker of Coffers, Boxes, Organs
F. Turner, Maker of Spoons, Combs, Slays
G. Cooper, Hooper
H. Maker of Baskets or Sieves
I. Maker of Hurdles or Palings
J. Maker of Spades or Besoms
K. Maker of Charcoal, Potash, Tinder
Ch. VII. MASONRY AND ROOFING WORKERS
A. Mason, Plasterer, Painter
B. Thatcher, Tiler, Slater
Ch. VIII. STONE, CROCKERY, AND GLASS WORKERS
A. Miner, Quarrier, Stone-Cutter
B. Lime-Burner, Tile-Maker
C. Potter, Glazier
Ch. IX. PHYSICIAN, BARBER
A. Physician, Surgeon, Veterinary
B. Barber, Blood-Letter
EXCURSUS. TOPONYMICAL SURNAMES
A. Surnames Ending in -er
B. Surnames Ending in -man
A list of Compound Surnames
Index of Surnames
ŪȤݤΤǤϤʤºݤˤϤǤȴƤȤϤΤޤȤ٤ꤹ٤ʸǤȤͳʬΤǤϤʤ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
̾١ˤĤƤϡޤ occupational_term εǼ夲ƤFransson (27--28) ŪʬͿƤΤǡǤƤ
1. dignitaries and officers
1. Sheriff, mayor, judge, clerk, etc.
2. Military officers
3. Ecclesiastical officers
2. occupations belonging to the country
1. Agricultural occupations
2. Pastoral occupations
3. Forestal and venary occupations
3. those who manufacture or sell different articles
1ĤΡֹ̡פο̾ϡΤޤƾΡº address_term Ȥʤ礬¿Ȥդפ롥2Ĥȡܡ̳Ĥ˴ؤļˡפοȤǤ롥3Ĥ褽ԻԤȾȤοȤǤꡤ̾١ȤƤޤǼ夲ƤΤۤܤ٤Ƥ°롥
̾ʥ١ˤܳŪʸΤˤϡ3Τоݤ˴ޤɬפ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Fransson (33) Ѹο̾١ᤰ븦ˤơĴΤʤ100ʾ帽 (by-name) ȴФΥ25̤ޤǵƤ롥ѸֻǼ
Taillour ʻΩ
Chapman ʹԾ͡
Marescal
Carpenter 繩
Mason й
Smyth 결
Coke ͡
Coupere ʤ
Tannere ʤʤᤷ鿦͡
Fullere ʽ尹
Turnour
Milner ʴ
Muleward ʴ
Keu ͡
Mouner ʴ
Bakere ʥѥ
Barber ʾ
Ferrour 결
Pottere ƫ₩͡
Coliere ú
Mercer ϲ
Feuere 결
Skynnere 鿦͡
Deyer ʪ
Leche ʰԡ
ѸΤΤ⤢ХեͳΤΤ⤢롥ǤѤƤ̾⤢СǤʤΤ⤢롥ѸǤܸǤˤäƿ͵Τ first name ܤѤäƤȤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬ˤ̻ŪʬۤѲΤѸƳǤޤäǤϤ뤬äˤˤϡޤήưŪʪˤʤäȤȤͤ碌
ʤˤĤƤϡǤ511 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ۿˤƼ夲Ƥ롥#1076. Ѹο̾͵İС
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Ѹο̾ӤӤ (by-name) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥Fransson Thuresson ΰįƤȡƱοȤȤܤΤˡ͡ʸƾΤäȤ褯ʬäƤ롥Ȥ櫓Ƥμ¿ΤԥååפƤߤǧ줿ǯθƤߤ褦
˿ (Fransson 66--67): Cheseman (1263), Cheser (1332), Chesemakere (1275), Chesewright (1293), Chesemonger (1186), Furmager (1198), Chesewryngere (1281), Wringer (1327)
ꡤ (Fransson 87--88): Webbe (1243), Webbester (1275), Webbere (1340), Weuere (1296)
ޤ (Fransson 95--96): Pouchemaker (1349), Poucher (1317), Pocheler, Poker (1314)
ٹ (Fransson 133--34): Goldsmyth/Gildsmith (125), Gilder/Golder (1281), Goldbeter (1252), Goldehoper (1327)
֡ء繩 (Fransson 161--62): Whelere (1249), Whelster (1327), Whelwright (1274), Whelsmyth (1319), Whelemonger (1332)
֥ (Thuresson 65--67): Swynherde (1327), Swyneman (1275), Swyner (1257), Swyndriuere (1317), Swon (c1240)
Ļ (Thuresson 75--76): Hunte (1203), Hunter (1301), Hunteman (1235)
Τ褦ʰ۷֤ϡȤ櫓̣δ鶽̣롥ʾˡοȤ¿䡤͡μΡ¾ΤؤΤ꤬졤鴶ưФ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Thuresson, Bertil. Middle English Occupational Terms. Lund Studies in English 19. Lund: Gleerup, 1968.
#5488. Ѹο̾ʤɽ魯ˤμ϶äۤɺʬƤ¿ͤä ([2024-05-06-1]) ӡ#5489. űѸο̾μѸƱ餤¿ͤäݤ ([2024-05-07-1]) ƤꡥԤεǡѸˤ¿ͤä̾ѸˤƼ餷Ƥä¤˿줿
Ʊͤˡ̾ɽ魯 (by-name) ⡤ѸˤƼ餷ƤäȤϤʤFransson (32) ˤС"by-name" "family name" ȯŸƤݤˡŪûο̾줿ǤϤʤȤ
As regards surnames of occupation we can notice that they become less specialized towards the end of the period, and if we examine rolls after 1350, we shall be surprised at the rarity of specialized names as compared with the earlier period. The reason for this has nothing to do with what has been said above about trades; it is connected with the heredity of surnames, which now begins to become prevalent. The specialized surname of occupation coincided with the trade of a person and, as a rule, does not seem to have been hereditary, which is probably due to its length and to the fact that it very easily calls to mind the trade itself. The surnames that became hereditary were usually short and denoted common trades, e.g. Smith, Cook, Tailor, Turner, etc.; it is almost exclusively names of this kind that one finds in later rolls. It is true that there are surnames of the specialized type that have survived to modern times, e.g. Arrowsmith, Cheesewright, but they are probably very rare; they owe their existence to the fact that the corresponding trade has died out or that the corresponding substantive has become extinct and its signification been forgotten, e.g. Billiter (= ME Belleyetere), Jenner (= ME Gynour), etc.
ŪˤϸĿͤ°Ƥ by-name Ȥ° family name ȯŸƤˤĤơľ¿줿ȤȤ¿ζؤѲƤäȤǤ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames''. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ε#5488. Ѹο̾ʤɽ魯ˤμ϶äۤɺʬƤ¿ͤä ([2024-05-06-1]) Ƥ顤ʵ䤬⤫Ǥ롥ΩĸűѸˤϡ̾μѸƱ餤ʬƤ¿ͤäΤ뤤ϡäϼäΤϸˤȤɤޤ餺ʸꡤʸΥȥԥåȤʤ롥
⻲Ȥ Fransson (31) ϡ餯űѸˤϿ̾Ϥäϼäȿ¬Ƥ롥äȸС¿οȤȤ̾ϡΥޥ (norman_conquest) αƶΤȤˡɡѸˤ⤿餵줿ΤȹͤƤ롥
Did this specialization exist before the Middle English period? The trade-names that are recorded in the Old English literature have been collected by Klump (Die altengl. Handwerkernamen). It is noteworthy that these are comparatively few in number; they are chiefly general names of trades, usually not specialized. A great number of the names in the present treatise are not represented there. To infer from this that all these did not exist in OE, is of course premature. The case is that we have no documents from that time in which trade-names are common. Much speaks in favour of the opinion, however, that many names of occupation did not come into existence until after the Norman conquest.
űѸ¿ο̾ʸڤʤȤȤϡűѸ¿οȤʤäȤɬ̣櫓ǤϤʤFransson θΩƤǤϡΤ褦˲ᤷƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤȤ
Ѹοȡ̾ˤȯޤޤ⤷ơޤ˻פƤ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Ѹο̾ӤӤ (by-name) ˤĤĴ٤ƤȡοȤκʬƤͤ˶äʤ˺٤ȤʬƤΤȰݤƱˡ¿˶òʤΤ
㤨 Fransson (30) θˤȡĴץΤۡȤ˴ؤ뿦̾бϡʤ165ढȤʪ״Ϣֿʪȳ¿ԤȴϢ25ߤĤȤ̤ˤ108Ф졤ʪפʪפͽۤȤब˭٤ǡϢդ줿107˵ڤ֤Ȥ
⤷ȤˡζѸλˤϡޤǤο̾κʬ¿ϳǧʤȤλ̻ŪӤɬñǤϤʤΤΡFransson (31) "we can say that --- with the exception of modern factories -- specialization of trades was considerably greater in the Middle Ages than in modern times." ȷŤƤ롥
ǤϡʤѸˤϿȡ̾ˤΤ褦˺ʬƤΤFransson (31) ϡ4ۤɤŦƤ롥
(1) εѤȯŸʲɤߵȡΤζ椨
(2) Ȥ̾ˤĤƱѸ̾бե̾ʻ¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿츫̾μब˭٤Ȥ¿
(3) 뿦̾ӤӤʪ̣ǤοȤ˽Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤ𤬤롥㤨 girdler ϡ֥ɥ뿦͡פºݤˤϥɥäƤ櫓ǤϤʤƱ¾ʤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿Ĥޤꡤ°ʤοͤǤ⤢ä
(4) 嵭ȴϢơܶȤȤȤ˥ޥʡȤĤǤ硤Ԥ̾ȤƺѤۤȤƤϼǽϤ⤤Blodleter ÷͡סʡᾲˤ Vershewere ֱʸߡסʡڤˤʤɤΤ褦롥
Ѹ˿̾ʬƤ¿ͤȤ¤ߤ褦ǤϡűѸǤϤɤäΤơʤѸʹߤˤϡκʬ¿ʤʤäΤ̣Ǥ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
428ˤ˸줿֤ΤۤإͥʵְʼδѸظإͥסˤοưϡȤƤΡإХǤ#226. ѸسΥۡסڹʷܳرءˤαѸ˸ؤϡ --- ĤȤνвǤ
ưǤȤʤäƤޤڹȻˤϤޤϰۤʤޤȤ˥饹ؤαؤȤ Jeremy J. Smith ˻ջޤܤѸ˾λϰۤʤޤơޤˡˤĤƤ϶̤δؿϾ˻ɷƤޤ
hellog, heldio, khelf ưʤɤǤ⤪äˤʤäƤޤڤδϢɽŪʥƥĤʲ˵ƤߤȻפޤ
Ρhellog
#5455. ڹȤ heldio ȡȡѤθβưס ([2024-04-03-1])
Ρheldio
#311. ڹȤ̡饹ä1ġ
#479. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδ --- Part 14
#515. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡ2ơ
#550. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåڹδˡ3ơ
#699. 428ˡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵܥΥå&&ޤˤˡפǤϤޤ
#799. ̾ץȡΩ夲ǰϿ with Ͻؤڹ¤
#926. ̾դݤϤݥȡ̾ץȴ #2ۡ1211ʷΥˡ
#1034. ̾ȱѸˡס4ͤ̾ץȴ #3ۡ
#1038. do 뿷Ѹ --- Ya-DO-me ڹ˶ơ
#1039. ѸȯָܸβưפڹΥ֥
Ρkhelf Ϣ
رѸ˿ʹ62023ǯ814ˤΡֱѸ˥饦פڤ (1)
رѸ˿ʹ72023ǯ1030ˤΡֱѸ˥饦פڤ (1)
¾ڤȤΥ֥ⱿĤƤޤ hel (helkatsu) ŸƤѸ˸ԤȤܤΥޤ
YouTube ǤڤȤΡإХ䥷4ͽǤ6ۿ2⤪ڤߤˡ
Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ괧 the դΤʤޤֻ of ޤ̾ۤȤɤʤǡ¾ΤĤΥ衼åѽȤϰۤʤä
ˤ֤ȡѸˤϡ̾ʤɤΰ̾ͳ褹ϰ̾ȤѤƤ괧줬դ⳧̵ǤϤʤäof ʤɤֻդ̾ʤɤ̤ˤäѸϡФХեδѤ˽äȤ⤢ꡤ̤ۤʿƤ櫓ǤʤäΤ
ȤѸפȾˤơϰ躹⤢褦괧ֻ줬ڤȤ褦ˤʤäƤȤFransson (25) ɤǤߤ褦
Surnames of occupation and nicknames are usually preceded by the definite article, le (masc.) or la (fem.); the two forms are regularly kept apart in the earlier rolls, but in the 15th century they are often confused. Those names in this book that are preceded by the have all been taken from rolls translated into English, and the has been inserted by the editor instead of le or la. The case is that the hardly ever occurs in the manuscripts; cf the following instances, which show the custom in reality: Rose the regratere 1377 (Langland: Piers Plowman 226). Lucia ye Aukereswoman 1275 1.RH 413 (L. la Aukereswomman ib. 426).
Sometimes de occurs instead of le; this is due to an error made either by the scribe or the editor. The case is that de has an extensive use in local surnames, e.g. Thom. de Selby. Other prepositions (in, atte, of etc.) are not so common, especially not in early rolls.
The article, however, is often left out; this is rare in the 12th and 13th centuries, but becomes common in the middle of the 14th century. There is an obvious difference between different parts of England: in the South the article precedes the surname almost regularly during the present period, while in the North it is very often omitted. The final disappearance of le takes place in the latter half of the 14th century; in most counties one rarely finds it after c1375, but in some cases, e.g. in Lancashire, le occurs fairly often as late as c1400. De is often retained some 50 years longer than le: in York it disappears in the early 15th century, in Lancashire it sometimes occurs c1450, while in the South it is regularly dropped at the end of the 14th century.
ŪʲǤʤ괧ֻ줬ڤȤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤϿƤʤƤ٤Ѥʵ䤬1̾ˤֻˤĤƤϡ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) Ǿ줿Ȥ롥⻲Ȥ줿
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ε#5473. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 (2) --- ƥδġ ([2024-04-21-1]) ³ϱѸ by-name ФեδĤˤĤơFransson (24--25) Ѥ롥
Besides in English, surnames also occur very frequently in French; I have made a calculation and found that one third of the surnames of occupation treated in this book is of French origin. The reason for this is to be found in the predominating position that the French language had during this period. French was spoken by all educated people, and English by the lower classes. Those who spoke French had, of course, surnames in French, and probably also used the French forms of English names when speaking with each other. It is possible, too, that those people who spoke English were influenced by this and used the French forms of their names, which, of course, were finer. During this period a large number of French names came into the language, and a great many of these have survived to the present day, whereas the corresponding substantives have often died out.
There is also another reason, however, for the frequent occurrence of French names; the case is that the scribe often translated English names into French, especially in early rolls. These translations, which are most common in assize rolls, are principally due to the fact that the court proceedings were generally held in French. I have found some instances in which both the English and French forms occur of the same person's surname, e.g.: Humfrey le Syur 1270 Ass 144, H. le Sawyere ib. 139 (So). --- Ric. le Charpentir 1327 SR 211, R. le Wryth 1332 SR 96 (St).
Υɿͤ̾˴ŤΤǤꡤĤ줬ե˸츻ñä硤μ갷ϾʤȤ3ढ롥
(1) ñȤƼƤ餺ΥեñλǤ
(2) ñȤƼƤ뤬ǤϥեñλǤ
(3) ñȤƼƤꡤǤϱñλǤ
(1) ǤȳοäƽҤ٤뤿ˤϡαѸʸΤɤõƤ⡤ñȤƼޤƤפʤȤɬפ롥ĴˤäƱñȤƼޤƤפ1Ǥ⸫ĤСοɤ餰Ȥˤʤ
(2) (3) ΥǤϡñȤƼƤ뤳ȤϳǧǤȤƤ⡤սˤ뤽ñ줬եñȤƻѤƤΤ뤤ϱñȤƻѤƤΤȽ̤ΤȤΤϡθϥեθեͳ褹Ǥꡤˤ褭ƻƤ뤫Ǥ롥
̾˸¤餺ˡΧȽǶ˴ؤŪʸΤʤ˸եñ餷ΤˤĤƤϡˤ꤬뤳ȤդƤܤˤƤñϡեñʤΤ뤤ϥեͳ褹ñʤΤ뤤ϡξǤȤ⤢ΤǺޤǤ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
#5470. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 ([2024-04-18-1]) ǡѸ by-name μ갷ϡƥե줫δĤˤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤ϥƥȤδؤˤĤơFransson (23--24) Ѥƻ⤷
The medieval rolls were written in Latin, and Christian names and surnames were also, when practicable, often translated into Latin. This was especially the case in the early Middle Ages (12--13th cent.), and surnames in English are therefore rarely met with so early. The surnames that appear in Latin are chiefly those names that are in common use, e.g. Carpentarius, Cissor, Cocus, Faber, Fullo, Marescallus, Medicus, Mercator, Molendinarius, Pelliparius, Pistor, Sutor, Tannator, Textor, Tinetor. The surnames, however, that were rare and difficult to translate, e.g. Wirdragher, Chesewright, Heyberare, Geldehirde, generally occur in English, even in early rolls.
In the 14th century these translations gradually pass out of use, and the native or French form becomes predominant. Thus, for instance, there is a considerable difference between SR [= Lay Subsidy Rolls] 1275 and SR 1327 (Wo); in the former there are a large number of names in Latin, but in the latter there are hardly any translations at all.
There surnames in Latin seem to have had some influence on the later development; the case is that some of them still exist as surnames, e.g. Faber, Pistor, Sutor.
ѸθŪ̾ʤɤϥƥǽ뤳Ȥ¿äˡϱѸθȤƤФХƥ줿ǵܤƤȤʣʻ𤬤롥ѸȤƤΤꤿΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡʤ虜虜ƥƤƤޤäƤΤȼ¤˻椤ޤƥǤʤȤˤΤߡ褯Ѹ߽̾ФƤɽ̲Ƥ롤ȤʤΤ
줬14ʹߡѸȡƥȤϱƤᡤظ˱ƤαѸ̾夷ƤΤΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡ˥˥䤻ʤȤʤ롥
¿ΤϤޤᤤƥδĤȤϲ褷ƤΤΡѸˤϤäȤ䤳եδĤȤ̤꤬ΤƬˤˤĤƤεǡ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
#5346. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿طʡ ([2023-12-16-1]) ȡ#5451. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿ط (2) ([2024-03-30-1]) ³ˤĤƤ3ơε#5471. Ѹο by-name β͡ ([2024-04-19-1]) ǰѡȤ Fransson "The Rise of Surnames" ꤹǤ夲Ƥ롥űѸ줫Ѹˤ surname ʤ뤤 by-nameˤλѤ̲ƤаޤطʤɤǤǤߤ褦 (20--21)
In Old English times people generally had only one name, the Christian name, and there were a great many such names. But already during this period the need of a second name began to be felt, and a number of such names have been delivered to us . . . . How common these by-names were, is impossible to decide, as we have not sufficient material for this. What we especially want are rolls or books containing the names of the lower people. It is possible, therefore, that by-names were in fairly common use at the end of the Old English period. In the Charters, however, people usually appear without any second names throughout the period.
In Domesday Book there are many instances of second names, but most persons still appear with a Christian name only. In the beginning of the Middle English period the development advances rapidly, and in the documents from this time second names become more and more common; in the 13th century one rarely finds a person mentioned only by his Christian name.
The reason why the need of second names became stronger after the conquest is that Christian names were completely changed. Most of those that existed in Old English died out, and instead the Christian names of the Normans came into common use, but there were not so numerous. Thus there were only about 25 male names that were common: it is true that others existed, but they rarely occurred. Within the same village, therefore, one very often meets with persons who have the same Christian name. Owing to this an extra name was required to distinguish such persons; the next stage was to give other persons, too, a second name.
The Normans had second names when they came to England, and these were added to those that already existed, thus accelerating the development.
εǿ줿ΤȤ褽ƱŦƤ롥Υޥ塤̾ѸϤΥޥϤ֤äԤμबϼäȤ礭ƶƤ롥¼˼夲ĴˤȡWillelmus 7ˡRobertus 5ˡJohannes 3ˡRicardus 3ˡRadulphus 3ˡAdam 3ˡPetrus 3ξǤ (Fransson 21fn)
ޤűѸդϻפΤۤ夷Ƥǽ⤯ƱĥΥޥʸäƤơν궯ǤʤΤȤȤ⤢ä
ʤߤˡդȯãϡɤǤϾ嵭̤ѸΤȤäɥĤǤϤäȤä٤ϰˤäƤ14ޤǵäȤä (Fransson 20fn) ƥΥޥ礭ʸ̤롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
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