ε#5470. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 ([2024-04-18-1]) ³ꡥѸο by-name ʬDZƶϤΤñФ Fransson ˤȡƱʬ椹յ¿ˤ錄 (18--19)
The value of an investigation such as the present one is manifold. Besides explaining modern surnames, as has already been mentioned, it gives us many new words not previously found and furthermore early and often numerous instances of other common or rare words. By means of these early examples new light is not seldom thrown on the etymology, and the signification may sometimes be altered. In contradistinction to the literature of this period, the time and the place of the occurrence of each instance of a surname are well fixed, and thus the material gives a contribution to Middle English phonology. This material has hitherto not been used by linguists, but it is of the greatest value for the determination of the extension of the different dialects, as the same word can be followed in the different parts of England; there is hardly any other material that can be compared with that of surnames in this respect. --- The distribution is also shown not only of surnames, but also of the various names that a trade may have; the case is that a trade often had different names in different parts of England. Last, but not least, the civilization of this period is elucidated; we are informed what trades existed, how common they were in relation to each other, in what parts of England they flourished, and how specialized they were.
ޤȤȼ7
by-name
ȯ뤤ϤǤΤƤʸȯ
̤ơ츻ޤ뤳Ȥ
λȾ꤬ʬäƤΤǡѸβ˴Ϳ
Ʊ̾ۤʤ˸ΤǡѸ˻
Ʊο̾ۤʤϰǰۤʤƤФΤǡϤѸ˹
οʸ餫ˤʤ
ƱʬθϡŪʴ˸¤äƤ⡤嵭Τۤ˷̣ܿ¿Ѿʤɤ˿ʸͿƤȴԤ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
#5452. Ѹ̾ˤˤ by-name family name ΰ㤤 ([2024-03-31-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤѸ̾ by-name ˸ˤĤơѸ by-name դ봷ȯãƤȤŵŪ̾դΥѥ1Ĥ̾ (occupational terms) ѤΤä̤θϡԤƤϤʤΤΡʤθѤ롥Clark (294--95) ϡ٥ˤ by-name ĴʸΤʤǡʸڤ줿 by-name βˤޤĤ˿Ƥ롥ڵΤޤ뤳ȤɬǤʤͳ¿Ȥ
The simplest of these Canterbury surnames offer supplementary records, mainly antedatings, of straightforward occupational terms. Yet all is not wholly straightforward. To begin with, we cannot be sure whether the occupational terms used in administrative documents were in fact all current as surnames, that is, in daily use among neighbours, or whether some were supplied by the scribes as formal specifiers, just as occupations and addresses are in legal documents of the present day. Nor can we be sure in what form neighbours would have used such terms as they did. With those examples that are latinized --- a proportion varying in the present material from three-quarters to nine-tenths --- scribal intervention is patent, although sometimes reconstruction of the vernacular base seems easy (such forms, and other speculative cases, are cited in square brackets). With those given in a French form matters are more complex. On the one hand, scribes had a general bias away from English and towards French, as though the latter were, as has been said, 'a sort of ignoble substitute for Latin'; therefore, use of a French occupational term guarantees neither its currency in the English speech of the time nor, alternatively, any currency of French outside the scriptorium: in so far as such terms appear neither in literary sources nor as modern surnames MED is justified in excluding them. On the other hand, many 'French' terms were adopted into English very early; use of these would by no means imply currency of French as such, either in the community at large or in the scriptorium itself.
ڵǤطʤ¿ͤȤ櫓ƥե줬ؤäƤǤ롥λǶ̾ʤɤ˵Ƥ̾ϥƥ첽ƤΤ¿Ѹ̾Ϥα˱ƤޤäƤ롥ޤեǽƤ뤳Ȥ¿ο̾ΤΤեͳξ硤줬Ǥ˱ѸƱƤñʤΤȤեñΤޤޤʤΤȽǤ
Ȥɽ魯 by-name ϡ⤽ʸŪ˰ˤǺʤΤǤ롥ơϿȤɽ魯 by-name ˸¤餺Ѹθ̤ͭ̾˴ؤʻǤ⤢롥
Clark, Cecily. "Some Early Canterbury Surnames." English Studies 57.4 (1976): 204--309.
Ѹ˸ԤǤڹʷܳرءˤȤ뵡ޤ̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơ¾ΥץȥСΤ͡ءˤϽʾءˤ⤴Ǥ
Ǽˡ̾פᤰ Voicy heldio/helwa ϤϿꤷޤʲ3ܤۿƤޤĹǤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤǤ⤪İС
(1) heldio #1034. ̾ȱѸˡס4ͤ̾ץȴ #3ۡ59ʬ
(2) helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #113ۡ̾ȱѸˡΥեȡʢβΤͭΥץߥۿǤ60ʬ
(3) heldio #1038. do 뿷Ѹ --- Ya-DO-me ڹ˶ơ20ʬ
θ塤ȤΥ֥ˤơ嵭μϿȴϢƤε2ܽƤޤΤǡҲ𤷤ޤ
3α4
Ѥθβư
2ĤΡѤθβưפϡ嵭 (2) helwa ˡ̾ε礭졤ȯΥȡ˲֤餤ޤӤǤȡˡܸȱѸǤϸλȤ첻Ĵˤۤʤ뤳ȤռƤȽҤ١줬ͯޤѸǸβư褬ۤʤ뤳ȤޤȤȤҤ٤졤θꥹʡ֤οޤߤפȤ˾Ф줿ΤΤӥ֥ǶͭƤǤұѸȯ˳褫ƤС
ʤߤˡˤĤƤäȾܤΤꤿϡkhelf ȯԤΡرѸ˿ʹ67줾3̤ΡֱѸ˥饦 by khelfפˤơ2ˤ錄Υӥ塼ǺܤƤޤ
͡ʡhel (helkatsu) ꤤޤ
ε#5451. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿ط (2) ([2024-03-30-1]) ¾εȴ˻ȤäƤѸ̾˾ by-name ȤѸˤĤơҤ٤Ƥ
Ѹ̾ first name, middle name, family name ʤ뤤 last name, surname ʤɤȤˤζ̤Ϥ褯ΤƤ롥ܸüԤˤȤä middle name ̾ˤŪߤfamily name ϡסʾ̾ˡfirst name ϡ̾סʲ̾ˤȤơбʪΤ䤹
Ѹ̾ˤʸ̮ˤơä˸űѸѸˤ̾ʸ̮ˤƻȤ by-name ϡʸ̤ˤϡֽऺ̾2Ū̾פۤɤΰ̣Ǥꡤfirst name ǤϼϤ夤դäỤ̄̾Ǥ by-name ϡ family name б뵡ǽäƤȤϤ롥Ūʴϡby-name family name ϰΤȤ̤Ƥۤ褤
ѸˤĤơClark (567) ˼褦
Although this generalised by-naming was what underlay the development of family naming, the two types of system must not be confused; for a by-name works differently from a family name. A by-name is literally descriptive (and therefore often translatable) and, in actual usage, applies only to one specific individual (to say which is not in the least, however, to deny the existence of conventional stocks of such descriptive phrases). It is, therefore, unstable and thus interchangeable with other formulations, as context or even whim might dictate, so that one and the same man might be specified in documents either as 'John son of William' or as 'John the tanner', probably according to whether his inheritance or his trade was in question, and might also perhaps have been known among his cronies as 'John with the beard' . . . . Such literal and shifting descriptions were no more than embryonically onomastic; and some of the more elaborate thirteenth-century formulas, such as Robertus filius Simonis ad crucem de Wytherington, were hardly even that. Yet, by showing how identity was being defined, even these artificial formulas contribute to onomastic history; and they may be supposed to have reflected, albeit distantly, everyday naming practices.
ͤ̾ȤǤȶʸɽˤ顤˷Ƥˤ뤳ȤõƤ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.
ɸ˴ؤε#5346. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿طʡ ([2023-12-16-1]) ȽŤʤʬ¿Clark (566--67) ˽Ѹ "by-name" פƳ뤳ȤˤʤäͳĤҤ٤Ƥ
The most salient contrast between the English personal-name patterns of ca 1100 and those of ca 1300 involves the universalisation of by-naming; for, whereas in tenth- and eleventh-century records by-names scarcely appeared except when needed for distinguishing between individuals of like idionym, late-thirteenth-century documentary practices seldom allowed any baptismal name to stand unqualified. As observed, several convergent causes were at work here: need to compensate for over-reliance on just a few of the baptismal names available, and that at a time when communities were expanding; growth of bureaucracy, and a consequent drive towards onomastic precision; and imitation of the new aristocracy's customs. The precise aetiology of the process is probably undiscoverable, in so far as virtually the only twelfth- and thirteenth-century usages accessible are administrative ones, from which the underlying colloquial ones have to be inferred . . . .
ȼΤ褦ˤʤ
̾褬˸¤Ƥꡤ by-name 䤦ɬפä
ƱΤ礷Ƥʤʤ¿ο̾͡Ƕ̤ɬפޤäˤä
Ū³̾Τ褦ˤʤä
²νоݤȤʤä
Ūʼ˸ŪװӼҲŪװʣŪ˺Ѥơby-name δΩƤäȤȤǤ롥
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.
ɸϲ褷褦ΤʤǤϤ뤬ػ (history_of_linguistics) ˤƤϸε (origin_of_language) ᤰΤʤǻڤƤ䤤Ǥ롥
Mufwene (22) Ȥơ2ͤԤȤθҲ𤷤ɥĤůؼ Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744--1803) ȥꥫθؼ William Dwight Whitney (1827--94) Ǥ롥
Herder also speculated that language started with the practice of naming. He claimed that predicates, which denote activities and conditions, were the first names; nouns were derived from them . . . . He thus partly anticipated Heine and Kuteva (2007), who argue that grammar emerged gradually, through the grammaticization of nouns and verbs into grammatical markers, including complementizers, which make it possible to form complex sentences. An issue arising from Herder's position is whether nouns and verbs could not have emerged concurrently. . . .
On the other hand, as hypothesized by William Dwight Whitney . . . , the original naming practice need not have entailed the distinction between nouns and verbs and the capacity to predicate. At the same time, naming may have amounted to pointing with (pre-)linguistic signs; predication may have started only after hominins were capable of describing states of affairs compositionally, combining word-size units in this case, rather than holophrastically.
Herder ϸ̾դ (naming) μϤޤäȹͤȤ̾դη̤ȤƤΡ̾פǽ̾ǤϤʤҸưäȤդϰճȯۤǶ̣Herder ϡ̾ϸư줫ΤǤȹͤϸʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ǤȤʸˡƤȯȤͤ˶ᤤ⤷ʤ
Whitney ϡư̾ζ̤Τʤʳǰɽ (holophrasis) ȯΤǤꡤޤǸˤʤäƤ餽ʸˡƤȯãȹͤ
쵯ʸˡϤΤ褦ˤƴطŤΤȴ补
Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The Origins and the Evolution of Language." Chapter 1 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 13--52.
̾ץȡ (name_project) ȤδϢǡѸο̾ (personal_name)Ȥ櫓 (last name) "by-name" 뤤 "family name" ˴ؿƤ롥űѸѸˤߤ by-name εϡClark (567) ˤ4ढʤѸ˸¤餺褽Ūʬˡ
(a) familial ones, viz. those defining an individual by parentage, marriage or other tie of kinship
(b) honorific and occupational ones (categories that in practice overlap)
(c) locative ones, viz. those referring to present or former domicile
(d) characteristic ones, often called 'nicknames'
Τ (b) ̾̾̾ȤȤ館뤬Ѹˤ뤳̾ȤƤλѡ by-name ȤžѤ줿ܤƤ롥Ѹο̾¿뤬Clark (570--71) ȤĤġ츻ŪŪʬहȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ
1. եʤ뤤ϥƥ졩ˤμѸ (French loanword)
barber, butcher, carpenter, cordwainer/cordiner, draper, farrier, mason, mercer, tailor; fourbisseur, pestour
2. (native word)
A. ñ (simplex)
cok, herde, smith, webbe, wrighte
B. ʣǸ (complex)ʤʣ
a. ư١
bruere/breuster, heuere, hoppere/hoppestre; bokebynder, bowestrengere, cappmaker, lanternemaker, lymbrenner, medmowere, rentgaderer, sylkthrowster, waterladestre
b. ̾١
bureller, glovere, glasier, madrer, nailere, ropere, skinnere; burelman, candelwif, horseknave, maderman, plougrom, sylkewymman; couherde, swynherde, madermongere, stocfisshmongere, ripreve, bulleward, wodeward, wheelewrighte
Ѹο̾ᤰˤĤƤϡʲ hellog Ǥ夲ƤΤȡ
#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1])
#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1])
#5231. űѸο̾ˤϲȷϤɽ魯 (family name) Ϥʤäɡ ([2023-08-23-1])
#5297. űѸ̾ؤѸηϡ ([2023-10-28-1])
#5338. Ѹ˿̾ˤ⤿餵줿2ĤοȤλ ([2023-12-08-1])
#5346. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿طʡ ([2023-12-16-1])
#5299. Ѹ̾ؤѸηϡ ([2023-10-30-1])
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.
#5360. Ҳء̾ءҲ̾ء ([2023-12-30-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 "Names in Society" ꤹϥɥ֥åʸηˡμҲ̾ (socio-onomastics) θ̤Ƥ롥1Ѥ롥
Socio-onomastic research has been carried out for over forty years now. In spite of the multifaceted research thus far, many areas have still hardly been touched upon. In the socio-onomastic study of place-names, rural names have been in focus for decades, but urban names still lack comprehensive research. So far we know very little about what place-names --- both official and unofficial --- are used in multi-layered and often multilingual urban environments. The same topic also concerns personal names: How are they used in multilingual contexts? Research into commercial names is still rather scarce due to the young age of the field, and socio-onomastic studies are few. One of the most interesting questions for the future is to investigate the attitudes and stances that people take towards commercial names and how people talk about commercial products and businesses in actual language use. (380--81)
ǸʸǽҤ٤ƤΤϡޤˡ־ɸء (trademark linguistics) Ǥ롥־ɸءפȤСܲ̾ץȡ (name_project) ǰ˸椷ƤءˤǤ롥ޤǤ Voicy heldio ¾˽б餷Ƥ2023ǯΥꥹʡɼǤϡꤵȤ̲2Ĥ3̤7̤˥Ƥʡ#5363. 2023ǯΥꥹʡɼˤ heldio ο䤷ۿ٥10ꡪ ([2024-01-02-1]) ȡˡ
#667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ
#671. ¤Ȥ --- ɸεŪͻ
嵭̤ꡤɸؤȤˤäƼҲ̾ؤˤͭ˾ʬȤƸޤƤꡤܤ
ɸؤӸꤵȴϢơʲε⻲ȡ
#5078. ˡ (forensic linguistics) ([2023-03-23-1])
#5085. ¤Ȥ Voicy ̤ǡ־ɸءפƳƤޤ ([2023-03-30-1])
#5092. ɸؤȱѸˡ˸ؤ ([2023-04-06-1])
Ainiala, Terhi. "Names in Society." Chapter 25 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 371--81.
ʸؤˤơ̾פϤФ̤ʸ̤ġ̾̾ʤɤˡʸغʤΥơޤʣʷޤ뤳Ȥ¿θѤˤ̾κǤϸʪꤷƻؤȤǤꡤ伫ΤʸؤˤߤΤΡʸؤͭ̾ȤΤϤꤽ
ܲɤ߿ʤƤ̾ (onomastics) Υϥɥ֥å20Ϥ䤤äƤ롥ƱϤ Smith 3Ƥ (296)
By focusing on the types of associative relationships within a communicative transaction, we can also observe at least three important differences between the ways in which names function in daily speech vis-à-vis imaginative literature. One difference can be seen in the greater degree of prosodic inventiveness in literature. Although we may observe increasing coinages of personal names in recent years, these follow recognizable morphological patterns, but in literature, especially children's literature, we find more play with the sounds of language and fewer restraints --- for example Pooh. Another difference lies in the rhetorical uses of references, the ways in which authors sometimes manipulate the interpretive associations by delaying or totally withholding the identification of people, places, or things. A third difference is the greater frequency and degree to which names in literature may be interpreted symbolically. Our thematic understanding of literature arises largely from the symbolic nature of language, including the many associations possibly evoked by names.
1ܤ̾ΡֲͷӡפǤ롥ä˻Ƹʸؤˤ¿ѤȤ뤬̤оʪ̾Ȥζפ뤳ȤϤ褯ԤʤƤ롥
2ܤ̾˴ؤ뽤ŪˡǤ롥̾ƽФʤǤŪʥߥ餫ˤʤɤμˡϡȥåȤͭʤɤǤϡȥåȤϥȥåȤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢ȥåȤƤ̾ѤˤϡۤˤɤΤ褦㤬
3ܤϡεƬǽҤ٤褦ˡʸؤǤ̾˾ħŪʰ̣դ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥˤϰȡݰơѥǥʤɤδ֥ƥ (intertextuality) ؤäƤ
äʸؤˤ̾ΰ㤤ϡۤˤ¿̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơäͤƤߤΤ⤪⤷
Smith, Grant W. "Theoretical Foundations of Literary Onomastics." Chapter 20 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 371--81.
̱²̾̾̾Ϥߤ˴ϢΡʸͭ̾̾ (onomastics) Ǥ demonym ethnonym ȸƤФƤ뤬ܲɤ³Ƥ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥åǤϸԤθƾΤѤƤ롥
ϥɥ֥å17ϡKoopman ˤ "Ethnonyms" ƬǤϡѸϪ롥ä "ethnic group" ̱²ˤȤ뤫ʸؾǤꡤ줬ʤ ethnonym ȤѸˤӲФ뤫ǧĤĥɤ߿ʤƤȡɤɤȵ⤷ʤäƤʲΥ٥θФƤмΤ褦ˤʤ롥
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Ethnonyms and Race
17.3 Ethnonyms, Nationality, and Geographical Area
17.4 Ethnonyms and Language
17.5 Ethnonyms and Religion
17.6 Ethnonyms, Clans, and Surnames
17.7 Variations of Ethnonyms
17.7.1 Morphological Variations
17.7.2 Endonymic and Exonymic Forms of Ethnonyms
17.8 Alternative Ethnonyms
17.9 Derogatory Ethnonyms
17.10 'Non-Ethnonyms' and 'Ethnonymic Gaps'
17.11 Summary and Conclusion
Ǹ "Summary and Conclusion" Ѥʬ̥ϤָƤ
In this chapter I have tried to show that while 'ethnonym' is a commonly used term among onomastic scholars, not all regard ethnonyms as proper names. This anomalous status is linked to uncertainties about defining the entity which is named with an ethnonym, with (for example) terms like 'race' and 'ethnic group' being at times synonymous, and at other times part of each other's set of defining elements. Together with 'race' and 'ethnicity', other defining elements have included language, nationality, religion, geographical area, and culture. The links between ethnonyms and some of these elements, such as religion, are both complex and debatable; while other links, such as between ethnonyms and language, and ethnonyms and nationality, produce intriguing onomastic dynamics. Ethnonyms display the same kind of variations and alternatives as can be found for personal names and place-names: morpho-syntactic variations, endonymic and exonymic forms, and alternative names for the same ethnic entity, generally regarded as falling into the general spectrum of nicknames. Examples have been given of the interface between ethnonyms, personal names, toponyms, and glossonyms.
In conclusion, although ethnonyms have an anomalous status among onomastic scholars, they display the same kinds of linguistic, social, and cultural characteristics as proper names generally.
̱²դѸˤĤƤϰʲε⻲ȡ
#1871. ȿͼ ([2014-06-11-1])
#3599. ȿͼ (2) ([2019-03-05-1])
#3706. ̱²ȿͼ ([2019-06-20-1])
#3810. ҲŪʹʪȤƤΡֿͼס ([2019-10-02-1])
ޤethnonym Τ⤷ˤĤƤϡϢ#5118. Japan-ese θꤹ by khelf Ĺ ([2023-05-02-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Koopman, Adrian. "Ethnonyms." Chapter 17 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 251--62.
Ҳ (sociolinguistics) ̾ (onomastics) Ҳ̾ (socio-onomastics)
ȥ졼Ȥʬ䤹Ǥ롥̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å (The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming) ɤ߿ʤƤ뤬Τ褦ʬΩƤΤȶäĤġܤΤˤХϥɥ֥åܼįȤˡ25Ϥ "Names in Society" ȤȥˤϵŤƤΤϥޤꤽʤΤǴɤΤƤȤ롥褤ɤϤƤޤä
ƱϤƬ˷ǤƤϤݤɤạ̇̄롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥
Abstract
In socio-onomastics, names in society are examined. Socio-onomastics can be defined as a sociolinguistic study of names. Above all, it explores the use and variation of names. The socio-onomastic research method takes into account the social, cultural, and situational field in which names are used. In this chapter, the methodology and major advancements in socio-onomastics are presented and discussed. In addition, an overview of the epistemological background is presented, as well as a brief look at the state of the art. Name variation is the core concern in socio-onomastics. In this chapter, the synchronic and especially social variation are discussed in more detail. In addition to social ('sociolect') variation, situational ('style lect') variation is presented. Also folk onomastic research as a sub-category in socio-onomastics is presented. Folk onomastics studies people's beliefs and perceptions of names and name use.
ݤľˤϥɤĤƤꡤۤȤɲ뤳ȤǤʤ
Keywords: socio-onomastics, folk onomastics, toponymic competence, first name fashion, place-names, personal names, commercial names
Ainiala, Terhi. "Names in Society." Chapter 25 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 371--81.
βƤˡ̾ץȡ (name_project) Ω夲ޤפĤǻϤʤˤ⤢餺ΥץȤǤο֡˱Ѹˤδ̾ (onomastics) ФޤޤޤΰǤǿƱǤ heldio ꥹʡγʤɤȤε̤ơĤ⤷ʬäƤޤʲվޤ
̾ؤδؿκ߽ϸʸȤ˰ۤʤ롥㤨СꥹǤ̾θ츻˴ؿΤФơꥫǤ̾դưؤδؿޤϤˤĤ̾ (hydronymy) ˤĤơꥹΦǤϲ̾ͻоݤˤʤΤФơ̲ϸо̾礿ؿоݤȤʤ
ͭ̾첽 (onymisation) ϰ̸Ūʼġ̾줬ġɤΤ褦ˡʤͭ̾첽Τ
̾ؤˤաʸˤϤˡܸ̾ؤˤƤϤƽפΤ̾ؤǤʸȤιͻŪ
Ѹ̾ˤˤ (last name, family name, surname, by-name) ȯŸӾˤϡɬŪʤΤǤϤʤäȥե쥭֥äȤ¤϶̣
̾ؤϸ¤ʤغŪʬǤ (cf. #5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1])#5334. Ѹ̾ؤ֤̤ Cecily Clark ([2023-12-04-1]))#5339. Ѹ̾ؤμϰϤȥȥɡ ([2023-12-09-1])#5343. onomastics ̾ءˤоݤȼ --- Bussmann Ѹ켭ŵ ([2023-12-13-1])ˡ
̾ΤϡҲνŪοŸȤȤ礭ƤƤcf. ʹ֤Υߥ˥ƥͥåȥιꡤߥ˥ѤȯŸĿͼιޤꡤǥƥƥռζٲ̾
Ū̾ͻݤˤϡ1͡1Ĥ̾פȤŪɳդȤƤϤʤޤĤƤϸŪ̾ȻŪ̾ζϤäۣä
ѸˤܿˤȤСѸäˤν̿ޤǤȸ롥¤ϱѸ̾ˤ⡤Ƥν̿ޤǤϤʤѸ̾⡤̾ܿơ㤷դ뤲ƤȤ櫓Ѹ̾̾դΰݻȤ˲η֤ä
ѸޤǤϿ̾ˤˤĤ³ȯۤäϲȷϤǤϤʤĿͤꤹΤŪǤä (heraldry) ˤ̤Ǥ롥
פĤϢͤƤߤޤ줫̾ؤ³Ƥޤ
ɸˤĤƤϡĤ hellog Ǽ夲Ƥ
#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1])
#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1])
#5231. űѸο̾ˤϲȷϤɽ魯 (family name) Ϥʤäɡ ([2023-08-23-1])
#5338. Ѹ˿̾ˤ⤿餵줿2ĤοȤλ ([2023-12-08-1])
Υޥ塤Ѹ̾ (last name, family name, surname, by-name) Ƴ줿طʤȤơŪˤ2ŦƤ롥1Ĥ first name μबꤵ줿̡ǤϸĿͤǤʤʤäȡ⤦1ĤϡǤˡŪ൭ܤ˴ؤŪνŪװǤ롥
⤦1դäʤСΥޥΦǤϡʤʬŪˤϥɤǤˤǤѤ뽬ˤϤäȤ¤ŦƤȤϽפǤ롥嵭ޤᤳդλˤĤơClark (553) ʷƤƤ롥
Patently, such baptismal-name patterns were scarcely adequate for social identification, far less for administrative and legal purposes. By-naming --- that is, supplementation of baptismal names by phrases specifying their bearers in genealogical, residential, occupational or characteristic terms --- became, in England as elsewhere, a general necessity. Such specifying phrases had been in occasional use among English people since well before the Conquest . . . , and all signs are that shrinkage of the name-stock would in any case have soon compelled their general adoption. The Norman Conquest may well, however, have acted as a catalyst to the process, in so far as it brought in a new aristocracy among whom, as is clear not only from Domesday Book but also from the early records surviving from the settlers' homelands in Normandy, France and Flanders, use of by-names, and of territorial ones especially, was already widespread, with even more tentative movements towards family naming . . . . The prestige thus accruing to use of a by-name would hardly have hindered wider adoption of them among the general native population.
ѤκǸˤ̤ꡤ²ѤȤˤ˰ҿ (prestige) Ϳ졤줬̱κѤ¥ȤˤʤäȤҲŪװ⡤⤦1ĤطʤȤƲƤȤǤ롥
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.
1211ʷˤ18:00̾ץȡ (name_project) ΥС4̾ǡ̾դ (naming) ˤĤƤ٤ꤹ Voicy heldio Ϥޤ饤ǻäꥹʡγͤˤϡ夲˹ꡤ꤬Ȥޤ
ͻҤϡ13ʿī̾ۿȤƤ⤪ϤޤΤǡܥ֥ɼԤγͤ⡤Ҥ֤ΤȤˤİ#926. ̾դݤϤݥȡ̾ץȴ #2ۡ1211ʷΥˡǤ60ʬۤɤβǤˡ
ϡ̾դפȤʹ֤餷٤ܤ˥ꥹʡ̾դ˴ؤƴƤȤɤ߾夲ĤġС4̾Ǥ줳ȥ奢ˤ٤ꤷޤʹ֤ϲ̾ĤΤ̾ĤưϲɤŻ뤷̾դΤʤɼͳ˸礤ޤȤ櫓ֵ11ơޡ䡤ե̾դ٤ʤɤ䤤夬ޤ
heldio ϡ̾ץȤ2ƤȤƤϤޤƱСˤ heldio 1Ƥϡ#5248. ˥å͡ͻ뤿ڤ ([2023-09-09-1]) ǤޤȤ̤ꡤ9#826. ˥å̾͡ץȴ #1ۡˡȤƤϤޤ碌ƤİйǤ
⤽⤳̾ץȤȤϲʤΤˤĤƤ hellog #5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ ([2023-08-09-1]) heldio ۿ#799. ̾ץȡΩ夲ǰϿ with Ͻؤڹ¤Ȥ
Сϰʲ4̾ǡץȴϢ٥ȤƤȻפäƤޤꤤޤ
- ¤ء
- ڹʷܳرء
- Ͻؤʥեꥹرؤۤ
- δʷء
ʤߤ˾嵭θ塤2ȾΤƥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) Ǥ٤³ԤϿޤ֡ڱѸˤ #66ʸȥե̾ȤǡϡĤ3ͤǸ³ƤޤˤؿΤϡҥ֥ץƤǤİС
̾ץȡ (name_project) Ω夲طǡonomastics ̾ءͭ̾ءˤĤޤ߿ʤؤǤ롥 Bussmann θѸ켭ŵ onomastics ιƤߤʲ˰ѤʬγפĤǤ
onomastics
Scientific investigation of the origin (development, age, etymology), the meaning, and the geographic distribution of names (⇒ proper noun). Onomastic subdisciplines include anthroponymy (the study of names of bodies of water), and toponymy (the study of geographic place-names), among others. Because place-names and personal names are among the oldest and most transparent linguistic forms, they are an important source of hypotheses about the history of language, dialect geography and language families. More recently, sociolinguistics (name-giving and use in society), psycholinguistics (psycho-onomastics and the physiognomy of names), pragmalinguistics and text linguistics have taken an active interest in onomastics. Onomastics also offers new insights into historical processes (pre- and early history, folklore, among others) as well as geography and natural history.
嵭ΰѤΤʤ "the physiognomy of names" ̾οءפʤɤ¸ߤˤ϶ä椹ʬʤΤ̾ˤޤĤ벻ȥ䡤̾βʤɤޤޤΤʤɤۤߤޤʤ
̾ؤμȤϡ#5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1]) #5339. Ѹ̾ؤμϰϤȥȥɡ ([2023-12-09-1]) ǿƤ̤ݥƥϤޤޤȤäƤ
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
ȤƤڤ (clipping) ˤĤƤϡ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓Ω줫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) ǾܤҲ𤷤
128 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ۿˤ#921. 2023ǯαñϥ --- rizzꤷơclipping ˤ¤Ȥܤǿλ夲
ۿǤϡ2023ǯ Oxford Word of the Year rizz ˷ꤷȤ˥塼줬 charisma clipping ˤû̷Ǥ뤳ȤȤ charisma θ츻Ҳ𤷤
rizz charisma clipping ˤǤ뤳ȤȤơȤñθƬǤǤʤʬڤФ줿û̸Ǥɮͤ롥Τ褦ʸϡۤ¿ʤȸޤ뤫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) "Mesonym" Ǽ夲褦ˡ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤϤˤϰ㤤ʤʲβˤ "fore-and-aft clipping" ȸƤǤ褤
heldio ΥꥹʡϢ륳ȡ䤬줿ΤǡȴϢ McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵ "clipping" ѤƤ (223--24)
CLIPPING [1930s in this sense]. Also clipped form, clipped word, shortening. An abbreviation formed by the loss of word elements, usually syllabic: pro from professional, tec from detective. The process is attested from the 16c (coz from cousin 1559, gent from gentleman 1564); in the early 18c, Swift objected to the reduction of Latin mobile vulgus (the fickle throng) to mob. Clippings can be either selective, relating to one sense of a word only (condo is short for condominium when it refers to accommodation, not to joint sovereignty), or polysemic (rev stands for either revenue or revision, and revs for the revolutions of wheels). There are three kinds of clipping:
(1) Back-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the end of a word: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)s. Back-clipping is common with diminutives formed from personal names Cath(erine) Will(iam). Clippings of names often undergo adaptations: Catherine to the pet forms Cathie, Kate, Katie, William to Willie, Bill, Billy. Sometimes, a clipped name can develop a new sense: willie a euphemism for penis, billy a club or a male goat. Occasionally, the process can be humorously reversed: for example, offering in a British restaurant to pay the william.
(2) Fore-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the beginning of a word: ham(burger), omni(bus), violon(cello), heli(copter), alli(gator), tele(phone), earth(quake). They also occur with personal names, sometimes with adaptations: Becky for Rebecca, Drew for Andrew, Ginny for Virginia. At the turn of the century, a fore-clipped word was usually given an opening apostrophe, to mark the loss: 'phone, 'cello, 'gator. This practice is now rare.
(3) Fore-and-aft clippings, in which elements are taken from the beginning and end of a word: in(flu)enza, de(tec)tive. This is commonest with longer personal names: Lex from Alexander, Liz from Elizabeth. Such names often demonstrate the versatility of hypocoristic clippings: Alex, Alec, Lex, Sandy, Zander; Eliza, Liz, Liza, Lizzie, Bess, Betsy, Beth, Betty.
Clippings are not necessarily uniform throughout a language: mathematics becomes maths in BrE and math in AmE. Reverend as a title is usually shortened to Rev or Rev., but is Revd in the house style of Oxford University Press. Back-clippings with -ie and -o are common in AusE and NZE: arvo afternoon, journo journalist. Sometimes clippings become distinct words far removed from the applications of the original full forms: fan in fan club is from fanatic; BrE navvy, a general labourer, is from a 19c use of navigator, the digger of a 'navigation' or canal. . . .
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơѸ̾̾դ˴ؤ뵭ɮ뵡Ƥcf. #5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ ([2023-08-09-1])ˡϱѸ̾ (English onomastics) μϰϤȥȥɤǧ٤Coates β "The discipline of English onomastics" (317) ꤹ1Ѥ
Current onomastic work in the United Kingdom seeks to explain the linguistic origin of personal and place-names or to assess the historical significance of their distribution, and in the latter case as applied to personal names it is a tool of genealogy, and genealogical methods help refine historical-linguistic analysis. There have been small amounts of recent work on the social psychology of personal naming and nicknaming. There is sporadic work on literary onomastics (dealing with proper names for characters and locations in fictional works), but more in North America. In English-speaking countries beyond the British Isles, and indeed also in Ireland, Wales and Scotland, there is considerable interest in the heritage of names derived from languages that have been partly or totally displaced (for instance in North America and Australia), and in the cultural contexts in which naming has taken place, information about which tends to be of greater interest than in England, where the contexts of naming that generate most interest are medieval. In the words of William Bright: 'American onomatologists ... have given greater emphasis to "the motivation of the namer" --- to the "human activity" of naming.
ꥹƤȤDZѸ̾ؤΥȥɤۤʤäƤơϰˤؿκ߽ȿǤƤ궽̣⤽̾ (onomastics) μϰϤȤϡ#5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1]) Ǥ⼨ȤǤ롥Ѹ̾ؤμ⡤嵭ΰѤʾ˹ȤõƤƤ褤
ΤӰѤ Coates ʸˤϡˤ hellog Dz٤ڤƤ롥ʲεȡ
#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1])
#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1])
#2382. Ѹ̾ؤ ([2015-11-04-1])
#2397. ͭ̾ȿ̾̾ ([2015-11-19-1])
#4538. ͭ̾ϰ̡ ([2021-09-29-1])
#4539. ̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1])
#4542. Ѹο̾Υȥɡ ([2021-10-03-1])
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
#5299. Ѹ̾ؤѸηϡ ([2023-10-30-1]) ǡClark ˵äơűѸ줫Ѹˤƿ̾Τ礭ѤäȤǧcf. #5297. űѸ̾ؤѸηϡ ([2023-10-28-1])ˡ(1) ĤƤ "idionym" "baptismal name" ؤƤƤäȡ (2) ץä "by-name" ˸Ū "family name" ؤȯŸƤäȤ2פǤ롥
Ѹ̾οȤ⤤뤳2ѸΤɤΤ餤Υߥ塦ΩΤΤ˽Ҥ٤뤳ȤϤǤʤޤǽȯŸħClark (552) ϡ1ܤ1250ǯ2ܤ1450ǯȤߤƤ롥
This twofold shift in English personal naming was a specifically Middle English process. Among the mass of the population, the name system of ca 1100 was still virtually the classic Late Old English one, modified only by somewhat freer use of ad hoc by-names . . .; but ca 1450 a structure prefiguring the present-day one had been established, with hereditary family names in widespread use, though not yet universally adopted. As for the ousting of pre-Conquest baptismal names by what were virtually the present-day ones, that had been accomplished by ca 1250. This series of changes involved several convergent processes.
绨ĤˤС1ܤοϽѸ (1100--1300) δ֤˸ǤޤäƤ2ܤοϼ˸Ѹ (1300--1500) ȯŸƤäȸŪ̾դ鸽Ū̾դؤѲ濴Ȥʤϡۤܤ줤Ѹ (1100--1500) ȤäƤƤ褤Ȥˤʤ롥
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.
ǯβƤΩ夲̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơ̾ (onomastic) ʸɤൡ¿ʤäƤ롥 hellog Ǥ⡤Clark ȤƸűѸ̾ؤ˴ؤϤƤ
Clark ʸκǸǤ롥Ѹ̾ؤ椷褦Ȼפä顤μȳи礬롤ȤΤȡʡḷȡˤߤƤΤäޤɤǤƱѸ̾ؤؤδؿʲĤ줿ɼԤκǸΤܤˤơ֤䡼פȤʤʤȡ餬ҥҥ䤹ۤɤǤ롥
Because lack of context makes name-etymology especially speculative, any opinion proffered in a survey or a name-dictionary must be considered critically, as basis for further investigation rather than as definitive statement. Anyone wishing to pursue historical name-studies of either sort seriously must, in addition to becoming conversant with the philology of the relevant medieval languages, be able to read Medieval Latin as well as modern French and German. Assessing and interpreting the administrative records that form the main course-material is the essential first step in any onomastic study, and requires understanding of palaeographical and diplomatic techniques; competence in numismatics may on occasion also be needed. Onomastic analysis itself involves not only political, social and cultural history but also, when place-names are concerned, a grasp of cartography, geology, archaeology and agrarian development. Any student suitably trained and equipped will find great scope for making original contributions to this field of study.
ΥѡޥǤʤȱѸ̾ؤθ̳ޤʤ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
űѸ̾2Ǥʤ (dithematic) ¿ä2Ǥˤϡ¼סĮפʤɤΰ̾ (generic) 뤳Ȥ¿⤽ͭ̾ϲ䤹Ȥ櫓2ǤϸбΤǼ岽䤹ȡ-ham ¼פʤΤ -hem ֱפʤΤ -holm ֲߡפʤΤŪ˶̤ˤʤäƤ롥-bearu Ωס-beorg ͡ס-burg/-byrig/-borough ֻԡפˤĤƤƱȤʥåǶڤ줿3Ĥΰ۷֤ˤĤƤϡ#5308. ̾ǤֻդͿʷĤ뤳Ȥ ([2023-11-08-1]) ȡˡ
űѸ̾ؤᤰ롤ʲֻΥޡȤϡClark ǤҲ𤵤Ƥ롥嵭2ĤˤĤƤβѤ롥
(2) OE -hām 'village', OE -hamm 'site hemmed in by water or wilderness' and also the latter's Scandinavian synonym -holm all fall together as [m̩]. Not even pre-Conquest spellings always allow of distinguishing -hām from -hamm: if dat. forms in -hamme/-homme survive, they tell in favour of the latter, but often etymology has to depend upon topography . . . . Distinction between -hamm and -holm is complicated by their synonymity, and their likely interchange in the medieval forms of many Danelaw names. . . . PDE spellings are again often unhistorical, as in Kingsholm < OE cyninges hamm 'the king's water-meadow' . . . . Confusion is further confounded by occasional unhistorical spellings of [m̩] < OE or Scand. dat. pl. -um, as in Airyholme and Howsham . . . . (Clark 486--87)
(4) Reflexes of OE -bearu 'grove' and -beorg 'mound' are partly merged not only with each other but also with those of -burg/-byrig, so that PDE forms in -barrow can represent -bearu or -beorg, ones in -bury can represent -bearu or byrig and ones in -borough can represent -beorg or burg . . . . (Clark 487)
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
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